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Src1 is a Protein of the Inner Nuclear Membrane Interacting with the Dictyostelium Lamin NE81. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010013. [PMID: 26999214 PMCID: PMC4810098 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) consists of the outer and inner nuclear membrane (INM), whereby the latter is bound to the nuclear lamina. Src1 is a Dictyostelium homologue of the helix-extension-helix family of proteins, which also includes the human lamin-binding protein MAN1. Both endogenous Src1 and GFP-Src1 are localized to the NE during the entire cell cycle. Immuno-electron microscopy and light microscopy after differential detergent treatment indicated that Src1 resides in the INM. FRAP experiments with GFP-Src1 cells suggested that at least a fraction of the protein could be stably engaged in forming the nuclear lamina together with the Dictyostelium lamin NE81. Both a BioID proximity assay and mis-localization of soluble, truncated mRFP-Src1 at cytosolic clusters consisting of an intentionally mis-localized mutant of GFP-NE81 confirmed an interaction of Src1 and NE81. Expression GFP-Src11–646, a fragment C-terminally truncated after the first transmembrane domain, disrupted interaction of nuclear membranes with the nuclear lamina, as cells formed protrusions of the NE that were dependent on cytoskeletal pulling forces. Protrusions were dependent on intact microtubules but not actin filaments. Our results indicate that Src1 is required for integrity of the NE and highlight Dictyostelium as a promising model for the evolution of nuclear architecture.
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Matefin/SUN-1 Phosphorylation on Serine 43 Is Mediated by CDK-1 and Required for Its Localization to Centrosomes and Normal Mitosis in C. elegans Embryos. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010008. [PMID: 26927181 PMCID: PMC4810093 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matefin/SUN-1 is an evolutionary conserved C. elegans inner nuclear membrane SUN-domain protein. By creating a bridge with the KASH-domain protein ZYG-12, it connects the nucleus to cytoplasmic filaments and organelles. Matefin/SUN-1 is expressed in the germline where it undergoes specific phosphorylation at its N-terminal domain, which is required for germline development and homologous chromosome pairing. The maternally deposited matefin/SUN-1 is then essential for embryonic development. Here, we show that in embryos, serine 43 of matefin/SUN-1 (S43) is phosphorylated in a CDK-1 dependent manner and is localized throughout the cell cycle mostly to centrosomes. By generating animals expressing phosphodead S43A and phosphomimetic S43E mutations, we show that phosphorylation of S43 is required to maintain centrosome integrity and function, as well as for the localization of ZYG-12 and lamin. Expression of S43E in early embryos also leads to an increase in chromatin structural changes, decreased progeny and to almost complete embryonic lethality. Down regulation of emerin further increases the occurrence of chromatin organization abnormalities, indicating possible collaborative roles for these proteins that is regulated by S43 phosphorylation. Taken together, these results support a role for phosphorylation of serine 43 in matefin/SUN-1 in mitosis.
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Hellberg T, Paßvogel L, Schulz KS, Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC. Nuclear Egress of Herpesviruses: The Prototypic Vesicular Nucleocytoplasmic Transport. Adv Virus Res 2016; 94:81-140. [PMID: 26997591 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus particles mature in two different cellular compartments. While capsid assembly and packaging of the genomic linear double-stranded DNA occur in the nucleus, virion formation takes place in the cytoplasm by the addition of numerous tegument proteins as well as acquisition of the viral envelope by budding into cellular vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi network containing virally encoded glycoproteins. To gain access to the final maturation compartment, herpesvirus nucleocapsids have to cross a formidable barrier, the nuclear envelope (NE). Since the ca. 120 nm diameter capsids are unable to traverse via nuclear pores, herpesviruses employ a vesicular transport through both leaflets of the NE. This process involves proteins which support local dissolution of the nuclear lamina to allow access of capsids to the inner nuclear membrane (INM), drive vesicle formation from the INM and mediate inclusion of the capsid as well as scission of the capsid-containing vesicle (also designated as "primary virion"). Fusion of the vesicle membrane (i.e., the "primary envelope") with the outer nuclear membrane subsequently results in release of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm for continuing virion morphogenesis. While this process has long been thought to be unique for herpesviruses, a similar pathway for nuclear egress of macromolecular complexes has recently been observed in Drosophila. Thus, herpesviruses may have coopted a hitherto unrecognized cellular mechanism of vesicle-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport. This could have far reaching consequences for our understanding of cellular functions as again unraveled by the study of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Hellberg
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Lars Paßvogel
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Katharina S Schulz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Pfaff J, Rivera Monroy J, Jamieson C, Rajanala K, Vilardi F, Schwappach B, Kehlenbach RH. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy mutations impair TRC40-mediated targeting of emerin to the inner nuclear membrane. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:502-16. [PMID: 26675233 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerin is a tail-anchored protein that is found predominantly at the inner nuclear membrane (INM), where it associates with components of the nuclear lamina. Mutations in the emerin gene cause Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), an X-linked recessive disease. Here, we report that the TRC40/GET pathway for post-translational insertion of tail-anchored proteins into membranes is involved in emerin-trafficking. Using proximity ligation assays, we show that emerin interacts with TRC40 in situ. Emerin expressed in bacteria or in a cell-free lysate was inserted into microsomal membranes in an ATP- and TRC40-dependent manner. Dominant-negative fragments of the TRC40-receptor proteins WRB and CAML (also known as CAMLG) inhibited membrane insertion. A rapamycin-based dimerization assay revealed correct transport of wild-type emerin to the INM, whereas TRC40-binding, membrane integration and INM-targeting of emerin mutant proteins that occur in EDMD was disturbed. Our results suggest that the mode of membrane integration contributes to correct targeting of emerin to the INM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Pfaff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Jhon Rivera Monroy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Cara Jamieson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Kalpana Rajanala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Fabio Vilardi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen 37073, Germany Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ralph H Kehlenbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen 37073, Germany
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Boone PM, Yuan B, Gu S, Ma Z, Gambin T, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Jain M, Murdock TJ, White JJ, Jhangiani SN, Walker K, Wang Q, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Hejtmancik JF, Lupski JR, Posey JE, Lewis RA. Hutterite-type cataract maps to chromosome 6p21.32-p21.31, cosegregates with a homozygous mutation in LEMD2, and is associated with sudden cardiac death. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 4:77-94. [PMID: 26788539 PMCID: PMC4707028 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile-onset cataracts are known among the Hutterites of North America. Despite being identified over 30 years ago, this autosomal recessive condition has not been mapped, and the disease gene is unknown. METHODS We performed whole exome sequencing of three Hutterite-type cataract trios and follow-up genotyping and mapping in four extended kindreds. RESULTS Trio exomes enabled genome-wide autozygosity mapping, which localized the disease gene to a 9.5-Mb region on chromosome 6p. This region contained two candidate variants, LEMD2 c.T38G and MUC21 c.665delC. Extended pedigrees recruited for variant genotyping revealed multiple additional relatives with juvenile-onset cataract, as well as six deceased relatives with both cataracts and sudden cardiac death. The candidate variants were genotyped in 84 family members, including 17 with cataracts; only the variant in LEMD2 cosegregated with cataracts (LOD = 9.62). SNP-based fine mapping within the 9.5 Mb linked region supported this finding by refining the cataract locus to a 0.5- to 2.9-Mb subregion (6p21.32-p21.31) containing LEMD2 but not MUC21. LEMD2 is expressed in mouse and human lenses and encodes a LEM domain-containing protein; the c.T38G missense mutation is predicted to mutate a highly conserved residue within this domain (p.Leu13Arg). CONCLUSION We performed a genetic and genomic study of Hutterite-type cataract and found evidence for an association of this phenotype with sudden cardiac death. Using combined genetic and genomic approaches, we mapped cataracts to a small portion of chromosome 6 and propose that they result from a homozygous missense mutation in LEMD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Boone
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Shen Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Zhiwei Ma
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch National Eye Institute Rockville Maryland
| | - Tomasz Gambin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | | | - Mahim Jain
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | | | - Janson J White
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | | | - Kimberly Walker
- Human Genome Sequencing Center Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Qiaoyan Wang
- Human Genome Sequencing Center Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas; Human Genome Sequencing CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - J Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch National Eye Institute Rockville Maryland
