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Hesse R, Hurtado ML, Jackson RJ, Eaton SL, Herrmann AG, Colom-Cadena M, Tzioras M, King D, Rose J, Tulloch J, McKenzie CA, Smith C, Henstridge CM, Lamont D, Wishart TM, Spires-Jones TL. Comparative profiling of the synaptic proteome from Alzheimer's disease patients with focus on the APOE genotype. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:214. [PMID: 31862015 PMCID: PMC6925519 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of synapses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) strongly correlates with cognitive decline, and synaptic pathology contributes to disease pathophysiology. We recently observed that the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE4), is associated with exacerbated synapse loss and synaptic accumulation of oligomeric amyloid beta in human AD brain. To begin to understand the molecular cascades involved in synapse loss in AD and how this is mediated by APOE, and to generate a resource of knowledge of changes in the synaptic proteome in AD, we conducted a proteomic screen and systematic in silico analysis of synaptoneurosome preparations from temporal and occipital cortices of human AD and control subjects with known APOE gene status. We examined brain tissue from 33 subjects (7-10 per group). We pooled tissue from all subjects in each group for unbiased proteomic analyses followed by validation with individual case samples. Our analysis identified over 5500 proteins in human synaptoneurosomes and highlighted disease, brain region, and APOE-associated changes in multiple molecular pathways including a decreased abundance in AD of proteins important for synaptic and mitochondrial function and an increased abundance of proteins involved in neuroimmune interactions and intracellular signaling.
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52
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Sahoo BR, Bekier ME, Liu Z, Kocman V, Stoddard AK, Anantharamaiah GM, Nowick J, Fierke CA, Wang Y, Ramamoorthy A. Structural Interaction of Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptide with Amyloid-β Generates Toxic Hetero-oligomers. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1020-1034. [PMID: 31866295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins are involved in pathological conditions of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it has been reported that truncated apolipoprotein fragments and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides coexist as neurotoxic heteromers within the plaques. Therefore, it is important to investigate these complexes at the molecular level to better understand their properties and roles in the pathology of AD. Here, we present a mechanistic insight into such heteromerization using a structurally homologue apolipoprotein fragment of apoA-I (4F) complexed with Aβ(M1-42) and characterize their toxicity. The 4F peptide slows down the aggregation kinetics of Aβ(M1-42) by constraining its structural plasticity. NMR and CD experiments identified 4F-Aβ(M1-42) heteromers comprised of unstructured Aβ(M1-42) and helical 4F. A uniform two-fold reduction in 15N/1H NMR signal intensities of Aβ(M1-42) with no observable chemical shift perturbation indicated the formation of a large complex, which was further confirmed by diffusion NMR experiments. Microsecond-scale atomistic molecular dynamics simulations showed that 4F interaction with Aβ(M1-42) is electrostatically driven and induces unfolding of Aβ(M1-42). Neurotoxicity profiling of Aβ(M1-42) complexed with 4F confirms a significant reduction in cell viability and neurite growth. Thus, the molecular architecture of heteromerization between 4F and Aβ(M1-42) discovered in this study provides evidence toward our understanding of the role of apolipoproteins or their truncated fragments in exacerbating AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Ranjan Sahoo
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Michael E Bekier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Vojc Kocman
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Andrea K Stoddard
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - G M Anantharamaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - James Nowick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Carol A Fierke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas A&M, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA.
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ApoE4 Alters ABCA1 Membrane Trafficking in Astrocytes. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9611-9622. [PMID: 31641056 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1400-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE protein aggregation plays a central role in AD pathology, including the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ). Lipid-poor ApoE4 protein is prone to aggregate and lipidating ApoE4 protects it from aggregation. The mechanisms regulating ApoE4 aggregation in vivo are surprisingly not known. ApoE lipidation is controlled by the activity of the ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1). ABCA1 recycling and degradation is regulated by ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6). We found that ApoE4 promoted greater expression of ARF6 compared with ApoE3, trapping ABCA1 in late-endosomes and impairing its recycling to the cell membrane. This was associated with lower ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux activity, a greater percentage of lipid-free ApoE particles, and lower Aβ degradation capacity. Human CSF from APOE ε4/ε4 carriers showed a lower ability to induce ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux activity and greater percentage of aggregated ApoE protein compared with CSF from APOE ε3/ε3 carriers. Enhancing ABCA1 activity rescued impaired Aβ degradation in ApoE4-treated cells and reduced both ApoE and ABCA1 aggregation in the hippocampus of male ApoE4-targeted replacement mice. Together, our data demonstrate that aggregated and lipid-poor ApoE4 increases ABCA1 aggregation and decreases ABCA1 cell membrane recycling. Enhancing ABCA1 activity to reduce ApoE and ABCA1 aggregation is a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of ApoE4 aggregation-driven pathology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT ApoE protein plays a key role in the formation of amyloid plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE4 is more aggregated and hypolipidated compared with ApoE3, but whether enhancing ApoE lipidation in vivo can reverse ApoE aggregation is not known. ApoE lipidation is controlled by the activity of the ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1). In this study, we demonstrated that the greater propensity of lipid-poor ApoE4 to aggregate decreased ABCA1 membrane recycling and its ability to lipidate ApoE. Importantly, enhancing ABCA1 activity to lipidate ApoE reduced ApoE and ABCA1 aggregation. This work provides critical insights into the interactions among ABCA1, ApoE lipidation and aggregation, and underscores the promise of stabilizing ABCA1 activity to prevent ApoE-driven aggregation pathology.
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Islam T, Gharibyan AL, Golchin SA, Pettersson N, Brännström K, Hedberg I, Virta MM, Olofsson L, Olofsson A. Apolipoprotein E impairs amyloid-β fibril elongation and maturation. FEBS J 2019; 287:1208-1219. [PMID: 31571352 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is strongly linked to amyloid depositions of the Aβ peptide (Aβ). The lipid-binding protein apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been found to interfere with Aβ amyloid formation and to exert a strong clinical impact to the pathology of AD. The APOE gene exists in three allelic isoforms represented by APOE ε2, APOE ε3, and APOE ε4. Carriers of the APOE ε4 variant display a gene dose-dependent increased risk of developing the disease. Aβ amyloids are formed via a nucleation-dependent mechanism where free monomers are added onto a nucleus in a template-dependent manner. Using a combination of surface plasmon resonance and thioflavin-T assays, we here show that ApoE can target the process of fibril elongation and that its interference effectively prevents amyloid maturation. We expose a complex equilibrium where the concentration of ApoE, Aβ monomers, and the amount of already formed Aβ fibrils will affect the relative proportion and formation rate of mature amyloids versus alternative assemblies. The result illustrates a mechanism which may affect both the clearance rate of Aβ assemblies in vivo and the population of cytotoxic Aβ assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohidul Islam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Anna L Gharibyan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Solmaz A Golchin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Nina Pettersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | | | - Isabell Hedberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Merit-Miriam Virta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Linnea Olofsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Anders Olofsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
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Ghosh S, Sil TB, Dolai S, Garai K. High‐affinity multivalent interactions between apolipoprotein E and the oligomers of amyloid‐β. FEBS J 2019; 286:4737-4753. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamasree Ghosh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Hyderabad India
| | - Timir Baran Sil
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Hyderabad India
| | | | - Kanchan Garai
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Hyderabad India
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56
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Apolipoprotein E/Amyloid-β Complex Accumulates in Alzheimer Disease Cortical Synapses via Apolipoprotein E Receptors and Is Enhanced by APOE4. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1621-1636. [PMID: 31108099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) colocalizes with amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer disease (AD) plaques and in synapses, and evidence suggests that direct interactions between apoE and Aβ are important for apoE's effects in AD. The present work examines the hypothesis that apoE receptors mediate uptake of apoE/Aβ complex into synaptic terminals. Western blot analysis shows multiple SDS-stable assemblies in synaptosomes from human AD cortex; apoE/Aβ complex was markedly increased in AD compared with aged control samples. Complex formation between apoE and Aβ was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments. The apoE receptors low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1) were quantified in synaptosomes using flow cytometry, revealing up-regulation of LRP1 in early- and late-stage AD. Dual-labeling flow cytometry analysis of LRP1- and LDLR positives indicate most (approximately 65%) of LDLR and LRP1 is associated with postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95)-positive synaptosomes, indicating that remaining LRP1 and LDLR receptors are exclusively presynaptic. Flow cytometry analysis of Nile red labeling revealed a reduction in cholesterol esters in AD synaptosomes. Dual-labeling experiments showed apoE and Aβ concentration into LDLR and LRP1-positive synaptosomes, along with free and esterified cholesterol. Synaptic Aβ was increased by apoE4 in control and AD samples. These results are consistent with uptake of apoE/Aβ complex and associated lipids into synaptic terminals, with subsequent Aβ clearance in control synapses and accumulation in AD synapses.
