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Temporal and spatial regulation of protein cross-linking by the pre-assembled substrates of a Bacillus subtilis spore coat transglutaminase. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007912. [PMID: 30958830 PMCID: PMC6490927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cases protein assemblies are stabilized by covalent bonds, one example of which is the formation of intra- or intermolecular ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysil cross-links catalyzed by transglutaminases (TGases). Because of the potential for unwanted cross-linking reactions, the activities of many TGases have been shown to be tightly controlled. Bacterial endospores are highly resilient cells in part because they are surrounded by a complex protein coat. Proteins in the coat that surrounds Bacillus subtilis endospores are crosslinked by a TGase (Tgl). Unlike other TGases, however, Tgl is produced in an active form, and efficiently catalyzes amine incorporation and protein cross-linking in vitro with no known additional requirements. The absence of regulatory factors raises questions as to how the activity of Tgl is controlled during spore coat assembly. Here, we show that substrates assembled onto the spore coat prior to Tgl production govern the localization of Tgl to the surface of the developing spore. We also show that Tgl residues important for substrate recognition are crucial for its localization. We identified the glutamyl (Q) and lysil (K) substrate docking sites and we show that residues on the Q side of Tgl are more important for the assembly of Tgl than those on the K side. Thus, the first step in the reaction cycle, the interaction with Q-substrates and formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate, is also the determinant step in the localization of Tgl. Consistent with the idea that Tg exerts a “spotwelding” activity, cross-linking pre-formed assemblies, we show that C30 is an oblong hexamer in solution that is cross-linked in vitro into high molecular weight forms. Moreover, during the reaction, Tgl becomes part of the cross-linked products. We suggest that the dependency of Tgl on its substrates is used to accurately control the time, location and extent of the enzyme´s activity, directed at the covalent fortification of pre-assembled complexes at the surface of the developing spore. The orderly recruitment of proteins during the assembly of complex macromolecular structures poses challenges throughout cell biology. During endospore development in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis at least 80 proteins synthesized in the mother cell are assembled around the developing spore to form a protective coat. Regulation of coat gene expression has been described in detail but it is unknown how the information encoded by the structures of the proteins guide their assembly. We have examined the assembly of a transglutaminase, Tgl, which introduces ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysil cross-links in coat protein substrates. We describe with molecular detail a substrate-driven assembly model that directs the enzyme to the locations of its substrates where, as we suggest, it exerts a “spotwelding” activity to fortify pre-assembled complexes. The catalytic cysteine, located in a tunnel that spans the Tgl structure, first forms an acyl enzyme intermediate with a glutamine (Q) donor substrate. Then, it engages a lysine (K) donor substrate to form the cross-linked product. We have identified the Q and K acceptor ends of the Tgl tunnel, and we show that substitutions in substrate recognition residues at the Q side impair assembly more strongly than at the K side. Thus, assembly of Tgl parallels its catalytic cycle, directing the enzyme to the pre-formed complexes that are to be cross-linked.
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Bioengineering of microbial transglutaminase for biomedical applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2973-2984. [PMID: 30805670 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) is commonly known in the food industry as meat glue due to its incredible ability to "glue" meat proteins together. Aside from being widely exploited in the meat processing industries, mTGase is also widely applied in other food and textile industries by catalysing the formation of isopeptide bonds between peptides or protein substrates. The advancement of technology has opened up new avenues for mTGase in the field of biomedical engineering. Efforts have been made to study the structural properties of mTGase in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the structure-function relationship. This review highlights the developments in mTGase engineering together with its role in biomedical applications including biomaterial fabrication for tissue engineering and biotherapeutics.
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Queirós RP, Gouveia S, Saraiva JA, Lopes-da-Silva JA. Impact of pH on the high-pressure inactivation of microbial transglutaminase. Food Res Int 2019; 115:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase is heavily used in the food processing industries to improve food qualities. Being a protein's glue, by cross-linking it creates neoepitope complexes that are immunogenic and potentially pathogenic in celiac disease. Despite low sequence identity, it imitates functionally its family member, the endogenous tissue transglutaminase, which is the autoantigen of celiac disease. The present comprehensive review highlights the enzyme characteristics, endogenous and exogenous intestinal sources, its cross-talks with gluten and gliadin, its immunogenicity and potential pathogenicity and risks for the gluten induced conditions. If substantiated, it might represent a new environmental inducer of celiac disease. The present findings might affect nutritional product labeling, processed food additive policies and consumer health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerner Aaron
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany.
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55
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Biocatalysis by Transglutaminases: A Review of Biotechnological Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110562. [PMID: 30715061 PMCID: PMC6265872 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic activity of transglutaminases (TGs) leads to the synthesis of new covalent isopeptide bonds (crosslinks) between peptide-bound glutamine and lysine residues, but also the transamidation of primary amines to glutamine residues, which ultimately can result into protein polymerisation. Operating with a cysteine/histidine/aspartic acid (Cys/His/Asp) catalytic triad, TGs induce the post-translational modification of proteins at both physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., accumulation of matrices in tissue fibrosis). Because of the disparate biotechnological applications, this large family of protein-remodelling enzymes have stimulated an escalation of interest. In the past 50 years, both mammalian and microbial TGs polymerising activity has been exploited in the food industry for the improvement of aliments' quality, texture, and nutritive value, other than to enhance the food appearance and increased marketability. At the same time, the ability of TGs to crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, like collagen, as well as synthetic biopolymers, has led to multiple applications in biomedicine, such as the production of biocompatible scaffolds and hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery, or DNA-protein bio-conjugation and antibody functionalisation. Here, we summarise the most recent advances in the field, focusing on the utilisation of TGs-mediated protein multimerisation in biotechnological and bioengineering applications.