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas; Human Genome Sequencing CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas; Department of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas; Texas Children's HospitalHoustonTexas
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas; Department of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas; Texas Children's HospitalHoustonTexas; Department of OphthalmologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas; Department of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
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Genetic mutations strengthen functional association of LAP1 with DYT1 dystonia and muscular dystrophy. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Yuan J, Xue B. Role of structural flexibility in the evolution of emerin. J Theor Biol 2015; 385:102-11. [PMID: 26319992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerin is a short inner nuclear membrane protein with an LEM-domain at the N-terminal end and a transmembrane domain at the C-terminal end. The middle region of human emerin contains multiple binding motifs. Since emerin is often found in evolutionarily newer species, the functional conservation of emerin becomes an interesting topic. In this study, we have demonstrated that most of the functional motifs of emerin are intrinsically disordered or highly flexible. Many post-translational modification sites and mutation sites are associated with these disordered regions. The averaged substitution rates of most functional motifs between species correlate positively with the averaged disorder scores of those functional motifs. Human emerin sequence may have acquired new functions on protein-protein interaction through the formation of hydrophobic motifs in the middle region, which is resulted from accumulated mutations during the evolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Bin Xue
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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58
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Expression of nuclear membrane proteins in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic thyroid epithelial cells. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:427-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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59
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Abstract
LAP2-emerin-MAN1 (LEM)-domain proteins are modular proteins characterized by the presence of a conserved motif of about 50 residues. Most LEM-domain proteins localize at the inner nuclear membrane, but some are also found in the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear interior. Their architecture has been analyzed by predicting the limits of their globular domains, determining the 3D structure of these domains and in a few cases calculating the 3D structure of specific domains bound to biological targets. The LEM domain adopts an α-helical fold also found in SAP and HeH domains of prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. The LEM domain binds to BAF (barrier-to-autointegration factor; BANF1), which interacts with DNA and tethers chromatin to the nuclear envelope. LAP2 isoforms also share an N-terminal LEM-like domain, which binds DNA. The structure and function of other globular domains that distinguish LEM-domain proteins from each other have been characterized, including the C-terminal dimerization domain of LAP2α and C-terminal WH and UHM domains of MAN1. LEM-domain proteins also have large intrinsically disordered regions that are involved in intra- and intermolecular interactions and are highly regulated by posttranslational modifications in vivo.
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60
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Worman HJ, Schirmer EC. Nuclear membrane diversity: underlying tissue-specific pathologies in disease? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 34:101-12. [PMID: 26115475 PMCID: PMC4522394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human 'laminopathy' diseases result from mutations in genes encoding nuclear lamins or nuclear envelope (NE) transmembrane proteins (NETs). These diseases present a seeming paradox: the mutated proteins are widely expressed yet pathology is limited to specific tissues. New findings suggest tissue-specific pathologies arise because these widely expressed proteins act in various complexes that include tissue-specific components. Diverse mechanisms to achieve NE tissue-specificity include tissue-specific regulation of the expression, mRNA splicing, signaling, NE-localization and interactions of potentially hundreds of tissue-specific NETs. New findings suggest these NETs underlie tissue-specific NE roles in cytoskeletal mechanics, cell-cycle regulation, signaling, gene expression and genome organization. This view of the NE as 'specialized' in each cell type is important to understand the tissue-specific pathology of NE-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Eric C Schirmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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61
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Tapia O, Fong LG, Huber MD, Young SG, Gerace L. Nuclear envelope protein Lem2 is required for mouse development and regulates MAP and AKT kinases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116196. [PMID: 25790465 PMCID: PMC4366207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina, along with associated nuclear membrane proteins, is a nexus for regulating signaling in the nucleus. Numerous human diseases arise from mutations in lamina proteins, and experimental models for these disorders have revealed aberrant regulation of various signaling pathways. Previously, we reported that the inner nuclear membrane protein Lem2, which is expressed at high levels in muscle, promotes the differentiation of cultured myoblasts by attenuating ERK signaling. Here, we have analyzed mice harboring a disrupted allele for the Lem2 gene (Lemd2). No gross phenotypic defects were seen in heterozygotes, although muscle regeneration induced by cardiotoxin was delayed. By contrast, homozygous Lemd2 knockout mice died by E11.5. Although many normal morphogenetic hallmarks were observed in E10.5 knockout embryos, most tissues were substantially reduced in size. This was accompanied by activation of multiple MAP kinases (ERK1/2, JNK, p38) and AKT. Knockdown of Lem2 expression in C2C12 myoblasts also led to activation of MAP kinases and AKT. These findings indicate that Lemd2 plays an essential role in mouse embryonic development and that it is involved in regulating several signaling pathways. Since increased MAP kinase and AKT/mTORC signaling is found in other animal models for diseases linked to nuclear lamina proteins, LEMD2 should be considered to be another candidate gene for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tapia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States of America
| | - Loren G. Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Huber
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States of America
| | - Larry Gerace
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gruenbaum Y, Foisner R. Lamins: nuclear intermediate filament proteins with fundamental functions in nuclear mechanics and genome regulation. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 84:131-64. [PMID: 25747401 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lamins are intermediate filament proteins that form a scaffold, termed nuclear lamina, at the nuclear periphery. A small fraction of lamins also localize throughout the nucleoplasm. Lamins bind to a growing number of nuclear protein complexes and are implicated in both nuclear and cytoskeletal organization, mechanical stability, chromatin organization, gene regulation, genome stability, differentiation, and tissue-specific functions. The lamin-based complexes and their specific functions also provide insights into possible disease mechanisms for human laminopathies, ranging from muscular dystrophy to accelerated aging, as observed in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria and atypical Werner syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Gruenbaum
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel;
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63
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Gruenbaum Y, Medalia O. Lamins: the structure and protein complexes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 32:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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64
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Wang AS, Kozlov SV, Stewart CL, Horn HF. Tissue specific loss of A-type lamins in the gastrointestinal epithelium can enhance polyp size. Differentiation 2015; 89:11-21. [PMID: 25578479 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear lamina, comprised of the A and B-type lamins, is important in maintaining nuclear shape and in regulating key nuclear functions such as chromatin organization and transcription. Deletion of the A-type lamins results in genome instability and many cancers show altered levels of A-type lamin expression. Loss of function mutations in the mouse Lmna gene result in early postnatal lethality, usually within 3-5 weeks of birth making an analysis of the role of lamins in carcinogenesis difficult. To circumvent early lethality, and determine the role of the A-type lamins in specific tissues in older mice we derived a conditional allele of Lmna(FL/FL) (floxed). Lmna(FL/FL) was specifically deleted in the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium by crossing the Lmna(FL/FL) mice with Villin-Cre mice. Mice lacking Lmna in the GI are overtly normal with no effects on overall growth, longevity or GI morphology. On a GI specific sensitized (Apc(Min/+)) background, polyp numbers are unchanged, but polyp size is slightly increased, and only in the duodenum. Our findings reveal that although A-type lamins are dispensable in the postnatal GI epithelium, loss of Lmna under malignant conditions may, to a limited extent, enhance polyp size indicating that A-type lamins may regulate cell proliferation in the transformed GI epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S Wang
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 138648, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, NUS, Singapore
| | - Serguei V Kozlov
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Colin L Stewart
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 138648, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, NUS, Singapore.
