51
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Roy A, Femel J, Huijbers EJM, Spillmann D, Larsson E, Ringvall M, Olsson AK, Åbrink M. Targeting Serglycin Prevents Metastasis in Murine Mammary Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156151. [PMID: 27223472 PMCID: PMC4880347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In hematopoietic cells, serglycin proteoglycans mainly contribute to proper storage and secretion of inflammatory mediators via their negatively charged glycosaminoglycans. Serglycin proteoglycans are also expressed in cancer cells where increased expression has been linked to poor prognosis. However, the serglycin-dependent mediators promoting cancer progression remain to be determined. In the present study we report that genetic ablation of serglycin proteoglycan completely blocks lung metastasis in the MMTV-PyMT-driven mouse breast cancer model, while serglycin-deficiency did not affect primary tumour growth or number of mammary tumours. Although E-cadherin expression was higher in the serglycin-deficient primary tumour tissue, indicating reduced invasiveness, serglycin-deficient tumour cells were still detected in the circulation. These data suggest that serglycin proteoglycans play a role in extravasation as well as colonization and growth of metastatic cells. A microarray expression analysis and functional annotation of differentially expressed genes identified several biological pathways where serglycin may be important. Our results suggest that serglycin and serglycin-dependent mediators are potential drug targets to prevent metastatic disease/dissemination of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Femel
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth J. M. Huijbers
- VUMC—Cancer Center Amsterdam, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Dept. of Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothe Spillmann
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck laboratory, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Ringvall
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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52
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Li JP, Kusche-Gullberg M. Heparan Sulfate: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:215-73. [PMID: 27241222 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (PGs) are ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix of most animal tissues, having essential functions in development and homeostasis, as well as playing various roles in disease processes. The functions of HSPGs are mainly dependent on interactions between the HS-side chains with a variety of proteins including cytokines, growth factors, and their receptors. In a given HS polysaccharide, negatively charged sulfate and carboxylate groups are arranged in various types of domains, generated through strictly regulated biosynthetic reactions and with enormous potential for structural variability. The mode of HS-protein interactions is assessed through binding experiments using saccharides of defined composition in vitro, signaling assays in cell models where HS structures are manipulated, and targeted disruption of genes for biosynthetic enzymes in animals (mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans) followed by phenotype analysis. Whereas some protein ligands appear to require strictly defined HS structure, others bind to variable saccharide domains without apparent dependence on distinct saccharide sequence. These findings raise intriguing questions concerning the functional significance of regulation in HS biosynthesis and the potential for development of therapeutics targeting HS-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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53
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Sutton VR, Brennan AJ, Ellis S, Danne J, Thia K, Jenkins MR, Voskoboinik I, Pejler G, Johnstone RW, Andrews DM, Trapani JA. Serglycin determines secretory granule repertoire and regulates natural killer cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cytotoxicity. FEBS J 2016; 283:947-61. [PMID: 26756195 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The anionic proteoglycan serglycin is a major constituent of secretory granules in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)/natural killer (NK) cells, and is proposed to promote the safe storage of the mostly cationic granule toxins, granzymes and perforin. Despite the extensive defects of mast cell function reported in serglycin gene-disrupted mice, no comprehensive study of physiologically relevant CTL/NK cell populations has been reported. We show that the cytotoxicity of serglycin-deficient CTL and NK cells is severely compromised but can be partly compensated in both cell types when they become activated. Reduced intracellular granzyme B levels were noted, particularly in CD27(+) CD11b(+) mature NK cells, whereas serglycin(-/-) TCR-transgenic (OTI) CD8 T cells also had reduced perforin stores. Culture supernatants from serglycin(-/-) OTI T cells and interleukin-2-activated NK contained increased granzyme B, linking reduced storage with heightened export. By contrast, granzyme A was not significantly reduced in cells lacking serglycin, indicating differentially regulated trafficking and/or storage for the two granzymes. A quantitative analysis of different granule classes by transmission electronmicroscopy showed a selective loss of dense-core granules in serglycin(-/-) CD8(+) CTLs, although other granule types were maintained quantitatively. The findings of the present study show that serglycin plays a critical role in the maturation of dense-core cytotoxic granules in cytotoxic lymphocytes and the trafficking and storage of perforin and granzyme B, whereas granzyme A is unaffected. The skewed retention of cytotoxic effector molecules markedly reduces CTL/NK cell cytotoxicity, although this is partly compensated for as a result of activating the cells by physiological means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien R Sutton
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amelia J Brennan
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Microscopy and Histology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jill Danne
- Microscopy and Histology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Thia
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Cell Death/Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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54
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Reine TM, Vuong TT, Rutkovskiy A, Meen AJ, Vaage J, Jenssen TG, Kolset SO. Serglycin in Quiescent and Proliferating Primary Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145584. [PMID: 26694746 PMCID: PMC4687888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are fundamental components of the endothelial barrier, but the functions of the proteoglycan serglycin in endothelium are less described. Our aim was to describe the roles of serglycin in processes relevant for endothelial dysfunction. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured in vitro and the expression of proteoglycans was investigated. Dense cell cultures representing the quiescent endothelium coating the vasculature was compared to sparse activated cell cultures, relevant for diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. Secretion of 35S- proteoglycans increased in sparse cultures, and we showed that serglycin is a major component of the cell-density sensitive proteoglycan population. In contrast to the other proteoglycans, serglycin expression and secretion was higher in proliferating compared to quiescent HUVEC. RNAi silencing of serglycin inhibited proliferation and wound healing, and serglycin expression and secretion was augmented by hypoxia, mechanical strain and IL-1β induced inflammation. Notably, the secretion of the angiogenic chemokine CCL2 resulting from IL-1β activation, was increased in serglycin knockdown cells, while angiopoietin was not affected. Both serglycin and CCL2 were secreted predominantly to the apical side of polarized HUVEC, and serglycin and CCL2 co-localized both in perinuclear areas and in vesicles. These results suggest functions for serglycin in endothelial cells trough interactions with partner molecules, in biological processes with relevance for diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine M Reine
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Section of Renal Diseases, Department of Organ Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tram T Vuong
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arkady Rutkovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astri J Meen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond G Jenssen
- Section of Renal Diseases, Department of Organ Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein O Kolset
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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55
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Balseiro-Gomez S, Ramirez-Ponce MP, Acosta J, Ales E, Flores JA. Intestinal and peritoneal mast cells differ in kinetics of quantal release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:559-64. [PMID: 26692491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT, serotonin) storage and release in mast cell (MC) secretory granules (SG) are dependent on serglycin proteoglycans (PG). This notion is based on the studies of MC of the connective tissue subtype that predominantly contain PG of the heparin type, whereas intestinal mucosal MC, which contain predominantly chondroitin sulfate, have been poorly explored. In the present study, we addressed the possibility that PG contents may differently affect the storage and release of preformed mediators in these two MC subclasses and explain in part their different functional properties. Rat peritoneal (PMC) and intestinal mast cells (IMC) were isolated and purified using a percoll gradient, and the efflux of 5-HT from each SG was measured by amperometric detection. IMC exhibited a ∼34% reduction in the release of 5-HT compared with PMC because of a lower number of exocytotic events, rather than a lower secretion per single exocytotic event. Amperometric spikes from IMC exhibited a slower decay phase and increased half-width but a similar ascending phase and foot parameters, indicating that the fusion pore kinetics are comparable in both MC subclasses. We conclude that both PG subtypes are equally efficient systems, directly involved in serotonin accumulation, and play a crucial role in regulating the kinetics of exocytosis from SG, providing specific secretory properties for the two cellular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Balseiro-Gomez
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain.
| | - M Pilar Ramirez-Ponce
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain.
| | - Jorge Acosta
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain.
| | - Eva Ales
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain.
| | - Juan A Flores
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain.