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56
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Juettner NE, Schmelz S, Kraemer A, Knapp S, Becker B, Kolmar H, Scrima A, Fuchsbauer HL. Structure of a glutamine donor mimicking inhibitory peptide shaped by the catalytic cleft of microbial transglutaminase. FEBS J 2018; 285:4684-4694. [PMID: 30318745 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The protein cross-linking enzyme transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis (MTG) is frequently used to modify therapeutic proteins. In order to reveal the binding mode of glutamine donor substrates, we have now crystallized MTG covalently linked to large inhibitory peptides. A series of peptide structures were examined but DIPIGSKMTG, which was chloroacetylated at serine, was the only inhibitory molecule that resulted in an interpretable density map. We found that, besides the warhead (modified Ser6), Ile4 and Gly5 of the inhibitory peptide occupy the tight but extended hydrophobic bottom of the MTG-binding cleft. Both termini of the peptide protrude along the cleft walls almost perpendicular to the bottom of the extended cleft. This peptide model suggests a zipper-like cross-linking mechanism of self-assembled substrate proteins by MTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert E Juettner
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmelz
- Structural Biology of Autophagy Group, Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Kraemer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bastian Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andrea Scrima
- Structural Biology of Autophagy Group, Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Lothar Fuchsbauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Germany
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Fatima SW, Khare SK. Current insight and futuristic vistas of microbial transglutaminase in nutraceutical industry. Microbiol Res 2018; 215:7-14. [PMID: 30172311 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) has become a driving force in the food industry cross-linking the food proteins. MTGase-the nature's molecular glue is recognized to reorient food protein's functional properties without affecting its nutritive value. The scope and approach of this review is to have insight on the action mechanism of MTGase and impact of molecular linkage on functional proteins in various protein moieties in development of innovative features in food production for better consumer's choice and satisfaction. The study covers a wide range of published work across food industries involving innovative use of MTGase, an environment friendly production approach for commercial utilization to get better outcome in terms of culinary delight. The intrinsic biochemical properties and structural information by sequence analysis and clustering validates the mode of reaction mechanism of the biological glue enzyme. The review singles out how the MTGase emerged as a prime choice in ever evolving food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Warisul Fatima
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil K Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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58
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Ohtake K, Mukai T, Iraha F, Takahashi M, Haruna KI, Date M, Yokoyama K, Sakamoto K. Engineering an Automaturing Transglutaminase with Enhanced Thermostability by Genetic Code Expansion with Two Codon Reassignments. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2170-2176. [PMID: 30063837 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we simultaneously incorporated two types of synthetic components into microbial transglutaminase (MTG) from Streptoverticillium mobaraense to enhance the utility of this industrial enzyme. The first amino acid, 3-chloro-l-tyrosine, was incorporated into MTG in response to in-frame UAG codons to substitute for the 15 tyrosine residues separately. The two substitutions at positions 20 and 62 were found to each increase thermostability of the enzyme, while the seven substitutions at positions 24, 34, 75, 146, 171, 217, and 310 exhibited neutral effects. Then, these two stabilizing chlorinations were combined with one of the neutral ones, and the most stabilized variant was found to contain 3-chlorotyrosines at positions 20, 62, and 171, exhibiting a half-life 5.1-fold longer than that of the wild-type enzyme at 60 °C. Next, this MTG variant was further modified by incorporating the α-hydroxy acid analogue of Nε-allyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine (AlocKOH), specified by the AGG codon, at the end of the N-terminal inhibitory peptide. We used an Escherichia coli strain previously engineered to have a synthetic genetic code with two codon reassignments for synthesizing MTG variants containing both 3-chlorotyrosine and AlocKOH. The ester bond, thus incorporated into the main chain, efficiently self-cleaved under alkaline conditions (pH 11.0), achieving the autonomous maturation of the thermostabilized MTG. The results suggested that synthetic genetic codes with multiple codon reassignments would be useful for developing the novel designs of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ken-ichi Haruna
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Masayo Date
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yokoyama
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
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59
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Juettner NE, Classen M, Colin F, Hoffmann SB, Meyners C, Pfeifer F, Fuchsbauer HL. Features of the transglutaminase-activating metalloprotease from Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM 40847 produced in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:115-122. [PMID: 29981445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis (MTG) is an important enzyme for numerous industrial applications. Recombinant production requires proteolytic activation of the zymogen. The study provides a convenient procedure for the preparation of the transglutaminase-activating metalloprotease (TAMP) in Escherichia coli. In contrast to wtTAMP, rTAMP exhibited the P domain of convertases as molecular mass of 55.7 kDa suggested. Protein integrity was beneficially influenced by 2-5 mM CaCl2. Study of pH and temperature optima assigned rTAMP to the neutral metalloproteases, more heat-resistant than Dispase but not thermolysin. Zinc had no inhibiting effect but 3.1 μM EDTA completely reduced activity of 5 nM TAMP. MTG, exceeding concentration of rTAMP by three orders of magnitude, was largely activated within few minutes. The kinetic parameters KM (1.31 ± 0.05 mM) and kcat (135 ± 4.3 s-1), monitored by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), further highlighted catalytic efficiency (103,053 M-1 s-1) of rTAMP and rapid processing of MTG. ITC even revealed that inhibition of rTAMP by its intrinsic inhibitory protein SSTI was an enthalpy-driven process resulting in Kd of 199 ± 37.9 nM. The production procedure of rTAMP in E. coli closes the gap between production and application of recombinant MTG and may enhance relevance of MTG-mediated reactions in pharmaceutical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert E Juettner
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Stephanstraße 7, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Moritz Classen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Stephanstraße 7, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Colin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Stephanstraße 7, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sascha B Hoffmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Stephanstraße 7, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Meyners
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Stephanstraße 7, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felicitas Pfeifer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hans-Lothar Fuchsbauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Stephanstraße 7, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany.
