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Abstract
The metabolism of steroids at position 17 is catalysed by a growing number of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs). Several human diseases like breast or prostate cancer, endometriosis,metabolic syndrome and mental diseases were associated with dysfunctions of 17beta-HSDs, which consequently became drug targets. This review will focus on identities of 17beta-HSDs and recent advances in analyses of their physiological roles in steroid and lipid metabolism. It will also address the potential of metabolomics in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Prehn
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
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52
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Abstract
It is well recognized that there are two androgens, namely testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT); T plays an important role in the testis and muscle, and DHT is crucial for the development, function and pathology of the prostate. It is generally thought that DHT is produced from the 5alpha-reduction of circulating T before being inactivated by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD) that converts DHT into 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol). However, the presence of various steroidogenic enzymes in the prostate as well as the availability at high levels of various steroid precursors such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 4-androstenedione (4-dione) strongly suggest the existence of additional pathways involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of DHT. Because steroidogenesis could be different in different species, data from the literature obtained from various human, dog, rat and mouse prostate tissues, as well as primary cells and prostatic cancer cell lines, provide a somewhat confusing picture. In the present chapter, we review the data in order to provide a clearer picture of the pathways involved in DHT biosynthesis and metabolism in the human prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Luu-The
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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53
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Ovariectomy increases neuronal amyloid-beta binding alcohol dehydrogenase level in the mouse hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1358-64. [PMID: 18387708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian hormone decline after menopause may influence cognitive performance and increase the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in women. Amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) has been proposed to be the primary cause of AD. In this study, we examined whether ovariectomy (OVX) could affect the levels of cofactors Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), which have been reported to potentiate Abeta-mediated neuronal perturbation, in mouse hippocampus, correlating with estrogen and Abeta levels. Female ICR mice were randomly divided into ovariectomized or sham-operated groups, and biochemical analyses were carried out at 5 weeks after the operation. OVX for 5 weeks significantly decreased hippocampal 17beta-estradiol level, while it tended to reduce the hormone level in serum, compared with the sham-operated control. In contrast, OVX did not affect hippocampal Abeta(1-40) level, although it significantly increased serum Abeta(1-40) level. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OVX increased hippocampal ABAD level in neurons, but not astrocytes, while it did not affect RAGE level. These findings suggest that the expression of neuronal ABAD depends on estrogen level in the hippocampus and the increase in serum Abeta and hippocampal ABAD induced by ovarian hormone decline may be associated with pre-stage of memory deficit in postmenopausal women and Abeta-mediated AD pathology.
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54
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Penning TM, Jin Y, Rizner TL, Bauman DR. Pre-receptor regulation of the androgen receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 281:1-8. [PMID: 18060684 PMCID: PMC2225387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The human androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor and mediates the induction of genes involved in the development of the male phenotype and male secondary sex characteristics, as well as the normal and abnormal growth of the prostate. We have identified the pair of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) that regulate ligand access to the AR in human prostate. We find that type 3 3alpha-HSD (aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C2) catalyzes the NADPH dependent reduction of the potent androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) to yield the inactive androgen 3alpha-androstanediol (3alpha-diol). We also find that RoDH like 3alpha-HSD (RL-HSD) catalyzes the NAD(+) dependent oxidation of 3alpha-diol to yield 5alpha-DHT. Together these enzymes are involved in the pre-receptor regulation of androgen action. Inhibition of AKR1C2 would be desirable in cases of androgen insufficiency and inhibition of RL-HSD might be desirable in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6084, USA.
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55
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Ren Y, Xu HW, Davey F, Taylor M, Aiton J, Coote P, Fang F, Yao J, Chen D, Chen JX, Yan SD, Gunn-Moore FJ. Endophilin I expression is increased in the brains of Alzheimer disease patients. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:5685-91. [PMID: 18167351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707932200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer patients have increased levels of both the 42 amyloid-beta-peptide (Abeta) and the amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD), which is an intracellular binding site for Abeta. The overexpression of Abeta and ABAD in transgenic mice has shown that the binding of Abeta to ABAD results in amplified neuronal stress and impairment of learning and memory. From a proteomic analysis of the brains from these animals, we have identified for the first time that the protein endophilin I increases in Alzheimer diseased brain. The increase in endophilin I levels in neurons is linked to an increase in the activation of the stress kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase with the subsequent death of the neurons. We also demonstrate in living animals that the expression level of endophilin I is an indicator for the interaction of ABAD and Abeta as its expression levels return to normal if this interaction is perturbed. Therefore this identifies endophilin I as a new indicator of the progression of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Ren
- Schools of Biology and Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland KY16 9TS
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56
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Rantakari P, Strauss L, Kiviranta R, Lagerbohm H, Paviala J, Holopainen I, Vainio S, Pakarinen P, Poutanen M. Placenta defects and embryonic lethality resulting from disruption of mouse hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 2 gene. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:665-75. [PMID: 18048640 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 2 (HSD17B2) is a member of aldo-keto reductase superfamily, known to catalyze the inactivation of 17beta-hydroxysteroids to less active 17-keto forms and catalyze the conversion of 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to progesterone in vitro. To examine the role of HSD17B2 in vivo, we generated mice deficient in Hsd17b2 [HSD17B2 knockout (KO)] by a targeted gene disruption in embryonic stem cells. From the homozygous mice carrying the disrupted Hsd17b2, 70% showed embryonic lethality appearing at the age of embryonic d 11.5 onward. The embryonic lethality was associated with reduced placental size measured at embryonic d 17.5. The HSD17B2KO mice placentas presented with structural abnormalities in all three major layers: the decidua, spongiotrophoblast, and labyrinth. Most notable was the disruption of the spongiotrophoblast and labyrinthine layers, together with liquid-filled cysts in the junctional region and the basal layer. Treatments with an antiestrogen or progesterone did not rescue the embryonic lethality or the placenta defect in the homozygous mice. In hybrid background used, 24% of HSD17B2KO mice survived through the fetal period but were born growth retarded and displayed a phenotype in the brain with enlargement of ventricles, abnormal laminar organization, and increased cellular density in the cortex. Furthermore, the HSD17B2KO mice had unilateral renal degeneration, the affected kidney frequently appearing as a fluid-filled sac. Our results provide evidence for a role for HSD17B2 enzyme in the cellular organization of the mouse placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Rantakari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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57
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Yang SY, He XY, Miller D. HSD17B10: a gene involved in cognitive function through metabolism of isoleucine and neuroactive steroids. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 92:36-42. [PMID: 17618155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The HSD17B10 gene maps on chromosome Xp11.2, a region highly associated with X-linked mental retardation. This gene encodes HSD10, a mitochondrial multifunctional enzyme that plays a significant part in the metabolism of neuroactive steroids and the degradation of isoleucine. The HSD17B10 gene is composed of six exons and five introns. Its exon 5 is an alternative exon such that there are several HSD17B10 mRNA isoforms in brain. A silent mutation (c.605C-->A) and three missense mutations (c.395C-->G; c.419C-->T; c.771A-->G), respectively, cause the X-linked mental retardation, choreoathetosis, and abnormal behavior (MRXS10) and the hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase II deficiency. The latter condition seems to be a multifactorial disease due to the disturbance of more than one metabolic pathway by the HSD10 deficiency. HSD10 inactivates the positive modulators of GABAA receptors, and plays a role in the maintenance of GABAergic neuronal function. This working model may account for the mental retardation of these patients. The dehydrogenase activity is slightly inhibited by the binding of amyloid-beta peptide to the loop D of HSD10. Elevated levels of HSD10 were observed in hippocampi of Alzheimer disease patients so this multifunctional enzyme may be related to Alzheimer disease pathogenesis; however, the molecular mechanism of its involvement remains to be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yu Yang
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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58
