51
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Okusha Y, Eguchi T, Sogawa C, Okui T, Nakano K, Okamoto K, Kozaki K. The intranuclear PEX domain of MMP involves proliferation, migration, and metastasis of aggressive adenocarcinoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7363-7376. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry andPharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry andPharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Ken‐Ichi Kozaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
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Alameddine HS, Morgan JE. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases in Inflammation and Fibrosis of Skeletal Muscles. J Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 3:455-473. [PMID: 27911334 PMCID: PMC5240616 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-160183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In skeletal muscles, levels and activity of Matrix MetalloProteinases (MMPs) and Tissue Inhibitors of MetalloProteinases (TIMPs) have been involved in myoblast migration, fusion and various physiological and pathological remodeling situations including neuromuscular diseases. This has opened perspectives for the use of MMPs' overexpression to improve the efficiency of cell therapy in muscular dystrophies and resolve fibrosis. Alternatively, inhibition of individual MMPs in animal models of muscular dystrophies has provided evidence of beneficial, dual or adverse effects on muscle morphology or function. We review here the role played by MMPs/TIMPs in skeletal muscle inflammation and fibrosis, two major hurdles that limit the success of cell and gene therapy. We report and analyze the consequences of genetic or pharmacological modulation of MMP levels on the inflammation of skeletal muscles and their repair in light of experimental findings. We further discuss how the interplay between MMPs/TIMPs levels, cytokines/chemokines, growth factors and permanent low-grade inflammation favor cellular and molecular modifications resulting in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala S Alameddine
- Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jennifer E Morgan
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK
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da Silva LP, Jha AK, Correlo VM, Marques AP, Reis RL, Healy KE. Gellan Gum Hydrogels with Enzyme-Sensitive Biodegradation and Endothelial Cell Biorecognition Sites. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29388392 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The survival of a biomaterial or tissue engineered construct is mainly hampered by the deficient microcirculation in its core, and limited nutrients and oxygen availability to the implanted or colonizing host cells. Aiming to address these issues, we herein propose bioresponsive gellan gum (GG) hydrogels that are biodegradable by metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and enable endothelial cells adhesion and proliferation. GG is chemically functionalized with divinyl sulfone (DVS) and then biofunctionalized with thiol cell-adhesive peptides (T1 or C16) to confer GG endothelial cell biorecognition cues. Biodegradable hydrogels are then formed by Michael type addition of GGDVS or/and peptide-functionalized GGDVS with a dithiol peptide crosslinker sensitive to MMP-1. The mechanical properties (6 to 5580 Pa), swelling (17 to 11), MMP-1-driven degradation (up to 70%), and molecules diffusion coefficients of hydrogels are tuned by increasing the polymer amount and crosslinking density. Human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells depict a polarized elongated morphology when encapsulated within T1-containing hydrogels, in contrast to the round morphology observed in C16-containing hydrogels. Cell organization is favored as early as 1 d of cell culture within the T1-modified hydrogels with higher concentration of peptide, while cell proliferation is higher in T1-modified hydrogels with higher modulus. In conclusion, biodegradable and bioresponsive GGDVS hydrogels are promising endothelial cell responsive materials that can be used for vascularization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucília P. da Silva
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials; Biodegradables and Biomimetics; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; University of Minho; Avepark Barco 4805-017 Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057/4806-909 Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-1762 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-1760 USA
| | - Amit K. Jha
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-1762 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-1760 USA
| | - Vitor M. Correlo
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials; Biodegradables and Biomimetics; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; University of Minho; Avepark Barco 4805-017 Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057/4806-909 Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine; Headquarters at University of Minho; Avepark, Barco 4805-017 Guimarães Portugal
| | - Alexandra P. Marques
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials; Biodegradables and Biomimetics; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; University of Minho; Avepark Barco 4805-017 Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057/4806-909 Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine; Headquarters at University of Minho; Avepark, Barco 4805-017 Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials; Biodegradables and Biomimetics; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; University of Minho; Avepark Barco 4805-017 Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057/4806-909 Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine; Headquarters at University of Minho; Avepark, Barco 4805-017 Guimarães Portugal
| | - Kevin E. Healy
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-1762 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-1760 USA
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Liakouli V, Cipriani P, Di Benedetto P, Ruscitti P, Carubbi F, Berardicurti O, Panzera N, Giacomelli R. The role of extracellular matrix components in angiogenesis and fibrosis: Possible implication for Systemic Sclerosis. Mod Rheumatol 2018; 28:922-932. [DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2018.1431004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Liakouli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Cipriani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Di Benedetto
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Carubbi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Onorina Berardicurti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Noemi Panzera
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Boehme KA, Schleicher SB, Traub F, Rolauffs B. Chondrosarcoma: A Rare Misfortune in Aging Human Cartilage? The Role of Stem and Progenitor Cells in Proliferation, Malignant Degeneration and Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010311. [PMID: 29361725 PMCID: PMC5796255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other malignant bone tumors including osteosarcomas and Ewing sarcomas with a peak incidence in adolescents and young adults, conventional and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas mainly affect people in the 4th to 7th decade of life. To date, the cell type of chondrosarcoma origin is not clearly defined. However, it seems that mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPC) in the bone marrow facing a pro-proliferative as well as predominantly chondrogenic differentiation milieu, as is implicated in early stage osteoarthritis (OA) at that age, are the source of chondrosarcoma genesis. But how can MSPC become malignant? Indeed, only one person in 1,000,000 will develop a chondrosarcoma, whereas the incidence of OA is a thousandfold higher. This means a rare coincidence of factors allowing escape from senescence and apoptosis together with induction of angiogenesis and migration is needed to generate a chondrosarcoma. At early stages, chondrosarcomas are still assumed to be an intermediate type of tumor which rarely metastasizes. Unfortunately, advanced stages show a pronounced resistance both against chemo- and radiation-therapy and frequently metastasize. In this review, we elucidate signaling pathways involved in the genesis and therapeutic resistance of chondrosarcomas with a focus on MSPC compared to signaling in articular cartilage (AC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Boehme
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine B Schleicher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Children's Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Traub
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Fahmy-Garcia S, van Driel M, Witte-Buoma J, Walles H, van Leeuwen JPTM, van Osch GJVM, Farrell E. NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 Enhance Migration and Vasculogenesis, But Not Osteogenic Differentiation Compared to BMP2. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:207-218. [PMID: 28463604 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, autografts still represent the gold standard treatment for the repair of large bone defects. However, these are associated with donor-site morbidity and increased pain, cost, and recovery time. The ideal therapy would use biomaterials combined with bone growth factors to induce and instruct bone defect repair without the need to harvest patient tissue. In this line, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been the most extensively used agents for clinical bone repair, but at supraphysiological doses that are not without risk. Because of the need to eliminate the risks of BMP2 use in vivo, we assessed the ability of three putative osteogenic factors, nel-like molecule type 1 (NELL-1), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and CCN2, to enhance the essential processes for bone defect repair in vitro and compared them to BMP2. Although it has been reported that NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 play a role in bone formation, less is known about the contribution of these proteins to the different events involved, such as cell migration, osteogenesis, and vasculogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of different doses of NELL-1, HMGB, CCN2, and BMP2 on these three processes as a model for the recruitment and differentiation of resident cells in the in vivo bone defect repair situation, using cells of human origin. Our data demonstrated that NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 significantly induced mesenchymal stem cell migration (from 1.58-fold increase compared to control), but BMP2 did not. Interestingly, only BMP2 increased osteogenesis in marrow stromal cells, whereas it inhibited osteogenesis in preosteoblasts. Moreover, the four proteins studied promoted significantly endothelial cell migration, reaching a maximum of 2.4-fold increase compared to control, and induced formation of tube-like structures. NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 had these effects at relatively low doses compared to BMP2. This work indicates that NELL-1, HMGB1, and CCN2 might enhance bone defect healing via the recruitment of endogenous cells and induction of vascularization and act via different processes than BMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke Witte-Buoma
- 3 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Walles
- 4 Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam, The Netherlands .,5 Otorhinolaryngology Department, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- 3 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhao D, Xue C, Li Q, Liu M, Ma W, Zhou T, Lin Y. Substrate stiffness regulated migration and angiogenesis potential of A549 cells and HUVECs. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3407-3417. [PMID: 28940499 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor tissue tends to stiffen during solid tumor progression. Substrate stiffness is known to alter cell behaviors, such as proliferation and migration, during which angiogenesis is requisite. Mono- and co-culture systems of lung cancer cell line A549 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), on polydimethylsiloxane substrates (PDMS) with varying stiffness, were used for investigating the effects of substrate stiffness on the migration and angiogenesis of lung cancer. The expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and angiogenesis-related growth factors were up-regulated with the increase of substrate stiffness, whereas that of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMPs) were down-regulated with increasing substrate stiffness. Our data not only suggested that stiff substrate may promote the migration and angiogenesis capacities of lung cancer, but also suggested that therapeutically targeting lung tumor stiffness or response of ECs to lung tumor stiffness may help reduce migration and angiogenesis of lung tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Changyue Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qianshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Takigawa M. An early history of CCN2/CTGF research: the road to CCN2 via hcs24, ctgf, ecogenin, and regenerin. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:253-264. [PMID: 29076115 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal aim of this historical review is to present the processes by which the different aspects of CCN2/CTGF/Hcs24 were discovered by different groups and how much CCN2/CTGF, by being integrated into CCN family, has contributed to the establishment of the basic concepts regarding the role and functions of this new class of proteins. This review should be particularly useful to new investigators who have recently entered this exciting field of study and also provides a good opportunity to acknowledge the input of those individuals who participated in the development of this scientific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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59