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57
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He K, Nie L, Zhou Q, Rahman SU, Liu J, Yang X, Li S. Proteomic Profiles of the Early Mitochondrial Changes in APP/PS1 and ApoE4 Transgenic Mice Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2632-2642. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwu He
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Nanshan
District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Lulin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Nanshan
District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shafiq Ur Rahman
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir, 18000, Pakistan
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Nanshan
District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8, Longyuan Road, Nanshan
District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shupeng Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Habtemariam S. Natural Products in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy: Would Old Therapeutic Approaches Fix the Broken Promise of Modern Medicines? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081519. [PMID: 30999702 PMCID: PMC6514598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive progress in understanding the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) over the last 50 years, clinical trials based on the amyloid-beta (Aβ) hypothesis have kept failing in late stage human trials. As a result, just four old drugs of limited clinical outcomes and numerous side effects are currently used for AD therapy. This article assesses the common pharmacological targets and therapeutic principles for current and future drugs. It also underlines the merits of natural products acting through a polytherapeutic approach over a monotherapy option of AD therapy. Multi-targeting approaches through general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms coupled with specific receptor and/or enzyme-mediated effects in neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and other rational perspectives of novel drug discovery are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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59
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Petros AM, Korepanova A, Jakob CG, Qiu W, Panchal SC, Wang J, Dietrich JD, Brewer JT, Pohlki F, Kling A, Wilcox K, Lakics V, Bahnassawy L, Reinhardt P, Partha SK, Bodelle PM, Lake M, Charych EI, Stoll VS, Sun C, Mohler EG. Fragment-Based Discovery of an Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) Stabilizer. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4120-4130. [PMID: 30933499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is a 299-residue lipid carrier protein produced in both the liver and the brain. The protein has three major isoforms denoted apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 which differ at positions 112 and 158 and which occur at different frequencies in the human population. Genome-wide association studies indicate that the possession of two apoE4 alleles is a strong genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). In an attempt to identify a small molecule stabilizer of apoE4 function that may have utility as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease, we carried out an NMR-based fragment screen on the N-terminal domain of apoE4 and identified a benzyl amidine based fragment binder. In addition to NMR, binding was characterized using various other biophysical techniques, and a crystal structure of the bound core was obtained. Core elaboration ultimately yielded a compound that showed activity in an IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine release assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Petros
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Alla Korepanova
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Clarissa G Jakob
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Wei Qiu
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Sanjay C Panchal
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Jie Wang
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Justin D Dietrich
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Jason T Brewer
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Frauke Pohlki
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Andreas Kling
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Kyle Wilcox
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Viktor Lakics
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Lamiaa Bahnassawy
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Sarathy Karunan Partha
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Pierre M Bodelle
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Marc Lake
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Erik I Charych
- AbbVie Neuroscience Research , 200 Sydney Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Vincent S Stoll
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Chaohong Sun
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Eric G Mohler
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing body of evidence indicating the heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD), coupled with disappointing clinical studies directed at a fit-for-all therapy, suggest that the development of a single magic cure suitable for all cases may not be possible. This calls for a shift in paradigm where targeted treatment is developed for specific AD subpopulations that share distinct genetic or pathological properties. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor of AD, is expressed in more than half of AD patients and is thus an important possible AD therapeutic target. REVIEW This review focuses initially on the pathological effects of apoE4 in AD, as well as on the corresponding cellular and animal models and the suggested cellular and molecular mechanisms which mediate them. The second part of the review focuses on recent apoE4-targeted (from the APOE gene to the apoE protein and its interactors) therapeutic approaches that have been developed in animal models and are ready to be translated to human. Further, the issue of whether the pathological effects of apoE4 are due to loss of protective function or due to gain of toxic function is discussed herein. It is possible that both mechanisms coexist, with certain constituents of the apoE4 molecule and/or its downstream signaling mediating a toxic effect, while others are associated with a loss of protective function. CONCLUSION ApoE4 is a promising AD therapeutic target that remains understudied. Recent studies are now paving the way for effective apoE4-directed AD treatment approaches.
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61
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Mouchard A, Boutonnet MC, Mazzocco C, Biendon N, Macrez N. ApoE-fragment/Aβ heteromers in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3989. [PMID: 30850702 PMCID: PMC6408522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of endogenous pathological amyloid β peptides (Aβ) forms in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is still unclear. In healthy brain, Aβ can associate with Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) which is involved in its metabolism and clearance. In the brain of patients with AD, ApoE is cleaved and produces ApoE fragments. We studied the forms of Aβ and their interaction with the ApoE fragments in post-mortem brains from control and AD patients by western blots and co-immunoprecipitation. Three Aβ-containing peptides and three ApoE fragments were specifically found in the brain of AD patients. Co-immunoprecipitations showed that ApoE fragments and Aβ1–42 peptides are co-partners in heteromers of 18 and 16 kDa while ApoE-fragments and Aβ peptides of 12 kDa did not interact with each other. Formation of the 18 kDa ApoE-fragment/Aβ heteromers is specifically increased in ApoE4 carriers and is a strong brain marker of AD while 16 kDa ApoE-fragment/Aβ and Aβ 12 kDa correlate to memory deficit. These data show that in patients with AD, ApoE fragmentation generates peptides that trap Aβ in the brain. Inhibiting the fragmentation or targeting ApoE fragments could be exploited to define strategies to detect or reverse AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Mouchard
- Bordeaux University, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Boutonnet
- Bordeaux University, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Mazzocco
- Bordeaux University, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Biendon
- Bordeaux University, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Macrez
- Bordeaux University, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France. .,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France.
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Shinohara M, Sato N. The Roles of Apolipoprotein E, Lipids, and Glucose in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1128:85-101. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3540-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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63
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Wagner CE, Jurutka PW. Methods to Generate an Array of Novel Rexinoids by SAR on a Potent Retinoid X Receptor Agonist: A Case Study with NEt-TMN. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2019:109-121. [PMID: 31359392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9585-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The methods described in this chapter concern procedures for the design, synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluation of an array of potent retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) agonists employing 6-(ethyl(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)amino)nicotinic acid (NEt-TMN), and recently reported NEt-TMN analogs, as a case study. These methods have been extensively applied beyond the present case study to generate several analogs of other potent RXR agonists (rexinoids), particularly the RXR agonist known as bexarotene (Bex), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that is also often prescribed, off-label, for breast, lung, and other human cancers. Common side effects with Bex treatment include hypertriglyceridemia and hypothyroidism, because of off-target activation or inhibition of other nuclear receptor pathways impacted by RXR. Because rexinoids are often selective for RXR, versus the retinoic-acid-receptor (RAR), cutaneous toxicity is often avoided as a side effect for rexinoid treatment. Several other potent RXR agonists, and their analogs, have been reported in the literature and rigorously evaluated (often in comparison to Bex) as potential cancer therapeutics with unique activity and side-effect profiles. Some of the more prominent examples include LGD100268, CD3254, and 9-cis-UAB30, to name only a few. Hence, the methods described herein are more widely applicable to a diverse array of RXR agonists.In terms of design, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study is usually performed by modifying three distinct areas of the rexinoid base structure, either of the nonpolar or polar sides of the rexinoid and/or the linkage that joins them. For the synthesis of the modified base-structure analogs, often identical synthetic strategies used to access the base-structure are applied; however, reasonable alternative synthetic routes may need to be explored if the modified analog intermediates encounter bottlenecks where yields are negligible for a given step in the base-structure route. In fact, this particular problem was encountered and successfully resolved in our case study for generating an array of NEt-TMN analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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64
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Cao J, Hou J, Ping J, Cai D. Advances in developing novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:64. [PMID: 30541602 PMCID: PMC6291983 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease of aging, affects one in eight older Americans. Nearly all drug treatments tested for AD today have failed to show any efficacy. There is a great need for therapies to prevent and/or slow the progression of AD. The major challenge in AD drug development is lack of clarity about the mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Several studies support the notion that AD is a multifactorial disease. While there is abundant evidence that amyloid plays a role in AD pathogenesis, other mechanisms have been implicated in AD such as tangle formation and spread, dysregulated protein degradation pathways, neuroinflammation, and loss of support by neurotrophic factors. Therefore, current paradigms of AD drug design have been shifted from single target approach (primarily amyloid-centric) to developing drugs targeted at multiple disease aspects, and from treating AD at later stages of disease progression to focusing on preventive strategies at early stages of disease development. Here, we summarize current strategies and new trends of AD drug development, including pre-clinical and clinical trials that target different aspects of disease (mechanism-based versus non-mechanism based, e.g. symptomatic treatments, lifestyle modifications and risk factor management).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Cao
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Hou
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jing Ping
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongming Cai