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Yao J, Taylor M, Davey F, Ren Y, Aiton J, Coote P, Fang F, Chen JX, Yan SD, Gunn-Moore FJ. Interaction of amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase/Aβ mediates up-regulation of peroxiredoxin II in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients and a transgenic Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:377-82. [PMID: 17490890 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's patients have increased levels of both the 42 beta amyloid-beta-peptide (Abeta) and amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) which is an intracellular binding site for Abeta. The over-expression of Abeta and ABAD in transgenic mice has shown that the binding of Abeta to ABAD results in exaggerating neuronal stress and impairment of learning and memory. From a proteomic analysis of the brains from these animals we identified that peroxiredoxin II levels increase in Alzheimer's diseased brain. This increase in peroxiredoxin II levels protects neurons against Abeta induced toxicity. We also demonstrate, for the first time in living animals, that the expression level of peroxiredoxin II is an indicator for the interaction of ABAD and Abeta as its expression levels return to normal if this interaction is perturbed. Therefore this indicates the possibility of reversing changes observed in Alzheimer's disease and that the Abeta-ABAD interaction is a suitable drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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59
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Lenski C, Kooy RF, Reyniers E, Loessner D, Wanders RJA, Winnepenninckx B, Hellebrand H, Engert S, Schwartz CE, Meindl A, Ramser J. The reduced expression of the HADH2 protein causes X-linked mental retardation, choreoathetosis, and abnormal behavior. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:372-7. [PMID: 17236142 PMCID: PMC1785340 DOI: 10.1086/511527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we defined a new syndromic form of X-linked mental retardation in a 4-generation family with a unique clinical phenotype characterized by mild mental retardation, choreoathetosis, and abnormal behavior (MRXS10). Linkage analysis in this family revealed a candidate region of 13.4 Mb between markers DXS1201 and DXS991 on Xp11; therefore, mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing in most of the 135 annotated genes located in the region. The gene (HADH2) encoding L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase II displayed a sequence alteration (c.574 C-->A; p.R192R) in all patients and carrier females that was absent in unaffected male family members and could not be found in 2,500 control X chromosomes, including in those of 500 healthy males. The silent C-->A substitution is located in exon 5 and was shown by western blot to reduce the amount of HADH2 protein by 60%-70% in the patient. Quantitative in vivo and in vitro expression studies revealed a ratio of splicing transcript amounts different from those normally seen in controls. Apparently, the reduced expression of the wild-type fragment, which results in the decreased protein expression, rather than the increased amount of aberrant splicing fragments of the HADH2 gene, is pathogenic. Our data therefore strongly suggest that reduced expression of the HADH2 protein causes MRXS10, a phenotype different from that caused by 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by missense mutations in this multifunctional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Lenski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University, Munich, Germany
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60
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Ulrih NP, Lanisnik Rizner T. Conformational stability of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. FEBS J 2006; 273:3927-37. [PMID: 16934034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The functional activities of proteins are closely related to their molecular structure and understanding their structure-function relationships remains one of the intriguing problems of molecular biology. We investigated structural changes in 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl) induced by pH, temperature, salt, urea, guanidine hydrochloride, and coenzyme NADPH binding. At 25 degrees C and within the relatively narrow pH range of 7.0-9.0, 17beta-HSDcl exists in its native conformation as a dimer. This native conformation is thermally stable up to 40 degrees C in this pH range. At 25 degrees C and pH 2.0 in the presence of 150-300 mM NaCl, 17beta-HSDcl forms soluble aggregates enriched in alpha-helical and beta-sheet structures. At higher temperatures and NaCl concentrations, these soluble aggregates start to precipitate. The denaturants urea and guanidine hydrochloride unfold 17beta-HSDcl at concentrations of 1.2 and 0.4 M, respectively. Binding of the coenzyme NADPH to 17beta-HSDcl causes local structural changes that do not significantly affect the thermal stability of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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61
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Marques AT, Antunes A, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Comparative evolutionary genomics of the HADH2 gene encoding Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogenase/17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (ABAD/HSD10). BMC Genomics 2006; 7:202. [PMID: 16899120 PMCID: PMC1559703 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Aβ-binding alcohol dehydrogenase/17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (ABAD/HSD10) is an enzyme involved in pivotal metabolic processes and in the mitochondrial dysfunction seen in the Alzheimer's disease. Here we use comparative genomic analyses to study the evolution of the HADH2 gene encoding ABAD/HSD10 across several eukaryotic species. Results Both vertebrate and nematode HADH2 genes showed a six-exon/five-intron organization while those of the insects had a reduced and varied number of exons (two to three). Eutherian mammal HADH2 genes revealed some highly conserved noncoding regions, which may indicate the presence of functional elements, namely in the upstream region about 1 kb of the transcription start site and in the first part of intron 1. These regions were also conserved between Tetraodon and Fugu fishes. We identified a conserved alternative splicing event between human and dog, which have a nine amino acid deletion, causing the removal of the strand βF. This strand is one of the seven strands that compose the core β-sheet of the Rossman fold dinucleotide-binding motif characteristic of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family members. However, the fact that the substrate binding cleft residues are retained and the existence of a shared variant between human and dog suggest that it might be functional. Molecular adaptation analyses across eutherian mammal orthologues revealed the existence of sites under positive selection, some of which being localized in the substrate-binding cleft and in the insertion 1 region on loop D (an important region for the Aβ-binding to the enzyme). Interestingly, a higher than expected number of nonsynonymous substitutions were observed between human/chimpanzee and orangutan, with six out of the seven amino acid replacements being under molecular adaptation (including three in loop D and one in the substrate binding loop). Conclusion Our study revealed that HADH2 genes maintained a reasonable conserved organization across a large evolutionary distance. The conserved noncoding regions identified among mammals and between pufferfishes, the evidence of an alternative splicing variant conserved between human and dog, and the detection of positive selection across eutherian mammals, may be of importance for further research on ABAD/HSD10 function and its implication in the Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Marques
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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62
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Huyghe S, Mannaerts GP, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2: the enzyme, the patients and the knockout mouse model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:973-94. [PMID: 16766224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian multifunctional protein-2 (MFP-2, also called multifunctional enzyme 2, D-bifunctional enzyme or 17-beta-estradiol dehydrogenase type IV) was identified by several groups about a decade ago. It plays a central role in peroxisomal beta-oxidation as it handles most, if not all, peroxisomal beta-oxidation substrates. Deficiency of this enzyme in man causes a severe developmental syndrome with abnormalities in several organs but in particular in the brain, leading to death within the first year of life. Accumulation of branched-long-chain fatty acids and very-long-chain fatty acids and a disturbed synthesis of bile acids were documented in these patients. A mouse model with MFP-2 deficiency only partly phenocopies the human disease. Although the expected metabolic abnormalities are present, no neurodevelopmental aberrations are observed. However, the survival of these mice into adulthood allowed to document the importance of this enzyme for the normal functioning of the brain, eyes and testis. In the present review, the identification and biochemical characteristics of MFP-2, and the consequences of MFP-2 dysfunction in humans and in mice will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Huyghe
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing II, bus 823, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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63
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Abstract
17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) catalyze the NAD(P)(H) dependent oxidoreduction at C17 oxo/beta-hydroxyl groups of androgen and estrogen hormones. This reversible reaction constitutes an important pre-receptor control mechanism for nuclear receptor ligands, since the conversion "switches" between the 17beta-OH receptor ligands and their inactive 17-oxo metabolites. At present, 14 mammalian 17beta-HSDs are described, of which at least 11 exist within the human genome, encoded by different genes. The enzymes differ in their expression pattern, nucleotide cofactor preference, steroid substrate specificity and subcellular localization, and thus constitute a complex system ensuring cell-specific adaptation and regulation of sex steroid hormone levels. Broad and overlapping substrate specificities with enzymes involved in lipid metabolism suggest interactions of several 17beta-HSDs with other metabolic pathways. Several 17beta-HSDs enzymes constitute promising drug targets, of particular importance in cancer, metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration and possibly immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lukacik
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
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64
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Abstract
17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) belong to the family of short chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) and aldoketo-reductases (AKRs). Some of the enzymes were discovered and named due to their enzymatic activity on steroid substrates or according to their sequence homology to other 17beta-HSDs. During characterisation of these enzymes it turned out that their substrate specificity is broader than first expected and key functions of some 17beta-HSDs in vivo are probably not in steroid metabolism but in basic metabolic pathways. The issue of such multifunctionality is the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Moeller
- GSF-National Research Center of Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany.