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Nuglozeh E. Connective Tissue Growth Factor Transgenic Mouse Develops Cardiac Hypertrophy, Lean Body Mass and Alopecia. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:GC01-GC05. [PMID: 28892929 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/28158.10284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) is one of the six members of cysteine-rich, heparin-binding proteins, secreted as modular protein and recognised to play a major function in cell processes such as adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation as well as chondrogenesis, skeletogenesis, angiogenesis and wound healing. The capacity of CTGF to interact with different growth factors lends an important role during early and late development, especially in the anterior region of the embryo. CTGF Knockout (KO) mice have several craniofacial defects and bone miss shaped due to an impairment of the vascular system development during chondrogenesis. AIM The aim of the study was to establish an association between multiple modular functions of CTGF and the phenotype and cardiovascular functions in transgenic mouse. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bicistronic cassette was constructed using pIRES expressing vector (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). The construct harbours mouse cDNA in tandem with LacZ cDNA as a reporter gene under the control of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The plasmid was linearised with NotI restriction enzyme, and 50 ng of linearised plasmid was injected into mouse pronucleus for the chimaera production. Immunohistochemical methods were used to assess the colocalisation renin and CTGF as well as morphology and rheology of the cardiovascular system. RESULTS The chimeric mice were backcrossed against the wild-type C57BL/6 to generate hemizygous (F1) mouse. Most of the offsprings died as a result of respiratory distress and those that survived have low CTGF gene copy number, approximately 40 molecules per mouse genome. The copy number assessment on the dead pups showed 5×103 molecules per mouse genome explaining the threshold of the gene in terms of toxicity. Interestingly, the result of this cross showed 85% of the progenies to be positive deviating from Mendelian first law. All F2 progenies died excluding the possibility of establishing the CTGF transgenic mouse line, situation that compelled us to work at the level of hemizygosity. The histological characterisation of left ventricle shows cardiac hypertrophy together with decrease in body mass and alopecia, this compared to the wild type. The immunohistochemical staining of aorta root showed hyperplasia with increased expression and colocalisation of renin and CTGF demonstrating that CTGF may be involved in vascular tone control. CONCLUSION Genetic engineering is a noble avenue to investigate the function of new or existing genes. Our data have shown that CTGF transgenic mouse has cardiac and aorta root hypertrophy and abnormal renin accumulation in aorta root as compared to the wild-type animals. The transgenic animals developed alopecia and lean body mass adding two new functions on pre-existing CTGF multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edem Nuglozeh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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George J, Tsutsumi M, Tsuchishima M. MMP-13 deletion decreases profibrogenic molecules and attenuates N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced liver injury and fibrosis in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3821-3835. [PMID: 28782260 PMCID: PMC5706575 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is involved in inflammation, pathogenesis and progression of liver fibrosis. Matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13) cleaves CTGF and releases several fragments, which are more potent than the parent molecule to induce fibrosis. The current study was aimed to elucidate the significance of MMP‐13 and CTGF and their downstream effects in liver injury and fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis was induced using intraperitoneal injections of N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in doses of 10 μg/g body weight on three consecutive days of each week over a period of 4 weeks in both wild‐type (WT) and MMP‐13 knockout mice. Administration of NDMA resulted in marked elevation of AST, ALT, TGF‐β1 and hyaluronic acid in the serum and activation of stellate cells, massive necrosis, deposition of collagen fibres and increase in total collagen in the liver of WT mice with a significant decrease in MMP‐13 knockout mice. Protein and mRNA levels of CTGF, TGF‐β1, α‐SMA and type I collagen and the levels of MMP‐2, MMP‐9 and cleaved products of CTGF were markedly increased in NDMA‐treated WT mice compared to the MMP‐13 knockout mice. Blocking of MMP‐13 with CL‐82198 in hepatic stellate cell cultures resulted in marked decrease of the staining intensity of CTGF as well as protein levels of full‐length CTGF and its C‐terminal fragments and active TGF‐β1. The data demonstrate that MMP‐13 and CTGF play a crucial role in modulation of fibrogenic mediators and promote hepatic fibrogenesis. Furthermore, the study suggests that blocking of MMP‐13 and CTGF has potential therapeutic implications to arrest liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph George
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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Levin M, Udi Y, Solomonov I, Sagi I. Next generation matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors - Novel strategies bring new prospects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [PMID: 28636874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic proteolysis of cell surface proteins and extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for tissue homeostasis and cell signaling. These proteolytic activities are mediated predominantly by a family of proteases termed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The growing evidence in recent years that ECM and non-ECM bioactive molecules (e.g., growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, on top of matrikines and matricryptins) have versatile functions redefines our view on the roles matrix remodeling enzymes play in many physiological and pathological processes, and underscores the notion that ECM proteolytic reaction mechanisms represent master switches in the regulation of critical biological processes and govern cell behavior. Accordingly, MMPs are not only responsible for direct degradation of ECM molecules but are also key modulators of cardinal bioactive factors. Many attempts were made to manipulate ECM degradation by targeting MMPs using small peptidic and organic inhibitors. However, due to the high structural homology shared by these enzymes, the majority of the developed compounds are broad-spectrum inhibitors affecting the proteolytic activity of various MMPs and other zinc-related proteases. These inhibitors, in many cases, failed as therapeutic agents, mainly due to the bilateral role of MMPs in pathological conditions such as cancer, in which MMPs have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects. Despite the important role of MMPs in many human diseases, none of the broad-range synthetic MMP inhibitors that were designed have successfully passed clinical trials. It appears that, designing highly selective MMP inhibitors that are also effective in vivo, is not trivial. The challenges related to designing selective and effective metalloprotease inhibitors, are associated in part with the aforesaid high structural homology and the dynamic nature of their protein scaffolds. Great progress was achieved in the last decade in understanding the biochemistry and biology of MMPs activity. This knowledge, combined with lessons from the past has drawn new "boundaries" for the development of the next-generation MMP inhibitors. These novel agents are currently designed to be highly specific, capable to discriminate between the homologous MMPs and ideally administered as a short-term topical treatment. In this review we discuss the latest progress in the fields of MMP inhibitors in terms of structure, function and their specific activity. The development of novel highly specific inhibitors targeting MMPs paves the path to study complex biological processes associated with ECM proteolysis in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix Metalloproteinases edited by Rafael Fridman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Levin
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Udi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inna Solomonov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Connective tissue growth factor regulates fibrosis-associated renal lymphangiogenesis. Kidney Int 2017; 92:850-863. [PMID: 28545716 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is correlated with the degree of renal interstitial fibrosis. Pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor β induces VEGF-C production, the main driver of lymphangiogenesis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is an important determinant of fibrotic tissue remodeling, but its possible involvement in lymphangiogenesis has not been explored. We found prominent lymphangiogenesis during tubulointerstitial fibrosis to be associated with increased expression of CTGF and VEGF-C in human obstructed nephropathy as well as in diabetic kidney disease. Using CTGF knockout mice, we investigated the involvement of CTGF in development of fibrosis and associated lymphangiogenesis in obstructive nephropathy. The increase of lymphatic vessels and VEGF-C in obstructed kidneys was significantly reduced in CTGF knockout compared to wild-type mice. Also in mouse kidneys subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, CTGF knockdown was associated with reduced lymphangiogenesis. In vitro, CTGF induced VEGF-C production in HK-2 cells, while CTGF siRNA suppressed transforming growth factor β1-induced VEGF-C upregulation. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that CTGF and VEGF-C directly interact. Interestingly, VEGF-C-induced capillary-like tube formation by human lymphatic endothelial cells was suppressed by full-length CTGF but not by naturally occurring proteolytic CTGF fragments. Thus, CTGF is significantly involved in fibrosis-associated renal lymphangiogenesis through regulation of, and direct interaction with, VEGF-C.
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Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate-Enhanced Marrow Stimulation of Chondral Defects. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1609685. [PMID: 28607559 PMCID: PMC5451778 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1609685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow play a critical role in osteochondral repair. A bone marrow clot forms within the cartilage defect either as a result of marrow stimulation or during the course of the spontaneous repair of osteochondral defects. Mobilized pluripotent MSCs from the subchondral bone migrate into the defect filled with the clot, differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and form a repair tissue over time. The additional application of a bone marrow aspirate (BMA) to the procedure of marrow stimulation is thought to enhance cartilage repair as it may provide both an additional cell population capable of chondrogenesis and a source of growth factors stimulating cartilage repair. Moreover, the BMA clot provides a three-dimensional environment, possibly further supporting chondrogenesis and protecting the subchondral bone from structural alterations. The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap in our understanding between the basic science knowledge on MSCs and BMA and the clinical and technical aspects of marrow stimulation-based cartilage repair by examining available data on the role and mechanisms of MSCs and BMA in osteochondral repair. Implications of findings from both translational and clinical studies using BMA concentrate-enhanced marrow stimulation are discussed.
