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Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for all stages of angiogenesis. In the adult, angiogenesis begins with endothelial cell (EC) activation, degradation of vascular basement membrane, and vascular sprouting within interstitial matrix. During this sprouting phase, ECM binding to integrins provides critical signaling support for EC proliferation, survival, and migration. ECM also signals the EC cytoskeleton to initiate blood vessel morphogenesis. Dynamic remodeling of ECM, particularly by membrane-type matrix metalloproteases (MT-MMPs), coordinates formation of vascular tubes with lumens and provides guidance tunnels for pericytes that assist ECs in the assembly of vascular basement membrane. ECM also provides a binding scaffold for a variety of cytokines that exert essential signaling functions during angiogenesis. In the embryo, ECM is equally critical for angiogenesis and vessel stabilization, although there are likely important distinctions from the adult because of differences in composition and abundance of specific ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Senger
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Brunner M, Millon-Frémillon A, Chevalier G, Nakchbandi IA, Mosher D, Block MR, Albigès-Rizo C, Bouvard D. Osteoblast mineralization requires beta1 integrin/ICAP-1-dependent fibronectin deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 194:307-22. [PMID: 21768292 PMCID: PMC3144405 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201007108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ICAP-1 prevents recruitment of kindlin-2 to β1 integrin to control
dynamics of fibrillar adhesion sites, fibronectin deposition, and osteoblast
mineralization during bone formation. The morphogenetic and differentiation events required for bone formation are
orchestrated by diffusible and insoluble factors that are localized within the
extracellular matrix. In mice, the deletion of ICAP-1, a modulator of β1
integrin activation, leads to severe defects in osteoblast proliferation,
differentiation, and mineralization and to a delay in bone formation. Deposition
of fibronectin and maturation of fibrillar adhesions, adhesive structures that
accompany fibronectin deposition, are impaired upon ICAP-1 loss, as are type I
collagen deposition and mineralization. Expression of β1 integrin with a
mutated binding site for ICAP-1 recapitulates the ICAP-1–null phenotype.
Follow-up experiments demonstrated that ICAP-1 negatively regulates kindlin-2
recruitment onto the β1 integrin cytoplasmic domain, whereas an excess of
kindlin-2 binding has a deleterious effect on fibrillar adhesion formation.
These results suggest that ICAP-1 works in concert with kindlin-2 to control the
dynamics of β1 integrin–containing fibrillar adhesions and,
thereby, regulates fibronectin deposition and osteoblast mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Brunner
- Equipe 1 Dynamique des Systèmes d'Adhérence et Différenciation Cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 09, France
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53
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Kim B, Huang G, Ho WB, Greenspan DS. Bone morphogenetic protein-1 processes insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29014-29025. [PMID: 21697095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.252585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP1)-like metalloproteinases play key roles in extracellular matrix formation, by converting precursors into mature functional proteins involved in forming the extracellular matrix. The BMP1-like proteinases also play roles in activating growth factors, such as BMP2/4, myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11, and transforming growth factor β1, by cleaving extracellular antagonists. The extracellular insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are involved in regulating the effects of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on growth, development, and metabolism. Of the six IGFBPs, IGFBP3 has the greatest interaction with the large pool of circulating IGFs. It is also produced locally in tissues and is itself regulated by proteolytic processing. Here, we show that BMP1 cleaves human and mouse IGFBP3 at a single conserved site, resulting in markedly reduced ability of cleaved IGFBP3 to bind IGF-I or to block IGF-I-induced cell signaling. In contrast, such cleavage is shown to result in enhanced IGF-I-independent ability of cleaved IGFBP3 to block FGF-induced proliferation and to induce Smad phosphorylation. Consistent with in vivo roles for such cleavage, it is shown that, whereas wild type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) produce cleaved IGFBP3, MEFs doubly null for the Bmp1 gene and for the Tll1 gene, which encodes the related metalloproteinase mammalian Tolloid-like 1 (mTLL1), produce only unprocessed IGFBP3, thus demonstrating endogenous BMP1-related proteinases to be responsible for IGFBP3-processing activity in MEFs. Similarly, in zebrafish embryos, overexpression of Bmp1a is shown to reverse an Igfbp3-induced phenotype, consistent with the ability of BMP1-like proteinases to cleave IGFBP3 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjae Kim
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Guorui Huang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Wen-Bin Ho
- FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Daniel S Greenspan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and.