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65
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Bauman DR, Steckelbroeck S, Williams MV, Peehl DM, Penning TM. Identification of the Major Oxidative 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Human Prostate That Converts 5α-Androstane-3α,17β-diol to 5α-Dihydrotestosterone: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Androgen-Dependent Disease. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:444-58. [PMID: 16179381 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAndrogen-dependent prostate diseases initially require 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for growth. The DHT product 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), is inactive at the androgen receptor (AR), but induces prostate growth, suggesting that an oxidative 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) exists. Candidate enzymes that posses 3α-HSD activity are type 3 3α-HSD (AKR1C2), 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase (RODH 5), L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase , RODH like 3α-HSD (RL-HSD), novel type of human microsomal 3α-HSD, and retinol dehydrogenase 4 (RODH 4). In mammalian transfection studies all enzymes except AKR1C2 oxidized 3α-diol back to DHT where RODH 5, RODH 4, and RL-HSD were the most efficient. AKR1C2 catalyzed the reduction of DHT to 3α-diol, suggesting that its role is to eliminate DHT. Steady-state kinetic parameters indicated that RODH 4 and RL-HSD were high-affinity, low-capacity enzymes whereas RODH 5 was a low-affinity, high-capacity enzyme. AR-dependent reporter gene assays showed that RL-HSD, RODH 5, and RODH 4 shifted the dose-response curve for 3α-diol a 100-fold, yielding EC50 values of 2.5 × 10−9m, 1.5 × 10−9m, and 1.0 × 10−9m, respectively, when compared with the empty vector (EC50 = 1.9 × 10−7m). Real-time RT-PCR indicated that L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase and RL-HSD were expressed more than 15-fold higher compared with the other candidate oxidative enzymes in human prostate and that RL-HSD and AR were colocalized in primary prostate stromal cells. The data show that the major oxidative 3α-HSD in normal human prostate is RL-HSD and may be a new therapeutic target for treating prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Bauman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
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66
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Kristan K, Deluca D, Adamski J, Stojan J, Rižner TL. Dimerization and enzymatic activity of fungal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2005; 6:28. [PMID: 16359545 PMCID: PMC1326212 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-6-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl) is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. SDR proteins usually function as dimers or tetramers and 17beta-HSDcl is also a homodimer under native conditions. RESULTS We have investigated here which secondary structure elements are involved in the dimerization of 17beta-HSDcl and examined the importance of dimerization for the enzyme activity. Sequence similarity with trihydroxynaphthalene reductase from Magnaporthe grisea indicated that Arg129 and His111 from the alphaE-helices interact with the Asp121, Glu117 and Asp187 residues from the alphaE and alphaF-helices of the neighbouring subunit. The Arg129Asp and His111Leu mutations both rendered 17beta-HSDcl monomeric, while the mutant 17beta-HSDcl-His111Ala was dimeric. Circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis confirmed the conservation of the secondary structure in both monomers. The three mutant proteins all bound coenzyme, as shown by fluorescence quenching in the presence of NADP+, but both monomers showed no enzymatic activity. CONCLUSION We have shown by site-directed mutagenesis and structure/function analysis that 17beta-HSDcl dimerization involves the alphaE and alphaF helices of both subunits. Neighbouring subunits are connected through hydrophobic interactions, H-bonds and salt bridges involving amino acid residues His111 and Arg129. Since the substitutions of these two amino acid residues lead to inactive monomers with conserved secondary structure, we suggest dimerization is a prerequisite for catalysis. A detailed understanding of this dimerization could lead to the development of compounds that will specifically prevent dimerization, thereby serving as a new type of inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kristan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominga Deluca
- GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jure Stojan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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67
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Yang SY, He XY, Schulz H. 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in human health and disease. FEBS J 2005; 272:4874-83. [PMID: 16176262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) functions in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation by catalyzing the oxidation of straight chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. HAD has a preference for medium chain substrates, whereas short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) acts on a wide spectrum of substrates, including steroids, cholic acids, and fatty acids, with a preference for short chain methyl-branched acyl-CoAs. Therefore, HAD should not be referred to as SCHAD. SCHAD is not a member of the HAD family, but instead, belongs to the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. Previously reported cases of SCHAD deficiency are due to an inherited HAD deficiency. SCHAD, also known as 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10, is important in brain development and aging. Abnormal levels of SCHAD in certain brain regions may contribute to the pathogenesis of some neural disorders. The human SCHAD gene and its protein product, SCHAD, are potential targets for intervention in conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and an X-linked mental retardation, that may arise from the impaired degradation of branched chain fatty acid and isoleucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yu Yang
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, 10314, USA.
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68
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Kristan K, Krajnc K, Konc J, Gobec S, Stojan J, Rizner TL. Phytoestrogens as inhibitors of fungal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Steroids 2005; 70:694-703. [PMID: 15936789 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Different phytoestrogens were tested as inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl), a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. Phytoestrogens inhibited the oxidation of 100 microM 17beta-hydroxyestra-4-en-3-one and the reduction of 100 microM estra-4-en-3,17-dione, the best substrate pair known. The best inhibitors of oxidation, with IC(50) below 1 microM, were flavones hydroxylated at positions 3, 5 and 7: 3-hydroxyflavone, 3,7-dihydroxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (chrysin) and 5-hydroxyflavone, together with 5-methoxyflavone. The best inhibitors of reduction were less potent; 3-hydroxyflavone, 5-methoxyflavone, coumestrol, 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone (kaempferol) and 5-hydroxyflavone all had IC(50) values between 1 and 5 microM. Docking the representative inhibitors chrysin and kaempferol into the active site of 17beta-HSDcl revealed the possible binding mode, in which they are sandwiched between the nicotinamide moiety and Tyr212. The structural features of phytoestrogens, inhibitors of both oxidation and reduction catalyzed by the fungal 17beta-HSD, are similar to the reported structural features of phytoestrogen inhibitors of human 17beta-HSD types 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kristan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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69
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Kristan K, Krajnc K, Konc J, Gobec S, Stojan J, Lanisnik Rizner T. Phytoestrogens as inhibitors of fungal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Steroids 2005; 70:626-35. [PMID: 15927220 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different phytoestrogens were tested as inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl), a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. Phytoestrogens inhibited the oxidation of 100microM 17beta-hydroxyestra-4-en-3-one and the reduction of 100microM estra-4-en-3,17-dione, the best substrate pair known. The best inhibitors of oxidation, with IC(50) below 1microM, were flavones hydroxylated at positions 3, 5 and 7: 3-hydroxyflavone, 3,7-dihydroxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (chrysin) and 5-hydroxyflavone, together with 5-methoxyflavone. The best inhibitors of reduction were less potent; 3-hydroxyflavone, 5-methoxyflavone, coumestrol, 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone (kaempferol) and 5-hydroxyflavone, all had IC(50) values between 1 and 5microM. Docking the representative inhibitors chrysin and kaempferol into the active site of 17beta-HSDcl revealed the possible binding mode, in which they are sandwiched between the nicotinamide moiety and Tyr212. The structural features of phytoestrogens, inhibitors of both oxidation and reduction catalyzed by the fungal 17beta-HSD, are similar to the reported structural features of phytoestrogen inhibitors of human 17beta-HSD types 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kristan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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70