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64
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Nishida T, Kubota S, Aoyama E, Yamanaka N, Lyons KM, Takigawa M. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment of cultured chondrocytes stimulates production of CCN family protein 2 (CCN2), a protein involved in the regeneration of articular cartilage: mechanism underlying this stimulation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:759-769. [PMID: 27729291 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCN family protein 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) promotes cartilage regeneration in experimental osteoarthritis (OA) models. However, CCN2 production is very low in articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not CCN2 was promoted by cultured chondrocytes treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and to clarify its mechanism. METHODS Human chondrocytic cell line (HCS)-2/8, rat primary epiphyseal and articular cartilage cells, and Ccn2-deficient chondrocytes that impaired chondrocyte differentiation, were treated with LIPUS for 20 min at 3.0 MHz frequency and 60 mW/cm2 power. Expressions of chondrocyte differentiation marker mRNAs were examined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis from HCS-2/8 cells and Ccn2-deficient chondrocytes at 30 min and 1 h after LIPUS treatment, respectively. CCN2 production was examined by Western blotting after 5 h of LIPUS treatment. Moreover, Ca2+ influx was measured by using a Fluo-4 probe. RESULTS The gene expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers and CCN2 production were increased in cultured chondrocytes treated with LIPUS. In addition, Ca2+ influx and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 were increased by LIPUS treatment, and the stability of TRPV4 and BKca channel mRNAs was decreased by siRNA against CCN2. Consistent with those findings, the LIPUS-induced the gene expressions of type II collagen (COL2a1) and Aggrecan (ACAN) observed in wild-type cells were not observed in the Ccn2-deficient chondrocytes. CONCLUSION These data indicate that chondrocyte differentiation represented by CCN2 production was mediated via MAPK pathways activated by LIPUS-stimulated Ca2+ influx, which in turn was supported by the induced CCN2 molecules in articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - S Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan.
| | - E Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan.
| | | | - K M Lyons
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UCLA, CA, USA.
| | - M Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan.
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65
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Shimoda M, Yoshida H, Mizuno S, Hirozane T, Horiuchi K, Yoshino Y, Hara H, Kanai Y, Inoue S, Ishijima M, Okada Y. Hyaluronan-Binding Protein Involved in Hyaluronan Depolymerization Controls Endochondral Ossification through Hyaluronan Metabolism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1162-1176. [PMID: 28284715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) plays an important role in the development and maintenance of tissues, and its degradation is implicated in many pathologic conditions. We recently reported that HA-binding protein involved in HA depolymerization (CEMIP; alias HYBID/KIAA1199) is a key molecule in HA depolymerization, but its developmental and pathologic functions remain elusive. We generated Hybid-deficient mice using the Cre/locus of crossover in P1 (loxP) system and analyzed their phenotypes. Hybid-deficient mice were viable and fertile, but their adult long bones were shorter than those of wild-type animals. Hybid-deficient mice showed lengthening of hypertrophic zone in the growth plate until 4 weeks after birth. There were fewer capillaries and osteoclasts at the chondroosseous junction in the Hybid-deficient mice compared with the wild-type mice. In situ hybridization demonstrated that Hybid was expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes at the chondroosseous junction. Cultured primary chondrocytes expressed higher levels of Hybid than did osteoblasts or osteoclasts, and the Hybid expression in the chondrocytes was up-regulated after maturation to hypertrophic chondrocytes. High-molecular-weight HA was accumulated in the lengthened hypertrophic zone in Hybid-deficient mice. In addition, high-molecular-weight HA significantly reduced cell growth and tube formation in vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated or -nonstimulated endothelial cells. HA metabolism by HYBID is involved in endochondral ossification during postnatal development by modulation of angiogenesis and osteoclast recruitment at the chondroosseous junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Sakiko Mizuno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Hirozane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Inoue
- Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Muneaki Ishijima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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66
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Ercan E, Han JM, Di Nardo A, Winden K, Han MJ, Hoyo L, Saffari A, Leask A, Geschwind DH, Sahin M. Neuronal CTGF/CCN2 negatively regulates myelination in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex. J Exp Med 2017; 214:681-697. [PMID: 28183733 PMCID: PMC5339668 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of myelination during development has been implicated in a range of neurodevelopmental disorders including tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). TSC patients with autism display impairments in white matter integrity. Similarly, mice lacking neuronal Tsc1 have a hypomyelination phenotype. However, the mechanisms that underlie these phenotypes remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that neuronal TSC1/2 orchestrates a program of oligodendrocyte maturation through the regulated secretion of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). We characterize oligodendrocyte maturation both in vitro and in vivo. We find that neuron-specific Tsc1 deletion results in an increase in CTGF secretion that non-cell autonomously stunts oligodendrocyte development and decreases the total number of oligodendrocytes. Genetic deletion of CTGF from neurons, in turn, mitigates the TSC-dependent hypomyelination phenotype. These results show that the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in neurons regulates CTGF production and secretion, revealing a paracrine mechanism by which neuronal signaling regulates oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination in TSC. This study highlights the role of mTOR-dependent signaling between neuronal and nonneuronal cells in the regulation of myelin and identifies an additional therapeutic avenue for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Ercan
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Juliette M Han
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alessia Di Nardo
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kellen Winden
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Min-Joon Han
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Leonie Hoyo
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Afshin Saffari
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andrew Leask
- Department of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 .,Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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67
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Johnson BG, Ren S, Karaca G, Gomez IG, Fligny C, Smith B, Ergun A, Locke G, Gao B, Hayes S, MacDonnell S, Duffield JS. Connective Tissue Growth Factor Domain 4 Amplifies Fibrotic Kidney Disease through Activation of LDL Receptor-Related Protein 6. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:1769-1782. [PMID: 28130402 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016080826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a matrix-associated protein with four distinct cytokine binding domains, has roles in vasculogenesis, wound healing responses, and fibrogenesis and is upregulated in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in disease. Here, we investigated the role of CTGF in fibrogenic cells. In mice, tissue-specific inducible overexpression of CTGF by kidney pericytes and fibroblasts had no bearing on nephrogenesis or kidney homeostasis but exacerbated inflammation and fibrosis after ureteral obstruction. These effects required the WNT receptor LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). Additionally, pericytes isolated from these mice became hypermigratory and hyperproliferative on overexpression of CTGF. CTGF is cleaved in vivo into distinct domains. Treatment with recombinant domain 1, 1+2 (N terminus), or 4 (C terminus) independently activated myofibroblast differentiation and wound healing responses in cultured pericytes, but domain 4 showed the broadest profibrotic activity. Domain 4 exhibited low-affinity binding to LRP6 in in vitro binding assays, and inhibition of LRP6 or critical signaling cascades downstream of LRP6, including JNK and WNT/β-catenin, inhibited the biologic activity of domain 4. Administration of blocking antibodies specifically against CTGF domain 4 or recombinant Dickkopf-related protein-1, an endogenous inhibitor of LRP6, effectively inhibited inflammation and fibrosis associated with ureteral obstruction in vivo Therefore, domain 4 of CTGF and the WNT signaling pathway are important new targets in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce G Johnson
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Shuyu Ren
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts; .,Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Gamze Karaca
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan G Gomez
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Cécile Fligny
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ayla Ergun
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - George Locke
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benbo Gao
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts; .,Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and.,Pathology and.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
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68
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Abstract
Gingival overgrowth occurs mainly as a result of certain anti-seizure, immunosuppressive, or antihypertensive drug therapies. Excess gingival tissues impede oral function and are disfiguring. Effective oral hygiene is compromised in the presence of gingival overgrowth, and it is now recognized that this may have negative implications for the systemic health of affected patients. Recent studies indicate that cytokine balances are abnormal in drug-induced forms of gingival overgrowth. Data supporting molecular and cellular characteristics that distinguish different forms of gingival overgrowth are summarized, and aspects of gingival fibroblast extracellular matrix metabolism that are unique to gingival tissues and cells are reviewed. Abnormal cytokine balances derived principally from lymphocytes and macrophages, and unique aspects of gingival extracellular matrix metabolism, are elements of a working model presented to facilitate our gaining a better understanding of mechanisms and of the tissue specificity of gingival overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Trackman
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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69
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Neutrophils and Granulocytic MDSC: The Janus God of Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030031. [PMID: 27618112 PMCID: PMC5041025 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating blood cell type in humans, and are the first white blood cells recruited at the inflammation site where they orchestrate the initial immune response. Although their presence at the tumor site was recognized in the 1970s, until recently these cells have been neglected and considered to play just a neutral role in tumor progression. Indeed, in recent years neutrophils have been recognized to play a dual role in tumor development by either assisting the growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis or by exerting tumoricidal action directly via the secretion of antitumoral compounds, or indirectly via the orchestration of antitumor immunity. Understanding the biology of these cells and influencing their polarization in the tumor micro- and macro-environment may be the key for the development of new therapeutic strategies, which may finally hold the promise of an effective immunotherapy for cancer.