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60
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61
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Juettner NE, Schmelz S, Bogen JP, Happel D, Fessner WD, Pfeifer F, Fuchsbauer HL, Scrima A. Illuminating structure and acyl donor sites of a physiological transglutaminase substrate from Streptomyces mobaraensis. Protein Sci 2018; 27:910-922. [PMID: 29430769 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis (MTG) has become a powerful tool to covalently and highly specifically link functional amines to glutamine donor sites of therapeutic proteins. However, details regarding the mechanism of substrate recognition and interaction of the enzyme with proteinaceous substrates still remain mostly elusive. We have determined the crystal structure of the Streptomyces papain inhibitory protein (SPIp ), a substrate of MTG, to study the influence of various substrate amino acids on positioning glutamine to the active site of MTG. SPIp exhibits a rigid, thermo-resistant double-psi-beta-barrel fold that is stabilized by two cysteine bridges. Incorporation of biotin cadaverine identified Gln-6 as the only amine acceptor site on SPIp accessible for MTG. Substitution of Lys-7 demonstrated that small and hydrophobic residues in close proximity to Gln-6 favor MTG-mediated modification and are likely to facilitate introduction of the substrate into the front vestibule of MTG. Moreover, exchange of various surface residues of SPIp for arginine and glutamate/aspartate outside the glutamine donor region influences the efficiency of modification by MTG. These results suggest the occurrence of charged contact areas between MTG and the acyl donor substrates beyond the front vestibule, and pave the way for protein engineering approaches to improve the properties of artificial MTG-substrates used in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert E Juettner
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,The Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmelz
- The Young Investigator Group Structural Biology of Autophagy, Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan P Bogen
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominic Happel
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- The Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felicitas Pfeifer
- The Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hans-Lothar Fuchsbauer
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andrea Scrima
- The Young Investigator Group Structural Biology of Autophagy, Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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62
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Maso K, Grigoletto A, Pasut G. Transglutaminase and Sialyltransferase Enzymatic Approaches for Polymer Conjugation to Proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:123-142. [PMID: 29680235 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Proteins hold a central role in medicine and biology, also confirmed by the several therapeutic applications based on biologic drugs. Such therapies are of great relevance thanks to high potency and safety of proteins. Nevertheless, many proteins as therapeutics might present issues like fast kidney clearance, rapid enzymatic degradation, or immunogenicity. Such defects implicate frequent administrations or administrations at high doses of the therapeutics, thus yielding or exacerbating potential side effects. A successful technology for improving the clinical profiles of proteins is the conjugation of polymers to the protein surface. The design of a protein-polymer conjugate presents critical aspects that determine the efficacy and safety of the final product. The control over stoichiometry and conjugation site is a strict criterion on which researchers have been intensively focused during the years, in order to obtain homogeneous and batch-to-batch reproducible products. An innovative site-specific conjugation strategy relies on the use of enzymes as tools to mediate polymer conjugation. Enzymatic approaches are attractive because they allow site-selective polymer conjugation at specific protein amino acids. In these reactions, the polymer is a substrate analog that replaces the native substrate. Furthermore, enzymes can count other advantages such as high yields of conversion and physiological conditions of reaction. This chapter provides a meaningful description of protein-polymer conjugation through transglutaminase-mediated and sialyltransferase-mediated enzymatic strategies, reporting the mechanism of action and some relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gianfranco Pasut
- University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.
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63
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Mu D, Lu J, Shu C, Li H, Li X, Cai J, Luo S, Yang P, Jiang S, Zheng Z. Improvement of the activity and thermostability of microbial transglutaminase by multiple-site mutagenesis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:106-109. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1403881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is an enzyme widely used in the food industry. Mutiple-site mutagenesis of Streptomyces mobaraensis transglutaminase was performed in Escherichia coli. According to enzymatic assay and thermostability study, among three penta-site MTG mutants (DM01-03), DM01 exhibited the highest enzymatic activity of 55.7 ± 1.4 U/mg and longest half-life at 50 °C (418.2 min) and 60 °C (24.8 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Mu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Shu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Haowen Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuizhong Luo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Peizhou Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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64
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Manger LH, Foote AK, Wood SL, Holden MR, Heylman KD, Margittai M, Goldsmith RH. Revealing Conformational Variants of Solution-Phase Intrinsically Disordered Tau Protein at the Single-Molecule Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15584-15588. [PMID: 29063723 PMCID: PMC5831721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins, such as tau protein, adopt a variety of conformations in solution, complicating solution-phase structural studies. We employed an anti-Brownian electrokinetic (ABEL) trap to prolong measurements of single tau proteins in solution. Once trapped, we recorded the fluorescence anisotropy to investigate the diversity of conformations sampled by the single molecules. A distribution of anisotropy values obtained from trapped tau protein is conspicuously bimodal while those obtained by trapping a globular protein or individual fluorophores are not. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements were used to provide an explanation of the bimodal distribution as originating from a shift in the compaction of the two different families of conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia H Manger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alexander K Foote
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sharla L Wood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael R Holden
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 East Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Kevin D Heylman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Martin Margittai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 East Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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65
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Revealing Conformational Variants of Solution-Phase Intrinsically Disordered Tau Protein at the Single-Molecule Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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66
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Rachel NM, Quaglia D, Lévesque É, Charette AB, Pelletier JN. Engineered, highly reactive substrates of microbial transglutaminase enable protein labeling within various secondary structure elements. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2268-2279. [PMID: 28857311 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is a practical tool to enzymatically form isopeptide bonds between peptide or protein substrates. This natural approach to crosslinking the side-chains of reactive glutamine and lysine residues is solidly rooted in food and textile processing. More recently, MTG's tolerance for various primary amines in lieu of lysine have revealed its potential for site-specific protein labeling with aminated compounds, including fluorophores. Importantly, MTG can label glutamines at accessible positions in the body of a target protein, setting it apart from most labeling enzymes that react exclusively at protein termini. To expand its applicability as a labeling tool, we engineered the B1 domain of Protein G (GB1) to probe the selectivity and enhance the reactivity of MTG toward its glutamine substrate. We built a GB1 library where each variant contained a single glutamine at positions covering all secondary structure elements. The most reactive and selective variants displayed a >100-fold increase in incorporation of a recently developed aminated benzo[a]imidazo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine-type fluorophore, relative to native GB1. None of the variants were destabilized. Our results demonstrate that MTG can react readily with glutamines in α-helical, β-sheet, and unstructured loop elements and does not favor one type of secondary structure. Introducing point mutations within MTG's active site further increased reactivity toward the most reactive substrate variant, I6Q-GB1, enhancing MTG's capacity to fluorescently label an engineered, highly reactive glutamine substrate. This work demonstrates that MTG-reactive glutamines can be readily introduced into a protein domain for fluorescent labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Rachel
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,PROTEO, the Québec Network for Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Daniela Quaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,PROTEO, the Québec Network for Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Éric Lévesque
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - André B Charette
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Joelle N Pelletier
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,PROTEO, the Québec Network for Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,CGCC, the Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
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67