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Yan SD, Stern DM. Mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease: role of amyloid-beta peptide alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD). Int J Exp Pathol 2005; 86:161-71. [PMID: 15910550 PMCID: PMC2517415 DOI: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2005.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An important means of determining how amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) affects cells is to identify specific macromolecular targets and assess how Abeta interaction with such targets impacts on cellular functions. On the one hand, cell surface receptors interacting with extracellular Abeta have been identified, and their engagement by amyloid peptide can trigger intracellular signaling cascades. Recent evidence has indicated a potentially significant role for deposition of intracellular Abeta in cell stress associated with amyloidosis. Thus, specific intracellular targets of Abeta might also be of interest. Our review evaluates the potential significance of Abeta interaction with a mitochondrial enzyme termed Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD), a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase-reductase family concentrated in mitochondria of neurones. Binding of Abeta to ABAD distorts the enzyme's structure, rendering it inactive with respect to its metabolic properties, and promotes mitochondrial generation of free radicals. Double transgenic mice in which increased levels of ABAD are expressed in an Abeta-rich environment, the latter provided by a mutant amyloid precursor protein transgene, demonstrate accelerated decline in spatial learning/memory and pathologic changes. These data suggest that mitochondria ABAD, ordinarily a contributor to metabolic homeostasis, has the capacity to become a pathogenic factor in an Abeta-rich environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Du Yan
- Departments of Pathology, Surgery, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Ageing Brain, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building Rm. 17-01, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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71
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He XY, Wegiel J, Yang SY. Intracellular oxidation of allopregnanolone by human brain type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Brain Res 2005; 1040:29-35. [PMID: 15804423 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, generated by the reduction of 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone (5alpha-DHP) in astrocytes. This neuroactive steroid can be inactivated by its 3alpha-oxidation to yield 5alpha-DHP. It was found that 5alpha-DHP levels in HEK293 cells expressing type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD10), but not its catalytic inactive mutant, increased significantly as allopregnanolone was added to culture media. The results demonstrate that mitochondrial 17beta-HSD10 effectively catalyzes the intracellular oxidation of allopregnanolone. Moreover, brain astrocytes contain a moderate level of 17beta-HSD10, which is elevated in activated astrocytes of brains with Alzheimer type pathology, including sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome with AD. The distribution of 17beta-HSD10 was found not to parallel that of 3alpha-HSD3. Cerebral cortex has the lowest level of 17beta-HSD10; whereas the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala possess relatively higher levels of this enzyme. The catalysis of 17beta-HSD10 appears to be essential for maintaining normal functions of GABAergic neurons. The elevated level of 17beta-HSD10 in activated astrocytes is a new feature found in brains of people with AD, and it may have important impact on AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying He
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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72
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Abstract
Human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (17beta-HSD10) is a mitochondrial enzyme encoded by the SCHAD gene, which escapes chromosome X inactivation. 17Beta-HSD10/SCHAD mutations cause a spectrum of clinical conditions, from mild mental retardation to progressive infantile neurodegeneration. 17Beta-HSD10/SCHAD is essential for the metabolism of isoleucine and branched-chain fatty acids. It can inactivate 17beta-estradiol and steroid modulators of GABA(A) receptors, and convert 5alpha-androstanediol into 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Certain malignant prostatic epithelial cells contain high levels of 17beta-HSD10, generating 5alpha-DHT in the absence of testosterone. 17Beta-HSD10 has an affinity for amyloid-beta peptide, and might be linked to the mitochondrial dysfunction seen in Alzheimer's disease. This versatile enzyme might provide a new drug target for neuronal excitability control and for intervention in Alzheimer's disease and certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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73
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He XY, Wegiel J, Yang YZ, Pullarkat R, Schulz H, Yang SY. Type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase catalyzing the oxidation of steroid modulators of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 229:111-7. [PMID: 15607535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The steroids allopregnanolone and allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3alpha,5alpha-THDOC) are positive allosteric modulators of GABA(A) receptors, generated by the reduction of 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone (5alpha-DHP) and 5alpha-DHDOC, respectively, under the catalysis of human type 3 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD). However, brain enzymes catalyzing the conversion of such tetrahydrosteroids back to the corresponding 5alpha-dihydrosteroids remain to be identified. Characterization of human type 10 17beta-HSD provides a new insight into its importance for the oxidation of steroid modulators of GABA(A) receptors. The apparent catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of this enzyme for the oxidation of allopregnanolone and 3alpha,5alpha-THDOC are 432 and 1381 min(-1) mM(-1), respectively. This enzyme has negligible 3-ketosteroid reductase activity for 5alpha-DHP and 5alpha-DHDOC even in an acidic environment. Immunoreactivity against 17beta-HSD10 was found in a number of neuronal populations. Taken together, evidence suggests that 17beta-HSD10 is the brain enzyme capable of catalyzing the oxidation of steroid modulators of GABA(A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying He
- Department of Neuropharmacology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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74
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Labrie F, Cusan L, Gomez J, Luu-The V, Candas B, Bélanger A, Labrie C. Major impact of hormonal therapy in localized prostate cancer--death can already be an exception. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 92:327-44. [PMID: 15698538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For about 50 years, androgen blockade in prostate cancer has been limited to monotherapy (surgical castration) or high doses of estrogens in patients with advanced disease and bone metastases. The discovery of medical castration with LHRH agonists has led to fundamental changes in the endocrine therapy of prostate cancer. In 1979, the first prostate cancer patient treated with an LHRH agonist received such treatment at the Laval University Medical Center. A long series of studies have clearly demonstrated that medical castration with an LHRH agonist has inhibitory effects on prostate cancer equivalent to those of surgical castration. The much higher acceptability of LHRH agonists has been essential to permit a series of studies in localized disease. Based upon the finding that the testicles and adrenals contribute approximately equal amounts of androgens in the human prostate, the combination of medical (LHRH agonist) or surgical castration associated with a pure antiandrogen (flutamide, nilutamide or bicalutamide) has led to the first demonstration of a prolongation of life in prostate cancer, namely a 10-20% decreased risk of death according to the various metaanalyses of all the studies performed in advanced disease. In analogy with the other types of advanced cancers, the success of combined androgen blockade in metastatic disease is limited by the development of resistance to treatment. To avoid the problem of resistance to treatment while taking advantage of the relative ease of diagnosis of prostate cancer at an "early" stage, the much higher acceptability of LHRH agonists has permitted a series of studies which have demonstrated a major reduction in deaths from prostate cancer ranging from 31% to 87% at 5 years of follow-up in patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. Most importantly, recent data show that the addition of a pure antiandrogen to an LHRH agonist in order to block the androgens made locally in the prostate leads to a 90% long-term control or probable cure of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Labrie
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2.