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70
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Tee YT, Han CP, Ko JL, Chen GD, Yang SF, Chen SC, Tsai HJ, Lin LY, Wang PH. Evaluation of Matrix Metalloproteinase—2 Expression in Cervical Carcinogenesis Using Tissue Array and Integrated Optical Density for Immunoreactivity. Reprod Sci 2016; 14:719-26. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719107307537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Torng Tee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Han
- Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, Clinical Research Center Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, Department of Pathology Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Den Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Chih Chen
- Department of Family Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan
| | - Long-Yau Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan, Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung Taiwan,
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71
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Butler GS, Connor AR, Sounni NE, Eckhard U, Morrison CJ, Noël A, Overall CM. Degradomic and yeast 2-hybrid inactive catalytic domain substrate trapping identifies new membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP14) substrates: CCN3 (Nov) and CCN5 (WISP2). Matrix Biol 2016; 59:23-38. [PMID: 27471094 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the CCN family of matricellular proteins are cytokines linking cells to the extracellular matrix. We report that CCN3 (Nov) and CCN5 (WISP2) are novel substrates of MMP14 (membrane-type 1-matrix metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP) that we identified using MMP14 "inactive catalytic domain capture" (ICDC) as a yeast two-hybrid protease substrate trapping platform in parallel with degradomics mass spectrometry screens for MMP14 substrates. CCN3 and CCN5, previously unknown substrates of MMPs, were biochemically validated as substrates of MMP14 and other MMPs in vitro-CCN5 was processed in the variable region by MMP14 and MMP2, as well as by MMP1, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 15. CCN1, 2 and 3 are proangiogenic factors yet we found novel opposing activity of CCN5 that was potently antiangiogenic in an aortic ring vessel outgrowth model. MMP14, a known regulator of angiogenesis, cleaved CCN5 and abrogated the angiostatic activity. CCN3 was also processed in the variable region by MMP14 and MMP2, and by MMP1, 8 and 9. In addition to the previously reported cleavages of CCN1 and CCN2 by several MMPs we found that MMPs 8, 9, and 1 process CCN1, and MMP8 and MMP9 also process CCN2. Thus, our study reveals additional and pervasive family-wide processing of CCN matricellular proteins/cytokines by MMPs. Furthermore, CCN5 cleavage by proangiogenic MMPs results in removal of an angiogenic brake held by CCN5. This highlights the importance of thorough dissection of MMP substrates that is needed to reveal higher-level control mechanisms beyond type IV collagen and other extracellular matrix protein remodelling in angiogenesis. SUMMARY We find CCN family member cleavage by MMPs is more pervasive than previously reported and includes CCN3 (Nov) and CCN5 (WISP2). CCN5 is a novel antiangiogenic factor, whose function is abrogated by proangiogenic MMP cleavage. By processing CCN proteins, MMPs regulate cell responses angiogenesis in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina S Butler
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrea R Connor
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nor Eddine Sounni
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Charlotte J Morrison
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Agnès Noël
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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72
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Menendez JA, Vellon L, Espinoza I, Lupu R. The metastasis inducer CCN1 (CYR61) activates the fatty acid synthase (FASN)-driven lipogenic phenotype in breast cancer cells. Oncoscience 2016; 3:242-257. [PMID: 27713913 PMCID: PMC5043073 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiogenic inducer CCN1 (Cysteine-rich 61, CYR61) is differentially activated in metastatic breast carcinomas. However, little is known about the precise mechanisms that underlie the pro-metastatic actions of CCN1. Here, we investigated the impact of CCN1 expression on fatty acid synthase (FASN), a metabolic oncogene thought to provide cancer cells with proliferative and survival advantages. Forced expression of CCN1 in MCF-7 cells robustly up-regulated FASN protein expression and also significantly increased FASN gene promoter activity 2- to 3-fold, whereas deletion of the sterol response element-binding protein (SREBP) binding site in the FASN promoter completely abrogated CCN1-driven transcriptional activation. Pharmacological blockade of MAPK or PI-3'K activation similarly prevented the ability of CCN1 to induce FASN gene activation. Pharmacological inhibition of FASN activity with the mycotoxin cerulenin or the small compound C75 reversed CCN1-induced acquisition of estrogen independence and resistance to hormone therapies such as tamoxifen and fulvestrant in anchorage-independent growth assays. This study uncovers FASNdependent endogenous lipogenesis as a new mechanism controlling the metastatic phenotype promoted by CCN1. Because estrogen independence and progression to a metastatic phenotype are hallmarks of therapeutic resistance and mortality in breast cancer, this previously unrecognized CCN1-driven lipogenic phenotype represents a novel metabolic target to clinically manage metastatic disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- ProCURE (Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Luciano Vellon
- IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ingrid Espinoza
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, USA
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73
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Drzewiecka H, Gałęcki B, Jarmołowska-Jurczyszyn D, Kluk A, Dyszkiewicz W, Jagodziński PP. Decreased expression of connective tissue growth factor in non-small cell lung cancer is associated with clinicopathological variables and can be restored by epigenetic modifiers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:1927-46. [PMID: 27393180 PMCID: PMC4978771 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Recent studies indicated undisputed contribution of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the development of many cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the functional role and regulation of CTGF expression during tumorigenesis remain elusive. Our goal was to determine CTGF transcript and protein levels in tumoral and matched control tissues from 98 NSCLC patients, to correlate the results with clinicopathological features and to investigate whether the CTGF expression can be epigenetically regulated in NSCLC. Methods We used quantitative PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to evaluate CTGF expression in lung cancerous and histopathologically unchanged tissues. We tested the impact of 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-dAzaC) and trichostatin A (TSA) on CTGF transcript and protein levels in NSCLC cells (A549, Calu-1). DNA methylation status of the CTGF regulatory region was evaluated by bisulfite sequencing. The influence of 5-dAzaC and TSA on NSCLC cells viability and proliferation was monitored by the trypan blue assay. Results We found significantly decreased levels of CTGF mRNA and protein (both p < 0.0000001) in cancerous tissues of NSCLC patients. Down-regulation of CTGF occurred regardless of gender in all histological subtypes of NSCLC. Moreover, we showed that 5-dAzaC and TSA were able to restore CTGF mRNA and protein contents in NSCLC cells. However, no methylation within CTGF regulatory region was detected. Both compounds significantly reduced NSCLC cells proliferation. Conclusions Decreased expression of CTGF is a common feature in NSCLC; however, it can be restored by the chromatin-modifying agents such as 5-dAzaC or TSA and consequently restrain cancer development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00432-016-2195-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Drzewiecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Gałęcki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 62 Street, 60-569, Poznan, Poland
| | - Donata Jarmołowska-Jurczyszyn
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 Street, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kluk
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 Street, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dyszkiewicz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 62 Street, 60-569, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł P Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
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74
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Eguchi T, Calderwood SK, Takigawa M, Kubota S, Kozaki KI. Intracellular MMP3 Promotes HSP Gene Expression in Collaboration With Chromobox Proteins. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:43-51. [PMID: 27206651 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are crucial factors in tumor progression, inflammatory/immune responses and tissue development/regeneration. Of note, it has been known that MMPs promote genome instability, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis in tumor progression. We previously reported that human MMP3 could translocate into cellular nuclei and control transcription in human chondrosarcoma-derived cells and in articular cartilage (Eguchi et al. [2008] Mol Cell Biol 28(7):2391-2413); however, further transcriptional target genes and cofactors of intranuclear MMP3 have not been uncovered. In this paper, we used transcriptomics analysis in order to examine novel transcriptional target genes regulated by intracellular MMP3. We found that mRNA levels of HSP family members (HSP70B', HSP72, HSP40/DNAJ, and HSP20/CRYAB) are upregulated by the intracellular MMP3 overload. Bioinformatic analysis predicted several transcription factors that possibly interact with MMP3. Among these factors, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) cooperated with the MMP3 to activate the HSP70B' gene promoter in reporter gene assays, while a dominant negative HSF1 blocked the role for MMP3 in the trans-activation. The hemopexin-like repeat (PEX) domain of the human MMP3 was essential for transcriptional induction of the HSP70B' gene. In addition, chromobox proteins CBX5/HP1α and CBX3/HP1γ cooperated with the PEX domain in induction of HSP70B' mRNA. Taken together, this study newly clarified that intracellular MMP3 cooperate with CBXs/HP1s in transcriptional promotion of HSP genes. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 43-51, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts.,Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.,Department of Oral Disease Research, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Stuart K Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kozaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
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75
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Emerging roles of CCN proteins in vascular development and pathology. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:251-257. [PMID: 27241177 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins consists of 6 members (CCN1-CCN6) that share conserved functional domains. These matricellular proteins interact with growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cell surface integrins and other receptors to promote ECM-intracellular signaling. This signaling leads to propagation of a variety of cellular actions, including adhesion, invasion, migration and proliferation within several cell types, including epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Though CCNs share significant homology, the function of each is unique due to distinct and cell specific expression patterns. Thus, their correct spatial and temporal expressions are critical during embryonic development, wound healing, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Disruption of these patterns leads to severe development disorders and contributes to the pathological progression of cancers, vascular diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases such as colitis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. While the effects of CCNs are diverse, this review will focus on the role of CCNs within the vasculature during development and in vascular diseases.