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Yu T, Lin M, Wan J, Cao X. Molecular interaction mechanisms in reverse micellar extraction of microbial transglutaminase. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1511:25-36. [PMID: 28697931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse micellar extraction is an efficient and economical alternative for protein purification. In this study, microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) from crude materials was purified using reverse micellar extraction, and the molecular interaction mechanism in reverse micellar extraction of MTGase was explored. By using a molecular simulation study, the interaction mechanism of forward extraction was investigated. The molecular simulation results reveal the interaction of MTGase-water-surfactant is the major driving force for the forward extraction. Further, the effect of ionic strength on molecular interactions in backward extraction was investigated using 1H low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. In backward extraction, the interactions between water and the other two molecules (MTGase and surfactant molecules) are enhanced while the interactions between target molecules (MTGase) and the other two molecules (water and surfactant molecules) are weakened as the ionic strength increases. Moreover, the effect of size exclusion on backward extraction was also investigated. The results demonstrate size exclusion has limit effect at high ionic strength, and the weakened interaction of MTGase-water-surfactant is the main reason causing the release of the target molecules in backward extraction. This work might provide valuable reference to the MTGase purification and downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingxiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junfen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xuejun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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68
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Grigoletto A, Mero A, Yoshioka H, Schiavon O, Pasut G. Covalent immobilisation of transglutaminase: stability and applications in protein PEGylation. J Drug Target 2017; 25:856-864. [PMID: 28805084 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1363211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase enzyme (mTGase) is an extremely useful enzyme that is increasingly employed in the food and pharmaceutical industries and as a tool for protein modification and tagging. The current study describes how we immobilised mTGase (iTGase) on a solid support to improve its stability during the PEGylation process by which polyethylene glycol chains are attached to protein and peptide drugs. When the enzyme was immobilised at the N-terminal sequence on agarose beads, it retained more than 53% of its starting activity. Kinetic studies on the immobilised and free mTGase disclosed a 1.7 and 1.5 fold decrease of Km and Vmax, respectively. Protein PEGylation was carried out using α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). In the former case, the iTGase showed a selective conjugation towards only one Gln residue of α-LA, avoiding formation of a mono- and bi-conjugate mixture that is achieved using the free enzyme. In the latter case, the immobilised enzyme still remained selective towards only one Gln, but avoided the undesired formation of deamidated G-CSF that took place when free mTGase was used. Overall, the results of the current study highlight the suitability of iTGase in preparing site-selective protein-polymer conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Mero
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | | | - Oddone Schiavon
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Padua , Padua , Italy.,c Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS , Padua , Italy
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69
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Hattori Y, Heidenreich D, Ono Y, Sugiki T, Yokoyama KI, Suzuki EI, Fujiwara T, Kojima C. Protein 19F-labeling using transglutaminase for the NMR study of intermolecular interactions. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2017; 68:271-279. [PMID: 28756478 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-017-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of stable isotope-labeled proteins is important for NMR studies, however, it is often hampered in the case of eukaryotic proteins which are not readily expressed in Escherichia coli. Such proteins are often conveniently investigated following post-expression chemical isotope tagging. Enzymatic 15N-labeling of glutamine side chains using transglutaminase (TGase) has been applied to several proteins for NMR studies. 19F-labeling is useful for interaction studies due to its high NMR sensitivity and susceptibility. Here, 19F-labeling of glutamine side chains using TGase and 2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine hydrochloride was established for use in an NMR study. This enzymatic 19F-labeling readily provided NMR detection of protein-drug and protein-protein interactions with complexes of about 100 kDa since the surface residues provided a good substrate for TGase. The 19F-labeling method was 3.5-fold more sensitive than 15N-labeling, and could be combined with other chemical modification techniques such as lysine 13C-methylation. 13C-dimethylated-19F-labeled FKBP12 provided more accurate information concerning the FK506 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Hattori
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihamaboji, 180, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - David Heidenreich
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yuki Ono
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sugiki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Yokoyama
- Institute for Innovation Ajinomoto Co., Inc, Suzuki-cho 1-1, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichiro Suzuki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-5, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Fujiwara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chojiro Kojima
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-5, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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70
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Steffen W, Ko FC, Patel J, Lyamichev V, Albert TJ, Benz J, Rudolph MG, Bergmann F, Streidl T, Kratzsch P, Boenitz-Dulat M, Oelschlaegel T, Schraeml M. Discovery of a microbial transglutaminase enabling highly site-specific labeling of proteins. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15622-15635. [PMID: 28751378 PMCID: PMC5612097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.797811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminases (MTGs) catalyze the formation of Gln–Lys isopeptide bonds and are widely used for the cross-linking of proteins and peptides in food and biotechnological applications (e.g. to improve the texture of protein-rich foods or in generating antibody-drug conjugates). Currently used MTGs have low substrate specificity, impeding their biotechnological use as enzymes that do not cross-react with nontarget substrates (i.e. as bio-orthogonal labeling systems). Here, we report the discovery of an MTG from Kutzneria albida (KalbTG), which exhibited no cross-reactivity with known MTG substrates or commonly used target proteins, such as antibodies. KalbTG was produced in Escherichia coli as soluble and active enzyme in the presence of its natural inhibitor ammonium to prevent potentially toxic cross-linking activity. The crystal structure of KalbTG revealed a conserved core similar to other MTGs but very short surface loops, making it the smallest MTG characterized to date. Ultra-dense peptide array technology involving a pool of 1.4 million unique peptides identified specific recognition motifs for KalbTG in these peptides. We determined that the motifs YRYRQ and RYESK are the best Gln and Lys substrates of KalbTG, respectively. By first reacting a bifunctionalized peptide with the more specific KalbTG and in a second step with the less specific MTG from Streptomyces mobaraensis, a successful bio-orthogonal labeling system was demonstrated. Fusing the KalbTG recognition motif to an antibody allowed for site-specific and ratio-controlled labeling using low label excess. Its site specificity, favorable kinetics, ease of use, and cost-effective production render KalbTG an attractive tool for a broad range of applications, including production of therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojtek Steffen
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany,
| | - Fu Chong Ko
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jigar Patel
- Roche Sequencing, NimbleGen, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, and
| | | | | | - Jörg Benz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Rudolph
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Bergmann
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Streidl
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kratzsch
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Schraeml
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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71
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Romeih E, Walker G. Recent advances on microbial transglutaminase and dairy application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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72
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Structuring colloidal oat and faba bean protein particles via enzymatic modification. Food Chem 2017; 231:87-95. [PMID: 28450027 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oat and faba bean protein isolates were treated with transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis and tyrosinase from Trichoderma reesei to modify the colloidal properties of protein particles in order to improve their colloidal stability and foaming properties. Transglutaminase crosslinked faba bean protein extensively already with 10nkat/g enzyme dosage. Oat protein was crosslinked to some extent with transglutaminase with higher dosages (100 and 1000nkat/g). Transglutaminase increased the absolute zeta-potential values and reduced the particle size of oat protein particles. As a result, the colloidal stability and foaming properties were improved. Tyrosinase had limited crosslinking ability on both plant protein materials. Tyrosinase greatly reduced the solubility of oat protein despite limited crosslinking. Tyrosinase did not have effect on zeta-potential or colloidal stability of either protein, but it impaired foaming properties of both. Thus, the crosslinking enzymes studied caused significantly different end product functionality, presumably due to the different mechanism of action.