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56
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Waern I, Karlsson I, Pejler G, Wernersson S. IL-6 and IL-17A degradation by mast cells is mediated by a serglycin:serine protease axis. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 4:70-9. [PMID: 27042303 PMCID: PMC4768062 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells contain large amounts of fully active proteases that are stored in complex with serglycin proteoglycan in their secretory granules. Upon degranulation, such serglycin:protease complexes are released to the extracellular space and can potentially have an impact on the local inflammatory reaction, either through direct effects of serglycin proteoglycan or through effects mediated by its bound proteases. The objective of this study was to address this scenario by investigating the possibility that serglycin‐associated proteases can regulate levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, we show here that activated cultured peritoneal mast cells from wild type mice efficiently reduced the levels of exogenously administered IL‐6 and IL‐17A, whereas serglycin‐deficient mast cells lacked this ability. Furthermore, our data suggest that the reduction of IL‐6 and IL‐17A concentrations is due to proteolytic degradation mediated by serglycin‐dependent serine proteases. Moreover, we show that activated mast cells have the capacity to release IL‐6 and that the levels of this cytokine in supernatants were markedly higher in cultures of serglycin‐deficient versus serglycin‐sufficient mast cells, suggesting that serglycin‐dependent serine proteases also participate in the regulation of endogenously produced IL‐6. In summary, although the general consensus is that mast cells have a pathogenic impact on inflammatory settings, this study identifies a role for a mast cell‐derived serglycin:serine protease axis in down‐regulating levels of major inflammatory cytokines. These findings support the notion that mast cells could have a dual role in inflammatory settings, by both being able to secrete pathogenic compounds and being able to regulate their levels after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
| | - Iulia Karlsson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and BiochemistrySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSE-75007Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSE-75123Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
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57
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Farrugia BL, Whitelock JM, O'Grady R, Caterson B, Lord MS. Mast Cells Produce a Unique Chondroitin Sulfate Epitope. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 64:85-98. [PMID: 26586669 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415620649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The granules of mast cells contain a myriad of mediators that are stored and protected by the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains that decorate proteoglycans. Whereas heparin is the GAG predominantly associated with mast cells, mast cell proteoglycans are also decorated with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate (CS). This study investigated a unique CS structure produced by mast cells that was detected with the antibody clone 2B6 in the absence of chondroitinase ABC digestion. Mast cells in rodent tissue sections were characterized using toluidine blue, Leder stain and the presence of mast cell tryptase. The novel CS epitope was identified in rodent tissue sections and localized to cells that were morphologically similar to cells chemically identified as mast cells. The rodent mast cell-like line RBL-2H3 was also shown to express the novel CS epitope. This epitope co-localized with multiple CS proteoglycans in both rodent tissue and RBL-2H3 cultured cells. These findings suggest that the novel CS epitope that decorates mast cell proteoglycans may play a role in the way these chains are structured in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (BLF, JMW, ROG, MSL)
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (BLF, JMW, ROG, MSL)
| | - Robert O'Grady
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (BLF, JMW, ROG, MSL)
| | - Bruce Caterson
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (BC)
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (BLF, JMW, ROG, MSL)
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58
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Meen AJ, Drevon CA, Pejler G, Jenssen TG, Olstad OK, Åbrink M, Kolset SO. Serglycin protects against high fat diet-induced increase in serum LDL in mice. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:703-14. [PMID: 26391682 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans have been implicated in regulation of lipoprotein metabolism. However, the impact of serglycin, the major proteoglycan expressed by many hematopoietic- and endothelial cells, on lipoprotein metabolism has not been explored. Here we addressed this issue by comparing several parameters of lipid metabolism in wild type (WT) and serglycin-/- mice, both at baseline and after feeding mice the Paigen diet. We show that, after feeding this diet for 20 weeks, serglycin deficient mice exhibited elevated concentrations of serum LDL in comparison with WT mice, thus suggesting that serglycin protects against an elevation of serum LDL levels after intake of a high-fat diet. Body weight increased in both groups, but only significantly in the serglycin-/- group. To explore the mechanism underlying this phenotype, genome-wide expression analysis was performed on liver tissues from WT and serglycin-/- mice. This analysis showed that serglycin-deficiency is associated with differential expression of numerous genes involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, suggesting that the impact of serglycin on LDL levels may be related to effects at the gene expression level. In particular, several members of the CYP gene family were differently regulated in serglycin-/- compared with WT mice. Moreover, upstream regulator analysis suggested that several pro-inflammatory pathways, including the NFκB pathway, could contribute to the impact of serglycin on LDL. Hence, the elevation of serum LDL seen in serglycin-/- mice may be linked to dysregulated inflammatory responses. Taken together, our findings introduce serglycin as a novel player in processes that regulate lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri J Meen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Pb. 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Pb. 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Trond G Jenssen
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole Kristoffer Olstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svein O Kolset
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Pb. 1046, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
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59
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Öhrvik H, Logeman B, Noguchi G, Eriksson I, Kjellén L, Thiele DJ, Pejler G. Ctr2 Regulates Mast Cell Maturation by Affecting the Storage and Expression of Tryptase and Proteoglycans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3654-64. [PMID: 26342034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is essential for multiple cellular functions. Cellular uptake of Cu(+) is carried out by the Ctr1 high-affinity Cu transporter. The mobilization of endosomal Cu pools is regulated by a protein structurally similar to Ctr1, called Ctr2. It was recently shown that ablation of Ctr2 caused an increase in the concentration of Cu localized to endolysosomes. However, the biological significance of excess endolysosomal Cu accumulation has not been assessed. In this study, we addressed this issue by investigating the impact of Ctr2 deficiency on mast cells, a cell type unusually rich in endolysosomal organelles (secretory granules). We show that Ctr2(-/-) mast cells have increased intracellular Cu concentrations and that the absence of Ctr2 results in increased metachromatic staining, the latter indicating an impact of Ctr2 on the storage of proteoglycans in the secretory granules. In agreement with this, the absence of Ctr2 caused a skewed ratio between proteoglycans of heparin and chondroitin sulfate type, with increased amounts of heparin accompanied by a reduction of chondroitin sulfate. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a higher number of electron-dense granules in Ctr2(-/-) mast cells than in wild-type cells. The increase in granular staining and heparin content is compatible with an impact of Ctr2 on mast cell maturation and, in support of this, the absence of Ctr2 resulted in markedly increased mRNA expression, storage, and enzymatic activity of tryptase. Taken together, the present study introduces Ctr2 and Cu as novel actors in the regulation of mast cell maturation and granule homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Öhrvik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden;
| | - Brandon Logeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Glyn Noguchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Inger Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Dennis J Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Uppsala 75651, Sweden
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60
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Hjorth M, Norheim F, Meen AJ, Pourteymour S, Lee S, Holen T, Jensen J, Birkeland KI, Martinov VN, Langleite TM, Eckardt K, Drevon CA, Kolset SO. The effect of acute and long-term physical activity on extracellular matrix and serglycin in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:e12473. [PMID: 26290530 PMCID: PMC4562559 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM), including regulation of proteoglycans in skeletal muscle can be important for physiological adaptation to exercise. To investigate the effects of acute and long-term exercise on the expression of ECM-related genes and proteoglycans in particular, 26 middle-aged, sedentary men underwent a 12 weeks supervised endurance and strength training intervention and two acute, 45 min bicycle tests (70% VO2max), one at baseline and one after 12 weeks of training. Total gene expression in biopsies from m. vastus lateralis was measured with deep mRNA sequencing. After 45 min of bicycling approximately 550 gene transcripts were >50% upregulated. Of these, 28 genes (5%) were directly related to ECM. In response to long-term exercise of 12 weeks 289 genes exhibited enhanced expression (>50%) and 20% of them were ECM related. Further analyses of proteoglycan mRNA expression revealed that more than half of the proteoglycans expressed in muscle were significantly enhanced after 12 weeks intervention. The proteoglycan serglycin (SRGN) has not been studied in skeletal muscle and was one of few proteoglycans that showed increased expression after acute (2.2-fold, P < 0.001) as well as long-term exercise (1.4-fold, P < 0.001). Cultured, primary human skeletal muscle cells expressed and secreted SRGN. When the expression of SRGN was knocked down, the expression and secretion of serpin E1 (SERPINE1) increased. In conclusion, acute and especially long-term exercise promotes enhanced expression of several ECM components and proteoglycans. SRGN is a novel exercise-regulated proteoglycan in skeletal muscle with a potential role in exercise adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astri J Meen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shirin Pourteymour