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76
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Castleberry SA, Golberg A, Sharkh MA, Khan S, Almquist BD, Austen WG, Yarmush ML, Hammond PT. Nanolayered siRNA delivery platforms for local silencing of CTGF reduce cutaneous scar contraction in third-degree burns. Biomaterials 2016; 95:22-34. [PMID: 27108403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is an incredibly complex biological process that often results in thickened collagen-enriched healed tissue called scar. Cutaneous scars lack many functional structures of the skin such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and papillae. The absence of these structures contributes to a number of the long-term morbidities of wound healing, including loss of function for tissues, increased risk of re-injury, and aesthetic complications. Scar formation is a pervasive factor in our daily lives; however, in the case of serious traumatic injury, scars can create long-lasting complications due to contraction and poor tissue remodeling. Within this report we target the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a key mediator of TGFβ pro-fibrotic response in cutaneous wound healing, with controlled local delivery of RNA interference. Through this work we describe both a thorough in vitro analysis of nanolayer coated sutures for the controlled delivery of siRNA and its application to improve scar outcomes in a third-degree burn induced scar model in rats. We demonstrate that the knockdown of CTGF significantly altered the local expression of αSMA, TIMP1, and Col1a1, which are known to play roles in scar formation. The knockdown of CTGF within the healing burn wounds resulted in improved tissue remodeling, reduced scar contraction, and the regeneration of papillary structures within the healing tissue. This work adds support to a number of previous reports that indicate CTGF as a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis. Additionally, we believe that the controlled local delivery of siRNA from ultrathin polymer coatings described within this work is a promising approach in RNA interference that could be applied in developing improved cancer therapies, regenerative medicine, and fundamental scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Castleberry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Porter School of Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Malak Abu Sharkh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Saiqa Khan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin D Almquist
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - William G Austen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Arpino V, Mehta S, Wang L, Bird R, Rohan M, Pape C, Gill SE. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3-dependent microvascular endothelial cell barrier function is disrupted under septic conditions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1455-67. [PMID: 26993226 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00796.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with dysfunction of microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) leading to tissue edema and multiple organ dysfunction. Metalloproteinases can regulate MVEC function through processing of cell surface proteins, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) regulates metalloproteinase activity in the lung following injury. We hypothesize that TIMP3 promotes normal pulmonary MVEC barrier function through inhibition of metalloproteinase activity. Naive Timp3(-/-) mice had significantly higher basal pulmonary microvascular Evans blue (EB) dye-labeled albumin leak vs. wild-type (WT) mice. Additionally, cecal-ligation/perforation (CLP)-induced sepsis significantly increased pulmonary microvascular EB-labeled albumin leak in WT but not Timp3(-/-) mice. Similarly, PBS-treated isolated MVEC monolayers from Timp3(-/-) mice displayed permeability barrier dysfunction vs. WT MVEC, evidenced by lower transendothelial electrical resistance and greater trans-MVEC flux of fluorescein-dextran and EB-albumin. Cytomix (equimolar interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 1β) treatment of WT MVEC induced significant barrier dysfunction (by all three methods), and was associated with a time-dependent decrease in TIMP3 mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, basal Timp3(-/-) MVEC barrier dysfunction was associated with disrupted MVEC surface VE-cadherin localization, and both barrier dysfunction and VE-cadherin localization were rescued by treatment with GM6001, a synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor. TIMP3 promotes normal MVEC barrier function, at least partially, through inhibition of metalloproteinase-dependent disruption of adherens junctions, and septic downregulation of TIMP3 may contribute to septic MVEC barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Arpino
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjay Mehta
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respirology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Lefeng Wang
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ryan Bird
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Marta Rohan
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Pape
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Sean E Gill
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respirology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Felix K, Gaida MM. Neutrophil-Derived Proteases in the Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer -Active Players in Tumor Progression. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:302-13. [PMID: 26929737 PMCID: PMC4753159 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fibro-inflammatory microenvironment, consisting of activated pancreatic stellate cells, extracellular matrix proteins, and a variety of inflammatory cells, such as T cells, macrophages, or neutrophils. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which are found in nearly all cancers, including PDAC, often fail to eliminate the tumor, but conversely can promote its progression by altering the tumor microenvironment. Pancreatic cancer cells are able to attract polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) via tumor secreted chemokines and in human PDAC, PMN infiltrates can be observed in the vicinity of tumor cells and in the desmoplastic tumor stroma, which correlate with undifferentiated tumor growth and poor prognosis. The behavior of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils in the tumor micromilieu is not yet understood at a mechanistic level. It has been shown that PMN have the potential to kill tumor cells, either directly or by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but on the other side various adverse effects of PMN, such as promotion of aggressive tumor growth with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and increased metastatic potential, have been described. Recent therapeutic approaches for PDAC focus not only the tumor cell itself, but also elements of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the role of PMN and their derived products (e.g. cytokines, proteases) as a new vein for a therapeutic target should be critically evaluated in this context. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interplay between proteases of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils and pancreatic tumor cells and elements of the desmoplastic stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Felix
- 1. Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, INF 110, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias M Gaida
- 2. Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, INF 224, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Wnt-1 inducible signaling pathway-1 (WISP-1), also known as CCN-4, belongs to the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) family. WISP-1 is primarily expressed in embryonic stem cells and is involved in adult organ development. WISP-1 participates in many cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and adhesion. In addition, WISP-1 plays an important role in diverse pathophysiological processes, such as embryonic development, inflammation, injury repairs and cancers. Recent studies showed that WISP-1 was highly correlated with tumor progression and malignant transformation, whereas it played an oncogenic role in colorectal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer. However, interestingly, WISP-1 exerts a tumor-suppressing role in lung and prostate cancers. WISP-1 promotes cell proliferation, adhesion, motility, invasion, metastasis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via particular signaling pathways. In this review, we discussed the structure, expression profile, functions, clinical significance and potential mechanisms of WISP-1 in cancer and non-neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Feng
- Laboratory of Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Shuqin Jia
- Laboratory of Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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80
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Tracheal Aspirate Levels of the Matricellular Protein SPARC Predict Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144122. [PMID: 26656750 PMCID: PMC4676701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isolation of tracheal aspirate mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from premature infants has been associated with increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). MSCs show high levels of mRNAs encoding matricellular proteins, non-structural extracellular proteins that regulate cell-matrix interactions and participate in tissue remodeling. We hypothesized that lung matricellular protein expression predicts BPD development. Methods We collected tracheal aspirates and MSCs from mechanically-ventilated premature infants during the first week of life. Tracheal aspirate and MSC-conditioned media were analyzed for seven matricellular proteins including SPARC (for Secreted Protein, Acidic, Rich in Cysteine, also called osteonectin) and normalized to secretory component of IgA. A multiple logistic regression model was used to determine whether tracheal aspirate matricellular protein levels were independent predictors of BPD or death, controlling for gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW). Results We collected aspirates from 89 babies (38 developed BPD, 16 died before 36 wks post-conceptual age). MSC-conditioned media showed no differences in matricellular protein abundance between cells from patients developing BPD and cells from patients who did not. However, SPARC levels were higher in tracheal aspirates from babies with an outcome of BPD or death (p<0.01). Further, our logistic model showed that tracheal aspirate SPARC (p<0.02) was an independent predictor of BPD/death. SPARC deposition was increased in the lungs of patients with BPD. Conclusions In mechanically-ventilated premature infants, tracheal aspirate SPARC levels predicted development of BPD or death. Further study is needed to determine the value of SPARC as a biomarker or therapeutic target in BPD.