| | - Henning F Horn
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 138648, Singapore
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65
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Shang YD, Zhang JL, Wang Y, Zhang HX, Zheng QC. Molecular simulation investigation on the interaction between barrier-to-autointegration factor dimer or its Gly25Glu mutant and LEM domain of emerin. Comput Biol Chem 2014; 53PB:184-190. [PMID: 25462326 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between barrier-to-autointegration factor dimer (BAF2) and LEM domain of emerin (EmLEM) was studied by molecular simulation methods. Nonspecific fragment of double-strand DNA molecule was docked with each chain of BAF2 by ZDOCK program. The model of DNA2:BAF2:EmLEM was thus constructed. The mutant Gly25Glu of BAF2 was manually constructed to explore the detailed effect of the mutation on the binding of BAF2 and EmLEM. It has been experimentally suggested that point mutation Gly25Glu can disturb the binding between BAF2 and EmLEM. Then, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on DNA2:BAF2(WT):EmLEM and DNA2:BAF2(MT):EmLEM complexes. 30ns trajectories revealed that the trajectory fluctuations of MT complex are more violent than that of the WT complex. Further, the binding free energy analysis showed that the electronegative residues Asp57, Glu61 and Asp65 from chain A, glu36 from chain B of BAF2 mainly contribute to interact with EmLEM. Besides, a stable π-π stack between trp62 and phe39 from BAF2(WT) chain B is destroyed by Glu25 in BAF2(MT). As a result, trp62 forms an interaction with glu25, and phe39 converts to strengthen affinity to EmLEM. On the other hand, Trp62 from chain A also forms a strong interaction with MT Glu25. Thus, with the docking of DNA, BAF2(MT) has higher affinity with EmLEM than BAF2(WT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, PR China
| | - Ji-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, PR China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, PR China
| | - Qing-Chuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, PR China.
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Fedorchak GR, Kaminski A, Lammerding J. Cellular mechanosensing: getting to the nucleus of it all. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 115:76-92. [PMID: 25008017 PMCID: PMC4252489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to mechanical forces by activating specific genes and signaling pathways that allow the cells to adapt to their physical environment. Examples include muscle growth in response to exercise, bone remodeling based on their mechanical load, or endothelial cells aligning under fluid shear stress. While the involved downstream signaling pathways and mechanoresponsive genes are generally well characterized, many of the molecular mechanisms of the initiating 'mechanosensing' remain still elusive. In this review, we discuss recent findings and accumulating evidence suggesting that the cell nucleus plays a crucial role in cellular mechanotransduction, including processing incoming mechanoresponsive signals and even directly responding to mechanical forces. Consequently, mutations in the involved proteins or changes in nuclear envelope composition can directly impact mechanotransduction signaling and contribute to the development and progression of a variety of human diseases, including muscular dystrophy, cancer, and the focus of this review, dilated cardiomyopathy. Improved insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nuclear mechanotransduction, brought in part by the emergence of new technologies to study intracellular mechanics at high spatial and temporal resolution, will not only result in a better understanding of cellular mechanosensing in normal cells but may also lead to the development of novel therapies in the many diseases linked to defects in nuclear envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Fedorchak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ashley Kaminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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67
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Deroyer C, Rénert AF, Merville MP, Fillet M. New role for EMD (emerin), a key inner nuclear membrane protein, as an enhancer of autophagosome formation in the C16-ceramide autophagy pathway. Autophagy 2014; 10:1229-40. [PMID: 24819607 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, precise roles of EMD (emerin) remain poorly described. In this paper, we investigated the role of EMD in the C16-ceramide autophagy pathway. Ceramides are bioactive signaling molecules acting notably in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, or cell death. However, the mechanisms by which they mediate these pathways are not fully understood. We found that C16-ceramide induces EMD phosphorylation on its LEM domain through PRKACA. Upon ceramide treatment, phosphorylated EMD binds MAP1LC3B leading to an increase of autophagosome formation. These data suggest a new role of EMD as an enhancer of autophagosome formation in the C16-ceramide autophagy pathway in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deroyer
- GIGA-R Proteomic Unit; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Marie-Paule Merville
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège; Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- GIGA-R Proteomic Unit; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium; Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; Centre Interfacultaire de Recherche du Médicament; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
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68
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Abstract
The nuclear lamina is an extensive protein network that contributes to nuclear structure and function. LEM domain (LAP2, emerin, MAN1 domain, LEM-D) proteins are components of the nuclear lamina, identified by a shared ∼45-amino-acid motif that binds Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), a chromatin-interacting protein. Drosophila melanogaster has three nuclear lamina LEM-D proteins, named Otefin (Ote), Bocksbeutel (Bocks), and dMAN1. Although these LEM-D proteins are globally expressed, loss of either Ote or dMAN1 causes tissue-specific defects in adult flies that differ from each other. The reason for such distinct tissue-restricted defects is unknown. Here, we generated null alleles of bocks, finding that loss of Bocks causes no overt adult phenotypes. Next, we defined phenotypes associated with lem-d double mutants. Although the absence of individual LEM-D proteins does not affect viability, loss of any two proteins causes lethality. Mutant phenotypes displayed by lem-d double mutants differ from baf mutants, suggesting that BAF function is retained in animals with a single nuclear lamina LEM-D protein. Interestingly, lem-d double mutants displayed distinct developmental and cellular mutant phenotypes, suggesting that Drosophila LEM-D proteins have developmental functions that are differentially shared with other LEM-D family members. This conclusion is supported by studies showing that ectopically produced LEM-D proteins have distinct capacities to rescue the tissue-specific phenotypes found in single lem-d mutants. Our findings predict that cell-specific mutant phenotypes caused by loss of LEM-D proteins reflect both the constellation of LEM-D proteins within the nuclear lamina and the capacity of functional compensation of the remaining LEM-D proteins.