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chernick D, Ortiz-Valle S, Jeong A, Swaminathan SK, Kandimalla KK, Rebeck GW, Li L. High-density lipoprotein mimetic peptide 4F mitigates amyloid-β-induced inhibition of apolipoprotein E secretion and lipidation in primary astrocytes and microglia. J Neurochem 2018; 147:647-662. [PMID: 30028014 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (apoE) ε4 allele is the primary genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE in the brain is produced primarily by astrocytes; once secreted from these cells, apoE binds lipids and forms high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like particles. Accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) in the brain is a key hallmark of AD, and is thought to initiate a pathogenic cascade leading to neurodegeneration and dementia. The level and lipidation state of apoE affect Aβ aggregation and clearance pathways. Elevated levels of plasma HDL are associated with lower risk and severity of AD; the underlying mechanisms, however, have not been fully elucidated. This study was designed to investigate the impact of an HDL mimetic peptide, 4F, on the secretion and lipidation of apoE. We found that 4F significantly increases apoE secretion and lipidation in primary human astrocytes as well as in primary mouse astrocytes and microglia. Aggregated Aβ inhibits glial apoE secretion and lipidation, causing accumulation of intracellular apoE, an effect that is counteracted by co-treatment with 4F. Pharmacological and gene editing approaches show that 4F mediates its effects partially through the secretory pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and requires the lipid transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. We conclude that the HDL mimetic peptide 4F promotes glial apoE secretion and lipidation and mitigates the detrimental effects of Aβ on proper cellular trafficking and functionality of apoE. These findings suggest that treatment with such an HDL mimetic peptide may provide therapeutic benefit in AD. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Chernick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Angela Jeong
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Suresh K Swaminathan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Medoro A, Bartollino S, Mignogna D, Passarella D, Porcile C, Pagano A, Florio T, Nizzari M, Guerra G, Di Marco R, Intrieri M, Raimo G, Russo C. Complexity and Selectivity of γ-Secretase Cleavage on Multiple Substrates: Consequences in Alzheimer's Disease and Cancer. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:1-15. [PMID: 29103038 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The processing of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by β- and γ-secretases is a pivotal event in the genesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides familial mutations on the AβPP gene, or upon its overexpression, familial forms of AD are often caused by mutations or deletions in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and 2 (PSEN2) genes: the catalytic components of the proteolytic enzyme γ-secretase (GS). The "amyloid hypothesis", modified over time, states that the aberrant processing of AβPP by GS induces the formation of specific neurotoxic soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides which, in turn, cause neurodegeneration. This theory, however, has recently evidenced significant limitations and, in particular, the following issues are debated: 1) the concept and significance of presenilin's "gain of function" versus "loss of function"; and 2) the presence of several and various GS substrates, which interact with AβPP and may influence Aβ formation. The latter consideration is suggestive: despite the increasing number of GS substrates so far identified, their reciprocal interaction with AβPP itself, even in the AD field, is significantly unexplored. On the other hand, GS is also an important pharmacological target in the cancer field; inhibitors or GS activity are investigated in clinical trials for treating different tumors. Furthermore, the function of AβPP and PSENs in brain development and in neuronal migration is well known. In this review, we focused on a specific subset of GS substrates that directly interact with AβPP and are involved in its proteolysis and signaling, by evaluating their role in neurodegeneration and in cell motility or proliferation, as a possible connection between AD and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Silvia Bartollino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Donatella Mignogna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Daniela Passarella
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carola Porcile
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Aldo Pagano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gennaro Raimo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Claudio Russo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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67
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Kara E, Marks JD, Roe AD, Commins C, Fan Z, Calvo-Rodriguez M, Wegmann S, Hudry E, Hyman BT. A flow cytometry-based in vitro assay reveals that formation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-amyloid beta complexes depends on ApoE isoform and cell type. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13247-13256. [PMID: 29950521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a secreted apolipoprotein with three isoforms, E2, E3, and E4, that binds to lipids and facilitates their transport in the extracellular environment of the brain and the periphery. The E4 allele is a major genetic risk factor for the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and studies of human brain and mouse models have revealed that E4 significantly exacerbates the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ). It has been suggested that this deposition could be attributed to the formation of soluble ApoE isoform-specific ApoE-Aβ complexes. However, previous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the directionality and strength of those interactions. In this study, using a series of flow cytometry assays that maintain the physiological integrity of ApoE-Aβ complexes, we systematically assessed the association of Aβ with ApoE2, E3, or E4. We used ApoE secreted from HEK cells or astrocytes overexpressing ApoE fused with a GFP tag. As a source of soluble Aβ peptide, we used synthetic Aβ40 or Aβ42 or physiological Aβ secreted from CHO cell lines overexpressing WT or V717F variant amyloid precursor protein (APP). We observed significant interactions between the different ApoE isoforms and Aβ, with E4 interacting with Aβ more strongly than the E2 and E3 isoforms. We also found subtle differences depending on the Aβ type and the ApoE-producing cell type. In conclusion, these results indicate that the strength of the ApoE-Aβ association depends on the source of Aβ or ApoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Kara
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Jordan D Marks
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Allyson D Roe
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Caitlin Commins
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Zhanyun Fan
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Maria Calvo-Rodriguez
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Eloise Hudry
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- From the Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
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68
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Muñoz SS, Li H, Ruberu K, Chu Q, Saghatelian A, Ooi L, Garner B. The serine protease HtrA1 contributes to the formation of an extracellular 25-kDa apolipoprotein E fragment that stimulates neuritogenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4071-4084. [PMID: 29414786 PMCID: PMC5857987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein-E (apoE) is a glycoprotein highly expressed in the brain, where it appears to play a role in lipid transport, β-amyloid clearance, and neuronal signaling. ApoE proteolytic fragments are also present in the brain, but the enzymes responsible for apoE fragmentation are unknown, and the biological activity of specific apoE fragments remains to be determined. Here we utilized SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells differentiated into neurons with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) to study extracellular apoE proteolysis. ApoE fragments were detectable in culture supernatants after 3 days, and their levels were increased for up to 9 days in the presence of ATRA. The concentration of apoE fragments was positively correlated with levels of the neuronal maturation markers (PSD95 and SMI32). The most abundant apoE fragments were 25- and 28-kDa N-terminal fragments that both contained sialylated glycosylation and bound to heparin. We detected apoE fragments only in the extracellular milieu and not in cell lysates, suggesting that an extracellular protease contributes to apoE fragmentation. Of note, siRNA-mediated knockdown of high-temperature requirement serine peptidase A1 (HtrA1) and a specific HtrA1 inhibitor reduced apoE 25-kDa fragment formation by 41 and 86%, respectively. Recombinant 25-kDa fragment apoE and full-length apoE both stimulated neuritogenesis in vitro, increasing neuroblastoma neurite growth by more than 2-fold over a 6-day period. This study provides a cellular model for assessing apoE proteolysis, indicates that HtrA1 regulates apoE 25-kDa fragment formation under physiological conditions, and reveals a new neurotrophic function for the apoE 25-kDa fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sanz Muñoz
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
| | - Hongyun Li
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
| | - Kalani Ruberu
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
| | - Qian Chu
- the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
| | - Brett Garner
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
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69
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Differential Binding of Human ApoE Isoforms to Insulin Receptor is Associated with Aberrant Insulin Signaling in AD Brain Samples. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:124-132. [PMID: 29450841 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), where inheritance of this isoform predisposes development of AD in a gene dose-dependent manner. Although the mode of action of ApoE4 on AD onset and progression remains unknown, we have previously shown that ApoE4, and not ApoE3 expression, resulted in insulin signaling deficits in the presence of amyloid beta (Aβ). However, these reports were not conducted with clinical samples that more accurately reflect human disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of ApoE genotype on the insulin signaling pathway in control and AD human brain samples. We found that targets of the insulin signaling pathway were attenuated in AD cases, regardless of ApoE isoform. We also found a decrease in GluR1 subunit expression, and an increase NR2B subunit expression in AD cases, regardless of ApoE isoform. Lastly, we observed that more insulin receptor (IR) was immunoprecipitated in control cases, and more Aβ was immunoprecipitated with AD cases. But, when comparing among AD cases, we found that more IR was immunoprecipitated with ApoE3 than ApoE4, and more Aβ was immunoprecipitated with ApoE4 than ApoE3. Our results suggest that the difference in IR binding and effect on protein expression downstream of the IR may affect onset and progression of AD.
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70
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Rusbridge C, Salguero FJ, David MA, Faller KME, Bras JT, Guerreiro RJ, Richard-Londt AC, Grainger D, Head E, Brandner SGP, Summers B, Hardy J, Tayebi M. An Aged Canid with Behavioral Deficits Exhibits Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid Beta Oligomers. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:7. [PMID: 29441010 PMCID: PMC5797595 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the molecular and pathological features associated with human Alzheimer disease (AD) are mirrored in the naturally occurring age-associated neuropathology in the canine species. In aged dogs with declining learned behavior and memory the severity of cognitive dysfunction parallels the progressive build up and location of Aβ in the brain. The main aim of this work was to study the biological behavior of soluble oligomers isolated from an aged dog with cognitive dysfunction through investigating their interaction with a human cell line and synthetic Aβ peptides. We report that soluble oligomers were specifically detected in the dog's blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via anti-oligomer- and anti-Aβ specific binders. Importantly, our results reveal the potent neurotoxic effects of the dog's CSF on cell viability and the seeding efficiency of the CSF-borne soluble oligomers on the thermodynamic activity and the aggregation kinetics of synthetic human Aβ. The value of further characterizing the naturally occurring Alzheimer-like neuropathology in dogs using genetic and molecular tools is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rusbridge
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kiterie M E Faller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jose T Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita J Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Angela C Richard-Londt
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Grainger
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sebastian G P Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mourad Tayebi
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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71
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Schuster J, Funke SA. Methods for the Specific Detection and Quantitation of Amyloid-β Oligomers in Cerebrospinal Fluid. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:53-67. [PMID: 27163804 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation are fundamental features of the majority of neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and prion diseases. Proteinaceous deposits in the brain of the patient, e.g., amyloid plaques consisting of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and tangles composed of tau protein, are the hallmarks of AD. Soluble oligomers of Aβ and tau play a fundamental role in disease progression, and specific detection and quantification of the respective oligomeric proteins in cerebrospinal fluid may provide presymptomatically detectable biomarkers, paving the way for early diagnosis or even prognosis. Several studies on the development of techniques for the specific detection of Aβ oligomers were published, but some of the existing tools do not yet seem to be satisfactory, and the study results are contradicting. The detection of oligomers is challenging due to their polymorphous and unstable nature, their low concentration, and the presence of competing proteins and Aβ monomers in body fluids. Here, we present an overview of the current state of the development of methods for Aβ oligomer specific detection and quantitation. The methods are divided in the three subgroups: (i) enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), (ii) methods for single oligomer detection, and (iii) others, which are mainly biosensor based methods.