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81
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Abdul-Muneer PM, Pfister BJ, Haorah J, Chandra N. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Pathogenesis of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6106-6123. [PMID: 26541883 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Studies revealed that the pathogenesis of TBI involves upregulation of MMPs. MMPs form a large family of closely related zinc-dependent endopeptidases, which are primarily responsible for the dynamic remodulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Thus, they are involved in several normal physiological processes like growth, development, and wound healing. During pathophysiological conditions, MMPs proteolytically degrade various components of ECM and tight junction (TJ) proteins of BBB and cause BBB disruption. Impairment of BBB causes leakiness of the blood from circulation to brain parenchyma that leads to microhemorrhage and edema. Further, MMPs dysregulate various normal physiological processes like angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and also they participate in the inflammatory and apoptotic cascades by inducing or regulating the specific mediators and their receptors. In this review, we explore the roles of MMPs in various physiological/pathophysiological processes associated with neurological complications, with special emphasis on TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Abdul-Muneer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
| | - Bryan J Pfister
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - James Haorah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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82
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Krupska I, Bruford EA, Chaqour B. Eyeing the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) group of genes in development and diseases: highlights of their structural likenesses and functional dissimilarities. Hum Genomics 2015; 9:24. [PMID: 26395334 PMCID: PMC4579636 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-015-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
“CCN” is an acronym referring to the first letter of each of the first three members of this original group of mammalian functionally and phylogenetically distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins [i.e., cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and nephroblastoma-overexpressed (NOV)]. Although “CCN” genes are unlikely to have arisen from a common ancestral gene, their encoded proteins share multimodular structures in which most cysteine residues are strictly conserved in their positions within several structural motifs. The CCN genes can be subdivided into members developmentally indispensable for embryonic viability (e.g., CCN1, 2 and 5), each assuming unique tissue-specific functions, and members not essential for embryonic development (e.g., CCN3, 4 and 6), probably due to a balance of functional redundancy and specialization during evolution. The temporo-spatial regulation of the CCN genes and the structural information contained within the sequences of their encoded proteins reflect diversity in their context and tissue-specific functions. Genetic association studies and experimental anomalies, replicated in various animal models, have shown that altered CCN gene structure or expression is associated with “injury” stimuli—whether mechanical (e.g., trauma, shear stress) or chemical (e.g., ischemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation). Consequently, increased organ-specific susceptibility to structural damages ensues. These data underscore the critical functions of CCN proteins in the dynamics of tissue repair and regeneration and in the compensatory responses preceding organ failure. A better understanding of the regulation and mode of action of each CCN member will be useful in developing specific gain- or loss-of-function strategies for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Krupska
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. .,State University of New York (SUNY) Eye Institute Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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Gahr S, Mayr C, Kiesslich T, Illig R, Neureiter D, Alinger B, Ganslmayer M, Wissniowski T, Fazio PD, Montalbano R, Ficker JH, Ocker M, Quint K. The pan-deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat affects angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma models via modulation of CTGF expression. Int J Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26202945 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin components are significantly involved in the regulation of tumor suppressor gene and oncogene expression. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is an epigenetically regulated growth factor with functions in angiogenesis and cell-matrix interactions and plays a pivotal role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pharmacologic inhibition of histone and protein deacetylases represents a new approach to interfere with pathways of apoptosis and angiogenesis. We investigated the effect of the pan-deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589) on human HCC cell lines HepG2 (p53wt) and Hep3B (p53null) and in a subcutaneous xenograft model and explored the influence on angiogenesis. Specimens were characterized by quantitative real-time PCR. Protein was separated for western blotting against CTGF, VEGF, VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1/FLT-1), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2/KDR), MAPK and phospho-MAPK. In vivo, HepG2 cells were xenografted to NMRI mice and treated with daily i.p. injections of 10 mg/kg panobinostat. After 1, 7 and 28 days, real-time PCR was performed. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were examined after 28 days. An increased significant expression of CTGF was only seen after 24 h treatment with 0.1 µM panobinostat in HepG2 cells and Hep3B cells, whereas after 72 h treatment CTGF expression clearly decreased. In the xenografts, treatment with panobinostat showed a minimal CTGF expression after 1 day and 4 weeks, respectively. In vitro as well as in vivo, VEGF was not affected by panobinostat treatment at any time. In conclusion, panobinostat influences extracellular signaling cascades via CTGF-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gahr
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Mayr
- Laboratory for Tumour Biology and Experimental Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Laboratory for Tumour Biology and Experimental Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Romana Illig
- Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Beate Alinger
- Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marion Ganslmayer
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Till Wissniowski
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Montalbano
- Institute for Surgical Research, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Joachim H Ficker
- Klinikum Nuernberg, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Quint
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Orth P, Madry H. Advancement of the Subchondral Bone Plate in Translational Models of Osteochondral Repair: Implications for Tissue Engineering Approaches. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:504-20. [PMID: 26066580 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Subchondral bone plate advancement is of increasing relevance for translational models of osteochondral repair in tissue engineering (TE). Especially for therapeutic TE approaches, a basic scientific knowledge of its chronological sequence, possible etiopathogenesis, and clinical implications are indispensable. This review summarizes the knowledge on this topic gained from a total of 31 translational investigations, including 1009 small and large animals. Experimental data indicate that the advancement of the subchondral bone plate frequently occurs during the spontaneous repair of osteochondral defects and following established articular cartilage repair approaches for chondral lesions such as marrow stimulation and TE-based strategies such as autologous chondrocyte implantation. Importantly, this subchondral bone reaction proceeds in a defined chronological and spatial pattern, reflecting both endochondral ossification and intramembranous bone formation. Subchondral bone plate advancement arises earlier in small animals and defects, but is more pronounced at the long term in large animals. Possible etiopathologies comprise a disturbed subchondral bone/articular cartilage crosstalk and altered biomechanical conditions or neovascularization. Of note, no significant correlation was found so far between subchondral bone plate advancement and articular cartilage repair. This evidence from translational animal models adverts to an increasing awareness of this previously underestimated pathology. Future research will shed more light on the advancement of the subchondral bone plate in TE models of cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orth
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University , Homburg, Germany .,2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University , Homburg, Germany .,2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg, Germany
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Klaassen I, van Geest RJ, Kuiper EJ, van Noorden CJF, Schlingemann RO. The role of CTGF in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2015; 133:37-48. [PMID: 25819453 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) contributes to fibrotic responses in diabetic retinopathy, both before clinical manifestations occur in the pre-clinical stage of diabetic retinopathy (PCDR) and in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), the late clinical stage of the disease. CTGF is a secreted protein that modulates the actions of many growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, leading to tissue reorganization, such as ECM formation and remodeling, basal lamina (BL) thickening, pericyte apoptosis, angiogenesis, wound healing and fibrosis. In PCDR, CTGF contributes to thickening of the retinal capillary BL and is involved in loss of pericytes. In this stage, CTGF expression is induced by advanced glycation end products, and by growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. In PDR, the switch from neovascularization to a fibrotic phase - the angio-fibrotic switch - in PDR is driven by CTGF, in a critical balance with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We discuss here the roles of CTGF in the pathogenesis of DR in relation to ECM remodeling and wound healing mechanisms, and explore whether CTGF may be a potential novel therapeutic target in the clinical management of early as well as late stages of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob J van Geest
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J Kuiper
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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86
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Welch MD, Howlett M, Halse HM, Greene WK, Kees UR. Novel CT domain-encoding splice forms of CTGF/CCN2 are expressed in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leuk Res 2015; 39:913-20. [PMID: 26138615 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) has been shown previously to be aberrantly expressed in a high proportion of paediatric precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pre-B ALL), suggesting a potential oncogenic role in this tumour type. We therefore assessed CTGF mRNA transcript diversity in B-lineage ALL using primary patient specimens and cell lines. METHODS CTGF mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and Northern blotting. We performed a structural analysis of CTGF mRNA by nested reverse-transcriptase PCR and examined CTGF protein diversity by immunoblotting. RESULTS Northern blot analysis of pre-B ALL cell lines revealed short CTGF transcripts that were expressed in association with the active phase of cellular growth. Structural analysis confirmed the synthesis of several novel CTGF mRNA isoforms in B-lineage ALL cell lines that were uniformly characterised by the retention of the coding sequence for the C-terminal (CT) domain. One of these novel spliceforms was expressed in a majority (70%) of primary pre-B ALL patient specimens positive for canonical CTGF mRNA. Evidence that these alternative transcripts have coding potential was provided by cryptic CTGF proteins of predicted size detected by immunoblotting. CONCLUSION This study identifies for the first time alternative splicing of the CTGF gene and shows that a short CTGF splice variant associated with cell proliferation is expressed in most cases of primary CTGF-positive pre-B ALL. This novel variant encoding only the CT domain may play a role in pre-B ALL tumorigenesis and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Welch