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69
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Shin JY, Dauer WT, Worman HJ. Lamina-associated polypeptide 1: protein interactions and tissue-selective functions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 29:164-8. [PMID: 24508913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding widely expressed nuclear envelope proteins often lead to diseases that manifest in specific tissues. Lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) is an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane that is expressed in most cells and tissues. Within the nuclear envelope, LAP1 interacts physically with lamins, torsinA and emerin, suggesting it may serve as a key node for transducing signals across the inner nuclear membrane. Indeed, recent in vivo studies in genetically modified mice strongly support functional links between LAP1 and both torsinA (in neurons) and emerin (in muscle). These studies suggest that tissue-selective diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope proteins may result, at least in part, from the selective disruption of discrete nuclear envelope protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Shin
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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70
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Molitor TP, Traktman P. Depletion of the protein kinase VRK1 disrupts nuclear envelope morphology and leads to BAF retention on mitotic chromosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:891-903. [PMID: 24430874 PMCID: PMC3952857 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-10-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The VRK1 protein kinase regulates the phosphorylation of BAF, which binds to dsDNA and LEM domain–containing proteins. VRK1 depletion increases the immobile fraction of BAF at the nuclear periphery and disturbs nuclear envelope architecture. It also leads to the retention of BAF on chromosomes as cells enter and progress through mitosis. Barrier to autointegration factor (BAF), which is encoded by the BANF1 gene, binds with high-affinity to double-stranded DNA and LEM domain–containing proteins at the nuclear periphery. A BANF1 mutation has recently been associated with a novel human progeria syndrome, and cells from these patients have aberrant nuclear envelopes. The interactions of BAF with its DNA- and protein-binding partners are known to be regulated by phosphorylation, and previously we validated BAF as a highly efficient substrate for the VRK1 protein kinase. Here we show that depletion of VRK1 in MCF10a and MDA-MB-231 cells results in aberrant nuclear architecture. The immobile fraction of green fluorescent protein (GFP)–BAF at the nuclear envelope (NE) is elevated, suggesting that prolonged interactions of BAF with its binding partners is likely responsible for the aberrant NE architecture. Because detachment of BAF from its binding partners is associated with NE disassembly, we performed live-imaging analysis of control and VRK1-depleted cells to visualize GFP-BAF dynamics during mitosis. In the absence of VRK1, BAF does not disperse but instead remains chromosome bound from the onset of mitosis. VRK1 depletion also increases the number of anaphase bridges and multipolar spindles. Thus phosphorylation of BAF by VRK1 is essential both for normal NE architecture and proper dynamics of BAF–chromosome interactions during mitosis. These results are consistent with previous studies of the VRK/BAF signaling axis in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster and validate VRK1 as a key regulator of NE architecture and mitotic chromosome dynamics in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Molitor
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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71
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Brachner A, Foisner R. Lamina-associated polypeptide (LAP)2α and other LEM proteins in cancer biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 773:143-63. [PMID: 24563347 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The LEM proteins comprise a heterogeneous family of chromatin-associated proteins that share the LEM domain, a structural motif mediating interaction with the DNA associated protein, Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor (BAF). Most of the LEM proteins are integral proteins of the inner nuclear membrane and associate with the nuclear lamina, a structural scaffold of lamin intermediate filament proteins at the nuclear periphery, which is involved in nuclear mechanical functions and (hetero-)chromatin organization. A few LEM proteins, such as Lamina-associated polypeptide (LAP)2α and Ankyrin and LEM domain-containing protein (Ankle)1 lack transmembrane domains and localize throughout the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, respectively. LAP2α has been reported to regulate cell proliferation by affecting the activity of retinoblastoma protein in tissue progenitor cells and numerous studies showed upregulation of LAP2α in cancer. Ankle1 is a nuclease likely involved in DNA damage repair pathways and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Ankle1 gene have been linked to increased breast and ovarian cancer risk. In this review we describe potential mechanisms of the involvement of LEM proteins, particularly of LAP2α and Ankle1 in tumorigenesis and we provide evidence that LAP2α expression may be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic marker for tumor analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brachner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria,
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72
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Nuclear Envelope Regulation of Signaling Cascades. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 773:187-206. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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73
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Abstract
There are many ways that the nuclear envelope can influence the cell cycle. In addition to roles of lamins in regulating the master cell cycle regulator pRb and nuclear envelope breakdown in mitosis, many other nuclear envelope proteins influence the cell cycle through regulatory or structural functions. Of particular note among these are the nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins (NETs) that appear to influence cell cycle regulation through multiple separate mechanisms. Some NETs and other nuclear envelope proteins accumulate on the mitotic spindle, suggesting functional or structural roles in the cell cycle. In interphase exogenous overexpression of some NETs promotes an increase in G1 populations, while others promote an increase in G2/M populations, sometimes associated with the induction of senescence. Intriguingly, most of the NETs linked to the cell cycle are highly restricted in their tissue expression; thus, their misregulation in cancer could contribute to the many tissue-specific types of cancer.
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74
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Kaminski A, Fedorchak GR, Lammerding J. The cellular mastermind(?)-mechanotransduction and the nucleus. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 126:157-203. [PMID: 25081618 PMCID: PMC4591053 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394624-9.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to mechanical stimulation by activation of specific signaling pathways and genes that allow the cell to adapt to its dynamic physical environment. How cells sense the various mechanical inputs and translate them into biochemical signals remains an area of active investigation. Recent reports suggest that the cell nucleus may be directly implicated in this cellular mechanotransduction process. Taken together, these findings paint a picture of the nucleus as a central hub in cellular mechanotransduction-both structurally and biochemically-with important implications in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Kaminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gregory R Fedorchak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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75
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Abstract
In eukaryotes, the function of the cell's nucleus has primarily been considered to be the repository for the organism's genome. However, this rather simplistic view is undergoing a major shift, as it is increasingly apparent that the nucleus has functions extending beyond being a mere genome container. Recent findings have revealed that the structural composition of the nucleus changes during development and that many of these components exhibit cell- and tissue-specific differences. Increasing evidence is pointing to the nucleus being integral to the function of the interphase cytoskeleton, with changes to nuclear structural proteins having ramifications affecting cytoskeletal organization and the cell's interactions with the extracellular environment. Many of these functions originate at the nuclear periphery, comprising the nuclear envelope (NE) and underlying lamina. Together, they may act as a "hub" in integrating cellular functions including chromatin organization, transcriptional regulation, mechanosignaling, cytoskeletal organization, and signaling pathways. Interest in such an integral role has been largely stimulated by the discovery that many diseases and anomalies are caused by defects in proteins of the NE/lamina, the nuclear envelopathies, many of which, though rare, are providing insights into their more common variants that are some of the major issues of the twenty-first century public health. Here, we review the contributions that mouse mutants have made to our current understanding of the NE/lamina, their respective roles in disease and the use of mice in developing potential therapies for treating the diseases.