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72
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Boehm-Cagan A, Bar R, Liraz O, Bielicki JK, Johansson JO, Michaelson DM. ABCA1 Agonist Reverses the ApoE4-Driven Cognitive and Brain Pathologies. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1219-1233. [PMID: 27567858 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The allele ɛ4 of apolipoprotein E (apoE4) is the most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is therefore a promising therapeutic target. Human and animal model studies suggest that apoE4 is hypolipidated; accordingly, we have previously shown that the retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist bexarotene upregulates ABCA1, the main apoE-lipidating protein, resulting in increased lipidation of apoE4, and the subsequent reversal of the pathological effects of apoE4, namely: accumulation of Aβ42 and hyperphosphorylated tau, as well as reduction in the levels of synaptic markers and cognitive deficits. Since the RXR system has numerous other targets, it is important to devise the means of activating ABCA1 selectively. We presently utilized CS-6253, a peptide shown to directly activate ABCA1 in vitro, and examined the extent to which it can affect the degree of lipidation of apoE4 in vivo and counteract the associated brain and behavioral pathologies. This revealed that treatment of young apoE4-targeted replacement mice with CS-6253 increases the lipidation of apoE4. This was associated with a reversal of the apoE4-driven Aβ42 accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation in hippocampal neurons, as well as of the synaptic impairments and cognitive deficits. These findings suggest that the pathological effects of apoE4 in vivo are associated with decreased activation of ABCA1 and impaired lipidation of apoE4 and that the downstream brain-related pathology and cognitive deficits can be counteracted by treatment with the ABCA1 agonist CS-6253. These findings have important clinical ramifications and put forward ABCA1 as a promising target for apoE4-related treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Boehm-Cagan
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roni Bar
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Liraz
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John K Bielicki
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Michaelson
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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73
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease neuropathology is characterized by the extracellular accumulation of Aβ peptide and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau. With the progression of the disease, macroscopic atrophy affects the entorhinal area and hippocampus, amygdala, and associative regions of the neocortex. The locus coeruleus is depigmented. The deposition of Aβ is first made of diffuse deposits. Amyloid focal deposits constitute the core of the senile plaque which also comprises a corona of tau-positive neurites. Aβ deposits are found successively in the neocortex, the hippocampus, the striatum, the mesencephalon, and finally the cerebellum together with the pontine nuclei (Thal phases). Tau pathology affects in a stereotyped order some specific nuclei of the brainstem, the entorhinal area, the hippocampus, and the neocortex - first the associative areas and secondarily the primary cortices (Braak stages). Loss of synapses is observed in association with tau and Aβ pathology; neuronal loss occurs in the most affected areas. Granulovacuolar degeneration and perisomatic granules are also linked to Alzheimer disease pathology. The physiopathology of Alzheimer disease remains unknown. Familial cases suggest that Aβ deposition is the initial step, but tau pathology appears early in the course and seems to be better correlated with the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Calderon-Garcidueñas
- Raymond Escourolle Neuropathology Department. Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Instituto de Medicina Forense, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río, Mexico
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Raymond Escourolle Neuropathology Department. Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Alzheimer-Prion Research Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM), Paris, France.
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74
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Kakuda N, Miyasaka T, Iwasaki N, Nirasawa T, Wada-Kakuda S, Takahashi-Fujigasaki J, Murayama S, Ihara Y, Ikegawa M. Distinct deposition of amyloid-β species in brains with Alzheimer's disease pathology visualized with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:73. [PMID: 29037261 PMCID: PMC5641992 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in the brain is an early and invariable feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Aβ peptides are composed of about 40 amino acids and are generated from amyloid precursor proteins (APP), by β- and γ-secretases. The distribution of individual Aβ peptides in the brains of aged people, and those suffering from AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is not fully characterized. We employed the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) to illustrate the spatial distribution of a broad range of Aβ species in human autopsied brains. With technical advancements such as formic acid pretreatment of frozen autopsied brain samples, we have: i) demonstrated that Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 were selectively deposited in senile plaques while full-length Aβ peptides such as Aβ1-36, 1-37, 1-38, 1-39, 1-40, and Aβ1-41 were deposited in leptomeningeal blood vessels. ii) Visualized distinct depositions of N-terminal truncated Aβ40 and Aβ42, including pyroglutamate modified at Glu-3 (N3pE), only with IMS for the first time. iii) Demonstrated that one single amino acid alteration at the C-terminus between Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-41 results in profound changes in their distribution pattern. In vitro, this can be attributed to the difference in the self-aggregation ability amongst Aβ1-40, Aβ1-41, and Aβ1-42. These observations were further confirmed with immunohistochemistry (IHC), using the newly developed anti-Aβ1-41 antibody. Here, distinct depositions of truncated and/or modified C- and N-terminal fragments of Aβs in AD and CAA brains with MALDI-IMS were visualized in a spacio-temporal specific manner. Specifically, Aβ1-41 was detected both with MALDI-IMS and IHC suggesting that a single amino acid alteration at the C-terminus of Aβ results in drastic distribution changes. These results suggest that MALDI-IMS could be used as a standard approach in combination with clinical, genetic, and pathological observations in understanding the pathology of AD and CAA.
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75
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Di Battista AM, Heinsinger NM, Rebeck GW. Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Risk Factor APOE-ε4 Also Affects Normal Brain Function. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 13:1200-1207. [PMID: 27033053 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666160401115127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
APOE-ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is associated with an increase in the levels of amyloid deposition and an early age of onset. Recent data demonstrate that AD pathological changes occur decades before clinical symptoms, raising questions about the precise onset of the disease. Now a convergence of approaches in mice and humans has demonstrated that APOE-ε4 affects normal brain function even very early in life in the absence of gross AD pathological changes. Normal mice expressing APOE4 have task-specific spatial learning deficits, as well as reduced NMDAR-dependent signaling and structural changes to presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments in neurons, particularly in hippocampal regions. Young humans possessing APOE-ε4 are more adept than APOE-ε4 negative individuals at some behavioral tasks, and functional magnetic resonance imaging has shown that inheritance of APOE-ε4 has specific effects on medial temporal brain activities. These findings suggest that inheritance of APOE-ε4 causes life long changes to the brain that may be related to the late risk of AD. Several possible mechanisms of how APOE-ε4 could affect brain neurochemistry, structure, and function are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G William Rebeck
- New Research Building, WP- 13, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20007; USA
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76
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Tai LM, Balu D, Avila-Munoz E, Abdullah L, Thomas R, Collins N, Valencia-Olvera AC, LaDu MJ. EFAD transgenic mice as a human APOE relevant preclinical model of Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1733-1755. [PMID: 28389477 PMCID: PMC5580905 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r076315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Identified in 1993, APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk up to 15-fold compared with APOE3, with APOE2 decreasing AD risk. However, the functional effects of APOE4 on AD pathology remain unclear and, in some cases, controversial. In vivo progress to understand how the human (h)-APOE genotypes affect AD pathology has been limited by the lack of a tractable familial AD-transgenic (FAD-Tg) mouse model expressing h-APOE rather than mouse (m)-APOE. The disparity between m- and h-apoE is relevant for virtually every AD-relevant pathway, including amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and clearance, neuroinflammation, tau pathology, neural plasticity and cerebrovascular deficits. EFAD mice were designed as a temporally useful preclinical FAD-Tg-mouse model expressing the h-APOE genotypes for identifying mechanisms underlying APOE-modulated symptoms of AD pathology. From their first description in 2012, EFAD mice have enabled critical basic and therapeutic research. Here we review insights gleaned from the EFAD mice and summarize future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Evangelina Avila-Munoz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612.