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75
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Kissinger CR, Rejto PA, Pelletier LA, Thomson JA, Showalter RE, Abreo MA, Agree CS, Margosiak S, Meng JJ, Aust RM, Vanderpool D, Li B, Tempczyk-Russell A, Villafranca JE. Crystal structure of human ABAD/HSD10 with a bound inhibitor: implications for design of Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. J Mol Biol 2004; 342:943-52. [PMID: 15342248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (HSD10), also known as amyloid beta-peptide-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD), has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease. This protein, a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of enzymes, has been shown to bind beta-amyloid and to participate in beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. We have determined the crystal structure of human ABAD/HSD10 complexed with NAD(+) and an inhibitory small molecule. The inhibitor occupies the substrate-binding site and forms a covalent adduct with the NAD(+) cofactor. The crystal structure provides a basis for the design of potent, highly specific ABAD/HSD10 inhibitors with potential application in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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76
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Tieu K, Perier C, Vila M, Caspersen C, Zhang HP, Teismann P, Jackson-Lewis V, Stern DM, Yan SD, Przedborski S. L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase II protects in a model of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2004; 56:51-60. [PMID: 15236401 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) impairs mitochondrial respiration and damages dopaminergic neurons as seen in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we report that L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type II/amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase (HADH II/ABAD), a mitochondrial oxidoreductase enzyme involved in neuronal survival, is downregulated in PD patients and in MPTP-intoxicated mice. We also show that transgenic mice with increased expression of human HADH II/ABAD are significantly more resistant to MPTP than their wild-type littermates. This effect appears to be mediated by overexpression of HADH II/ABAD mitigating MPTP-induced impairment of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. This study demonstrates that HADH II/ABAD modulates MPTP neurotoxicity and suggests that HADH II/ABAD mimetics may provide protective benefit in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Tieu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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77
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Qiu W, Zhou M, Labrie F, Lin SX. Crystal structures of the multispecific 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5: critical androgen regulation in human peripheral tissues. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18:1798-807. [PMID: 15087468 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human type 5 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD5;AKR1C3) plays a major role in the metabolism of androgens in peripheral tissues. In prostate basal cells, this enzyme is involved in the transformation of dehydroepiandrosterone into dihydrotestosterone, the most potent androgen. It is thus a potential target for prostate cancer therapy because it is understood that the testosterone formation by this enzyme is an important factor, particularly in patients who have undergone surgical or medical castration. Here we report the first structure of a human type 5 17beta-HSD in two ternary complexes, in which we found that the androstenedione molecule has a different binding position from that of testosterone. The two testosterone-binding orientations in the substrate-binding site demonstrate the structural basis of the alternative binding and multispecificity of the enzyme. Phe306 and Trp227 are the key residues involved in ligand recognition as well as product release. A safety belt in the cofactor-binding site enhances nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate binding and accounts for its high affinity as demonstrated by kinetic studies. These structures have provided a dynamic view of the enzyme reaction converting androstenedione to testosterone as well as valuable information for the development of potent enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Medical Center (CHUL) and Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
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78
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Mindnich R, Möller G, Adamski J. The role of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 218:7-20. [PMID: 15130507 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of steroid hormones is regulated at the pre-receptor level by several enzymes including 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17 beta -HSD). The latter are present in many microorganisms, invertebrates and vertebrates. Dysfunctions in human 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases result in disorders of biology of reproduction and neuronal diseases, the enzymes are also involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases reveal a remarkable multifunctionality being able to modulate concentrations not only of steroids but as well of fatty and bile acids. Current knowledge on genetics, biochemistry and medical implications is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mindnich
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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79
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Huuskonen J, Suuronen T, Nuutinen T, Kyrylenko S, Salminen A. Regulation of microglial inflammatory response by sodium butyrate and short-chain fatty acids. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:874-80. [PMID: 14744800 PMCID: PMC1574260 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Recent studies have shown that sodium butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can prevent inflammation in colon diseases. Our aim was to elucidate whether sodium butyrate and SCFAs regulate the inflammatory responses in different neural inflammation models in cell cultures. 2. Inflammatory responses to LPS-induced microglial activation were recorded by the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha and related to the changes in the DNA-binding activities of NF-kappaB complex. 3. We observed that sodium butyrate is strongly anti-inflammatory against LPS-induced responses in rat primary microglia as well as in hippocampal slice cultures and in neural cocultures of microglial cells, astrocytes and cerebellar granule neurons. 4. In murine N9 microglial cell line, instead, sodium butyrate and other SCFAs (propionate, valerate and caproate) enhanced the LPS-induced inflammatory response. 5. The pretreatment with butyrate before LPS exposure induced an equal or more enhanced response than simultaneous exposure with butyrate and LPS. This indicates that butyrate induces an adaptative response against microglial activation. 6. We also observed that butyrate treatment both in transformed N9 cells and in hippocampal slice cultures downregulates the NF-kappaB-binding capacity induced by LPS stimulation. 7. Our results show that butyrate is anti-inflammatory in primary, brain-derived microglial cells, as observed recently in colon diseases, but proinflammatory in transformed, proliferating N9 microglial cells, which may be related to the anticancer properties of butyrate observed in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Huuskonen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Suuronen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tapio Nuutinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sergiy Kyrylenko
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Kuopio, PO Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Author for correspondence:
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80
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Shafqat N, Marschall HU, Filling C, Nordling E, Wu XQ, Björk L, Thyberg J, Mårtensson E, Salim S, Jörnvall H, Oppermann U. Expanded substrate screenings of human and Drosophila type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) reveal multiple specificities in bile acid and steroid hormone metabolism: characterization of multifunctional 3alpha/7alpha/7beta/17beta/20beta/21-HSD. Biochem J 2003; 376:49-60. [PMID: 12917011 PMCID: PMC1223751 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2003] [Revised: 07/30/2003] [Accepted: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) catalyse the conversion of 17beta-OH (-hydroxy)/17-oxo groups of steroids, and are essential in mammalian hormone physiology. At present, eleven 17beta-HSD isoforms have been defined in mammals, with different tissue-expression and substrate-conversion patterns. We analysed 17beta-HSD type 10 (17beta-HSD10) from humans and Drosophila, the latter known to be essential in development. In addition to the known hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3alpha-OH and 17beta-OH activities with sex steroids, we here demonstrate novel activities of 17beta-HSD10. Both species variants oxidize the 20beta-OH and 21-OH groups in C21 steroids, and act as 7beta-OH dehydrogenases of ursodeoxycholic or isoursodeoxycholic acid (also known as 7beta-hydroxylithocholic acid or 7beta-hydroxyisolithocholic acid respectively). Additionally, the human orthologue oxidizes the 7alpha-OH of chenodeoxycholic acid (5beta-cholanic acid, 3alpha,7alpha-diol) and cholic acid (5beta-cholanic acid). These novel substrate specificities are explained by homology models based on the orthologous rat crystal structure, showing a wide hydrophobic cleft, capable of accommodating steroids in different orientations. These properties suggest that the human enzyme is involved in glucocorticoid and gestagen catabolism, and participates in bile acid isomerization. Confocal microscopy and electron microscopy studies reveal that the human form is localized to mitochondria, whereas Drosophila 17beta-HSD10 shows a cytosolic localization pattern, possibly due to an N-terminal sequence difference that in human 17beta-HSD10 constitutes a mitochondrial targeting signal, extending into the Rossmann-fold motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Shafqat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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81
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He XY, Yang YZ, Peehl DM, Lauderdale A, Schulz H, Yang SY. Oxidative 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of human type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 87:191-8. [PMID: 14672739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2003.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro enzyme assays have demonstrated that human type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD10) catalyzes the oxidation of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (adiol), an almost inactive androgen, to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) rather than androsterone or androstanedione. To further investigate the role of this steroid-metabolizing enzyme in intact cells, we produced stable transfectants expressing 17beta-HSD10 or its catalytically inactive Y168F mutant in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. It was found that DHT levels in HEK 293 cells expressing 17beta-HSD10, but not its catalytically inactive mutant, will dramatically increase if adiol is added to culture media. Moreover, certain malignant prostatic epithelial cells have more 17beta-HSD10 than normal controls, and can generate DHT, the most potent androgen, from adiol. This event might promote prostate cancer growth. Analysis of the 17beta-HSD10 sequence shows that this enzyme does not have any ER retention signal or transmembrane segments and has not originated by divergence from a retinol dehydrogenase. The data suggest that the unique mitochondrial location of this HSD [Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (2001) 4899] does not prevent it from oxidizing the 3alpha-hydroxyl group of a C19 sterol in living cells. The experimental results lead to the conclusion that mitochondrial 17beta-HSD10 plays a significant part in a non-classical androgen synthesis pathway along with microsomal retinol dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying He
- Department of Pharmacology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Steckelbroeck S, Watzka M, Reissinger A, Wegener-Toper P, Bidlingmaier F, Bliesener N, Hans VHJ, Clusmann H, Ludwig M, Siekmann L, Klingmüller D. Characterisation of estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) activity in the human brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 86:79-92. [PMID: 12943747 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play a crucial role in multiple functions of the brain and the proper balance of inactive estrone and active estradiol-17beta might be very important for their cerebral effects. The interconversion of estrone and estradiol-17beta in target tissues is known to be catalysed by a number of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) isoforms. The present study shows that enzyme catalysed interconversion of estrone and estradiol-17beta occurs in the human temporal lobe. The oxidative cerebral pathway preferred estradiol-17beta to Delta(5)-androstenediol and testosterone, whereas the reductive pathway preferred dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to Delta(4)-androstenedione and estrone. An allosteric Hill kinetic for NAD-dependent oxidation of estradiol-17beta was observed, whereas a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic was shown for NADPH-dependent reduction of estrone. Investigations of the interconversion of estrogens in cerebral neocortex (CX) and subcortical white matter (SC) preparations of brain tissue from 12 women and 10 men revealed no sex-differences, but provide striking evidence for the presence of at least one oxidative membrane-associated 17beta-HSD and one cytosolic enzyme that catalyses both the reductive and the oxidative pathway. Membrane-associated oxidation of estradiol-17beta was shown to be significantly higher in CX than in SC (P<0.05), whereas the cytosolic enzyme activities were significantly higher in SC than in CX (P<0.0005). Finally, real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that besides 17beta-HSD types 4 and 5 also the isozymes type 7, 8, 10 and 11 show substantial expression in the human temporal lobe. The characteristics of the isozymes lead us to the conclusion that cytosolic 17beta-HSD type 5 is the best candidate for the observed cytosolic enzyme activities, whereas the data gave no clear answer to the question, which enzyme is responsible for the membrane-associated oxidation of estradiol-17beta. In conclusion, the study strongly suggests that different cell types and different isozymes are involved in the cerebral interconversion of estrogens, which might play a pivotal role in maintaining the functions of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Steckelbroeck
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130C John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA.