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Exogenously administered secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) reduces fibrosis and improves cardiac function in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21110-5. [PMID: 21078975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1004708107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) is known as an inhibitor for the Wnt signaling. In recent studies, Sfrp2 has been reported to inhibit the activity of Xenopus homolog of mammalian Tolloid-like 1 metalloproteinase. Bone morphogenic protein 1 (Bmp1)/Tolloid-like metalloproteinase plays a key role in the regulation of collagen biosynthesis and maturation after tissue injury. Here, we showed both endogenous Sfrp2 and Bmp1 protein expressions were up-regulated in rat heart after myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesize that Sfrp2 could inhibit mammalian Bmp1 activity and, hence, the exogenous administration of Sfrp2 after MI would inhibit the deposition of mature collagen and improve heart function. Using recombinant proteins, we demonstrated that Sfrp2, but not Sfrp1 or Sfrp3, inhibited Bmp1 activity in vitro as measured by a fluorogenic peptide based procollagen C-proteinase activity assay. We also demonstrated that Sfrp2 at high concentration inhibited human and rat type I procollagen processing by Bmp1 in vitro. We further showed that exogenously added Sfrp2 inhibited type I procollagen maturation in primary cardiac fibroblasts. Two days after direct injection into the rat infarcted myocardium, Sfrp2 inhibited MI-induced type I collagen deposition. As early as 2 wk after injection, Sfrp2 significantly reduced left ventricular (LV) fibrosis as shown by trichrome staining. Four weeks after injection, Sfrp2 prevented the anterior wall thinning and significantly improved cardiac function as revealed by histological analysis and echocardiographic measurement. Our study demonstrates Sfrp2 at therapeutic doses can inhibit fibrosis and improve LV function at a later stage after MI.
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56
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Jimbo R, Ivarsson M, Koskela A, Sul YT, Johansson CB. Protein adsorption to surface chemistry and crystal structure modification of titanium surfaces. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2010; 1:e3. [PMID: 24421973 PMCID: PMC3886052 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2010.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To observe the early adsorption of extracellular matrix and blood plasma
proteins to magnesium-incorporated titanium oxide surfaces, which has shown
superior bone response in animal models. Material and Methods Commercially pure titanium discs were blasted with titanium dioxide
(TiO2) particles (control), and for the test group,
TiO2 blasted discs were further processed with a micro-arc
oxidation method (test). Surface morphology was investigated by scanning
electron microscopy, surface topography by optic interferometry,
characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and by X-ray
diffraction (XRD) analysis. The adsorption of 3 different proteins
(fibronectin, albumin, and collagen type I) was investigated by an
immunoblotting technique. Results The test surface showed a porous structure, whereas the control surface
showed a typical TiO2 blasted structure. XPS data revealed
magnesium-incorporation to the anodic oxide film of the surface. There was
no difference in surface roughness between the control and test surfaces.