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Zhao J, Davis MD, Martens YA, Shinohara M, Graff-Radford NR, Younkin SG, Wszolek ZK, Kanekiyo T, Bu G. APOE ε4/ε4 diminishes neurotrophic function of human iPSC-derived astrocytes. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2690-2700. [PMID: 28444230 PMCID: PMC5886091 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of the APOE gene encoding apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a strong genetic risk factor for aging-related cognitive decline as well as late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to the common ε3 allele. In the central nervous system, apoE is produced primarily by astrocytes and functions in transporting lipids including cholesterol to support neuronal homeostasis and synaptic integrity. Although mouse models and corresponding primary cells have provided valuable tools for studying apoE isoform-dependent functions, recent studies have shown that human astrocytes have a distinct gene expression profile compare with rodent astrocytes. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from individuals carrying specific gene variants or mutations provide an alternative cellular model more relevant to humans upon differentiation into specific cell types. Thus, we reprogramed human skin fibroblasts from cognitively normal individuals carrying APOE ε3/ε3 or ε4/ε4 genotype to iPSC clones and further differentiated them into neural progenitor cells and then astrocytes. We found that human iPSC-derived astrocytes secreted abundant apoE with apoE4 lipoprotein particles less lipidated compared to apoE3 particles. More importantly, human iPSC-derived astrocytes were capable of promoting neuronal survival and synaptogenesis when co-cultured with iPSC-derived neurons with APOE ε4/ε4 astrocytes less effective in supporting these neurotrophic functions than those with APOE ε3/ε3 genotype. Taken together, our findings demonstrate APOE genotype-dependent effects using human iPSC-derived astrocytes and provide novel evidence that the human iPSC-based model system is a strong tool to explore how apoE isoforms contribute to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Condello C, Stöehr J. Aβ propagation and strains: Implications for the phenotypic diversity in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:191-200. [PMID: 28359847 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to occur, at least in part, by the self-replication and spreading of Aβ and Tau aggregates through a prion mechanism. Evidence now exists that structural variants of Aβ prions can propagate their distinct conformations through template-directed folding of naïve Aβ peptides. This notion implicates that the first self-propagating Aβ assembly to emerge in the brain dictates the conformation, anatomical spread and pace of subsequently formed deposits. It is hypothesized that a prion mechanism defines the molecular basis underlying the diverse clinicopathologic phenotypes observed across the spectrum of AD patients. Thus, distinct AD strains might require further sub-classification based on biochemical and structural characterization of aggregated Aβ. Here, we review the evidence for distinct, self-propagating Aβ strains, and discuss potential cellular mechanisms that might contribute to their manifestation. From this perspective, we also explore the implications of Aβ strains for current FDA-approved medical imaging probes and therapies for amyloid. Ultimately, the discovery of new molecular tools to differentiate Aβ strains and dissect the heterogeneity of AD may lead to the development of more informative diagnostics and strain-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Condello
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jan Stöehr
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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Nikitidou E, Khoonsari PE, Shevchenko G, Ingelsson M, Kultima K, Erlandsson A. Increased Release of Apolipoprotein E in Extracellular Vesicles Following Amyloid-β Protofibril Exposure of Neuroglial Co-Cultures. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:305-321. [PMID: 28826183 PMCID: PMC5676865 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and larger microvesicles, have been implicated to play a role in several conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the EV content mirrors the intracellular environment, it could contribute with important information about ongoing pathological processes and may be a useful source for biomarkers, reflecting the disease progression. The aim of the present study was to analyze the protein content of EVs specifically released from a mixed co-culture of primary astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes treated with synthetic amyloid-β (Aβ42) protofibrils. The EV isolation was performed by ultracentrifugation and validated by transmission electron microscopy. Mass spectrometry analysis of the EV content revealed a total of 807 unique proteins, of which five displayed altered levels in Aβ42 protofibril exposed cultures. The most prominent protein was apolipoprotein E (apoE), and by western blot analysis we could confirm a threefold increase of apoE in EVs from Aβ42 protofibril exposed cells, compared to unexposed cells. Moreover, immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that apoE was primarily situated inside the EVs, whereas immunocytochemistry indicated that the EVs most likely derived from the astrocytes and the neurons in the culture. The identified Aβ-induced sorting of apoE into EVs from cultured neuroglial cells suggests a possible role for intercellular transfer of apoE in AD pathology and encourage future studies to fully elucidate the clinical relevance of this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Nikitidou
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Payam Emami Khoonsari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ganna Shevchenko
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, AnalyticalChemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Boehm-Cagan A, Bar R, Harats D, Shaish A, Levkovitz H, Bielicki JK, Johansson JO, Michaelson DM. Differential Effects of apoE4 and Activation of ABCA1 on Brain and Plasma Lipoproteins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166195. [PMID: 27824936 PMCID: PMC5100931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the leading genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), is less lipidated compared to the most common and AD-benign allele, apoE3. We have recently shown that i.p. injections of the ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) agonist peptide CS-6253 to apoE mice reverse the hypolipidation of apoE4 and the associated brain pathology and behavioral deficits. While in the brain apoE is the main cholesterol transporter, in the periphery apoE and apoA-I both serve as the major cholesterol transporters. We presently investigated the extent to which apoE genotype and CS-6253 treatment to apoE3 and apoE4-targeted replacement mice affects the plasma levels and lipid particle distribution of apoE, and those of plasma and brain apoA-I and apoJ. This revealed that plasma levels of apoE4 were lower and eluted faster following FPLC than plasma apoE3. Treatment with CS-6253 increased the levels of plasma apoE4 and rendered the elution profile of apoE4 similar to that of apoE3. Similarly, the levels of plasma apoA-I were lower in the apoE4 mice compared to apoE3 mice, and this effect was partially reversed by CS-6253. Conversely, the levels of apoA-I in the brain which were higher in the apoE4 mice, were unaffected by CS-6253. The plasma levels of apoJ were higher in apoE4 mice than apoE3 mice and this effect was abolished by CS-6253. Similar but less pronounced effects were obtained in the brain. In conclusion, these results suggest that apoE4 affects the levels of apoA-I and apoJ and that the anti-apoE4 beneficial effects of CS-6253 may be related to both central and peripheral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Boehm-Cagan
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Roni Bar
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
| | - Hana Levkovitz
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
| | - John K. Bielicki
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
| | - Jan O. Johansson
- Artery Therapeutics, Inc. San Ramon, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Michaelson
- The Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- * E-mail:
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81
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Thomas R, Zuchowska P, Morris AWJ, Marottoli FM, Sunny S, Deaton R, Gann PH, Tai LM. Epidermal growth factor prevents APOE4 and amyloid-beta-induced cognitive and cerebrovascular deficits in female mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:111. [PMID: 27788676 PMCID: PMC5084423 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular (CV) dysfunction is emerging as a critical component of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including altered CV coverage. Angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) are key for controlling CV coverage, especially during disease pathology. Therefore, evaluating the effects of AGFs in vivo can provide important information on the role of CV coverage in AD. We recently demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) prevents amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced damage to brain endothelial cells in vitro. Here, our goal was to assess the protective effects of EGF on cognition, CV coverage and Aβ levels using an AD-Tg model that incorporates CV relevant AD risk factors. APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD especially in women and is associated with CV dysfunction. EFAD mice express human APOE3 (E3FAD) or APOE4 (E4FAD), overproduce human Aβ42 and are a well characterized model of APOE pathology. Thus, initially the role of APOE and sex in cognitive and CV dysfunction was assessed in EFAD mice in order to identify a group for EGF treatment. At 8 months E4FAD female mice were cognitively impaired, had low CV coverage, high microbleeds and low plasma EGF levels. Therefore, E4FAD female mice were selected for an EGF prevention paradigm (300 μg/kg/wk, 6 to 8.5 months). EGF prevented cognitive decline and was associated with lower microbleeds and higher CV coverage, but not changes in Aβ levels. Collectively, these data suggest that EGF can prevent Aβ-induced damage to the CV. Developing therapeutic strategies based on AGFs may be particularly efficacious for APOE4-induced AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Paulina Zuchowska
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Alan W. J. Morris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Felecia M. Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Sangeeta Sunny
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core (RHTIC), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Ryan Deaton
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core (RHTIC), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Peter H. Gann
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core (RHTIC), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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82
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Ayyadevara S, Balasubramaniam M, Parcon PA, Barger SW, Griffin WST, Alla R, Tackett AJ, Mackintosh SG, Petricoin E, Zhou W, Shmookler Reis RJ. Proteins that mediate protein aggregation and cytotoxicity distinguish Alzheimer's hippocampus from normal controls. Aging Cell 2016; 15:924-39. [PMID: 27448508 PMCID: PMC5013017 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are distinguished by characteristic protein aggregates initiated by disease‐specific ‘seed’ proteins; however, roles of other co‐aggregated proteins remain largely unexplored. Compact hippocampal aggregates were purified from Alzheimer's and control‐subject pools using magnetic‐bead immunoaffinity pulldowns. Their components were fractionated by electrophoretic mobility and analyzed by high‐resolution proteomics. Although total detergent‐insoluble aggregates from Alzheimer's and controls had similar protein content, within the fractions isolated by tau or Aβ1–42 pulldown, the protein constituents of Alzheimer‐derived aggregates were more abundant, diverse, and post‐translationally modified than those from controls. Tau‐ and Aβ‐containing aggregates were distinguished by multiple components, and yet shared >90% of their protein constituents, implying similar accretion mechanisms. Alzheimer‐specific protein enrichment in tau‐containing aggregates was corroborated for individuals by three analyses. Five proteins inferred to co‐aggregate with tau were confirmed by precise in situ methods, including proximity ligation amplification that requires co‐localization within 40 nm. Nematode orthologs of 21 proteins, which showed Alzheimer‐specific enrichment in tau‐containing aggregates, were assessed for aggregation‐promoting roles in C. elegans by RNA‐interference ‘knockdown’. Fifteen knockdowns (71%) rescued paralysis of worms expressing muscle Aβ, and 12 (57%) rescued chemotaxis disrupted by neuronal Aβ expression. Proteins identified in compact human aggregates, bound by antibody to total tau, were thus shown to play causal roles in aggregation based on nematode models triggered by Aβ1–42. These observations imply shared mechanisms driving both types of aggregation, and/or aggregate‐mediated cross‐talk between tau and Aβ. Knowledge of protein components that promote protein accrual in diverse aggregate types implicates common mechanisms and identifies novel targets for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ayyadevara
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Balasubramaniam
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- BioInformatics Program University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Paul A. Parcon
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Steven W. Barger
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - W. Sue T. Griffin
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Ramani Alla
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Samuel G. Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine George Mason University Manassas VA 20110 USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine George Mason University Manassas VA 20110 USA
| | - Robert J. Shmookler Reis
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
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83