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83
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Ivell R, Balvers M, Anand RJK, Paust HJ, McKinnell C, Sharpe R. Differentiation-dependent expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type 10, in the rodent testis: effect of aging in Leydig cells. Endocrinology 2003; 144:3130-7. [PMID: 12810569 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the new 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), type 10 (17beta-HSD-10), formerly known as endoplasmic reticulum-associated amyloid-binding protein, has been investigated in the testes of various mammals under normal and perturbed conditions. Results show that 17beta-HSD-10 is a major product of both fetal and adult-type Leydig cells. In the former, protein persists until late in postnatal development; and in the short-day hamster model, it does not disappear when Leydig cells involute. During puberty in the rat, immunohistochemical staining for 17beta-HSD-10 in adult-type Leydig cells first becomes evident on d 20, increasing to maximal staining intensity by d 35. In the rat, but not in the mouse or any other species examined, there is also staining in late spermatids. Examination of testes from rats subjected to perinatal treatment with either a GnRH antagonist or low and high doses of diethylstilbestrol revealed that expression of 17beta-HSD-10 follows closely Leydig cell differentiation status, correlating with 3beta-HSD expression in a previous study. In aging (23 months) rat testes, Leydig cell (but not germ cell) immunostaining for 17beta-HSD-10 is markedly reduced. 17beta-HSD-10 seems to preferentially convert 3alpha-androstanediol into dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol to estrone. Thus, perinatal expression of this enzyme in fetal Leydig cells may contribute to protecting these cells from estrogens and encourage androgen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ivell
- Institute for Hormone and Fertility Research, University of Hamburg, Falkenreid 88, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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84
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Ofman R, Ruiter JPN, Feenstra M, Duran M, Poll-The BT, Zschocke J, Ensenauer R, Lehnert W, Sass JO, Sperl W, Wanders RJA. 2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is caused by mutations in the HADH2 gene. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:1300-7. [PMID: 12696021 PMCID: PMC1180283 DOI: 10.1086/375116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2002] [Accepted: 02/24/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (MHBD) deficiency is a novel inborn error of isoleucine degradation. In this article, we report the elucidation of the molecular basis of MHBD deficiency. To this end, we purified the enzyme from bovine liver. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the purified protein was identical to bovine 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type II. The human homolog of this bovine enzyme is a short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, also known as the "endoplasmic reticulum-associated amyloid-beta binding protein" (ERAB). This led to the identification of the X-chromosomal gene involved, which previously had been denoted "HADH2." Sequence analysis of the HADH2 gene from patients with MHBD deficiency revealed the presence of two missense mutations (R130C and L122V). Heterologous expression of the mutant cDNAs in Escherichia coli showed that both mutations almost completely abolish enzyme activity. This confirms that MHBD deficiency is caused by mutations in the HADH2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Ofman
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Jos P. N. Ruiter
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Marike Feenstra
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Marinus Duran
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Regina Ensenauer
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Willy Lehnert
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Jörn Oliver Sass
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Wolfgang Sperl
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology, and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg; Metabolic Unit, University Children’s Hospital, and Stoffwechsellabor, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and Children’s Hospital LKA Salzburg, Salzburg
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85
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Kristan K, Rizner TL, Stojan J, Gerber JK, Kremmer E, Adamski J. Significance of individual amino acid residues for coenzyme and substrate specificity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144:493-501. [PMID: 12604235 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl) is a NADPH dependent member of the short-chain dehydrogenase reductase (SDR) superfamily. Recently, we prepared a homology-built structural model of 17beta-HSDcl using the known three-dimensional structure of homologous 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase from the fungus Magnaporthe grisea. This model structure directed our studies of structure-function relationship of the fungal 17beta-HSD, as one of the model enzymes of the SDR superfamily. In this work, we investigated the significance of individual amino acid residues for coenzyme and substrate specificity. We performed site directed mutagenesis of R28, a basic residue conserved in most NADPH dependent SDR structures; T200, found only in Streptomyces hydrogenans 3alpha,20beta-HSD and Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenases; and H230, a residue corresponding to the substrate specificity important H221 in human 17beta-HSD type 1. All recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Kinetic evaluation of individual mutations was performed by analysis of progress curves of interconversions between 4-estrene-3,17-dione and 4-estrene-17beta-ol-3-one, in the presence of NADPH and NADP(+); according to the Theorell-Chance reaction mechanism. The results demonstrate the role of the selected amino acid residues; R28 seems to interact with the NADPH 2'-phosphate group; T200 may be involved in binding and dissociation of NADPH/NADP(+); while H230 and the neighboring A231 appears not to be responsible for substrate specificity of 17beta-HSDcl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kristan
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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86
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Wen GY, Yang SY, Kaczmarski W, He XY, Pappas KS. Presence of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 in amyloid plaques (APs) of Hsiao's APP-Sw transgenic mouse brains, but absence in APs of Alzheimer's disease brains. Brain Res 2002; 954:115-22. [PMID: 12393239 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This immunocytochemical study using two anti-amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) monoclonal antibodies, 4G8 and 6E10, revealed the presence of Abeta in both amyloid plaques (APs) and blood vessels of brains of Hsiao's APP-Sw transgenic mice (also known as Tg2576) and human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Further study using both monoclonal (5F3) and polyclonal (R-228) antibodies to hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (HSD-10) [formerly called SCHAD (short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase); also called ERAB (endoplasmic-reticulum-associated amyloid beta-peptide-binding protein)] indicated that HSD-10 was present in the APs of Tg2576 mice but was absent or immunocytochemically undetectable in the APs of AD brains. Our observations also revealed that HSD-10 was present in the blood vessels of both Tg2576 mice and AD brains. Immunogold electron microscopy also indicated that HSD-10 was present in the amyloid fibers (AFs), mitochondria, nuclear heterochromatin, and nucleolus of Tg2576 mouse brains but was absent in APs of AD brains. These results suggest that the human APP gene transferred to mice may induce overexpression of HSD-10 in mouse APs and in various other cellular components of mouse brains. It is also possible that the human APP gene responsible for HSD-10 deposition in APs of these Tg2576 mice brains is different from that of AD brains. Alternatively, the HSD-10 gene and APP gene may function independently in AD brains. Despite these differences, the Tg2576 mouse, as shown in this study, is a proper animal model for the study of AD and also for the investigation of HSD-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Y Wen
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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87
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Renaud DL, Edwards V, Wilson GJ, Tein I. Glucose-free medium exacerbates microvesicular steatosis in cultured skin fibroblasts of genetic defects of fatty acid oxidation. A novel screening test. J Inherit Metab Dis 2002; 25:547-55. [PMID: 12638938 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022039206660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin fibroblasts from patients with various fatty acid oxidation defects (FAOD) and four normal controls were subcultured in standard glucose-containing medium or in glucose-free medium simulating fasting. The FAOD fibroblasts developed microvesicular steatosis, which was greatly exacerbated in glucose-free medium. 'Rescue treatment' with glucose-containing medium was performed in the short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient (SCHADD) fibroblasts and resulted in a partial resolution of the steatosis and improved cellular viability. Transmission electron microscopy of autopsy specimens from the SCHADD patient demonstrated that most renal interstitial fibroblasts and approximately 50% of fibroblasts in the heart had microvesicular steatosis. The demonstration of microvesicular steatosis in parenchymal and/or cultured skin fibroblasts may provide important and cost-effective screening tools for the detection of genetic defects of fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Renaud
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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88