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73
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Grossmann L, Wefers D, Bunzel M, Weiss J, Zeeb B. Accessibility of transglutaminase to induce protein crosslinking in gelled food matrices - Influence of network structure. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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74
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Grigoletto A, Mero A, Maso K, Pasut G. Transgultaminase-Mediated Nanoarmoring of Enzymes by PEGylation. Methods Enzymol 2017; 590:317-346. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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75
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Wakabayashi R, Yahiro K, Hayashi K, Goto M, Kamiya N. Protein-Grafted Polymers Prepared Through a Site-Specific Conjugation by Microbial Transglutaminase for an Immunosorbent Assay. Biomacromolecules 2016; 18:422-430. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Wakabayashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yahiro
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Hayashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Hitachi Aloka
Medical, Ltd., 3-7-19 Imai, Ome-shi, Tokyo 198-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division
of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division
of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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76
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Liu S, Wang M, Du G, Chen J. Improving the active expression of transglutaminase in Streptomyces lividans by promoter engineering and codon optimization. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:75. [PMID: 27793152 PMCID: PMC5084433 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transglutaminases (TGase), which are synthesized as a zymogen (pro-TGase) in Streptomyces sp., are important enzymes in the food industry. Because this pro-peptide is essential for the correct folding of Streptomyces TGase, TGase is usually expressed in an inactive pro-TGase form, which is then converted to active TGase by the addition of activating proteases in vitro. In this study, Streptomyces hygroscopicus TGase was actively produced by Streptomyces lividans through promoter engineering and codon optimization. Results A gene fragment (tg1, 2.6 kb) that encoded the pro-TGase and its endogenous promoter region, signal peptide and terminator was amplified from S. hygroscopicus WSH03-13 and cloned into plasmid pIJ86, which resulted in pIJ86/tg1. After fermentation for 2 days, S. lividans TK24 that harbored pIJ86/tg1 produced 1.8 U/mL of TGase, and a clear TGase band (38 kDa) was detected in the culture supernatant. These results indicated that the pro-TGase was successfully expressed and correctly processed into active TGase in S. lividans TK24 by using the TGase promoter. Based on deletion analysis, the complete sequence of the TGase promoter is restricted to the region from −693 to −48. We also identified a negative element (−198 to −148) in the TGase promoter, and the deletion of this element increased the TGase production by 81.3 %, in contrast to the method by which S. lividans expresses pIJ86/tg1. Combining the deletion of the negative element of the promoter and optimization of the gene codons, the yield and productivity of TGase reached 5.73 U/mL and 0.14 U/mL/h in the recombinant S. lividans, respectively. Conclusions We constructed an active TGase-producing strain that had a high yield and productivity, and the optimized TGase promoter could be a good candidate promoter for the expression of other proteins in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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77
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Fiebig D, Schmelz S, Zindel S, Ehret V, Beck J, Ebenig A, Ehret M, Fröls S, Pfeifer F, Kolmar H, Fuchsbauer HL, Scrima A. Structure of the Dispase Autolysis-inducing Protein from Streptomyces mobaraensis and Glutamine Cross-linking Sites for Transglutaminase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20417-26. [PMID: 27493205 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.731109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis (MTG) is an important enzyme for cross-linking and modifying proteins. An intrinsic substrate of MTG is the dispase autolysis-inducing protein (DAIP). The amino acid sequence of DAIP contains 5 potential glutamines and 10 lysines for MTG-mediated cross-linking. The aim of the study was to determine the structure and glutamine cross-linking sites of the first physiological MTG substrate. A production procedure was established in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to obtain high yields of recombinant DAIP. DAIP variants were prepared by replacing four of five glutamines for asparagines in various combinations via site-directed mutagenesis. Incorporation of biotin cadaverine revealed a preference of MTG for the DAIP glutamines in the order of Gln-39 ≫ Gln-298 > Gln-345 ∼ Gln-65 ≫ Gln-144. In the structure of DAIP the preferred glutamines do cluster at the top of the seven-bladed β-propeller. This suggests a targeted cross-linking of DAIP by MTG that may occur after self-assembly in the bacterial cell wall. Based on our biochemical and structural data of the first physiological MTG substrate, we further provide novel insight into determinants of MTG-mediated modification, specificity, and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fiebig
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, and the Department of Chemistry and
| | - Stefan Schmelz
- From the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124 Germany
| | - Stephan Zindel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, and the Department of Chemistry and
| | - Vera Ehret
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, and
| | - Jan Beck
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, and the Department of Chemistry and
| | - Aileen Ebenig
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, and the Department of Chemistry and
| | - Marina Ehret
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, and
| | - Sabrina Fröls
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felicitas Pfeifer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Lothar Fuchsbauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, and
| | - Andrea Scrima
- From the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124 Germany,
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78
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Partanen R, Sibakov J, Rommi K, Hakala T, Holopainen-Mantila U, Lahtinen P, Ercili-Cura D, Lantto R. Dispersion stability of non-refined turnip rapeseed (Brassica rapa) protein concentrate: Impact of thermal, mechanical and enzymatic treatments. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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79
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Lee SY, Choi MJ, Cho HY, Davaatseren M. Effects of High-Pressure, Microbial Transglutaminase and Glucono-δ-Lactone on the Aggregation Properties of Skim Milk. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:335-42. [PMID: 27433104 PMCID: PMC4942548 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The object in this study is to investigate the effects of high pressure and freezing processes on the curdling of skim milk depending on the presence of transglutaminase (TGase) and glucono-δ-lactone (GdL). Skim milk was treated with atmospheric freezing (AF), high pressure (HP), pressure-shift freezing (PSF) and high pressure sub-zero temperature (HPST) processing conditions. After freezing and pressure processing, these processed milk samples were treated with curdling agents, such as TGase and GdL. Pressurized samples (HP, PSF and HPST) had lower lightness than that of the control. In particular, PSF had the lowest lightness (p<0.05). Likewise, the PSF proteins were the most insoluble regardless of whether they were activated by TGase and GdL, indicating the highest rate of protein aggregation (p<0.05). Furthermore, the TGase/GdL reaction resulted in thick bands corresponding to masses larger than 69 kDa, indicating curdling. Casein bands were the weakest in PSF-treated milk, revealing that casein was prone to protein aggregation. PSF also had the highest G' value among all treatments after activation by TGase, implying that PSF formed the hardest curd. However, adding GdL decreased the G' values of the samples except HPST-treated samples. Synthetically, the PSF process was advantageous for curdling of skim milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoon Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Choi