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torgeir Holen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre I Birkeland
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vladimir N Martinov
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torgrim M Langleite
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Eckardt
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein O Kolset
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Aroso M, Agricola B, Hacker C, Schrader M. Proteoglycans support proper granule formation in pancreatic acinar cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:331-46. [PMID: 26105026 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zymogen granules (ZG) are specialized organelles in the exocrine pancreas which allow digestive enzyme storage and regulated secretion. The molecular mechanisms of their biogenesis and the sorting of zymogens are still incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the role of proteoglycans in granule formation and secretion of zymogens in pancreatic AR42J cells, an acinar model system. Cupromeronic Blue cytochemistry and biochemical studies revealed an association of proteoglycans primarily with the granule membrane. Removal of proteoglycans by carbonate treatment led to a loss of membrane curvature indicating a supportive role in the maintenance of membrane shape and stability. Chemical inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis impaired the formation of normal electron-dense granules in AR42J cells and resulted in the formation of unusually small granule structures. These structures still contained the zymogen carboxypeptidase, a cargo molecule of secretory granules, but migrated to lighter fractions after density gradient centrifugation. Furthermore, the basal secretion of amylase was increased in AR42J cells after inhibitor treatment. In addition, irregular-shaped granules appeared in pancreatic lobules. We conclude that the assembly of a proteoglycan scaffold at the ZG membrane is supporting efficient packaging of zymogens and the proper formation of stimulus-competent storage granules in acinar cells of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Aroso
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Brigitte Agricola
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, University of Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hacker
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Michael Schrader
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. .,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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The Role of Mast Cell Specific Chymases and Tryptases in Tumor Angiogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:142359. [PMID: 26146612 PMCID: PMC4471246 DOI: 10.1155/2015/142359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An association between mast cells and tumor angiogenesis is known to exist, but the exact role that mast cells play in this process is still unclear. It is thought that the mediators released by mast cells are important in neovascularization. However, it is not known how individual mediators are involved in this process. The major constituents of mast cell secretory granules are the mast cell specific proteases chymase, tryptase, and carboxypeptidase A3. Several previous studies aimed to understand the way in which specific mast cell granule constituents act to induce tumor angiogenesis. A body of evidence indicates that mast cell proteases are the pivotal players in inducing tumor angiogenesis. In this review, the likely mechanisms by which tryptase and chymase can act directly or indirectly to induce tumor angiogenesis are discussed. Finally, information presented here in this review indicates that mast cell proteases significantly influence angiogenesis thus affecting tumor growth and progression. This also suggests that these proteases could serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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63
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Loss of Serglycin Promotes Primary Tumor Growth and Vessel Functionality in the RIP1-Tag2 Mouse Model for Spontaneous Insulinoma Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126688. [PMID: 25978773 PMCID: PMC4433182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The serglycin proteoglycan is mainly expressed by hematopoietic cells where the major function is to retain the content of storage granules and vesicles. In recent years, expression of serglycin has also been found in different forms of human malignancies and a high serglycin expression level has been correlated with a more migratory and invasive phenotype in the case of breast cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Serglycin has also been implicated in the development of the tumor vasculature in multiple myeloma and hepatocellular carcinoma where reduced expression of serglycin was correlated with a less extensive vasculature. To further investigate the contribution of serglycin to tumor development, we have used the immunocompetent RIP1-Tag2 mouse model of spontaneous insulinoma formation crossed into serglycin deficient mice. For the first time we show that serglycin-deficiency affects orthotopic primary tumor growth and tumor vascular functionality of late stage carcinomas. RIP1-Tag2 mice that lack serglycin develop larger tumors with a higher proliferative activity but unaltered apoptosis compared to normal RIP1-Tag2 mice. The absence of serglycin also enhances the tumor vessel functionality, which is better perfused than in tumors from serglycin wild type mice. The presence of the pro-angiogenic modulators vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor were decreased in the serglycin deficient mice which suggests a less pro-angiogenic environment in the tumors of these animals. Taken together, we conclude that serglycin affects multiple aspects of spontaneous tumor formation, which strengthens the theory that serglycin acts as an important mediator in the formation and progression of tumors.
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64
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Galli SJ, Tsai M, Marichal T, Tchougounova E, Reber LL, Pejler G. Approaches for analyzing the roles of mast cells and their proteases in vivo. Adv Immunol 2015; 126:45-127. [PMID: 25727288 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The roles of mast cells in health and disease remain incompletely understood. While the evidence that mast cells are critical effector cells in IgE-dependent anaphylaxis and other acute IgE-mediated allergic reactions seems unassailable, studies employing various mice deficient in mast cells or mast cell-associated proteases have yielded divergent conclusions about the roles of mast cells or their proteases in certain other immunological responses. Such "controversial" results call into question the relative utility of various older versus newer approaches to ascertain the roles of mast cells and mast cell proteases in vivo. This review discusses how both older and more recent mouse models have been used to investigate the functions of mast cells and their proteases in health and disease. We particularly focus on settings in which divergent conclusions about the importance of mast cells and their proteases have been supported by studies that employed different models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency. We think that two major conclusions can be drawn from such findings: (1) no matter which models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency one employs, the conclusions drawn from the experiments always should take into account the potential limitations of the models (particularly abnormalities affecting cell types other than mast cells) and (2) even when analyzing a biological response using a single model of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency, details of experimental design are critical in efforts to define those conditions under which important contributions of mast cells or their proteases can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been shown to bind to a wide variety of microbial pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi in vitro. GAGs are thought to promote pathogenesis by facilitating pathogen attachment, invasion, or evasion of host defense mechanisms. However, the role of GAGs in infectious disease has not been extensively studied in vivo and therefore their pathophysiological significance and functions are largely unknown. Here we describe methods to directly investigate the role of GAGs in infections in vivo using mouse models of bacterial lung and corneal infection. The overall experimental strategy is to establish the importance and specificity of GAGs, define the essential structural features of GAGs, and identify a biological activity of GAGs that promotes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Jinno
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Avenue, Enders-461, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,
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66
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Theocharis AD, Gialeli C, Bouris P, Giannopoulou E, Skandalis SS, Aletras AJ, Iozzo RV, Karamanos NK. Cell-matrix interactions: focus on proteoglycan-proteinase interplay and pharmacological targeting in cancer. FEBS J 2014; 281:5023-42. [PMID: 25333340 PMCID: PMC5036392 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are major constituents of extracellular matrices, as well as cell surfaces and basement membranes. They play key roles in supporting the dynamic extracellular matrix by generating complex structural networks with other macromolecules and by regulating cellular phenotypes and signaling. It is becoming evident, however, that proteolytic enzymes are required partners for matrix remodeling and for modulating cell signaling via matrix constituents. Proteinases contribute to all stages of diseases, particularly cancer development and progression, and contextually participate in either the removal of damaged products or in the processing of matrix molecules and signaling receptors. The dynamic interplay between proteoglycans and proteolytic enzymes is a crucial biological step that contributes to the pathophysiology of cancer and inflammation. Moreover, proteoglycans are implicated in the expression and secretion of proteolytic enzymes and often modulate their activities. In this review, we describe the emerging biological roles of proteoglycans and proteinases, with a special emphasis on their complex interplay. We critically evaluate this important proteoglycan-proteinase interactome and discuss future challenges with respect to targeting this axis in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Chrisostomi Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Bouris