For the protein adsorption test, the amount of albumin was significantly
higher on the control surface whereas the amount of fibronectin was
significantly higher on the test surface. Although there was no significant
difference, the test surface had a tendency to adsorb more collagen type
I. Conclusions The magnesium-incorporated anodized surface showed significantly higher
fibronectin adsorption and lower albumin adsorption than the blasted
surface. These results may be one of the reasons for the excellent bone
response previously observed in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Jimbo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University Malmö Sweden. ; Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University Göteborg Sweden
| | - Mikael Ivarsson
- Clinical Research Center, Örebro University Hosptial Örebro Sweden
| | - Anita Koskela
- Clinical Research Center, Örebro University Hosptial Örebro Sweden
| | - Young-Taeg Sul
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University Göteborg Sweden. ; Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University Seoul South Korea
| | - Carina B Johansson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University Örebro Sweden
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Canty-Laird E, Carré GA, Mandon-Pépin B, Kadler KE, Fabre S. First evidence of bone morphogenetic protein 1 expression and activity in sheep ovarian follicles. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:138-46. [PMID: 20357269 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 1 is a vertebrate metalloproteinase of the astacin family. BMP1 plays a key role in regulating the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly by processing the C-propeptide of fibrillar procollagens. BMP1 also promotes BMP signaling by releasing BMP signaling molecules from complexes with the BMP-antagonist chordin. As a result of BMP1's dual role in both ECM formation and BMP signaling, we hypothesized that BMP1 could play a role in ovarian physiology. Using the sheep ovary as a model system, we showed that BMP1 was expressed in the ovary throughout early fetal stages to adulthood. Furthermore, in adult ovaries, BMP1 was expressed along with chordin, BMP4, and twisted gastrulation, which together form an extracellular regulatory complex for BMP signaling. Within ovine ovaries, immunohistochemical localization demonstrated that BMP1 was present in granulosa cells at all stages of follicular development, from primordial to large antral follicles, and that the levels of BMP1 were not affected by the final follicle selection mechanism. In cultured granulosa cells, BMP1 expression was not affected by gonadotropins, but BMP4 and activin A had opposing effects on the levels of BMP1 mRNA. BMP1 appeared to be secreted into the follicular fluid of antral follicles, where it is able to exert procollagen C-proteinase and chordinase activities. Interestingly, BMP1 activity in follicular fluid decreased with follicular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Canty-Laird
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 85 /INRA-UMR 6175, CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, Nouzilly, France
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Yanagisawa H, Davis EC. Unraveling the mechanism of elastic fiber assembly: The roles of short fibulins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1084-93. [PMID: 20236620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of elastic fibers is associated with establishment of the closed circulation system. Primary roles of elastic fibers are to provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs and to maintain the structural integrity against mechanical strain over a lifetime. Elastic fibers are comprised of an insoluble elastin core and surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers are formed in a regulated, stepwise manner, which includes the formation of a microfibrillar scaffold, deposition and integration of tropoelastin monomers into the scaffold, and cross-linking of the monomers to form an insoluble, functional polymer. In recent years, an increasing number of glycoproteins have been identified and shown to be located on or surrounding elastic fibers. Among them, the short fibulins-3, -4 and -5 particularly drew attention because of their potent elastogenic activity. Fibulins-3, -4 and -5 are characterized by tandem repeats of calcium binding EGF-like motifs and a C-terminal fibulin module, which is conserved throughout fibulin family members. Initial biochemical characterization and gene expression studies predicted that fibulins might be involved in structural support and/or matrix-cell interactions. Recent analyses of short fibulin knockout mice have revealed their critical roles in elastic fiber development in vivo. We review recent findings on the elastogenic functions of short fibulins and discuss the molecular mechanism underlying their activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
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59
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Bekhouche M, Kronenberg D, Vadon-Le Goff S, Bijakowski C, Lim NH, Font B, Kessler E, Colige A, Nagase H, Murphy G, Hulmes DJS, Moali C. Role of the netrin-like domain of procollagen C-proteinase enhancer-1 in the control of metalloproteinase activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15950-9. [PMID: 20207734 PMCID: PMC2871463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.086447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The netrin-like (NTR) domain is a feature of several extracellular proteins, most notably the N-terminal domain of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), where it functions as a strong inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases and some other members of the metzincin superfamily. The presence of a C-terminal NTR domain in procollagen C-proteinase enhancers (PCPEs), proteins that stimulate the activity of astacin-like tolloid proteinases, raises the possibility that this might also have inhibitory activity. Here we show that both long and short forms of the PCPE-1 NTR domain, the latter beginning at the N-terminal cysteine known to be critical for TIMP activity, show no inhibition, at micromolar concentrations, of several members of the metzincin superfamily, including matrix metalloproteinase-2, bone morphogenetic protein-1 (a tolloid proteinase), and different ADAMTS (a disintegrin and a metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) proteinases from the adamalysin family. In contrast, we report that the NTR domain within PCPE-1 leads to superstimulation of bone morphogenetic protein-1 activity in the presence of heparin and heparan sulfate. These observations point to a new mechanism whereby binding to cell surface-associated or extracellular heparin-like sulfated glycosaminoglycans might provide a means to accelerate procollagen processing in specific cellular and extracellular microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Bekhouche