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Uchoa MF, Moser VA, Pike CJ. Interactions between inflammation, sex steroids, and Alzheimer's disease risk factors. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 43:60-82. [PMID: 27651175 PMCID: PMC5123957 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder for which there are no effective strategies to prevent or slow its progression. Because AD is multifactorial, recent research has focused on understanding interactions among the numerous risk factors and mechanisms underlying the disease. One mechanism through which several risk factors may be acting is inflammation. AD is characterized by chronic inflammation that is observed before clinical onset of dementia. Several genetic and environmental risk factors for AD increase inflammation, including apolipoprotein E4, obesity, and air pollution. Additionally, sex steroid hormones appear to contribute to AD risk, with age-related losses of estrogens in women and androgens in men associated with increased risk. Importantly, sex steroid hormones have anti-inflammatory actions and can interact with several other AD risk factors. This review examines the individual and interactive roles of inflammation and sex steroid hormones in AD, as well as their relationships with the AD risk factors apolipoprotein E4, obesity, and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F Uchoa
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - V Alexandra Moser
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christian J Pike
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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84
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Devassy JG, Leng S, Gabbs M, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxylipins in Neuroinflammation and Management of Alzheimer Disease. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:905-16. [PMID: 27633106 PMCID: PMC5015035 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is becoming one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative conditions worldwide. Although the disease progression is becoming better understood, current medical interventions can only ameliorate some of the symptoms but cannot slow disease progression. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the advancement of this disorder, and n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in both the reduction in and resolution of inflammation. These effects may be mediated by the anti-inflammatory and proresolving effects of bioactive lipid mediators (oxylipins) derived from n-3 PUFAs [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] in fish oil. Although interventions have generally used fish oil containing both EPA and DHA, several studies that used either EPA or DHA alone or specific oxylipins derived from these fatty acids indicate that they have distinct effects. Both DHA and EPA can reduce neuroinflammation and cognitive decline, but EPA positively influences mood disorders, whereas DHA maintains normal brain structure. Fewer studies with a plant-derived n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid, suggest that other n-3 PUFAs and their oxylipins also may positively affect AD. Further research identifying the unique anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties of oxylipins from individual n-3 PUFAs will enable the discovery of novel disease-management strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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85
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Yamazaki Y, Painter MM, Bu G, Kanekiyo T. Apolipoprotein E as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Basic Research and Clinical Evidence. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:773-89. [PMID: 27328687 PMCID: PMC5526196 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive cognitive decline. The majority of AD cases are sporadic and late-onset (>65 years old) making it the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. While both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of late-onset AD (LOAD), APOE polymorphism is a major genetic risk determinant for LOAD. In humans, the APOE gene has three major allelic variants: ε2, ε3, and ε4, of which APOE ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for LOAD, whereas APOE ε2 is protective. Mounting evidence suggests that APOE ε4 contributes to AD pathogenesis through multiple pathways including facilitated amyloid-β deposition, increased tangle formation, synaptic dysfunction, exacerbated neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular defects. Since APOE modulates multiple biological processes through its corresponding protein apolipoprotein E (apoE), APOE gene and apoE properties have been a promising target for therapy and drug development against AD. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding how the APOE ε4 allele contributes to the pathogenesis of AD and how relevant therapeutic approaches can be developed to target apoE-mediated pathways in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Meghan M Painter
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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86
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Guillot-Sestier MV, Doty KR, Town T. Innate Immunity Fights Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2016; 38:674-681. [PMID: 26549882 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia. Pathognomonic accumulation of cerebral β-amyloid plaques likely results from imbalanced production and removal of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. In AD, innate immune cells lose their ability to restrict cerebral Aβ accumulation. At least in principle, mononuclear phagocytes can be enlisted to clear Aβ/β-amyloid from the brain. While the classical focus has been on dampening neuroinflammation in the context of AD, we hypothesize that rebalancing cerebral innate immunity by inhibiting actions of key anti-inflammatory cytokines returns the brain to a physiological state. Recent experiments demonstrating beneficial effects of blocking anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling in preclinical mouse models provide supportive evidence. This concept represents an important step toward innate immune-targeted therapy to combat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Victoire Guillot-Sestier
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Room 337, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA
| | - Kevin R Doty
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Room 337, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA
| | - Terrence Town
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Room 337, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA.
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Lee SM, Chung M, Hyeon JW, Jeong SW, Ju YR, Kim H, Lee J, Kim S, An SSA, Cho SB, Lee YS, Kim SY. Genomic Characteristics of Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients with V180I Mutation and Associations with Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157540. [PMID: 27341347 PMCID: PMC4920420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited prion diseases (IPDs), including genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD), account for 10–15% of cases of prion diseases and are associated with several pathogenic mutations, including P102L, V180I, and E200K, in the prion protein gene (PRNP). The valine to isoleucine substitution at codon 180 (V180I) of PRNP is the most common pathogenic mutation causing gCJD in East Asian patients. In this study, we conducted follow-up analyses to identify candidate factors and their associations with disease onset. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of five gCJD patients with V180I mutation and 145 healthy individuals were used to identify genomic differences. A total of 18,648,850 candidate variants were observed in only the patient group, 29 of them were validated as variants. Four of these validated variants were nonsense mutations, six were observed in genes directly or indirectly related to neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), such as LPA, LRRK2, and FGF20. More than half of validated variants were categorized in Gene Ontology (GO) terms of binding and/or catalytic activity. Moreover, we found differential genome variants in gCJD patients with V180I mutation, including one uniquely surviving 10 years after diagnosis of the disease. Elucidation of the relationships between gCJD and Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease at the genomic level will facilitate further advances in our understanding of the specific mechanisms mediating the pathogenesis of NDs and gold standard therapies for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Moe Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myungguen Chung
- Division of Bio-Medical Informatics, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- Division of Molecular and Life science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Wook Hyeon
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Seok Won Jeong
- Division of Bio-Medical Informatics, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Young Ran Ju
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sung Beom Cho
- Division of Bio-Medical Informatics, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Yeong Seon Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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88
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Jiang Y, Huang H, Abner E, Broster LS, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Kryscio R, Andersen A, Powell D, Van Eldik L, Gold BT, Nelson PT, Smith C, Ding M. Alzheimer's Biomarkers are Correlated with Brain Connectivity in Older Adults Differentially during Resting and Task States. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:15. [PMID: 26903858 PMCID: PMC4744860 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and tau-related neurodegeneration are pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The utility of AD biomarkers, including those measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in predicting future AD risk and cognitive decline is still being refined. Here, we explored potential relationships between functional connectivity (FC) patterns within the default-mode network (DMN), age, CSF biomarkers (Aβ42 and pTau181), and cognitive status in older adults. Multiple measures of FC were explored, including a novel time series-based measure [total interdependence (TI)]. In our sample of 27 cognitively normal older adults, no significant associations were found between levels of Aβ42 or pTau181 and cognitive scores or regional brain volumes. However, we observed several novel relationships between these biomarkers and measures of FC in DMN during both resting-state and a short-term memory task. First, increased connectivity between bilateral anterior middle temporal gyri was associated with higher levels of CSF Aβ42 and Aβ42/pTau181 ratio (reflecting lower AD risk) during both rest and task. Second, increased bilateral parietal connectivity during the short-term memory task, but not during rest, was associated with higher levels of CSF pTau181 (reflecting higher AD risk). Third, increased connectivity between left middle temporal and left parietal cortices during the active task was associated with decreased global cognitive status but not CSF biomarkers. Lastly, we found that our new TI method was more sensitive to the CSF Aβ42-connectivity relationship whereas the traditional cross-correlation method was more sensitive to levels of CSF pTau181 and cognitive status. With further refinement, resting-state connectivity and task-driven connectivity measures hold promise as non-invasive neuroimaging markers of Aβ and pTau burden in cognitively normal older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; The Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Haiqing Huang
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Erin Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lucas S Broster
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Richard Kryscio
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anders Andersen
- The Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David Powell
- The Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brian T Gold
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; The Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Charles Smith
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; The Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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89
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Talwar P, Sinha J, Grover S, Agarwal R, Kushwaha S, Srivastava MVP, Kukreti R. Meta-analysis of apolipoprotein E levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2015; 360:179-87. [PMID: 26723997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The possible association between Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been studied extensively. However, previous findings have been inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies, seeking to provide insights into ApoE's potential as a biomarker for AD. A systematic literature search of PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and Web of Science was performed to retrieve relevant studies evaluating ApoE levels in CSF from AD subjects and controls. The association between ApoE levels in the CSF and AD was estimated by the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effect model. We identified 24 studies that included 1064AD cases and 1338 non-demented controls. Although the pooled WMD did not indicate a significant association between AD and ApoE levels (-0.30mg/l; 95% CI: -0.69 to 0.09; P=0.13), sub-group analysis controlling for patient sample size (n≥43) revealed significantly lower ApoE levels (WMD: -0.66mg/l; 95% CI: -1.02 to -0.31; P=0.0002) among patients with AD than in controls. Publication bias was absent and sensitivity analysis did not result in any significant change in the pooled estimates, indicating highly stable results. The present meta-analysis indicates the potential of CSF ApoE levels as a predictor of AD association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India; Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Juhi Sinha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India; Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pneumonology-Immunology, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - M V Padma Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India; Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India.