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyung-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
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80
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Grossmann L, Zeeb B, Weiss J. Diffusion Behavior of Microbial Transglutaminase to Induce Protein Crosslinking in Oil-in-Water Emulsions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2015.1135401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Grossmann
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Zeeb
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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81
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New Aspects in the Formulation of Drugs Based on Three Case Studies. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050577. [PMID: 27144546 PMCID: PMC6274142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as tablets, towards drug delivery control and cost efficiency is of great importance in formulation technologies. Here, three examples: in situ coating, freeze casting and protein-based biocomposites are presented that address the above mentioned issues and contribute to further developments in formulation technologies. The in situ coating increases the economic efficiency by saving process steps in comparison to a conventional tableting process and provides a crystalline coating for a tailorable drug delivery rate. The freeze casting allows the control over the surface area of a drug delivery system (DDS) by providing different numbers and sizes of pores, which in conjunction with adequate additives offer an efficient instrument for drug delivery control, especially by accelerating the dissolution effect. Protein-based biocomposites are attractive materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications that can be applied as a polymeric DDS. They inherently combine degradability in vivo and in vitro, show a good biocompatibility, offer sites of adhesion for cells and may additionally be used to release embedded bioactive molecules. Here, a new approach regarding the incorporation of crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) into a protein matrix in one process step is presented. All three presented techniques mark decisive progress towards tailor-made drug delivery systems with respect to function, economic efficiency and the generation of additional values.
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82
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Accessibility of Transglutaminase to Induce Protein Crosslinking in Gelled Food Matrices - Impact of Membrane Structure. FOOD BIOPHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-016-9428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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83
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Zhou JQ, He T, Wang JW. PEGylation of cytochrome c at the level of lysine residues mediated by a microbial transglutaminase. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1121-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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84
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Zhou JQ, He T, Wang JW. The microbial transglutaminase immobilization on carboxylated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for thermo-responsivity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 87-88:44-51. [PMID: 27178794 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is widely utilized in the PEGylation of pharmaceutical proteins. mTG immobilization can be achieved via covalent bonding on solid supports. However, the catalytic efficiency of mTG immobilized on solid supports was significantly reduced by mass transfer limitation. To overcome this limitation, mTG was covalently immobilized on the thermo-responsive carboxylated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM). The pNIPAM-mTG conjugate exhibited reversibly solubility in aqueous solution with a low critical solution temperature (LCST) at 39°C, i.e., it was insoluble above 39°C and soluble below 39°C. The pH dependence of the pNIPAM-mTG conjugate was similar with that of the native mTG. Upon conjugation to pNIPAM, the optimal temperature of mTG shifted down from 50-55°C to 40-45°C, and the thermal stability of the conjugate was elevated. The easy separation of the pNIPAM-mTG conjugate with its substrate and the catalytic efficiency of the pNIPAM-mTG conjugate were demonstrated by employing the pNIPAM-mTG conjugate to cross-link bovine serum albumin (BSA) and catalyze PEGylation of therapeutic protein, cytochrome c (Cyt C), respectively. The thermo-responsive mTG is suitable to modify proteins in food processing and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qin Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Ting He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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85
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Zindel S, Ehret V, Ehret M, Hentschel M, Witt S, Krämer A, Fiebig D, Jüttner N, Fröls S, Pfeifer F, Fuchsbauer HL. Involvement of a Novel Class C Beta-Lactamase in the Transglutaminase Mediated Cross-Linking Cascade of Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM 40847. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149145. [PMID: 26886195 PMCID: PMC4757070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM 40847 secretes transglutaminase that cross-links proteins via γ-glutamyl-ε-lysine isopeptide bonds. Characterized substrates are inhibitory proteins acting against various serine, cysteine and metalloproteases. In the present study, the bacterial secretome was examined to uncover additional transglutaminase substrates. Fractional ethanol precipitation of the exported proteins at various times of culture growth, electrophoresis of the precipitated proteins, and sequencing of a 39 kDa protein by mass spectrometry revealed the novel beta-lactamase Sml-1. As indicated by biotinylated probes, Sml-1, produced in E. coli, exhibits glutamine and lysine residues accessible for transglutaminase. The chromogenic cephalosporin analogue, nitrocefin, was hydrolyzed by Sml-1 with low velocity. The obtained Km and kcat values of the recombinant enzyme were 94.3±1.8 μM and 0.39±0.03 s(-1), respectively. Penicillin G and ampicillin proved to be weak inhibitors of nitrocefin hydrolysis (Ki of 0.1 mM and 0.18 mM). Negligible influence of metals on β-lactamase activity ruled out that Sml-1 is a Zn2+-dependent class B beta-lactamase. Rather, sequence motifs such as SITK, YSN, and HDG forming the active core in a hypothetical structure may be typical for class C beta-lactamases. Based on the results, we assume that the novel transglutaminase substrate ensures undisturbed growth of aerial hyphae in Streptomyces mobaraensis by trapping and inactivating hostile beta-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Zindel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vera Ehret
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marina Ehret
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Madeleine Hentschel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Samantha Witt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Krämer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David Fiebig
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Norbert Jüttner
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sabrina Fröls
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felicitas Pfeifer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hans-Lothar Fuchsbauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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86
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Recent advances in the construction of antibody–drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2016; 8:114-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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87
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Rachel NM, Pelletier JN. One-pot peptide and protein conjugation: a combination of enzymatic transamidation and click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2541-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09163b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic transamidation and copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) were combined to yield covalently conjugated peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Rachel