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Efstathia Giannopoulou
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Patras, Patras Medical School, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Spyros S. Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Alexios J. Aletras
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
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67
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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68
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da Silva EZM, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Mast cell function: a new vision of an old cell. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:698-738. [PMID: 25062998 PMCID: PMC4230976 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414545334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1878, mast cells have been mostly viewed as effectors of allergy. It has been only in the past two decades that mast cells have gained recognition for their involvement in other physiological and pathological processes. Mast cells have a widespread distribution and are found predominantly at the interface between the host and the external environment. Mast cell maturation, phenotype and function are a direct consequence of the local microenvironment and have a marked influence on their ability to specifically recognize and respond to various stimuli through the release of an array of biologically active mediators. These features enable mast cells to act as both first responders in harmful situations as well as to respond to changes in their environment by communicating with a variety of other cells implicated in physiological and immunological responses. Therefore, the critical role of mast cells in both innate and adaptive immunity, including immune tolerance, has gained increased prominence. Conversely, mast cell dysfunction has pointed to these cells as the main offenders in several chronic allergic/inflammatory disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mast cell function in both normal and pathological conditions with regards to their regulation, phenotype and role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zayas Marcelino da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
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69
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Paivandy A, Calounova G, Zarnegar B, Ohrvik H, Melo FR, Pejler G. Mefloquine, an anti-malaria agent, causes reactive oxygen species-dependent cell death in mast cells via a secretory granule-mediated pathway. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00066. [PMID: 25505612 PMCID: PMC4186446 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are known to have a detrimental impact on a variety of pathological conditions. There is therefore an urgent need of developing strategies that limit their harmful effects. The aim of this study was to accomplish this by developing a means of inducing mast cell apoptosis. The strategy was to identify novel compounds that induce mast cell apoptosis by permeabilization of their secretory lysosomes (granules). As a candidate, we assessed mefloquine, an anti-malarial drug that has been proposed to have lysosome-permeabilizing activity. Mefloquine was added to mast cells and administered in vivo, followed by assessment of the extent and mechanisms of mast cell death. Mefloquine was cytotoxic to murine and human mast cells. Mefloquine induced apoptotic cell death of wild-type mast cells whereas cells lacking the granule compounds serglycin proteoglycan or tryptase were shown to undergo necrotic cell death, the latter finding indicating a role of the mast cell granules in mefloquine-induced cell death. In support of this, mefloquine was shown to cause compromised granule integrity and to induce leakage of granule components into the cytosol. Mefloquine-induced cell death was refractory to caspase inhibitors but was completely abrogated by reactive oxygen species inhibition. These findings identify mefloquine as a novel anti-mast cell agent, which induces mast cell death through a granule-mediated pathway. Mefloquine may thus become useful in therapy aiming at limiting harmful effects of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Paivandy
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Calounova
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Behdad Zarnegar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Ohrvik
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabio R Melo
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
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70
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Dick G, Akslen-Hoel LK, Grøndahl F, Kjos I, Maccarana M, Prydz K. PAPST1 regulates sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in epithelial MDCK II cells. Glycobiology 2014; 25:30-41. [PMID: 25138304 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycan (PG) sulfation depends on activated nucleotide sulfate, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Transporters in the Golgi membrane translocate PAPS from the cytoplasm into the organelle lumen where PG sulfation occurs. Silencing of PAPS transporter (PAPST) 1 in epithelial MDCK cells reduced PAPS uptake into Golgi vesicles. Surprisingly, at the same time sulfation of heparan sulfate (HS) was stimulated. The effect was pathway specific in polarized epithelial cells. Basolaterally secreted proteoglycans (PGs) displayed an altered HS sulfation pattern and increased growth factor binding capacity. In contrast, the sulfation pattern of apically secreted PGs was unchanged while the secretion was reduced. Regulation of PAPST1 allows epithelial cells to prioritize between PG sulfation in the apical and basolateral secretory routes at the level of the Golgi apparatus. This provides sulfation patterns that ensure PG functions at the extracellular level, such as growth factor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Dick
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Frøy Grøndahl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Kjos
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco Maccarana
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristian Prydz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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71
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72
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Heparanase-mediated cleavage of macromolecular heparin accelerates release of granular components of mast cells from extracellular matrices. Biochem J 2014; 458:291-9. [PMID: 24344642 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase cleaves macromolecular heparin in the secretory granules of connective tissue-type mast cells. We investigated roles of the cleavage under a microenvironment mimicking where the mast cells physiologically reside. A connective tissue-type mast cell line MST and mouse peritoneal cell-derived mast cells stored macromolecular heparin in the secretory granules. The cells expressing heparanase stored fragmented heparin (~10 kDa) due to heparanase-dependent cleavage of the heparin. We produced an artificial collagen-based extracellular matrix and placed the live cells or glycosaminoglycans purified from the cells in the matrix to measure the release of sulfated macromolecules into the medium. The sulfate-radiolabelled molecules from the degranulating heparanase-expressing cells and the purified glycosaminoglycans showed significantly greater release into the medium than those derived from mock cells, which was not the case in suspension culture. The mast cell granular enzyme chymase, but not β-hexosaminidase, showed significantly greater release from the degranulating heparanase-expressing cells than from mock cells. Purified chymase mixed with fragmented heparin derived from heparanase-expressing cells showed greater release from collagen gels than the enzyme alone or mixed with macromolecular heparin derived from mock cells. We propose that the cleavage of macromolecular heparin by heparanase accelerates the release of heparin and chymase from extracellular matrices.
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73
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Hallgren J, Gurish MF. Granule maturation in mast cells: histamine in control. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:33-6. [PMID: 24319003 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are derived from committed progenitors that originate in the BM. They mature into histochemically distinguishable, metachromatic mast cells containing numerous cytoplasmic secretory granules. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that mast cell granule maturation is very tightly regulated by many factors including different granule components such as proteoglycans. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Nakazawa et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 204-214] highlight a role for mast cell derived histamine as another factor critical for mast cell maturation. Using histidine decarboxylase (HDC) deficient mice that are unable to make histamine, they show poorly formed secretory granules and decreased secretory granule protease expression in peritoneal mast cells. Co-culturing BM-derived mast cells with fibroblasts normally drives granule maturation, but HDC-deficient BM-derived mast cells fail to do so. Exogenously provided histamine partly restores granule differentiation as evidenced by increased tryptase and chymase activity, and this is histamine receptor type H4 -dependent. However, H4 -deficient mice have intact granule formation in peritoneal mast cells, suggesting that when HDC is functional, the intrinsic histamine production is sufficient for most granule maturation processes and H4 is dispensable. This study highlights the role of histamine in the regulation of mast cell maturation, although the cytosolic target remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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74
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Prieto-García A, Castells MC, Hansbro PM, Stevens RL. Mast cell-restricted tetramer-forming tryptases and their beneficial roles in hemostasis and blood coagulation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 34:263-81. [PMID: 24745673 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetramer-forming tryptase (hTryptase-β) was recently discovered to have a prominent role in preventing the internal accumulation of life-threatening fibrin deposits and fibrin-platelet clots. The anticoagulant activity of hTryptase-β is an explanation for the presence of hemorrhagic disorders in some patients with anaphylaxis or mastocytosis. The fragments of hFibrinogen formed by the proteolysis of this prominent protein by hTryptase-β could be used as biomarkers in the blood and/or urine for the identification and monitoring of patients with mast cell-dependent disorders. Recombinant hTryptase-β has potential to be used in clinical settings where it is desirable to inhibit blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Prieto-García
- Allergy Service, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Dr Esquerdo 46, Madrid 28007, Spain.