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76
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Jieying W, Kondo T, Yamane T, Nakazawa T, Oishi N, Kawasaki T, Mochizuki K, Dongfeng N, Katoh R. Heterogeneous Immunoreactivity of Emerin, a Nuclear Envelope LEM-domain Protein, in Normal Thyroid Follicles. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:289-94. [PMID: 25859062 PMCID: PMC4387265 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerin is a LEM domain-containing integral membrane protein of the vertebrate nuclear envelope. Recently it has been reported that emerin regulates tissue-specific gene/protein expression. We studied the relationship between emerin expression and follicle function in normal and hyperplastic human thyroid tissues using immunohistochemistry and statistical methods. Emerin immunoreactivity was heterogeneous among follicular cells and follicles in normal thyroid tissue. It tended to be strong in the nuclei of tall follicular cells of small follicles and weak or negative in the nuclei of flat follicular cells of large follicles. Follicles with strong expression of emerin were also strongly positive for thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroxine (T4) in follicular cells and colloid substance, suggesting active functioning follicles. In contrast, large follicles with weak expression of emerin were also weak or negative for Tg and T4. Emerin immunoreactivity was strong in almost all nuclei of hyperplastic follicular cells in Graves' disease tissues. These findings suggest that emerin expression may be related with follicular function and may contribute to the understanding of hormonogenesis in normal thyroid follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Jieying
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi
| | - Tetsu Yamane
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi
| | | | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | - Niu Dongfeng
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi
| | - Ryohei Katoh
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi
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77
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de Las Heras JI, Schirmer EC. The nuclear envelope and cancer: a diagnostic perspective and historical overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 773:5-26. [PMID: 24563341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has been diagnosed for millennia, but its cellular nature only began to be understood in the mid-nineteenth century when advances in microscopy allowed detailed specimen observations. It was soon noted that cancer cells often possessed nuclei that were altered in size and/or shape. This became an important criterion for cancer diagnosis that continues to be used today. The mechanisms linking nuclear abnormalities and cancer only started to be understood in the second half of the twentieth century, with the discovery of nuclear lamina composition differences in cancer cells compared to normal cells. The nuclear envelope, rather than providing a mere physical barrier between the genetic material in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, is a very important functional hub for many cellular processes. In this review we give an overview of the links between cancer biology and nuclear envelope, from the early days of microscopy until the present day's understanding of some of the molecular mechanisms behind those links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I de Las Heras
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Michael Swann Building, Room 5.21, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK,
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78
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Koch AJ, Holaska JM. Emerin in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 29:95-106. [PMID: 24365856 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is caused by mutations in the genes encoding emerin, lamins A and C and FHL1. Additional EDMD-like syndromes are caused by mutations in nesprins and LUMA. This review will specifically focus on emerin function and the current thinking for how loss or mutations in emerin cause EDMD. Emerin is a well-conserved, ubiquitously expressed protein of the inner nuclear membrane. Emerin has been shown to have diverse functions, including the regulation of gene expression, cell signaling, nuclear structure and chromatin architecture. This review will focus on the relationships between these functions and the EDMD disease phenotype. Additionally it will highlight open questions concerning emerin's roles in cell and nuclear biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Koch
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - James M Holaska
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Developmental, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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79
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Abstract
The nuclear lamina guards the genome and in many ways contributes to regulating nuclear function. Increasing evidence indicates that the lamina dynamically interacts with chromatin mainly through large repressive domains, and recent data suggest that at least some of the lamin-genome contacts may be developmentally significant. In an attempt to provide an additional meaning to lamin-genome contacts, a recent study characterized the association of gene promoters with A-type lamins in progenitor and differentiated cells. Here, we discuss how A-type lamins interact with spatially defined promoter regions, and the relationship between these interactions, associated chromatin marks and gene expression outputs. We discuss the impact of A-type lamins on nucleus-wide and local chromatin organization. We also address how lamin-promoter interactions are redistributed during differentiation of adipocyte progenitors into adipocytes. Finally, we propose a model of lineage-specific "unlocking" of developmentally regulated loci and its significance in cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Lund
- Stem Cell Epigenetics Laboratory; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo, and Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research; Oslo, Norway
| | - Philippe Collas
- Stem Cell Epigenetics Laboratory; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo, and Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research; Oslo, Norway
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80
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Reil M, Dabauvalle MC. Essential roles of LEM-domain protein MAN1 during organogenesis in Xenopus laevis and overlapping functions of emerin. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 92:280-94. [PMID: 24252515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in nuclear envelope proteins are linked to an increasing number of human diseases, called envelopathies. Mutations in the inner nuclear membrane protein emerin lead to X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, characterized by muscle weakness or wasting. Conversely, mutations in nuclear envelope protein MAN1 are linked to bone and skin disorders. Both proteins share a highly conserved domain, called LEM-domain. LEM proteins are known to interact with Barrier-to-autointegration factor and several transcription factors. Most envelopathies are tissue-specific, but knowledge on the physiological roles of related LEM proteins is still unclear. For this reason, we investigated the roles of MAN1 and emerin during Xenopus laevis organogenesis. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of MAN1 revealed that MAN1 is essential for the formation of eye, skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. The MAN1 knockdown could be compensated by ectopic expression of emerin, leading to a proper organ development. Further investigations revealed that MAN1 is involved in regulation of genes essential for organ development and tissue homeostasis. Thereby our work supports that LEM proteins might be involved in signalling essential for organ development during early embryogenesis and suggests that loss of MAN1 may cause muscle and retina specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reil
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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81
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Barton LJ, Pinto BS, Wallrath LL, Geyer PK. The Drosophila nuclear lamina protein otefin is required for germline stem cell survival. Dev Cell 2013; 25:645-54. [PMID: 23806619 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
LEM domain (LEM-D) proteins are components of an extensive protein network that assembles beneath the inner nuclear envelope. Defects in LEM-D proteins cause tissue-restricted human diseases associated with altered stem cell homeostasis. Otefin (Ote) is a Drosophila LEM-D protein that is intrinsically required for female germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance. Previous studies linked Ote loss with transcriptional activation of the key differentiation gene bag-of-marbles (bam), leading to the model in which Ote tethers the bam gene to the nuclear periphery for gene silencing. Using genetic and phenotypic analyses of multiple ote(-/-) backgrounds, we obtained evidence that is inconsistent with this model. We show that bam repression is maintained in ote(-/-) GSCs and that germ cell loss persists in ote(-/-), bam(-/-) mutants, together demonstrating that GSC loss is independent of bam transcription. We show that the primary defect in ote(-/-) GSCs is a block of differentiation, which ultimately leads to germ cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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82