- From the Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS/Université de Lyon UMR 5086, IFR128, 69367 Lyon, France
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Maruhashi T, Kii I, Saito M, Kudo A. Interaction between periostin and BMP-1 promotes proteolytic activation of lysyl oxidase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13294-303. [PMID: 20181949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.088864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra- and intermolecular covalent cross-linking between collagen fibrils, catalyzed by lysyl oxidase (LOX), determines the mechanical properties of connective tissues; however, mechanisms that regulate the collagen cross-linking according to tissue specificity are not well understood. Here we show that periostin, a secretory protein in the dense connective tissues, promotes the activation of LOX. Previous studies showed that periostin null mice exhibit reduced collagen cross-linking in their femurs, periosteum, infarcted myocardium, and tendons. Presently, we showed that active LOX protein, formed by cleavage of its propeptide by bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1), was decreased in calvarial osteoblast cells derived from periostin null mice. Overexpression of periostin promoted the proteolytic cleavage of the propeptide, which increased the amount of active LOX protein. The results of co-immunoprecipitation and solid phase binding assays revealed that periostin interacted with BMP-1. Furthermore, this interaction probably resulted in enhanced deposition of BMP-1 on the extracellular matrix, suggesting that this enhanced deposition would lead to cleavage of the propeptide of LOX. Thus, we demonstrated that periostin supported BMP-1-mediated proteolytic activation of LOX on the extracellular matrix, which promoted collagen cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Maruhashi
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Kii I, Nishiyama T, Li M, Matsumoto KI, Saito M, Amizuka N, Kudo A. Incorporation of tenascin-C into the extracellular matrix by periostin underlies an extracellular meshwork architecture. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:2028-39. [PMID: 19887451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.051961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) underlies a complicated multicellular architecture that is subjected to significant forces from mechanical environment. Although various components of the ECM have been enumerated, mechanisms that evolve the sophisticated ECM architecture remain to be addressed. Here we show that periostin, a matricellular protein, promotes incorporation of tenascin-C into the ECM and organizes a meshwork architecture of the ECM. We found that both periostin null mice and tenascin-C null mice exhibited a similar phenotype, confined tibial periostitis, which possibly corresponds to medial tibial stress syndrome in human sports injuries. Periostin possessed adjacent domains that bind to tenascin-C and the other ECM protein: fibronectin and type I collagen, respectively. These adjacent domains functioned as a bridge between tenascin-C and the ECM, which increased deposition of tenascin-C on the ECM. The deposition of hexabrachions of tenascin-C may stabilize bifurcations of the ECM fibrils, which is integrated into the extracellular meshwork architecture. This study suggests a role for periostin in adaptation of the ECM architecture in the mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Kii
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Midori-ku, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8501
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Fibulin-4 conducts proper elastogenesis via interaction with cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19029-34. [PMID: 19855011 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908268106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Great arteries, as well as lungs and skin, contain elastic fibers as important components to maintain their physiological functions. Although recent studies have revealed that a glycoprotein fibulin-4 (FBLN4) is indispensable for the assembly of mature elastic fibers, it remains to be elucidated how FBLN4 takes part in elastogenesis. Here, we report a dose-dependent requirement for FBLN4 in the development of the elastic fibers in arteries, and a specific role of FBLN4 in recruiting the elastin-cross-linking enzyme, lysyl oxidase (LOX). Reduced expression of Fbln4, which was achieved with a smooth muscle-specific Cre-mediated gene deletion, caused arterial stiffness. Electron-microscopic examination revealed disorganized thick elastic laminae with aberrant deposition of elastin. Aneurysmal dilation of the ascending aorta was found when the Fbln4 expression level was reduced to an even lower level, whereas systemic Fbln4 null mice died perinatally from rupture of the diaphragm. We also found a specific interaction between FBLN4 and the propeptide of LOX, which efficiently promotes assembly of LOX onto tropoelastin. These data suggest a mechanism of elastogenesis, in which a sufficient amount of FBLN4 is essential for tethering LOX to tropoelastin to facilitate cross-linking.
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