| | - Mariana C Castells
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Smith Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Richard L Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Smith Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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75
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Serglycin secretion is part of the inflammatory response in activated primary human endothelial cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2498-505. [PMID: 24513305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells have important functions in e.g. regulating blood pressure, coagulation and host defense reactions. Serglycin is highly expressed by endothelial cells, but there is limited data on the roles of this proteoglycan in immune reactions. METHODS Cultured primary human endothelial cells were exposed to proinflammatory agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). The response in serglycin synthesis, secretion and intracellular localization and effect on the proteoglycan binding chemokines CXCL-1 and CXCL-8 were determined by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, ELISA and serglycin knockdown experiments. RESULTS Both LPS and IL-1β increased the synthesis and secretion of serglycin, while only IL-1β increased serglycin mRNA expression. Stimulation increased the number of serglycin containing vesicles, with a greater portion of large vesicles after LPS treatment. Also, increased intracellular and secreted levels of CXCL-1 and CXCL-8 were observed. The increase in CXCL-8 secretion was unchanged in serglycin knockdown cells. However, the increase in CXCL-1 secretion from IL-1β stimulation was reduced 27% in serglycin knockdown cells; while the LPS-induced secretion was not affected. In serglycin expressing cells CXCL-1 positive vesicles were evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, while confided to the Golgi region in serglycin knockdown cells. This was the case only for IL-1β stimulated cells. LPS-induced CXCL-1 distribution was unaffected by serglycin expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that different signaling pathways are involved in regulating secretion of serglycin and partner molecules in activated endothelial cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This knowledge increases our understanding of the roles of serglycin in immune reactions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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76
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Melo FR, Vita F, Berent-Maoz B, Levi-Schaffer F, Zabucchi G, Pejler G. Proteolytic histone modification by mast cell tryptase, a serglycin proteoglycan-dependent secretory granule protease. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7682-90. [PMID: 24478313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.546895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark feature of mast cells is their high content of cytoplasmic secretory granules filled with various preformed compounds, including proteases of tryptase-, chymase-, and carboxypeptidase A3 type that are electrostatically bound to serglycin proteoglycan. Apart from participating in extracellular processes, serglycin proteoglycan and one of its associated proteases, tryptase, are known to regulate cell death by promoting apoptosis over necrosis. Here we sought to outline the underlying mechanism and identify core histones as primary proteolytic targets for the serglycin-tryptase axis. During the cell death process, tryptase was found to relocalize from granules into the cytosol and nucleus, and it was found that the absence of tryptase was associated with a pronounced accumulation of core histones both in the cytosol and in the nucleus. Intriguingly, tryptase deficiency resulted in defective proteolytic modification of core histones even at baseline conditions, i.e. in the absence of cytotoxic agent, suggesting that tryptase has a homeostatic impact on nuclear events. Indeed, tryptase was found in the nucleus of viable cells and was shown to cleave core histones in their N-terminal tail. Moreover, it was shown that the absence of the serglycin-tryptase axis resulted in altered chromatin composition. Together, these findings implicate histone proteolysis through a secretory granule-derived serglycin-tryptase axis as a novel principle for histone modification, during both cell homeostasis and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio R Melo
- From the Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Korpetinou A, Skandalis SS, Labropoulou VT, Smirlaki G, Noulas A, Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD. Serglycin: at the crossroad of inflammation and malignancy. Front Oncol 2014; 3:327. [PMID: 24455486 PMCID: PMC3888995 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serglycin has been initially characterized as an intracellular proteoglycan expressed by hematopoietic cells. All inflammatory cells highly synthesize serglycin and store it in granules, where it interacts with numerous inflammatory mediators, such as proteases, chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. Serglycin is implicated in their storage into the granules and their protection since they are secreted as complexes and delivered to their targets after secretion. During the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated that serglycin is also synthesized by various non-hematopoietic cell types. It has been shown that serglycin is highly expressed by tumor cells and promotes their aggressive phenotype and confers resistance against drugs and complement system attack. Apart from its direct beneficial role to tumor cells, serglycin may promote the inflammatory process in the tumor cell microenvironment thus enhancing tumor development. In the present review, we discuss the role of serglycin in inflammation and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Korpetinou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | | | - Gianna Smirlaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | | | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
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78
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Changes in glycosaminoglycan structure on differentiation of human embryonic stem cells towards mesoderm and endoderm lineages. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:1993-2003. [PMID: 24412195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteoglycans are found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, and serve as prime sites for interaction with signaling molecules. Proteoglycans help regulate pathways that control stem cell fate, and therefore represent an excellent tool to manipulate these pathways. Despite their importance, there is a dearth of data linking glycosaminoglycan structure within proteoglycans with stem cell differentiation. METHODS Human embryonic stem cell line WA09 (H9) was differentiated into early mesoderm and endoderm lineages, and the glycosaminoglycanomic changes accompanying these transitions were studied using transcript analysis, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and disaccharide analysis. RESULTS Pluripotent H9 cell lumican had no glycosaminoglycan chains whereas in splanchnic mesoderm lumican was glycosaminoglycanated. H9 cells have primarily non-sulfated heparan sulfate chains. On differentiation towards splanchnic mesoderm and hepatic lineages N-sulfo group content increases. Differences in transcript expression of NDST1, HS6ST2 and HS6ST3, three heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes, within splanchnic mesoderm cells compared to H9 cells correlate to changes in glycosaminoglycan structure. CONCLUSIONS Differentiation of embryonic stem cells markedly changes the proteoglycanome. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic pathway is complex and highly regulated, and therefore, understanding the details of this pathway should enable better control with the aim of directing stem cell differentiation.