- Division of Children's Leukemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - M Howlett
- Division of Children's Leukemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - H M Halse
- Division of Children's Leukemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - W K Greene
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - U R Kees
- Division of Children's Leukemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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87
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Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Tumor angiogenesis: MMP-mediated induction of intravasation- and metastasis-sustaining neovasculature. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:94-112. [PMID: 25912949 PMCID: PMC5079283 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a distinct stage of cancer progression that requires the development of angiogenic blood vessels serving as conduits for tumor cell dissemination. An accumulated body of evidence indicates that metastasis-supporting neovasculature should possess certain structural characteristics allowing for the process of tumor cell intravasation, an active entry of cancer cells into the vessel interior. It appears that the development of tumor vessels with lumens of a distinctive size and support of these vessels by a discontinuous pericyte coverage constitute critical microarchitectural requirements to: (a) provide accessible points for vessel wall penetration by primary tumor cells; (b) provide enough lumen space for a tumor cell or cell aggregate upon intravasation; and (c) allow for sufficient rate of blood flow to carry away intravasated cells from the primary tumor to the next, proximal or distal site. This review will primarily focus on the functional roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which catalytically trigger the development of an intravasation-sustaining neovasculature at the early stages of tumor growth and are also required for the maintenance of a metastasis-supporting state of blood vessels at later stages of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Deryugina
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| | - James P Quigley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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88
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Pi L, Jorgensen M, Oh SH, Protopapadakis Y, Gjymishka A, Brown A, Robinson P, Liu C, Scott EW, Schultz GS, Petersen BE. A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I motif 7: a new protease for connective tissue growth factor in hepatic progenitor/oval cell niche. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1552-63. [PMID: 25843683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic progenitor/oval cell (OC) activation occurs when hepatocyte proliferation is inhibited and is tightly associated with the fibrogenic response during severe liver damage. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is important for OC activation and contributes to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. By using the Yeast Two-Hybrid approach, we identified a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin repeat 7 (ADAMTS7) as a CTGF binding protein. In vitro characterization demonstrated CTGF binding and processing by ADAMTS7. Moreover, Adamts7 mRNA was induced during OC activation, after the implantation of 2-acetylaminofluorene with partial hepatectomy in rats or on feeding a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet in mice. X-Gal staining showed Adamts7 expression in hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α(+) hepatocytes and desmin(+) myofibroblasts surrounding reactive ducts in DDC-treated Adamts7(-/-) mice carrying a knocked-in LacZ gene. Adamts7 deficiency was associated with higher transcriptional levels of Ctgf and OC markers and enhanced OC proliferation compared to Adamts7(+/+) controls during DDC-induced liver injury. We also observed increased α-smooth muscle actin and procollagen type I mRNAs, large fibrotic areas in α-smooth muscle actin and Sirius red staining, and increased production of hepatic collagen by hydroxyproline measurement. These results suggest that ADAMTS7 is a new protease for CTGF protein and a novel regulator in the OC compartment, where its absence causes CTGF accumulation, leading to increased OC activation and biliary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Pi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| | - Marda Jorgensen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Seh-Hoon Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Altin Gjymishka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alicia Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Paulette Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Edward W Scott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gregory S Schultz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bryon E Petersen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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89
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Liu XQ, Mao Y, Wang B, Lu XT, Bai WW, Sun YY, Liu Y, Liu HM, Zhang L, Zhao YX, Zhang Y. Specific matrix metalloproteinases play different roles in intraplaque angiogenesis and plaque instability in rabbits. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107851. [PMID: 25233229 PMCID: PMC4169444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectopic angiogenesis within the intima and media is considered to be a hallmark of advanced vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions. Some studies have shown that specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) might play different roles in angiogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the predominant effects of specific MMPs in intraplaque angiogenesis and plaque instability in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS New Zealand rabbits underwent balloon injury of the abdominal artery and ingestion of a high-cholesterol (1%) diet to establish an atherosclerotic animal model. At weeks 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 after balloon injury, five rabbits were euthanized and the abdominal aorta was harvested. Blood lipid analysis, intravascular ultrasound imaging, pathologic and immunohistochemical expression studies, and western blotting were performed. From weeks 4 to 12, the expression of MMP-1, -2, -3, and -9 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) increased with atherosclerotic plaque development in the abdominal aorta, while the expression of MMP-14 substantially decreased. The vulnerability index (VI) gradually increased over time. Intraplaque neovessels appeared at week 8. The microvessel density (MVD) was greater at week 12 than at week 8. The VI, MVD, and VEGF-A level were positively correlated with the MMP-1, -2,-3, and -9 levels within plaques. Negative correlations were noted between the MMP-14 level and the VI, MVD, and VEGF-A level. CONCLUSION Upregulation of MMP-1, -2, -3, and -9 and downregulation of MMP-14 may contribute to intraplaque angiogenesis and plaque instability at the advanced stage of atherosclerosis in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Ting Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Wu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Mei Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatologic Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Xia Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Ross MD, Wekesa AL, Phelan JP, Harrison M. Resistance exercise increases endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenic factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:16-23. [PMID: 24346188 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a142da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are involved in vascular growth and repair. They increase in the circulation after a single bout of aerobic exercise, potentially related to muscle ischemia. Muscular endurance resistance exercise (MERE) bouts also have the potential to induce muscle ischemia if appropriately structured. PURPOSE The objective of this study is to determine the influence of a single bout of MERE on circulating EPC and related angiogenic factors. METHODS Thirteen trained men age 22.4 ± 0.5 yr (mean ± SEM) performed a bout of MERE consisting of three sets of six exercises at participants' 15-repetition maximum without resting between repetitions or exercises. The MERE bout duration was 12.1 ± 0.6 min. Blood lactate and HR were 11.9 ± 0.9 mmol·L and 142 ± 5 bpm, respectively, at the end of MERE. Blood was sampled preexercise and at 10 min, 2 h, and 24 h postexercise. RESULTS Circulating EPC and serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D), granulocyte colony stimulating factor, soluble Tie-2, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-9) were higher (P < 0.05) in the postexercise period. Circulating EPC levels were unchanged at 10 min postexercise but higher at 2 h postexercise (P < 0.05). The concentration of most angiogenic factors and metalloproteinases were higher at 10 min postexercise (VEGF-A, +38%; VEGF-C, +40%; VEGF-D, +9%; soluble Tie-2, +15%; soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, +24%; MMP-1, +62%; MMP-2, +3%; MMP-3, +54%; and MMP-9, +45%; all P < 0.05). Soluble E-selectin was lower (P < 0.05) at 2 and 24 h postexercise, with endothelial microparticles and thrombomodulin unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Short intense bouts of MERE can trigger increases in circulating EPC and related angiogenic factors, potentially contributing to vascular adaptation and vasculoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ross
- 1Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, IRELAND; and 2School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UNITED KINGDOM
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91
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Inhibition of corneal neovascularization by topical and subconjunctival tigecycline. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:452685. [PMID: 25197558 PMCID: PMC4150514 DOI: 10.1155/2014/452685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the effects of topical and subconjunctival tigecycline on the prevention of corneal neovascularization. Materials and Methods. Following chemical burn, thirty-two rats were treated daily with topical instillation of 1 mg/mL tigecycline (group 1) or subconjunctival instillation of 1 mg/mL tigecycline (group 3) for 7 days. Control rats received topical (group 2) or subconjunctival (group 4) 0.9% saline. Digital photographs of the cornea were taken on the eighth day after treatment and analyzed to determine the percentage area of the cornea covered by neovascularization. Corneal sections were analyzed histopathologically. Results. The median percentages of corneal neovascularization in groups 1 and 3 were 48% (95% confidence interval (CI), 44.2-55.8%) and 33.5% (95% CI, 26.6-39.2%), respectively. The median percentages of corneal neovascularization of groups 1 and 3 were significantly lower than that of the control group (P = 0.03 and P < 0.001, resp.). Histologic examination of samples from groups 1 and 3 showed lower vascularity than that of control groups. Conclusion. Topical and subconjunctival administration of tigecycline seems to be showing promising therapeutic effects on the prevention of corneal neovascularization. Furthermore, subconjunctival administration of tigecycline is more potent than topical administration in the inhibition of corneal neovascularization.