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Nordling E, Oppermann UC, Jörnvall H, Persson B. Human type 10 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: molecular modelling and substrate docking. J Mol Graph Model 2002; 19:514-20, 591-3. [PMID: 11552679 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(00)00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidoreduction of hydroxy/oxo groups at position C17 of steroid hormones, thereby constituting a prereceptor control mechanism of hormone action. At present, 11 different mammalian 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases have been identified, catalyzing the cell- and steroid-specific activation and inactivation of estrogens and androgens. The human type 10 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD-10) is a multifunctional mitochondrial enzyme that efficiently catalyzes the oxidative inactivation at C17 of androgens and estrogens. However, it also mediates oxidation of 3 alpha-hydroxy groups of androgens, thereby reactivating androgen metabolites. Finally, it is involved in beta-oxidation of fatty acids by catalyzing the L-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase reaction of the beta-oxidation cycle. These features and expression profiles suggest a critical role of 17 beta-HSD-10 in neurodegenerative and steroid-dependent cancer forms. Since no three-dimensional structure of 17 beta-HSD-10 is available, homology modelling was carried out to understand the molecular basis of these substrate specificities. The structure obtained displays the properties of a one-domain, alpha/beta fold enzyme of the SDR family. The active site is located within a large, hydrophobic cleft, which forms optimal contacts with the different steroid surfaces. The data provide explanations for the substrate specificities toward the various classes of sex steroid hormones. The model is suitable to explore substrate and inhibitor characteristics that may be used in the development of novel strategies in the treatment of degenerative or malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nordling
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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89
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He XY, Wen GY, Merz G, Lin D, Yang YZ, Mehta P, Schulz H, Yang SY. Abundant type 10 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the hippocampus of mouse Alzheimer's disease model. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 99:46-53. [PMID: 11869808 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA of mouse type 10 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD10) was cloned from brain, representing the accurate nucleotide sequence information that rendered possible an accurate deduction of the amino acid sequence of the wild-type enzyme. A comparison of sequences and three-dimensional models of this enzyme revealed that structures previously reported by other groups carry either a truncated or mutated amino-terminal sequence. Fusion of the first 11 residues of the wild-type enzyme to the green fluorescent protein directed the reporter protein into mitochondria. Thus, the N-terminus was identified as a mitochondrial targeting signal that accounts for the intracellular localization of the mouse enzyme. This enzyme is normally associated with mitochondria, not with the endoplasmic reticulum as suggested by its trivial name 'endoplasmic reticulum-associated amyloid-beta biding protein (ERAB)'. After its C-terminal region was used to raise rabbit anti-17 betaHSD10 antibodies, immunogold electron microscopy showed that an abundance of this enzyme could be found in hippocampal synaptic mitochondria of betaAPP transgenic mice, but not in normal controls. High levels of this enzyme may disrupt steroid hormone homeostasis in synapses and contribute to synapse loss in the hippocampus of the mouse Alzheimer's disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ying He
- Department of Pharmacology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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90
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Breitling R, Laubner D, Adamski J. Structure-based phylogenetic analysis of short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases and reclassification of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:2154-61. [PMID: 11719564 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases (SCAD) constitute a large and diverse family of ancient origin. Several of its members play an important role in human physiology and disease, especially in the metabolism of steroid substrates (e.g., prostaglandins, estrogens, androgens, and corticosteroids). Their involvement in common human disorders such as endocrine-related cancer, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer disease makes them an important candidate for drug targets. Recent phylogenetic analysis of SCAD is incomplete and does not allow any conclusions on very ancient divergences or on a functional characterization of novel proteins within this complex family. We have developed a 3D structure-based approach to establish the deep-branching pattern within the SCAD family. In this approach, pairwise superpositions of X-ray structures were used to calculate similarity scores as an input for a tree-building algorithm. The resulting phylogeny was validated by comparison with the results of sequence-based algorithms and biochemical data. It was possible to use the 3D data as a template for the reliable determination of the phylogenetic position of novel proteins as a first step toward functional predictions. We were able to discern new patterns in the phylogenetic relationships of the SCAD family, including a basal dichotomy of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs). These data provide an important contribution toward the development of type-specific inhibitors for 17beta-HSDs for the treatment and prevention of disease. Our structure-based phylogenetic approach can also be applied to increase the reliability of evolutionary reconstructions in other large protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Breitling
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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91
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Yang SY, He XY. Role of type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 487:101-10. [PMID: 11403151 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1249-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Y Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island 10314, USA
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92
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He XY, Merz G, Yang YZ, Mehta P, Schulz H, Yang SY. Characterization and localization of human type10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:4899-907. [PMID: 11559359 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02421.2421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and metabolic functions of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10/short chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase have been investigated. Human liver and gonads are abundant in this enzyme, but it is present in only negligible amounts in skeletal muscle. Its N-terminal sequence is a mitochondrial targeting sequence, but is not required for directing this protein to mitochondria. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrate that this protein, which has been referred to as ER-associated amyloid beta-binding protein (ERAB), is not detectable in the ER of normal tissues. We have established that protocols employed to investigate the subcellular distribution of ERAB yield ER fractions rich in mitochondria. Mitochondria-associated membrane fractions believed to be ER fractions were employed in ERAB/Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogenase studies. The present studies establish that in normal tissues this protein is located in mitochondria. This feature distinguishes it from all known 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, and endows mitochondria with the capability of modulating intracellular levels of the active forms of sex steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y He
- Department of Pharmacology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York 10314, USA
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93
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Frackowiak J, Mazur-Kolecka B, Kaczmarski W, Dickson D. Deposition of Alzheimer's vascular amyloid-beta is associated with decreased expression of brain L-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (ERAB). Brain Res 2001; 907:44-53. [PMID: 11430884 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
L-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase type II (HADH) was described as an endoplasmic reticulum amyloid beta-peptide-binding protein (ERAB), which enhances Abeta toxicity, and accumulates in neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, HADH/ERAB was suggested to mediate the amyloid-induced neurodegeneration. We estimated the in vivo interactions of HADH and Abeta in an immunocytochemical study of ten Alzheimer's disease and seven normal brains using five monoclonal HADH-specific antibodies. We found no HADH in amyloid plaques or vascular amyloid. The neuronal expression of HADH was not correlated with the severity of amyloid load in neuropil. HADH was expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells in young and old controls and in amyloid-free blood vessels in AD cases, but little or no HADH was in smooth muscle cells in arteries with amyloid deposits. The putative intracellular interaction between HADH and Abeta in amyloid-producing cells was further studied in vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from brain blood vessels with amyloid-beta angiopathy - the cells that were shown previously to accumulate Abeta intracellularly ['Research advances in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders' (1995) 747; Brain Res. 676 (1995) 225; Neurosci. Lett. 183 (1995) 120]. HADH had a mitochondrial localization and did not co-localize with an endoplasmic reticulum marker. Cells that accumulated Abeta were those with low expression of HADH and the proteins did not co-localize. Explanation of the association between low levels of HADH and deposition of Abeta by brain smooth muscle cells requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frackowiak