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79
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Purushothaman A, Toole BP. Serglycin proteoglycan is required for multiple myeloma cell adhesion, in vivo growth, and vascularization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5499-509. [PMID: 24403068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.532143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was discovered that serglycin, a hematopoietic cell proteoglycan, is the major proteoglycan expressed and constitutively secreted by multiple myeloma (MM) cells. High levels of serglycin are present in the bone marrow aspirates of at least 30% of newly diagnosed MM patients. However, its contribution to the pathophysiology of MM is unknown. Here, we show that serglycin knockdown (by ∼85% compared with normal levels), using lentiviral shRNA, dramatically attenuated MM tumor growth in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Tumors formed from cells deficient in serglycin exhibited diminished levels of hepatocyte growth factor expression and impaired development of blood vessels, indicating that serglycin may affect tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, knockdown of serglycin significantly decreased MM cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells and collagen I. Even though serglycin proteoglycan does not have a transmembrane domain, flow cytometry showed that serglycin is present on the MM cell surface, and attachment to the cell surface is, at least in part, dependent on its chondroitin sulfate side chains. Co-precipitation of serglycin from conditioned medium of MM cells using a CD44-Fc chimera suggests that CD44 is the cell surface-binding partner for serglycin, which therefore may serve as a major ligand for CD44 at various stages during myeloma progression. Finally, we demonstrate that serglycin mRNA expression in MM cells is up-regulated by activin, a predominant cytokine among those increased in MM patients with osteolytic lesions. These studies provide direct evidence for a critical role for serglycin in MM pathogenesis and show that targeting serglycin may provide a novel therapeutic approach for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Purushothaman
- From the Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 and
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80
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Douaiher J, Succar J, Lancerotto L, Gurish MF, Orgill DP, Hamilton MJ, Krilis SA, Stevens RL. Development of mast cells and importance of their tryptase and chymase serine proteases in inflammation and wound healing. Adv Immunol 2014; 122:211-52. [PMID: 24507159 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800267-4.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are active participants in blood coagulation and innate and acquired immunity. This review focuses on the development of mouse and human MCs, as well as the involvement of their granule serine proteases in inflammation and the connective tissue remodeling that occurs during the different phases of the healing process of wounded skin and other organs. The accumulated data suggest that MCs, their tryptases, and their chymases play important roles in tissue repair. While MCs initially promote healing, they can be detrimental if they are chronically stimulated or if too many MCs become activated at the same time. The possibility that MCs and their granule serine proteases contribute to the formation of keloid and hypertrophic scars makes them potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the repair of damaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Douaiher
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julien Succar
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Luca Lancerotto
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael F Gurish
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis P Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew J Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven A Krilis
- Department of Infectious Disease, Immunology, and Sexual Health, The St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard L Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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81
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Roy A, Ganesh G, Sippola H, Bolin S, Sawesi O, Dagälv A, Schlenner SM, Feyerabend T, Rodewald HR, Kjellén L, Hellman L, Åbrink M. Mast cell chymase degrades the alarmins heat shock protein 70, biglycan, HMGB1, and interleukin-33 (IL-33) and limits danger-induced inflammation. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:237-50. [PMID: 24257755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.435156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection and tissue damage, virulence factors and alarmins are pro-inflammatory and induce activation of various immune cells including macrophages and mast cells (MCs). Activated MCs instantly release preformed inflammatory mediators, including several proteases. The chymase mouse mast cell protease (MCPT)-4 is thought to be pro-inflammatory, whereas human chymase also degrades pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that chymase instead limits inflammation. Here we explored the contribution of MCPT4 and human chymase to the control of danger-induced inflammation. We found that protein extracts from wild type (WT), carboxypeptidase A3-, and MCPT6-deficient mice and MCs and recombinant human chymase efficiently degrade the Trichinella spiralis virulence factor heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) as well as endogenous Hsp70. MC-(W(sash))-, serglycin-, NDST2-, and MCPT4-deficient extracts lacked this capacity, indicating that chymase is responsible for the degradation. Chymase, but not MC tryptase, also degraded other alarmins, i.e. biglycan, HMGB1, and IL-33, a degradation that was efficiently blocked by the chymase inhibitor chymostatin. IL-7, IL-22, GM-CSF, and CCL2 were resistant to chymase degradation. MCPT4-deficient conditions ex vivo and in vivo showed no reduction in added Hsp70 and only minor reduction of IL-33. Peritoneal challenge with Hsp70 resulted in increased neutrophil recruitment and TNF-α levels in the MCPT4-deficient mice, whereas IL-6 and CCL2 levels were similar to the levels found in WT mice. The rapid and MC chymase-specific degradation of virulence factors and alarmins may depend on the presence of accessible extended recognition cleavage sites in target substrates and suggests a protective and regulatory role of MC chymase during danger-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- From the Departments of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology
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82
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Korpetinou A, Skandalis SS, Moustakas A, Happonen KE, Tveit H, Prydz K, Labropoulou VT, Giannopoulou E, Kalofonos HP, Blom AM, Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD. Serglycin is implicated in the promotion of aggressive phenotype of breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78157. [PMID: 24205138 PMCID: PMC3815026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serglycin is a proteoglycan expressed by some malignant cells. It promotes metastasis and protects some tumor cells from complement system attack. In the present study, we show for the first time the in situ expression of serglycin by breast cancer cells by immunohistochemistry in patients' material. Moreover, we demonstrate high expression and constitutive secretion of serglycin in the aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Serglycin exhibited a strong cytoplasmic staining in these cells, observable at the cell periphery in a thread of filaments near the cell membrane, but also in filopodia-like structures. Serglycin was purified from conditioned medium of MDA-MB-231 cells, and represented the major proteoglycan secreted by these cells, having a molecular size of ~ 250 kDa and carrying chondroitin sulfate side chains, mainly composed of 4-sulfated (~ 87%), 6-sulfated (~ 10%) and non-sulfated (~ 3%) disaccharides. Purified serglycin inhibited early steps of both the classical and the lectin pathways of complement by binding to C1q and mannose-binding lectin. Stable expression of serglycin in less aggressive MCF-7 breast cancer cells induced their proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion. Interestingly, over-expression of serglycin lacking the glycosaminoglycan attachment sites failed to promote these cellular functions, suggesting that glycanation of serglycin is a pre-requisite for its oncogenic properties. Our findings suggest that serglycin promotes a more aggressive cancer cell phenotype and may protect breast cancer cells from complement attack supporting their survival and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Korpetinou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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83
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Grujic M, Calounova G, Eriksson I, Feyerabend T, Rodewald HR, Tchougounova E, Kjellén L, Pejler G. Distorted secretory granule composition in mast cells with multiple protease deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3931-8. [PMID: 23975861 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are characterized by an abundance of secretory granules densely packed with inflammatory mediators such as bioactive amines, cytokines, serglycin proteoglycans with negatively charged glycosaminoglycan side chains of either heparin or chondroitin sulfate type, and large amounts of positively charged proteases. Despite the large biological impact of mast cell granules and their contents on various pathologies, the mechanisms that regulate granule composition are incompletely understood. In this study, we hypothesized that granule composition is dependent on a dynamic electrostatic interrelationship between different granule compounds. As a tool to evaluate this possibility, we generated mice in which mast cells are multideficient in a panel of positively charged proteases: the chymase mouse mast cell protease-4, the tryptase mouse mast cell protease-6, and carboxypeptidase A3. Through a posttranslational effect, mast cells from these mice additionally lack mouse mast cell protease-5 protein. Mast cells from mice deficient in individual proteases showed normal morphology. In contrast, mast cells with combined protease deficiency displayed a profound distortion of granule integrity, as seen both by conventional morphological criteria and by transmission electron microscopy. An assessment of granule content revealed that the distorted granule integrity in multiprotease-deficient mast cells was associated with a profound reduction of highly negatively charged heparin, whereas no reduction in chondroitin sulfate storage was observed. Taken together with previous findings showing that the storage of basic proteases conversely is regulated by anionic proteoglycans, these data suggest that secretory granule composition in mast cells is dependent on a dynamic interrelationship between granule compounds of opposite electrical charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Grujic
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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84