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90
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Gallina P, Scollato A, Conti R, Di Lorenzo N, Porfirio B. Aβ Clearance, "hub" of Multiple Deficiencies Leading to Alzheimer Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:200. [PMID: 26539110 PMCID: PMC4611243 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Gallina
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Antonio Scollato
- Neurosurgery Unit, Head and Neck Department, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti" of Trieste , Cattinara , Italy
| | - Renato Conti
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Nicola Di Lorenzo
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Berardino Porfirio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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91
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Talwar P, Sinha J, Grover S, Rawat C, Kushwaha S, Agarwal R, Taneja V, Kukreti R. Dissecting Complex and Multifactorial Nature of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Clinical, Genomic, and Systems Biology Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4833-64. [PMID: 26351077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. AD can be classified into familial AD (FAD) and sporadic AD (SAD) based on heritability and into early onset AD (EOAD) and late onset AD (LOAD) based on age of onset. LOAD cases are more prevalent with genetically complex architecture. In spite of significant research focused on understanding the etiological mechanisms, search for diagnostic biomarker(s) and disease-modifying therapy is still on. In this article, we aim to comprehensively review AD literature on established etiological mechanisms including role of beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E (APOE) along with promising newer etiological factors such as epigenetic modifications that have been associated with AD suggesting its multifactorial nature. As genomic studies have recently played a significant role in elucidating AD pathophysiology, a systematic review of findings from genome-wide linkage (GWL), genome-wide association (GWA), genome-wide expression (GWE), and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) was conducted. The availability of multi-dimensional genomic data has further coincided with the advent of computational and network biology approaches in recent years. Our review highlights the importance of integrative approaches involving genomics and systems biology perspective in elucidating AD pathophysiology. The promising newer approaches may provide reliable means of early and more specific diagnosis and help identify therapeutic interventions for LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Juhi Sinha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.,Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pneumonology-Immunology, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India. .,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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92
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Differential interaction of Apolipoprotein-E isoforms with insulin receptors modulates brain insulin signaling in mutant human amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13842. [PMID: 26346625 PMCID: PMC4561911 DOI: 10.1038/srep13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how human apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) increases the risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although Aβ levels can lead to insulin signaling impairment, these experiments were done in the absence of human ApoE. To examine ApoE role, we crossed the human ApoE-targeted replacement mice with mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP) mice. In 26 week old mice with lower Aβ levels, the expression and phosphorylation of insulin signaling proteins remained comparable among APP, ApoE3xAPP and ApoE4xAPP mouse brains. When the mice aged to 78 weeks, these proteins were markedly reduced in APP and ApoE4xAPP mouse brains. While Aβ can bind to insulin receptor, how ApoE isoforms modulate this interaction remains unknown. Here, we showed that ApoE3 had greater association with insulin receptor as compared to ApoE4, regardless of Aβ42 concentration. In contrast, ApoE4 bound more Aβ42 with increasing peptide levels. Using primary hippocampal neurons, we showed that ApoE3 and ApoE4 neurons are equally sensitive to physiological levels of insulin. However, in the presence of Aβ42, insulin failed to elicit a downstream response only in ApoE4 hippocampal neurons. Taken together, our data show that ApoE genotypes can modulate this Aβ-mediated insulin signaling impairment.
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93
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Zekonyte J, Sakai K, Nicoll JAR, Weller RO, Carare RO. Quantification of molecular interactions between ApoE, amyloid-beta (Aβ) and laminin: Relevance to accumulation of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:1047-53. [PMID: 26327683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in plaques in the brain and in artery walls as cerebral amyloid angiopathy indicates a failure of elimination of Aβ from the brain with age and Alzheimer's disease. A major pathway for elimination of Aβ and other soluble metabolites from the brain is along basement membranes within the walls of cerebral arteries that represent the lymphatic drainage pathways for the brain. The motive force for the elimination of Aβ along this perivascular pathway appears to be the contrary (reflection) wave that follows the arterial pulse wave. Following injection into brain parenchyma, Aβ rapidly drains out of the brain along basement membranes in the walls of cerebral arteries; such drainage is impaired in apolipoprotein E ε4 (ApoE4) mice. For drainage of Aβ to occur in a direction contrary to the pulse wave, some form of attachment to basement membrane would be required to prevent reflux of Aβ back into the brain during the passage of the subsequent pulse wave. In this study, we show first that apolipoprotein E co-localizes with Aβ in basement membrane drainage pathways in the walls of arteries. Secondly, we show by Atomic Force Microscopy that attachment of ApoE4/Aβ complexes to basement membrane laminin is significantly weaker than ApoE3/Aβ complexes. These results suggest that perivascular elimination of ApoE4/Aβ complexes would be less efficient than with other isoforms of apolipoprotein E, thus endowing a higher risk for Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic correction for ApoE4/Aβ/laminin interactions may increase the efficiency of elimination of Aβ in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgita Zekonyte
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Kenji Sakai
- Department of Neurology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Roy O Weller
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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94
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Bruggink KA, Kuiperij HB, Gloerich J, Otte-Höller I, Rozemuller AJM, Claassen JAHR, Küsters B, Verbeek MM. Dickkopf-related protein 3 is a potential Aβ-associated protein in Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1152-62. [PMID: 26119087 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the most prominent protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD) senile plaques. In addition, Aβ interacts with a variety of Aβ-associated proteins (AAPs), some of which can form complexes with Aβ and influence its clearance, aggregation or toxicity. Identification of novel AAPs may shed new light on the pathophysiology of AD and the metabolic fate of Aβ. In this study, we aimed to identify new AAPs by searching for proteins that may form soluble complexes with Aβ in CSF, using a proteomics approach. We identified the secreted Wnt pathway protein Dickkopf-related protein 3 (Dkk-3) as a potential Aβ-associated protein. Using immunohistochemistry on human AD brain tissue, we observed that (i) Dkk-3 co-localizes with Aβ in the brain, both in diffuse and classic plaques. (ii) Dkk-3 is expressed in neurons and in blood vessel walls in the brain and (iii) is secreted by leptomeningeal smooth muscle cells in vitro. Finally, measurements using ELISA revealed that (iv) Dkk-3 protein is abundantly present in both cerebrospinal fluid and serum, but its levels are similar in non-demented controls and patients with AD, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Our study demonstrates that Dkk-3 is a hitherto unidentified Aβ-associated protein which, given its relatively high cerebral concentrations and co-localization with Aβ, is potentially involved in AD pathology. In this study, we propose that Dickkopf-related protein-3 (Dkk-3) might be a novel Amyloid-β (Aβ) associated protein. We demonstrate that Dkk-3 is expressed in the brain, especially in vessel walls, and co-localizes with Aβ in senile plaques. Furthermore, Dkk-3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid strongly correlate with Aβ40 levels, but were not suitable to discriminate non-demented controls and patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Bruggink
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolein Gloerich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Proteomics Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Otte-Höller
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A H R Claassen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benno Küsters
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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95
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Tai LM, Ghura S, Koster KP, Liakaite V, Maienschein‐Cline M, Kanabar P, Collins N, Ben‐Aissa M, Lei AZ, Bahroos N, Green SJ, Hendrickson B, Van Eldik LJ, LaDu MJ. APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current landscape, novel data, and future perspective. J Neurochem 2015; 133:465-88. [PMID: 25689586 PMCID: PMC4400246 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic glial activation and neuroinflammation induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. APOE4 is the greatest AD-genetic risk factor; increasing risk up to 12-fold compared to APOE3, with APOE4-specific neuroinflammation an important component of this risk. This editorial review discusses the role of APOE in inflammation and AD, via a literature review, presentation of novel data on Aβ-induced neuroinflammation, and discussion of future research directions. The complexity of chronic neuroinflammation, including multiple detrimental and beneficial effects occurring in a temporal and cell-specific manner, has resulted in conflicting functional data for virtually every inflammatory mediator. Defining a neuroinflammatory phenotype (NIP) is one way to address this issue, focusing on profiling the changes in inflammatory mediator expression during disease progression. Although many studies have shown that APOE4 induces a detrimental NIP in peripheral inflammation and Aβ-independent neuroinflammation, data for APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation are surprisingly limited. We present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (toll-like receptor 4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways. To ultimately develop APOE genotype-specific therapeutics, it is critical that future studies define the dynamic NIP profile and pathways that underlie APOE-modulated chronic neuroinflammation. In this editorial review, we present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (TLR4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways, resulting in an adverse NIP that causes neuronal dysfunction. NIP, Neuroinflammatory phenotype; P.I., pro-inflammatory; A.I., anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kevin P. Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | - Pinal Kanabar