- Department of Pathological Neurobiology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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94
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Rizner TL, Adamski J, Stojan J. 17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Cochliobolus lunatus: model structure and substrate specificity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 384:255-62. [PMID: 11368312 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A homology-built structural model of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus, a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, was worked out using the known three-dimensional structure of trihydroxynaphthalene reductase (EC 1.3.1.50) from Magnaporthe grisea as a template. Due to 61% sequence identity, the model also revealed a similar backbone trace. On the basis of qualitative thin-layer chromatography and comparative kinetic tests of the activity toward various potential steroid substrates, we conclude that androgens are more efficiently converted than estrogens. Their specific oxidoreduction predominantly occurs at the C17 position while no significant conversion at C3 and C20 was determined. Additionally, a thousand times effective inhibition by 5-methyl-(1,2,4)-triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazole and no activity toward 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-4H-benzopyran-4-one indicate distinct specificies of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus C. lunatus and trihydroxynaphthalene reductase. The results of the analysis of progress curve measurements for the forward and backward reactions are consistent with the Theorell-Chance reaction mechanism also predicted from the structural model. In accordance with these results, 4-androstene-3,17-dione was docked into the enzyme active site using molecular modeling and dynamics calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Rizner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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95
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Lanisnik Rizner T, Stojan J, Adamski J. 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus: structural and functional aspects. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 130-132:793-803. [PMID: 11306095 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) activity has been described in all filamentous fungi tested, but until now only one 17beta-HSD from Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl) was sequenced. We examined the evolutionary relationship among 17beta-HSDcl, fungal reductases, versicolorin reductase (Ver1), trihydroxynaphthalene reductase (THNR), and other homologous proteins. In the phylogenetic tree 17beta-HSDcl formed a separate branch with Ver1, while THNRs reside in another branch, indicating that 17beta-HSDcl could have similar function as Ver1. The structural relationship was investigated by comparing a model structure of 17beta-HSDcl to several known crystal structures of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family. A similarity was observed to structures of bacterial 7alpha-HSD and plant tropinone reductase (TR). Additionally, substrate specificity revealed that among the substrates tested the 17beta-HSDcl preferentially catalyzed reductions of steroid substrates with a 3-keto group, Delta(4) or 5alpha, such as: 4-estrene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lanisnik Rizner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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96
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He XY, Merz G, Chu CH, Lin D, Yang YZ, Mehta P, Schulz H, Yang SY. Molecular cloning, modeling, and localization of rat type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 171:89-98. [PMID: 11165016 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rat and mouse complementary DNAs of type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were cloned and sequenced. The mouse cDNA clone's sequence corrected the previously published nucleotide and amino acid sequence of mouse endoplasmic reticulum-associated beta-amyloid-binding protein. A subunit of the rat enzyme consists of 261 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 27250 Da. Compared with its human counterpart, rat 17betaHSD type 10 shows 88% identity. Mouse 17betaHSD type 10 is composed of 261 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 27274 Da. There is 95% identity between the two rodent enzymes. A stereostructure model of rat 17betaHSD type 10 was constructed based on its amino acid sequence. Similar to human type 10 17betaHSD, the rodent enzymes also displayed relatively higher 3alphaHSD activity than 17betaHSD activity. Intracellular localization of rat 17betaHSD type 10 has been determined by subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy studies. The results unequivocally establish that this is a nuclear gene-encoded mitochondrial enzyme, and that this 17betaHSD is not associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. The unique location distinguishes type 10 from other types of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y He
- Department of Pharmacology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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97
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Lanisnik Rizner T, Stojan J, Adamski J. Searching for the physiological function of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus: studies of substrate specificity and expression analysis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 171:193-8. [PMID: 11165029 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the filamentous fungus Cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-HSDcl) has recently been characterized. Since its function is still unclear, we performed substrate specificity studies to obtain some indications about its physiological function. Different steroids were studied as putative substrates of recombinant 17beta-HSDcl, androgens and estrogens, brassinosteroids, and the fungal steroid herbarulid. Among these androgens and estrogens were most efficiently converted. The following substrates in decreasing order were best reduced: 4-estrene-3,17-dione, 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and estrone. Two typical inhibitors were tested: carbenoxolone--a representative inhibitor of the SDR family and quercetin--a diagnostic inhibitor of carbonyl reductases. Among these two quercetin was more efficient. Expression studies revealed that 17beta-HSDcl is mainly expressed in the stationary phase of growth indicating its possible involvement in secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lanisnik Rizner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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98
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Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSD) are pivotal in controlling the biological potency of steroid hormones by catalyzing oxidation or reduction at position 17. Several 17beta-HSDs may as well metabolize further substrates including alcohols, bile acids, fatty acids and retinols. This review summarizes recent progress in the field of 17beta-HSD research provides an update of nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adamski
- GSF-National Research Center for Health and Environment, Institute for Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Molecular Endocrinology and Proteomics Group, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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99
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Feix M, Wolf L, Schweikert HU. Distribution of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in human osteoblast-like cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 171:163-4. [PMID: 11165024 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In bone androgens and estrogens exert profound osteoprotective effects. Cultured human osteoblast (hOB)-like cells are able to metabolize circulating androgens or androgen precursors, such as testosterone and androstenedione, respectively, by aromatization (aromatase), 5alpha-reduction (5alpha-reductase) and reduction/oxidation at the 17beta-position (17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, 17beta-HSDs). In this study it was demonstrated that cultured normal human osteoblast-like cells as well as the osteosarcoma cell lines HOS and MG 63 express 17beta-HSDs types 1, 2, 3 and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feix
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bonn, Wilhelmstr. 35-37, D53111, Bonn, Germany.
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100
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Rizner TL, Adamski J, Zakelj-Mavric M. Expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in mesophilic and extremophilic yeast. Steroids 2001; 66:49-54. [PMID: 11090658 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) are enzymes responsible for reversible interconversions of biologically active 17-hydroxy and inactive 17-keto steroids. We have performed a survey of 17beta-HSD activity in yeast. Constitutive 17beta-HSD activity was found in three mesophilic yeast species: Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus tsukubaensis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as in three extremophilic black yeast species: Hortaea werneckii, Trimmatostroma salinum, and Phaeotheca triangularis, indicating that 17beta-HSD activity is widely distributed among yeast. In extremophilic black yeast, NaCl modulated enzyme activity. Enzymes resembling 17beta-HSD from the filamentous fungus Cochliobolus lunatus were detected in Trimmatostroma salinum and Phaeotheca triangularis. Sequences with identity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YBR159w gene were not observed in other yeast species possessing a similar enzyme activity. The results suggest the existence of at least three different types of 17beta-HSD in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Rizner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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