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Garcia-Faroldi G, Melo FR, Rönnberg E, Grujic M, Pejler G. Active Caspase-3 Is Stored within Secretory Compartments of Viable Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1445-52. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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85
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Tocchi A, Parks WC. Functional interactions between matrix metalloproteinases and glycosaminoglycans. FEBS J 2013; 280:2332-41. [PMID: 23421805 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Similar to most proteinases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) do not recognize a consensus cleavage site. Thus, it is not surprising that, in a defined in vitro reaction, most MMPs can act on a wide range of proteins, including many extracellular matrix proteins. However, the findings obtained from in vivo studies with genetic models have demonstrated that individual MMPs act on just a few extracellular protein substrates, typically not matrix proteins. The limited, precise functions of an MMP imply that mechanisms have evolved to control the specificity of proteinase:substrate interactions. We discuss the possibility that interactions with the glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans may function as allosteric regulators or accessory factors directing MMP catalysis to specific substrates. We propose that understanding how the activity of specific MMPs is confined to discreet compartments and targeted to defined substrates via interactions with other macromolecules may provide a means of blocking potentially deleterious MMP-mediated processes at the same time as sparing any beneficial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Tocchi
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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86
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Skliris A, Labropoulou VT, Papachristou DJ, Aletras A, Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD. Cell-surface serglycin promotes adhesion of myeloma cells to collagen type I and affects the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. FEBS J 2013; 280:2342-52. [PMID: 23387827 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Serglycin (SG) is mainly expressed by hematopoetic cells as an intracellular proteoglycan. Multiple myeloma cells constitutively secrete SG, which is also localized on the cell surface in some cell lines. In this study, SG isolated from myeloma cells was found to interact with collagen type I (Col I), which is a major bone matrix component. Notably, myeloma cells positive for cell-surface SG (csSG) adhered significantly to Col I, compared to cells lacking csSG. Removal of csSG by treatment of the cells with chondroitinase ABC or blocking of csSG by an SG-specific polyclonal antibody significantly reduced the adhesion of myeloma cells to Col I. Significant up-regulation of expression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 at both the mRNA and protein levels was observed when culturing csSG-positive myeloma cells on Col I-coated dishes or in the presence of soluble Col I. MMP-9 and MMP-2 were also expressed in increased amounts by myeloma cells in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Our data indicate that csSG of myeloma cells affects key functional properties, such as adhesion to Col I and the expression of MMPs, and imply that csSG may serve as a potential prognostic factor and/or target for pharmacological interventions in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Skliris
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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87
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Anower-E-Khuda MF, Habuchi H, Nagai N, Habuchi O, Yokochi T, Kimata K. Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase isoform-dependent regulatory effects of heparin on the activities of various proteases in mast cells and the biosynthesis of 6-O-sulfated heparin. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3705-17. [PMID: 23223449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.416651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (HS6ST) is an enzyme involved in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis that transfers a sulfate residue to position 6 of the GlcNAc/GlcNSO(3) residues of HS, and it consists of three isoforms. Heparin, the highly sulfated form of HS, resides in connective tissue mast cells and is involved in the storage of mast cell proteases (MCPs). However, it is not well understood which isoform(s) of HS6ST participates in 6-O-sulfation of heparin and how the 6-O-sulfate residues in heparin affect MCPs. To investigate these issues, we prepared fetal skin-derived mast cells (FSMCs) from wild type (WT) and HS6ST-deficient mice (HS6ST-1(-/-), HS6ST-2(-/-), and HS6ST-1(-/-)/HS6ST-2(-/-)) and determined the structure of heparin, the protease activity, and the mRNA expression of each MCP in cultured FSMCs. The activities of tryptase and carboxypeptidase-A were decreased in HS6ST-2(-/-)-FSMCs in which 6-O-sulfation of heparin was decreased at 50% of WT-FSMCs and almost lost in HS6ST-1(-/-)/HS6ST-2(-/-)-FSMCs, which lacked the 6-O-sulfation in heparin nearly completely. In contrast, chymase activity was retained even in HS6ST-1(-/-)/HS6ST-2(-/-)-FSMCs. Each MCP mRNA was not decreased in any of the mutant FSMCs. Western blot analysis showed that tryptase (mMCP-6) was almost absent from HS6ST-1(-/-)/HS6ST-2(-/-)-FSMCs indicating degradation/secretion of the enzyme protein. These observations suggest that both HS6ST-1 and HS6ST-2 are involved in 6-O-sulfation of heparin and that the proper packaging and storage of tryptase, carboxypeptidase-A, and chymase may be regulated differently by the 6-O-sulfate residues in heparin. It is thus likely that 6-O-sulfation of heparin plays important roles in regulating MCP functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ferdous Anower-E-Khuda
- Research Complex for the Medicine Frontiers, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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88
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Abstract
Serglycin belongs to a family of small proteoglycans with Ser-Gly dipeptide repeats, and it is modified with different types of glycosaminoglycan side chains. Intracellular serglycin affects the retention and secretion of proteases, chemokines, or other cytokines by physically binding to these factors in secretory granules. Extracellular serglycin has been found to be released by several types of human cancer cells, and it is able to promote the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Serglycin can bind to CD44, which is another glycoprotein located in cellular membrane. Serglycin's function of promoting cancer cell metastasis depends on glycosylation of its core protein, which can be achieved by autocrine as well as paracrine secretion mechanisms. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate serglycin signaling mechanisms with the goal of targeting them to prevent cancer cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China. qianchn@ sysucc.org.cn
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89
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Spirkoski J, Melo FR, Grujic M, Calounova G, Lundequist A, Wernersson S, Pejler G. Mast cell apoptosis induced by siramesine, a sigma-2 receptor agonist. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1671-80. [PMID: 23058984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are well known for their detrimental effects in the context of allergic disorders. Strategies that limit MC function can therefore have a therapeutic value. Previous studies have shown that siramesine, a sigma-2 receptor agonist originally developed as an anti-depressant, can induce cell death in transformed cells through a mechanism involving lysosomal destabilization. Since MCs are remarkably rich in lysosome-like secretory granules we reasoned that MCs might be sensitive to siramesine. Here we show that murine and human MCs are highly sensitive to siramesine. Cell death was accompanied by secretory granule permeabilization, as shown by reduced acridine orange staining and leakage of granule proteases into the cytosol. Wild type siramesine-treated MCs underwent cell death with typical signs of apoptosis but MCs lacking serglycin, a proteoglycan crucial for promoting the storage of proteases within MC secretory granules, died predominantly by necrosis. A dissection of the underlying mechanism suggested that the necrotic phenotype of serglycin(-/-) cells was linked to defective Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 degradation. In vivo, siramesine treatment of mice caused a depletion of the MC populations of the peritoneum and skin. The present study shows for the first time that MCs are highly sensitive to apoptosis induced by siramesine and introduces the possibility of using siramesine as a therapeutic agent for treatment of MC-dependent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Spirkoski
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, BMC Box 575, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
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90
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Abstract
Mast cells are versatile effector cells of the immune system, contributing to both innate and adaptive immunity toward pathogens but also having profound detrimental activities in the context of inflammatory disease. A hallmark morphological feature of mast cells is their large content of cytoplasmic secretory granules, filled with numerous secretory compounds, including highly negatively charged heparin or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of serglycin type. These anionic proteoglycans provide the basis for the strong metachromatic staining properties of mast cells seen when applying various cationic dyes. Functionally, the mast cell proteoglycans have been shown to have an essential role in promoting the storage of other granule-contained compounds, including bioactive monoamines and different mast cell-specific proteases. Moreover, granule proteoglycans have been shown to regulate the enzymatic activities of mast cell proteases and to promote apoptosis. Here, the current knowledge of mast cell proteoglycans is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Rönnberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Uppsala, Sweden
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91
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Scully OJ, Chua PJ, Harve KS, Bay BH, Yip GW. Serglycin in Health and Diseases. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1415-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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92