- Department of Chemistry
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
- PROTEO
| | - J. N. Pelletier
- Department of Chemistry
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
- PROTEO
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88
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Rickert M, Strop P, Lui V, Melton-Witt J, Farias SE, Foletti D, Shelton D, Pons J, Rajpal A. Production of soluble and active microbial transglutaminase in Escherichia coli for site-specific antibody drug conjugation. Protein Sci 2015; 25:442-55. [PMID: 26481561 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Applications of microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) produced from Streptomyces mobarensis (S. mobarensis) were recently extended from food to pharmaceutical industry. To use mTGase for clinical applications, like generation of site specific antibody drug conjugates, it would be beneficial to manufacture mTGase in Escherichia coli (E. coli). To date, attempts to express recombinant soluble and active S. mobarensis mTGase have been largely unsuccessful. mTGase from S. mobarensis is naturally expressed as proenzyme and stepwise proteolytically processed into its active mature form outside of the bacterial cell. The pro-domain is essential for correct folding of mTGase as well as for inhibiting activity of mTGase inside the cell. Here, we report a genetically modified mTGase that has full activity and can be expressed at high yields in the cytoplasm of E. coli. To achieve this we performed an alanine-scan of the mTGase pro-domain and identified mutants that maintain its chaperone function but destabilize the cleaved pro-domain/mTGase interaction in a temperature dependent fashion. This allows proper folding of mTGase and keeps the enzyme inactive during expression at 20°C, but results in full activity when shifted to 37°C due to loosen domain interactions. The insertion of the 3C protease cleavage site together with pro-domain alanine mutants Tyr14, Ile24, or Asn25 facilitate high yields (30-75 mg/L), and produced an enzyme with activity identical to wild type mTGase from S. mobarensis. Site-specific antibody drug conjugates made with the E .coli produced mTGase demonstrated identical potency in an in vitro cell assay to those made with mTGase from S. mobarensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rickert
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Pavel Strop
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Victor Lui
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jody Melton-Witt
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Santiago Esteban Farias
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Davide Foletti
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | | | - Jaume Pons
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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89
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Fernandes CG, Plácido D, Lousa D, Brito JA, Isidro A, Soares CM, Pohl J, Carrondo MA, Archer M, Henriques AO. Structural and Functional Characterization of an Ancient Bacterial Transglutaminase Sheds Light on the Minimal Requirements for Protein Cross-Linking. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5723-34. [PMID: 26322858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases are best known for their ability to catalyze protein cross-linking reactions that impart chemical and physical resilience to cellular structures. Here, we report the crystal structure and characterization of Tgl, a transglutaminase from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Tgl is produced during sporulation and cross-links the surface of the highly resilient spore. Tgl-like proteins are found only in spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus and Clostridia classes, indicating an ancient origin. Tgl is a single-domain protein, produced in active form, and the smallest transglutaminase characterized to date. We show that Tgl is structurally similar to bacterial cell wall endopeptidases and has an NlpC/P60 catalytic core, thought to represent the ancestral unit of the cysteine protease fold. We show that Tgl functions through a unique partially redundant catalytic dyad formed by Cys116 and Glu187 or Glu115. Strikingly, the catalytic Cys is insulated within a hydrophobic tunnel that traverses the molecule from side to side. The lack of similarity of Tgl to other transglutaminases together with its small size suggests that an NlpC/P60 catalytic core and insulation of the active site during catalysis may be essential requirements for protein cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30333, United States
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90
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Yu J, Pian Y, Ge J, Guo J, Zheng Y, Jiang H, Hao H, Yuan Y, Jiang Y, Yang M. Functional and Structural Characterization of the Antiphagocytic Properties of a Novel Transglutaminase from Streptococcus suis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19081-92. [PMID: 26085092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (Ss2) is an important swine and human zoonotic pathogen. In the present study, we identified a novel secreted immunogenic protein, SsTGase, containing a highly conserved eukaryotic-like transglutaminase (TGase) domain at the N terminus. We found that inactivation of SsTGase significantly reduced the virulence of Ss2 in a pig infection model and impaired its antiphagocytosis in human blood. We further solved the crystal structure of the N-terminal portion of the protein in homodimer form at 2.1 Å. Structure-based mutagenesis and biochemical studies suggested that disruption of the homodimer directly resulted in the loss of its TGase activity and antiphagocytic ability. Characterization of SsTGase as a novel virulence factor of Ss2 by acting as a TGase would be beneficial for developing new therapeutic agents against Ss2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and
| | - Yaya Pian
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and
| | - Jingpeng Ge
- Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and
| | - Jie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Huaijie Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China,
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China,
| | - Maojun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and
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91
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Malešević M, Migge A, Hertel TC, Pietzsch M. A fluorescence-based array screen for transglutaminase substrates. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1169-74. [PMID: 25940638 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (EC 2.3.2.13) form an enzyme family that catalyzes the formation of isopeptide bonds between the γ-carboxamide group of glutamine and the ε-amine group of lysine residues of peptides and proteins. Other primary amines can be accepted in place of lysine. Because of their important physiological and pathophysiological functions, transglutaminases have been studied for 60 years. However, the substrate preferences of this enzyme class remain largely elusive. In this study, we used focused combinatorial libraries of 400 peptides to investigate the influence of the amino acids adjacent to the glutamine and lysine residues on the catalysis of isopeptide bond formation by microbial transglutaminase. Using the peptide microarray technology we found a strong positive influence of hydrophobic and basic amino acids, especially arginine, tyrosine, and leucine. Several tripeptide substrates were synthesized, and enzymatic kinetic parameters were determined both by microarray analysis and in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Malešević
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Enzymology, Project Group gFP5, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale (Germany)
| | - Andreas Migge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences I, Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale (Germany)
| | - Thomas C Hertel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences I, Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale (Germany)
| | - Markus Pietzsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences I, Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale (Germany).