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Abstract
Emerin, a conserved LEM-domain protein, is among the few nuclear membrane proteins for which extensive basic knowledge—biochemistry, partners, functions, localizations, posttranslational regulation, roles in development and links to human disease—is available. This review summarizes emerin and its emerging roles in nuclear “lamina” structure, chromatin tethering, gene regulation, mitosis, nuclear assembly, development, signaling and mechano-transduction. We also highlight many open questions, exploration of which will be critical to understand how this intriguing nuclear membrane protein and its “family” influence the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Berk
- Department of Cell Biology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
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83
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Bourgeois B, Gilquin B, Tellier-Lebègue C, Östlund C, Wu W, Pérez J, El Hage P, Lallemand F, Worman HJ, Zinn-Justin S. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling at the nuclear envelope: characterization of interactions between MAN1, Smad2 and Smad3, and PPM1A. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra49. [PMID: 23779087 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is critical for various developmental processes and culminates in the activation of the transcription factors Smad2 and Smad3. MAN1, an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane, inhibits TGF-β signaling by binding to Smad2 and Smad3. Depletion of the gene LEMD3 encoding MAN1 leads to developmental anomalies in mice, and heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in LEMD3 in humans cause sclerosing bone dysplasia. We modeled the three-dimensional structure of the MAN1-Smad2 complex from nuclear magnetic resonance and small-angle x-ray scattering data. As predicted by this model, we found that MAN1 competed in vitro and in cells with the transcription factor FAST1 (forkhead activin signal transducer 1) for binding to Smad2. The model further predicted that MAN1 bound to activated Smad2-Smad4 or Smad3-Smad4 complexes, which was confirmed by in vitro experiments; however, in cells, MAN1 bound only to Smad2 and Smad3 and not to the Smad4-containing complexes. Overexpression of MAN1 led to dephosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, thus hindering their recognition by Smad4, and MAN1 bound directly in vitro to the phosphatase PPM1A, which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of Smad2/3. These results demonstrate a nuclear envelope-localized mechanism of inactivating TGF-β signaling in which MAN1 competes with transcription factors for binding to Smad2 and Smad3 and facilitates their dephosphorylation by PPM1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bourgeois
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale et Radiobiologie, URA CNRS 2096, CEA Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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84
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Clever M, Mimura Y, Funakoshi T, Imamoto N. Regulation and coordination of nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex assembly. Nucleus 2013; 4:105-14. [PMID: 23412657 PMCID: PMC3621742 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.23796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoans with “open” mitosis, cells undergo structural changes involving the complete disassembly of the nuclear envelope (NE). In post-mitosis, the dividing cell faces the difficulty to reassemble NE structures in a highly regulated fashion around separated chromosomes. The de novo formation of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which are gateways between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm across the nuclear membrane, is an archetype of macromolecular assembly and is therefore of special interest. The reformation of a functional NE further involves the reassembly and organization of other NE components, the nuclear membrane and NE proteins, around chromosomes in late mitosis.
Here, we discuss the function of NE components, such as lamins and INM proteins, in NE reformation and highlight recent results on coordination of NPC and NE assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Clever
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Japan
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85
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Zuleger N, Kerr ARW, Schirmer EC. Many mechanisms, one entrance: membrane protein translocation into the nucleus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2205-16. [PMID: 22327555 PMCID: PMC11114554 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The inner nuclear membrane harbors a unique set of membrane proteins, many of which interact with nuclear intermediate filaments and chromatin components and thus play an important role in nuclear organization and gene expression regulation. These membrane proteins have to be constantly transported into the nucleus from their sites of synthesis in the ER to match the growth of the nuclear membrane during interphase. Many mechanisms have evolved to enable translocation of these proteins to the nucleus. The full range of mechanisms goes from rare autophagy events to regulated translocation using the nuclear pore complexes. Though mechanisms involving nuclear pores are predominant, within this group an enormous mechanistic range is observed from free diffusion through the peripheral channels to many distinct mechanisms involving different nucleoporins and other components of the soluble protein transport machinery in the central channels. This review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into this mechanistic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Zuleger
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR UK
| | - Alastair R. W. Kerr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR UK
| | - Eric C. Schirmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR UK
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86
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Asencio C, Davidson I, Santarella-Mellwig R, Ly-Hartig T, Mall M, Wallenfang M, Mattaj I, Gorjánácz M. Coordination of Kinase and Phosphatase Activities by Lem4 Enables Nuclear Envelope Reassembly during Mitosis. Cell 2012; 150:122-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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87
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Méjat A, Misteli T. LINC complexes in health and disease. Nucleus 2012; 1:40-52. [PMID: 21327104 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.1.1.10530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell nucleus communicates with the rest of the cell via nucleo/cytoplasmic transport of proteins and RNA through the nuclear pores. Direct mechanical links between the nucleus and the cytoplasm have recently emerged in the form of LINC (Linkers of the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton) protein complexes. A LINC complex consists of four components. At its core are an inner nuclear membrane (INM) transmembrane protein and an outer nuclear membrane (ONM) transmembrane protein which physically interact with each other in the lumen of the NE. The INM LINC component interacts on the nucleoplasmic side with either the lamina or with an INM-associated protein. The ONM LINC component on the other hand contacts on the cytoplasmatic side a component of the cytoskeleton. This review highlights the components of LINC complexes and their emerging roles in mechanotransduction, nuclear migration, chromosome positioning, signaling, meiosis, cytoskeletal organization and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Méjat
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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88
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Kim HJ, Hwang SH, Han ME, Baek S, Sim HE, Yoon S, Baek SY, Kim BS, Kim JH, Kim SY, Oh SO. LAP2 is widely overexpressed in diverse digestive tract cancers and regulates motility of cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39482. [PMID: 22745766 PMCID: PMC3380024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lamina-associated polypeptides 2 (LAP2) is a nuclear protein that connects the nuclear lamina with chromatin. Although its critical roles in genetic disorders and hematopoietic malignancies have been described, its expression and roles in digestive tract cancers have been poorly characterized. Methods To examine the expression of LAP2 in patient tissues, we performed immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. To examine motility of cancer cells, we employed Boyden chamber, wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays. To reveal its roles in metastasis in vivo, we used a liver metastasis xenograft model. To investigate the underlying mechanism, a cDNA microarray was conducted. Results Immunohistochemistry in patient tissues showed widespread expression of LAP2 in diverse digestive tract cancers including stomach, pancreas, liver, and bile duct cancers. Real-time PCR confirmed that LAP2β is over-expressed in gastric cancer tissues. Knockdown of LAP2β did not affect proliferation of most digestive tract cancer cells except pancreatic cancer cells. However, knockdown of LAP2β decreased motility of all tested cancer cells. Moreover, overexpression of LAP2β increased motility of gastric and pancreatic cancer cells. In the liver metastasis xenograft model, LAP2β increased metastatic efficacy of gastric cancer cells and mortality in tested mice. cDNA microarrays showed the possibility that myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and interleukin6 (IL6) may mediate LAP2β-regulated motility of cancer cells. Conclusions From the above results, we conclude that LAP2 is widely overexpressed in diverse digestive tract cancers and LAP2β regulates motility of cancer cells and suggest that LAP2β may have utility for diagnostics and therapeutics in digestive tract cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwi Hwang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Eun Han