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Melo FR, Grujic M, Spirkoski J, Calounova G, Pejler G. Serglycin proteoglycan promotes apoptotic versus necrotic cell death in mast cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18142-52. [PMID: 22493512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.344796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that govern whether a cell dies by apoptosis or necrosis are not fully understood. Here we show that serglycin, a secretory granule proteoglycan of hematopoietic cells, can have a major impact on this decision. Wild type and serglycin(-/-) mast cells were equally sensitive to a range of cell death-inducing regimens. However, whereas wild type mast cells underwent apoptotic cell death, serglycin(-/-) cells died predominantly by necrosis. Investigations of the underlying mechanism revealed that cell death was accompanied by leakage of secretory granule compounds into the cytosol and that the necrotic phenotype of serglycin(-/-) mast cells was linked to defective degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Cells lacking mouse mast cell protease 6, a major serglycin-associated protease, exhibited similar defects in apoptosis as observed in serglycin(-/-) cells, indicating that the pro-apoptotic function of serglycin is due to downstream effects of proteases that are complex-bound to serglycin. Together, these findings implicate serglycin in promoting apoptotic versus necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio R Melo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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93
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Gilbert I, Robert C, Vigneault C, Blondin P, Sirard MA. Impact of the LH surge on granulosa cell transcript levels as markers of oocyte developmental competence in cattle. Reproduction 2012; 143:735-47. [PMID: 22457433 DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the case of in vitro embryonic production, it is known that not all oocytes detain the developmental capacity to form an embryo. This capacity appears to be acquired through completion of folliculogenesis, during which the oocyte and follicular cells influence their respective destinies. The differentiation status of granulosa cells (GCs) could therefore offer an indicator of oocyte quality. The aim of this study was to compare mRNA transcript abundance in GCs associated with oocytes that subsequently reach or not the blastocyst stage. GCs were collected from cattle following an ovarian stimulation protocol that did or did not include the administration of LH. GCs were classified according to the developmental stage achieved by the associated oocytes. Transcript abundance was measured by microarray. Follicles (n=189) obtained from cows before and after the LH surge were essentially similar and the rates of oocytes reaching the blastocyst stage were not significantly different (52 vs 41%), but blastocyst quality was significantly better in the post-LH-surge group. In GCs from the pre-LH-surge group and associated with developmentally competent oocytes, 18 overexpressed and 22 underexpressed transcripts were found, including novel uncharacterized transcripts, whereas no differentially expressed transcripts were associated with developmentally different oocytes in the post-LH-surge group. The novel transcriptomic response associated with LH appeared to mask the difference. Based on oocyte developmental competence, the period prior to the LH surge appears best suited for studying competence-associated mRNA transcripts in bovine follicle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gilbert
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, INAF, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
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Chang MY, Chan CK, Braun KR, Green PS, O'Brien KD, Chait A, Day AJ, Wight TN. Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation: synthesis and secretion of a complex extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14122-35. [PMID: 22351750 PMCID: PMC3340194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although monocyte- and macrophage-derived molecules are known to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) disruption and destabilization, it is less appreciated that they also synthesize molecules contributing to ECM formation, stabilization, and function. We have identified and characterized the synthesis of proteoglycans and related proteins, some not previously known to be associated with macrophages. Proteoglycan extracts of [35S]sulfate- and 35S-trans amino acid-radiolabeled culture media from THP-1 monocytes induced to differentiate by treatment with phorbol myristate acetate revealed three major proteins of ∼25, 90, and 100 kDa following chondroitin ABC lyase digestion. The 25-kDa protein was predominant for monocytes, whereas the 90- and 100-kDa proteins were predominant for macrophages. Tandem mass spectrometry identified (i) the 25-kDa core protein as serglycin, (ii) the 90-kDa core protein as inter-α-inhibitor heavy chain 2 (IαIHC2), and (iii) the 100-kDa core as amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2). Differentiation was also associated with (i) a >500-fold increase in mRNA for TNF-stimulated gene-6, an essential cofactor for heavy chain-mediated matrix stabilization; (ii) a >800-fold increase in mRNA for HAS2, which is responsible for hyaluronan synthesis; and (iii) a 3-fold increase in mRNA for versican, which interacts with hyaluronan. Biochemical evidence is also presented for an IαIHC2-APLP2 complex, and immunohistochemical staining of human atherosclerotic lesions demonstrates similar staining patterns for APLP2 and IαIHC2 with macrophages, whereas serglycin localizes to the underlying glycosaminoglycan-rich region. These findings indicate that macrophages synthesize many of the molecules participating in ECM formation and function, suggesting a novel role for these molecules in the differentiation of macrophages in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Chang
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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95
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Kolset SO, Pejler G. Serglycin: a structural and functional chameleon with wide impact on immune cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 187:4927-33. [PMID: 22049227 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the different proteoglycans expressed by mammals, serglycin is in most immune cells the dominating species. A unique property of serglycin is its ability to adopt highly divergent structures, because of glycosylation with variable types of glycosaminoglycans when expressed by different cell types. Recent studies of serglycin-deficient animals have revealed crucial functions for serglycin in a diverse array of immunological processes. However, its exact function varies to a large extent depending on the cellular context of serglycin expression. Based on these findings, serglycin is emerging as a structural and functional chameleon, with radically different properties depending on its exact cellular and immunological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein O Kolset
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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96
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Rönnberg E, Calounova G, Pejler G. Mast cells express tyrosine hydroxylase and store dopamine in a serglycin-dependent manner. Biol Chem 2012; 393:107-12. [DOI: 10.1515/bc-2011-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHere we show that mast cells contain dopamine and that mast cell activation causes dopamine depletion, indicating its presence within secretory granules. Dopamine storage increased during mast cell maturation from bone marrow precursors, and was dependent on the presence of serglycin. Moreover, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the key enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis, was induced during mast cell maturation; histidine decarboxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 were also induced. Mast cell activation caused a robust induction of histidine decarboxylase, but no stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase or tryptophan hydroxylase 1 expression. The present study points toward a possible role of dopamine in mast cell function.
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97
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Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate share the same polysaccharide backbone structure but differ in sulfation degree and expression pattern. Whereas heparan sulfate is found in virtually all cells of the human body, heparin expression is restricted to mast cells, where it has a function in storage of granular components such as histamine and mast cell specific proteases. Although differing in charge and sulfation pattern, current knowledge indicates that the same pathway is used for synthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate, with a large number of different enzymes taking part in the process. At present, little is known about how the individual enzymes are coordinated and how biosynthesis is regulated. These questions are addressed in this chapter together with a review of the basic enzymatic steps involved in initiation, elongation, and modification of the polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Carlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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98
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Abstract
Serglycin is a proteoglycan composed of a relatively small (~17 kDa) core protein to which sulfated glycosaminoglycans of either heparin, heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate types are attached. Serglycin is expressed in many cell types, including in particular cells of hematopoietic origin. To study the function of serglycin, we have used a serglycin knockout mouse strain. A striking finding was that the mast cell population was severely affected by the absence of serglycin, as evidenced by distorted granule morphology and defective staining with cationic dyes. Moreover, the absence of serglycin caused a dramatic effect on the ability of mast cells to store a number of granule compounds, including several mast cell-specific proteases as well as biogenic amines. Hence, serglycin has a major function in maintaining mast cell secretory granule homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Rönnberg
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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99
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Platelets, Complement, and Contact Activation: Partners in Inflammation and Thrombosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:185-205. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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100
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Abstract
Heparin has long been known to possess biological effects that are unrelated to its anticoagulant activity. In particular, much emphasis has been placed upon heparin, or novel agents based upon the heparin template, as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Moreover, heparin has been reported to possess clinical benefit in humans, including in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer, that are over and above the expected effects on blood coagulation and which in many cases are entirely separable from this role. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the non-anticoagulant effects that have been ascribed to heparin, from those involving the binding and inhibition of specific mediators involved in the inflammatory process to effects in whole system models of disease, with reference to the effects of heparin that have been reported to date in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lever
- The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK.
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