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92
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Ercili-Cura D, Miyamoto A, Paananen A, Yoshii H, Poutanen K, Partanen R. Adsorption of oat proteins to air–water interface in relation to their colloidal state. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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93
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Bagagli MP, Jazaeri S, Bock JE, Seetharaman K, Sato HH. Effect of Transglutaminase, Citrate Buffer, and Temperature on a Soft Wheat Flour Dough System. Cereal Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-09-13-0176-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela P. Bagagli
- Department of Food Science, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, P.O. Box 6121, CEP 13083-862, Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Phone: +55 1935212175
| | - Sahar Jazaeri
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jayne E. Bock
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Koushik Seetharaman
- Deceased; formerly Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Helia H. Sato
- Department of Food Science, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, P.O. Box 6121, CEP 13083-862, Campinas-SP, Brazil
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94
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Optimisation of the microencapsulation of tuna oil in gelatin–sodium hexametaphosphate using complex coacervation. Food Chem 2014; 158:358-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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95
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Liu YH, Lin S, Liu K, Liu XG, Zhang XQ, Wang HB, Lu FP. High-level expression of the Streptomyces mobaraense CICC 11018 transglutaminase in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683814050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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96
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Liu Y, Lin S, Zhang X, Liu X, Wang J, Lu F. A novel approach for improving the yield of Bacillus subtilis transglutaminase in heterologous strains. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:1227-35. [PMID: 24947581 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transglutaminase (BTG) from Bacillus subtilis is considered to be a new type of transglutaminase for the food industry. Given that the BTG gene only encodes a mature peptide, the expression of BTG in heterologous microbial hosts could affect their normal growth due to BTG's typical transglutaminase activity which can catalyze cross-linking of proteins in the cells. Therefore, we developed a novel approach to suppress BTG activity and reduce the toxicity on microbial hosts, thus improving BTG yield. Genes encoding the respective regions of transglutaminase propeptide from seven species of Streptomyces were fused to the N-terminal of the BTG gene to produce fusion proteins. We found that all the fused propeptides could suppress BTG activity. Importantly, BTG activity could be completely restored after the removal of the propeptides by proteolytic cleavage. Of the seven propeptides tested, the propeptide proD from Streptomyces caniferus had the strongest suppressive effect on BTG activity (70 % of the activity suppressed). Moreover, fusion protein proD-BTG (containing proD) also exhibited the highest yield which was more than twofold of the expression level of BTG in an active form in Escherichia coli. Secretion expression of BTG and proD-BTG in Corynebacterium glutamicum further showed that our novel approach was suitable for the efficient BTG expression, thus providing a valuable platform for further optimization of large-scale BTG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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97
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Strop
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc., 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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98
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Spolaore B, Damiano N, Raboni S, Fontana A. Site-specific derivatization of avidin using microbial transglutaminase. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:470-80. [PMID: 24517223 DOI: 10.1021/bc400378h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Avidin conjugates have several important applications in biotechnology and medicine. In this work, we investigated the possibility to produce site-specific derivatives of avidin using microbial transglutaminase (TGase). TGase allows the modification of proteins at the level of Gln or Lys residues using as substrate an alkyl-amine or a Gln-mimicking moiety, respectively. The reaction is site-specific, since Gln and Lys derivatization occurs preferentially at residues embedded in flexible regions of protein substrates. An analysis of the X-ray structure of avidin allowed us to predict Gln126 and Lys127 as potential sites of TGase's attack, because these residues are located in the flexible/unfolded C-terminal region of the protein. Surprisingly, incubation of avidin with TGase in the presence of alkylamine containing substrates (dansylcadaverine, 5-hydroxytryptamine) revealed a very low level of derivatization of the Gln126 residue. Analysis of the TGase reaction on synthetic peptide analogues of the C-terminal portion of avidin indicated that the lack of reactivity of Gln126 was likely due to the fact that this residue is proximal to negatively charged carboxylate groups, thus hampering the interaction of the substrate at the negatively charged active site of TGase. On the other hand, incubation of avidin with TGase in the presence of carbobenzoxy-l-glutaminyl-glycine in order to derivatize Lys residue(s) resulted in a clean and high yield production of an avidin derivative, retaining the biotin binding properties and the quaternary structure of the native protein. Proteolytic digestion of the modified protein, followed by mass spectrometry, allowed us to identify Lys127 as the major site of reaction, together with a minor modification of Lys58. By using TGase, avidin was also conjugated via a Lys-Gln isopeptide bond to a protein containing a single reactive Gln residue, namely, Gln126 of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. TGase can thus be exploited for the site-specific derivatization of avidin with small molecules or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Spolaore
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua , Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
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99
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de Góes-Favoni SP, Bueno FR. Microbial Transglutaminase: General Characteristics and Performance in Food Processing Technology. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2013.870076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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100
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Oteng-Pabi SK, Pardin C, Stoica M, Keillor JW. Site-specific protein labelling and immobilization mediated by microbial transglutaminase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6604-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00994k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) mediates site-specific propargylation of target proteins, allowing their subsequent modification in in vitro bio-conjugation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Stoica
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
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