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Baek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hey-Eun Sim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Yong Baek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Ock Oh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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89
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Koch AJ, Holaska JM. Loss of emerin alters myogenic signaling and miRNA expression in mouse myogenic progenitors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37262. [PMID: 22606356 PMCID: PMC3350500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerin is an integral membrane protein of the inner nuclear membrane. Mutations in emerin cause X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), a disease characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and dilated cardiomyopathy. Current evidence suggests the muscle wasting phenotype of EDMD is caused by defective myogenic progenitor cell differentiation and impaired muscle regeneration. We obtained genome-wide expression data for both mRNA and micro-RNA (miRNA) in wildtype and emerin-null mouse myogenic progenitor cells. We report here that emerin-null myogenic progenitors exhibit differential expression of multiple signaling pathway components required for normal muscle development and regeneration. Components of the Wnt, IGF-1, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways are misexpressed in emerin-null myogenic progenitors at both the mRNA and protein levels. We also report significant perturbations in the expression and activation of p38/Mapk14 in emerin-null myogenic progenitors, showing that perturbed expression of Wnt, IGF-1, TGF-β, and Notch signaling components disrupts normal downstream myogenic signaling in these cells. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that emerin is essential for proper myogenic signaling in myogenic progenitors, which is necessary for myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Koch
- The University of Chicago Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James M. Holaska
- The University of Chicago Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Developmental, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells has important roles in chromatin organization. The inner nuclear membrane contains over 60 transmembrane proteins. LEM [LAP2 (lamina-associated polypeptide 2)/emerin/MAN1] domain-containing proteins of the inner nuclear membrane are involved in tethering chromatin to the nuclear envelope and affect gene expression. They contain a common structural, bihelical motif, the so-called LEM domain, which mediates binding to a conserved chromatin protein, BAF (barrier to autointegration factor). Interestingly, this domain is highly related to other bihelical motifs, termed HeH (helix-extension-helix) and SAP {SAF (scaffold attachment factor)/acinus/PIAS [protein inhibitor of activated STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription)]} motifs, which are directly linked to DNA. In the present paper, we summarize evidence that the LEM motif evolved from the HeH and SAP domains concomitantly with BAF. In addition, we discuss the potential evolution of HeH/SAP and LEM domain-containing proteins and their role in chromatin tethering and gene regulation from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals.
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91
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Méndez-López I. [Laminopathies. Nuclear lamina diseases]. Med Clin (Barc) 2012; 138:208-14. [PMID: 21632068 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Laminopathies are a group of diseases that share wrong codification of lamins, building proteins of the nuclear lamina. Different tissues are affected in those disorders: striated muscle, adipose tissue, central or peripheral nervous system and aging process. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and Hutchinson-Gildford Progery Syndrome are two examples of laminopathies. Other diseases, due to mutations in different genes, impair lamins function by a direct or an indirect way and they are frequently considered together. The last decade has seen an increasing interest and scientific advances on laminopathies that will allow us to answer key questions regarding metabolism, insulin resistance, sudden death and aging. Laminopathies are reviewed in this article from a molecular, pathogenic and clinical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Méndez-López
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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92
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Brachner A, Braun J, Ghodgaonkar M, Castor D, Zlopaša L, Ehrlich V, Jiricny J, Gotzmann J, Knasmüller S, Foisner R. The endonuclease Ankle1 requires its LEM and GIY-YIG motifs for DNA cleavage in vivo. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1048-57. [PMID: 22399800 PMCID: PMC4335191 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.098392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The LEM domain (for lamina-associated polypeptide, emerin, MAN1 domain) defines a group of nuclear proteins that bind chromatin through interaction of the LEM motif with the conserved DNA crosslinking protein, barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF). Here, we describe a LEM protein annotated in databases as 'Ankyrin repeat and LEM domain-containing protein 1' (Ankle1). We show that Ankle1 is conserved in metazoans and contains a unique C-terminal GIY-YIG motif that confers endonuclease activity in vitro and in vivo. In mammals, Ankle1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic tissues. Although most characterized LEM proteins are components of the inner nuclear membrane, ectopic Ankle1 shuttles between cytoplasm and nucleus. Ankle1 enriched in the nucleoplasm induces DNA cleavage and DNA damage response. This activity requires both the catalytic C-terminal GIY-YIG domain and the LEM motif, which binds chromatin via BAF. Hence, Ankle1 is an unusual LEM protein with a GIY-YIG-type endonuclease activity in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brachner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane Braun
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, Austria
| | - Medini Ghodgaonkar
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Castor
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Livija Zlopaša
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Ehrlich
- Institute of Cancer Research, Inner Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Jiricny
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josef Gotzmann
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmüller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Inner Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Foisner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, Austria
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93
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Inner nuclear membrane proteins: impact on human disease. Chromosoma 2012; 121:153-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-012-0360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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94
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Abstract
The evolution of the nucleus, the defining feature of eukaryotic cells, was long shrouded in speculation and mystery. There is now strong evidence that nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and nuclear membranes coevolved with the endomembrane system, and that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) had fully functional NPCs. Recent studies have identified many components of the nuclear envelope in living Opisthokonts, the eukaryotic supergroup that includes fungi and metazoan animals. These components include diverse chromatin-binding membrane proteins, and membrane proteins with adhesive lumenal domains that may have contributed to the evolution of nuclear membrane architecture. Further discoveries about the nucleoskeleton suggest that the evolution of nuclear structure was tightly coupled to genome partitioning during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Wilson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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95