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92
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Meides A, Gutschalk CM, Devel L, Beau F, Czarny B, Hensler S, Neugebauer J, Dive V, Angel P, Mueller MM. Effects of selective MMP-13 inhibition in squamous cell carcinoma depend on estrogen. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2749-59. [PMID: 24676718 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases like MMP-13 cleave and remodel the extracellular matrix and thereby play a crucial role in tumor progression in vivo. Using a highly selective inhibitor to block MMP-13 protein activity, we demonstrate a striking inhibitory effect on invasive tumor growth and vascularization in murine skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Therapy outcome critically depends on animal age in C57Bl/6 mice and was successful in old female but not in young female mice. Treatment success was recovered by ovariectomy in young and abolished by 17ß-estradiol supplementation in old mice, suggesting a hormone dependent inhibitor effect. Responsiveness of the tumorigenic keratinocytes BDVII and fibroblasts to 17ß-estradiol was confirmed in vitro, where MMP-13 inhibitor treatment led to a reduction of cell invasion and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release. This correlated well with a less invasive and vascularized tumor in treated mice in vivo. 17ß-estradiol supplementation also reduced invasion and VEGF release in vitro with no additional reduction on MMP-13 inhibitor treatment. This suggests that low 17ß-estradiol levels in old mice in vivo lead to enhanced MMP-13 levels and VEGF release, allowing a more effective inhibitor treatment compared to young mice. In our study, we present a strong link between lower estrogen levels in old female mice, an elevated MMP-13 level, which results in a more effective MMP-13 inhibitor treatment in fibroblasts and SCC cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meides
- Group Tumor and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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93
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Das L, Vinayak M. Long term effect of curcumin in regulation of glycolytic pathway and angiogenesis via modulation of stress activated genes in prevention of cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99583. [PMID: 24932681 PMCID: PMC4059662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, an important factor in modulation of glycolytic pathway and induction of stress activated genes, is further augmented due to reduced antioxidant defense system, which promotes cancer progression via inducing angiogenesis. Curcumin, a naturally occurring chemopreventive phytochemical, is reported to inhibit carcinogenesis in various experimental animal models. However, the underlying mechanism involved in anticarcinogenic action of curcumin due to its long term effect is still to be reported because of its rapid metabolism, although metabolites are accumulated in tissues and remain for a longer time. Therefore, the long term effect of curcumin needs thorough investigation. The present study aimed to analyze the anticarcinogenic action of curcumin in liver, even after withdrawal of treatment in Dalton's lymphoma bearing mice. Oxidative stress observed during lymphoma progression reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and induced angiogenesis as well as activation of early stress activated genes and glycolytic pathway. Curcumin treatment resulted in activation of antioxidant enzyme super oxide dismutase and down regulation of ROS level as well as activity of ROS producing enzyme NADPH:oxidase, expression of stress activated genes HIF-1α, cMyc and LDH activity towards normal level. Further, it lead to significant inhibition of angiogenesis, observed via MMPs activity, PKCα and VEGF level, as well as by matrigel plug assay. Thus findings of this study conclude that the long term effect of curcumin shows anticarcinogenic potential via induction of antioxidant defense system and inhibition of angiogenesis via down regulation of stress activated genes and glycolytic pathway in liver of lymphoma bearing mice.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Biotransformation
- Collagen
- Curcumin/pharmacokinetics
- Curcumin/pharmacology
- Curcumin/therapeutic use
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Glycolysis/drug effects
- Glycolysis/genetics
- Laminin
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Proteoglycans
- Random Allocation
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmidhar Das
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre of Advanced Study), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manjula Vinayak
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre of Advanced Study), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- * E-mail:
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Tsou PS, Haak AJ, Khanna D, Neubig RR. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 8. Current and future drug targets in fibrosis: focus on Rho GTPase-regulated gene transcription. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C2-13. [PMID: 24740541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs with excessive extracellular matrix deposition from myofibroblasts, resulting in tissue scarring and inflammation. It is driven by multiple mediators, such as the G protein-coupled receptor ligands lysophosphatidic acid and endothelin, as well as signaling by transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, and integrins. Fibrosis contributes to 45% of deaths in the developed world. As current therapeutic options for tissue fibrosis are limited and organ transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage disease, there is an imminent need for efficacious antifibrotic therapies. This review discusses the various molecular pathways involved in fibrosis. It highlights the Rho GTPase signaling pathway and its downstream gene transcription output through myocardin-related transcription factor and serum response factor as a convergence point for targeting this complex set of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Wang Q, Yang J, Tang K, Luo L, Wang L, Tian L, Jiang Y, Feng J, Li Y, Shen B, Lv M, Huang Y. Pharmacological characteristics and efficacy of a novel anti-angiogenic antibody FD006 in corneal neovascularization. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:17. [PMID: 24575750 PMCID: PMC3942068 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key angiogenic factors. It plays an important role in both physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis and increases permeability across the vessels. Using antibody phage display technology, we obtained a novel anti-VEGFA IgG, named as FD006. In this study, the pharmacological characteristics and efficacy of FD006 in corneal neovascularization (CoNV) were evaluated. Results FD006 was predicted to have similar binding mode to bevacizumab. Experimental analysis showed that the binding ability of FD006 seemed a little stronger than bevacizumab, for the EC50 of FD006 to bind VEGF analyzed by ELISA was about 0.037 μg/mL while that of bevacizumab was 0.18 μg/mL. Binding kinetics assays showed similar results that FD006 possessed 2-fold higher affinity to bind VEGF than bevacizumab due to slower dissociation rate of FD006; meanwhile, FD006 inhibited the VEGF-induced proliferation of HUVEC with an IC50 value of 0.031 ± 0.0064 μg/ml, which seemed similar or a litter better than bevacizumab (0.047 ± 0.0081 μg/ml). The subconjunctival administration of FD006, bevacizumab or dexamethasone could significantly inhibit the growth of CoNV contrasting to N.S (p < 0.01). At the early stage, FD006 showed better inhibitory effect on the growth of CoNV compared with bevacizumab (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that FD006 could inhibit the expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, MMP-9 and ICAM-1, which could explain its favorable anti-angiogenic activity. Conclusions The pharmacological characteristics of FD006 were similar or even a little better than bevacizumab in inhibiting corneal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, No,28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China.
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Tardif G, Reboul P, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J. Ten years in the life of an enzyme: the story of the human MMP-13 (collagenase-3). Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-004-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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97
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Guo Y, Tihan T, Kim H, Hess C, Lawton MT, Young WL, Zhao Y, Su H. Distinctive distribution of lymphocytes in unruptured and previously untreated brain arteriovenous malformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:147-152. [PMID: 25568888 DOI: 10.4103/2347-8659.143674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that lymphocyte infiltration in brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) is not associated with iron deposition (indicator of microhemorrhage). METHODS Sections of unruptured, previously untreated bAVM specimens (n=19) were stained immunohistochemically for T-lymphocytes (CD3+), B-lymphocytes (CD20+), plasma cells (CD138+) and macrophages (CD68+). Iron deposition was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and Prussian blue stains. Superficial temporal arteries (STA) were used as control. RESULTS Both T lymphocytes and macrophages were present in unruptured, previously untreated bAVM specimens, whereas few B cells and plasma cells were detected. Iron deposition was detected in 8 specimens (42%; 95% confidence interval =20-67%). The samples with iron deposition tended to have more macrophages than those without (666±313 vs 478±174 cells/mm2; P=0.11). T-cells were clustered on the luminal side of the endothelial surface, on the vessel-wall, and in the perivascular regions. There was no correlation between T lymphocyte load and iron deposition (P=0.88). No macrophages and lymphocytes were detected in STA controls. CONCLUSIONS T-lymphocytes were present in bAVM specimens. Unlike macrophages, the load and location of T-lymphocytes were not associated with iron deposition, suggesting the possibility of an independent cell-mediated immunological mechanism in bAVM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000 China
| | - Tarik Tihan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Christopher Hess
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - William L Young
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Yuanli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 410011, China
| | - Hua Su
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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98
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Espinoza I, Menendez JA, Kvp CM, Lupu R. CCN1 promotes vascular endothelial growth factor secretion through αvβ 3 integrin receptors in breast cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 8:23-7. [PMID: 24338441 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Espinoza
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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99
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Ji J, Jia S, Ji K, Jiang WG. Wnt1 inducible signalling pathway protein-2 (WISP‑2/CCN5): roles and regulation in human cancers (review). Oncol Rep 2013; 31:533-9. [PMID: 24337439 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt1 inducible signalling pathway protein-2 (WISP‑2), also known as CCN5, CT58, CTGF-L, CTGF-3, HICP and Cop1, is one of the 3 WNT1 inducible proteins that belongs to the CCN family. This family of members has been shown to play multiple roles in a number of pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation, adhesion, wound healing, extracellular matrix regulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, fibrosis, skeletal development and embryo implantation. Recent results suggest that WISP-2 is relevant to tumorigenesis and malignant transformation, particularly in breast cancer, colorectal cancer and hepatocarcinoma. Notably, its roles in cancer appear to vary depending on cell/tumour type and the microenvironment. The striking difference in the structure of WISP-2 in comparison with the other 2 family members may contribute to its difference in functions, which leads to the hypothesis that WISP-2 may act as a dominant-negative regulator of other CCN family members. In the present review, we summarise the roles, regulation and underlying mechanism of WISP-2 in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Ji
- Department of Gastro-enterological Cancers, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuqin Jia
- Cardiff University-Peking University Joint Cancer Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ke Ji
- Cardiff University-Peking University Joint Cancer Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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100
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Vempati P, Popel AS, Mac Gabhann F. Extracellular regulation of VEGF: isoforms, proteolysis, and vascular patterning. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 25:1-19. [PMID: 24332926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) is critical to neovascularization in numerous tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. VEGF has multiple isoforms, created by alternative splicing or proteolytic cleavage, and characterized by different receptor-binding and matrix-binding properties. These isoforms are known to give rise to a spectrum of angiogenesis patterns marked by differences in branching, which has functional implications for tissues. In this review, we detail the extensive extracellular regulation of VEGF and the ability of VEGF to dictate the vascular phenotype. We explore the role of VEGF-releasing proteases and soluble carrier molecules on VEGF activity. While proteases such as MMP9 can 'release' matrix-bound VEGF and promote angiogenesis, for example as a key step in carcinogenesis, proteases can also suppress VEGF's angiogenic effects. We explore what dictates pro- or anti-angiogenic behavior. We also seek to understand the phenomenon of VEGF gradient formation. Strong VEGF gradients are thought to be due to decreased rates of diffusion from reversible matrix binding, however theoretical studies show that this scenario cannot give rise to lasting VEGF gradients in vivo. We propose that gradients are formed through degradation of sequestered VEGF. Finally, we review how different aspects of the VEGF signal, such as its concentration, gradient, matrix-binding, and NRP1-binding can differentially affect angiogenesis. We explore how this allows VEGF to regulate the formation of vascular networks across a spectrum of high to low branching densities, and from normal to pathological angiogenesis. A better understanding of the control of angiogenesis is necessary to improve upon limitations of current angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Vempati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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