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Manel Ben‐Aissa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Arden Zhengdeng Lei
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Neil Bahroos
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Bill Hendrickson
- UIC Research Resources CenterUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
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96
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Hori Y, Hashimoto T, Nomoto H, Hyman BT, Iwatsubo T. Role of Apolipoprotein E in β-Amyloidogenesis: ISOFORM-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON PROTOFIBRIL TO FIBRIL CONVERSION OF Aβ IN VITRO AND BRAIN Aβ DEPOSITION IN VIVO. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15163-74. [PMID: 25918154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human APOE ϵ4 allele is a strong genetic risk factor of Alzheimer disease. Neuropathological and genetic studies suggested that apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) protein facilitates deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the brain, although the mechanism whereby apoE4 increases amyloid aggregates remains elusive. Here we show that injection of Aβ protofibrils induced Aβ deposition in the brain of APP transgenic mice, suggesting that Aβ protofibrils acted as a seed for aggregation and deposition of Aβ in vivo. Injection of Aβ protofibrils together with apoE3 significantly attenuated Aβ deposition, whereas apoE4 did not have this effect. In vitro assays revealed that the conversion of Aβ protofibrils to fibrils progressed more slowly upon coincubation with apoE2 or apoE3 compared with that with apoE4. Aβ protofibrils complexed with apoE4 were less stable than those with apoE2 or apoE3. These data suggest that the suppression effect of apoE2 or apoE3 on the structural conversion of Aβ protofibrils to fibrils is stronger than those of apoE4, thereby impeding β-amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hori
- From the Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Tadafumi Hashimoto
- From the Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan and the Department of Neurology/Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Hidetoshi Nomoto
- From the Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- the Department of Neurology/Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- From the Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan and
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97
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Yang T, O'Malley TT, Kanmert D, Jerecic J, Zieske LR, Zetterberg H, Hyman BT, Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ. A highly sensitive novel immunoassay specifically detects low levels of soluble Aβ oligomers in human cerebrospinal fluid. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:14. [PMID: 25802556 PMCID: PMC4369838 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyloid β-protein oligomers play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but well-validated assays that routinely detect them in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are just emerging. We sought to confirm and extend a recent study using the Singulex Erenna platform that reported increased mean CSF oligomer levels in AD. METHODS We tested four antibody pairs and chose one pair that was particularly sensitive, using 1C22, our new oligomer-selective monoclonal antibody, for capture. We applied this new assay to extracts of human brain and CSF. RESULTS A combination of 1C22 for capture and 3D6 for detection yielded an Erenna immunoassay with a lower limit of quantification of approximately 0.15 pg/ml that was highly selective for oligomers over monomers and detected a wide size-range of oligomers. Most CSFs we tested had detectable oligomer levels but with a large overlap between AD and controls and a trend for higher mean levels in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than controls. CONCLUSION Aβ oligomers are detectable in most human CSFs, but AD and controls overlap. MCI CSFs may have a modest elevation in mean value by this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Daniel Kanmert
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jasna Jerecic
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9816 Easton Drive, Beverly Hills, CA 90210 USA
| | - Lynn R Zieske
- Singulex, Inc., 1701 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 200, Alameda, CA USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden ; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | | | - Dominic M Walsh
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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98
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Hu J, Liu CC, Chen XF, Zhang YW, Xu H, Bu G. Opposing effects of viral mediated brain expression of apolipoprotein E2 (apoE2) and apoE4 on apoE lipidation and Aβ metabolism in apoE4-targeted replacement mice. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:6. [PMID: 25871773 PMCID: PMC4356137 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human apolipoprotein E (apoE) exists in three major isoforms: apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4. In the brain, apoE is produced mostly by astrocytes and transports cholesterol to neurons via apoE receptors. Among the gene alleles encoding the three isoforms, the APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), whereas APOE2 is protective. ApoE4 confers a gain of toxic function, a loss of neuroprotective function or a combination of both in AD pathogenesis. Given that therapeutic impacts of modulating apoE expression may be isoform-dependent, we sought to investigate the relationship between overexpressing apoE isoform and apoE-related functions in apoE-targeted replacement (TR) mice. Specifically, apoE isoform expression driven by the astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter was built into an adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) vector and injected into the ventricles of postnatal day 2 (P2) apoE3-TR or apoE4-TR mice. Upon confirmation of apoE isoform expression, effects on apoE lipidation and the levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain were assessed. Results AAV8-GFAP-apoE isoforms were specifically expressed in astrocytes throughout all brain regions, which led to overall increased apoE levels in the brain. Viral mediated overexpression of apoE4 in the apoE4-TR background increased poorly-lipidated apoE lipoprotein particles and decreased apoE-associated cholesterol in apoE4-TR mice. Conversely, apoE2 overexpression in apoE4-TR mice enhanced apoE lipidation and associated cholesterol. Furthermore, overexpression of apoE4 elevated the levels of endogenous Aβ, whereas apoE2 overexpression trended to lower endogenous Aβ. Conclusions Overexpression of apoE isoforms induces differential effects in the apoE4-TR background: apoE4 decreases apoE lipidation and enhances Aβ accumulation, whereas apoE2 has the opposite effects. Our findings suggest that increasing apoE2 in APOE4 carriers is a beneficial strategy to treat AD, whereas increasing apoE4 in APOE4 carriers is likely harmful. We have also established novel methods to express apoE isoforms in mouse brain to study apoE-related pathways in AD and related dementia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0001-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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99
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Liu DS, Pan XD, Zhang J, Shen H, Collins NC, Cole AM, Koster KP, Ben Aissa M, Dai XM, Zhou M, Tai LM, Zhu YG, LaDu M, Chen XC. APOE4 enhances age-dependent decline in cognitive function by down-regulating an NMDA receptor pathway in EFAD-Tg mice. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:7. [PMID: 25871877 PMCID: PMC4391134 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes progressive loss of memory and cognition, exacerbated by APOE4, the greatest genetic risk factor for AD. One proposed mechanism for apolipoprotein E (apoE) effects on cognition is via NMDAR-dependent signaling. APOE genotype-specific effects on this pathway were dissected using EFAD-transgenic (Tg) mice (5xFAD mice, that over-express human amyloid-beta (Aβ) via 5 familial-AD (FAD) mutations, and express human apoE), and 5xFAD/APOE-knockout (KO) mice. Previous data from EFAD-Tg mice demonstrate age-dependent (2-6 months), apoE-specific effects on the development of Aβ pathology. This study tests the hypothesis that apoE4 impairs cognition via modulation of NMDAR-dependent signaling, specifically via a loss of function by comparison of E4FAD mice with 5xFAD/APOE-KO mice, E3FAD and E2FAD mice. Results Using female E2FAD, E3FAD, E4FAD and 5xFAD/APOE-KO mice aged 2-, 4-, and 6-months, the Y-maze and Morris water maze behavioral tests were combined with synaptic protein levels as markers of synaptic viability. The results demonstrate a greater age-induced deficit in cognition and reduction in PSD95, drebrin and NMDAR subunits in the E4FAD and 5xFAD/APOE-KO mice compared with E2FAD and E3FAD mice, consistent with an apoE4 loss of function. Interestingly, for NMDAR-mediated signaling, the levels of p-CaMK-II followed this same apoE-specific pattern as cognition, while the levels of p-CREB and BDNF demonstrate an apoE4 toxic gain of function: E2FAD > E3FAD > 5xFAD/APOE-KO > E4FAD. Conclusion These findings suggest that compared with E2FAD and E3FAD, E4FAD and 5xFAD/APOE-KO mice exhibit enhanced age-induced reductions in cognition and key synaptic proteins via down-regulation of an NMDAR signaling pathway, consistent with an apoE4 loss of function. However, levels of p-CREB and BDNF, signaling factors common to multiple pathways, suggest a gain of toxic function. Publications in this field present contradictory results as to whether APOE4 imparts a loss or gain of function. As with the results reported herein, the overall effect of APOE4 on a given CNS-specific measure will be the product of multiple overlapping mechanisms. Thus, caution remains critical in determining whether APOE gene inactivation or therapies that correct the loss of positive function related to apoE4, are the appropriate therapeutic response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0002-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system. APOE-dependent alterations of the endocytic pathway can affect different functions. APOE binds to cell-surface receptors to deliver lipids and to the hydrophobic amyloid-β peptide, regulating amyloid-β aggregations and clearances in the brain. Several APOE isoforms with major structural differences were discovered and shown to influence the brain lipid transport, glucose metabolism, neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function. This review will summarize the updated research progress on APOE functions and its role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, vascular dementia, and ischemic stroke. Understanding the mutations in APOE, their structural properties, and their isoforms is important to determine its role in various diseases and to advance the development of therapeutic strategies. Targeting APOE may be a potential approach for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of various neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine in Seoul National Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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