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de Las Heras JI, Batrakou DG, Schirmer EC. Cancer biology and the nuclear envelope: a convoluted relationship. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 23:125-37. [PMID: 22311402 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although its properties have long been used for both typing and prognosis of various tumors, the nuclear envelope (NE) itself and its potential roles in tumorigenesis are only beginning to be understood. Historically viewed as merely a protective barrier, the nuclear envelope is now linked to a wide range of functions. Nuclear membrane proteins connect the nucleus to the cytoskeleton on one side and to chromatin on the other. Several newly identified nuclear envelope functions associated with these connections intersect with cancer pathways. For example, the nuclear envelope could affect genome stability by tethering chromatin. Some nuclear envelope proteins affect cell cycle regulation by directly binding to the master regulator pRb, others by interacting with TGF-ß and Smad signaling cascades, and others by affecting the mitotic spindle. Finally, the NE directly affects cytoskeletal organization and can also influence cell migration in metastasis. In this review we discuss the link between the nuclear envelope and cellular defects that are common in cancer cells, and we show that NE proteins are often aberrantly expressed in tumors. The NE represents a potential reservoir of diagnostic and prognostic markers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I de Las Heras
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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96
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Structural determinants for nuclear envelope localization and function of pseudorabies virus pUL34. J Virol 2011; 86:2079-88. [PMID: 22156520 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05484-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus proteins pUL34 and pUL31 form a complex at the inner nuclear membrane (INM) which is necessary for efficient nuclear egress. Pseudorabies virus (PrV) pUL34 is a type II membrane protein of 262 amino acids (aa). The transmembrane region (TM) is predicted to be located between aa 245 and 261, leaving only one amino acid in the C terminus that probably extends into the perinuclear space. It is targeted to the nuclear envelope in the absence of other viral proteins, pointing to intrinsic localization motifs, and shows structural similarity to cellular INM proteins like lamina-associated polypeptide (Lap) 2ß and Emerin. To investigate which domains of pUL34 are relevant for localization and function, we constructed chimeric proteins by replacing parts of pUL34 with regions of cellular INM proteins. First the 18 C-terminal amino acids encompassing the TM were exchanged with TM regions and C-terminal domains of Lap2ß and Emerin or with the first TM region of the polytopic lamin B receptor (LBR), including the nine following amino acids. All resulting chimeric proteins complemented the replication defect of PrV-ΔUL34, demonstrating that the substitution of the TM and the extension of the C-terminal domain does not interfere with the function of pUL34. Complementation was reduced but not abolished when the C-terminal 50 aa were replaced by corresponding Lap2ß sequences (pUL34-LapCT50). However, replacing the C-terminal 100 aa (pUL34-LapCT100) resulted in a nonfunctional protein despite continuing pUL31 binding, pointing to an important functional role of this region. The replacement of the N-terminal 100 aa (pUL34-LapNT100) had no effect on nuclear envelope localization but abrogated pUL31 binding and function.
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97
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Hiraoka Y, Maekawa H, Asakawa H, Chikashige Y, Kojidani T, Osakada H, Matsuda A, Haraguchi T. Inner nuclear membrane protein Ima1 is dispensable for intranuclear positioning of centromeres. Genes Cells 2011; 16:1000-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2011.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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98
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Chen Y, Sánchez A, Rubio ME, Kohl T, Pardo LA, Stühmer W. Functional K(v)10.1 channels localize to the inner nuclear membrane. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19257. [PMID: 21559285 PMCID: PMC3086910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopically expressed human KV10.1 channels are relevant players in tumor biology. However, their function as ion channels at the plasma membrane does not totally explain their crucial role in tumors. Both in native and heterologous systems, it has been observed that a majority of KV10.1 channels remain at intracellular locations. In this study we investigated the localization and possible roles of perinuclear KV10.1. We show that KV10.1 is expressed at the inner nuclear membrane in both human and rat models; it co-purifies with established inner nuclear membrane markers, shows resistance to detergent extraction and restricted mobility, all of them typical features of proteins at the inner nuclear membrane. KV10.1 channels at the inner nuclear membrane are not all transported directly from the ER but rather have been exposed to the extracellular milieu. Patch clamp experiments on nuclei devoid of external nuclear membrane reveal the existence of channel activity compatible with KV10.1. We hypothesize that KV10.1 channels at the nuclear envelope might participate in the homeostasis of nuclear K+, or indirectly interact with heterochromatin, both factors known to affect gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Araceli Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - María E. Rubio
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tobias Kohl
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luis A. Pardo
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (LAP); (WS)
| | - Walter Stühmer
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (LAP); (WS)
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99
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Meyer AJ, Almendrala DK, Go MM, Krauss SW. Structural protein 4.1R is integrally involved in nuclear envelope protein localization, centrosome-nucleus association and transcriptional signaling. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1433-44. [PMID: 21486941 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.077883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional structural protein 4.1R is required for assembly and maintenance of functional nuclei but its nuclear roles are unidentified. 4.1R localizes within nuclei, at the nuclear envelope, and in cytoplasm. Here we show that 4.1R, the nuclear envelope protein emerin and the intermediate filament protein lamin A/C co-immunoprecipitate, and that 4.1R-specific depletion in human cells by RNA interference produces nuclear dysmorphology and selective mislocalization of proteins from several nuclear subcompartments. Such 4.1R-deficiency causes emerin to partially redistribute into the cytoplasm, whereas lamin A/C is disorganized at nuclear rims and displaced from nucleoplasmic foci. The nuclear envelope protein MAN1, nuclear pore proteins Tpr and Nup62, and nucleoplasmic proteins NuMA and LAP2α also have aberrant distributions, but lamin B and LAP2β have normal localizations. 4.1R-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts show a similar phenotype. We determined the functional effects of 4.1R-deficiency that reflect disruption of the association of 4.1R with emerin and A-type lamin: increased nucleus-centrosome distances, increased β-catenin signaling, and relocalization of β-catenin from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Furthermore, emerin- and lamin-A/C-null cells have decreased nuclear 4.1R. Our data provide evidence that 4.1R has important functional interactions with emerin and A-type lamin that impact upon nuclear architecture, centrosome-nuclear envelope association and the regulation of β-catenin transcriptional co-activator activity that is dependent on β-catenin nuclear export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Meyer
- Department of Genome Dynamics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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100
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Maraldi NM, Capanni C, Cenni V, Fini M, Lattanzi G. Laminopathies and lamin-associated signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:979-92. [PMID: 21400569 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Laminopathies are genetic diseases due to mutations or altered post-translational processing of nuclear envelope/lamina proteins. The majority of laminopathies are caused by mutations in the LMNA gene, encoding lamin A/C, but manifest as diverse pathologies including muscular dystrophy, lipodystrophy, neuropathy, and progeroid syndromes. Lamin-binding proteins implicated in laminopathies include lamin B2, nuclear envelope proteins such as emerin, MAN1, LBR, and nesprins, the nuclear matrix protein matrin 3, the lamina-associated polypeptide, LAP2alpha and the transcriptional regulator FHL1. Thus, the altered functionality of a nuclear proteins network appears to be involved in the onset of laminopathic diseases. The functional interplay among different proteins involved in this network implies signaling partners. The signaling effectors may either modify nuclear envelope proteins and their binding properties, or use nuclear envelope/lamina proteins as platforms to regulate signal transduction. In this review, both aspects of lamin-linked signaling are presented and the major pathways so far implicated in laminopathies are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir M Maraldi
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
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