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Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic recycling pathway triggered by various intra- or extracellular stimuli that is conserved from yeast to mammals. During autophagy, diverse cytosolic constituents are enveloped by double-membrane vesicles, autophagosomes, which later fuse with lysosomes or the vacuole to degrade their cargo. Dysregulation in autophagy is associated with a diverse range of pathologies including cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the world. As such, there is great interest in identifying novel mechanisms that govern the cardiovascular response to disease-related stress. First described in failing hearts, autophagy within the cardiovascular system has been characterized widely in cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In all cases, a window of optimal autophagic activity seems to be critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and function; excessive or insufficient levels of autophagic flux can each contribute to heart disease pathogenesis. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that govern autophagosome formation and analyze the link between autophagy and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Gatica
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.)
| | - Mario Chiong
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.)
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.)
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.G., D.J.K.); Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (M.C., S.L.); and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (S.L.).
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52
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Zhang S, Li G, Fu X, Qi Y, Li M, Lu G, Hu J, Wang N, Chen Y, Bai Y, Cui M. PDCD5 protects against cardiac remodeling by regulating autophagy and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:321-8. [PMID: 25881505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling, including cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, is an important pathological process that can lead to heart failure. A previous study demonstrated that autophagy could represent an active adaptive response in cardiomyocytes that affords protection from cardiac remodeling. In the present study, we investigated the role of an autophagy-related gene, PDCD5 (Programmed cell death 5), in cardiac remodeling induced by β-adrenergic stimulation in vivo. We report for the first time that mice systemically overexpressing PDCD5 (PDCD5tg) were protected from cardiac remodeling. In addition, cardiac function was preserved in PDCD5tg mice in response to isoproterenol (ISO) stimulation. Importantly, basal autophagy was significantly higher in PDCD5tg mice than in the wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, apoptosis was significantly lower in PDCD5tg mice than in WT mice, among the ISO-induced animals. In summary, our findings reveal that PDCD5 overexpression improves cardiac function and inhibits cardiac remodeling induced by ISO via induction of autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanchao Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guang Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
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53
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Martins-Marques T, Ribeiro-Rodrigues T, Pereira P, Codogno P, Girao H. Autophagy and ubiquitination in cardiovascular diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:243-51. [PMID: 25602806 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A main function of the heart is to pump blood to the tissues and organs of the body. Although formed by different types of cells, the cardiomyocytes are the ones responsible for the coordinated and synchronized heart contraction. Given their low mitotic activity, cardiomyocytes largely depend on protein degradation mechanisms to maintain proteostasis and energetic balance. Autophagy, one of the main pathways whereby cells eliminate damaged, nonfunctional, or obsolete proteins, and organelles, is vital to ensure cell function, including in cardiomyocytes, both in rest and stress conditions. However, the impact of autophagy activation in the heart, being either protective or harmful, is not consensual and likely depends upon the severity of the stimuli and consequently the autophagy players involved. One of the signals that direct proteins for autophagy degradation, namely in the context of heart disorders, is ubiquitin. Indeed, the attachment of ubiquitin moieties to a target substrate and further recognition by autophagy adaptors constitute a main regulatory pathway that directs proteins to the lysosome. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms and signals that regulate the autophagy process in the heart, including substrates targeting, is of utmost importance to design new approaches directed to this degradation pathway. We have previously shown that ubiquitination of the gap junction (GJ) protein Connexin43 (Cx43) triggers its degradation by autophagy through a process that requires the ubiquitin adaptors epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15 (Eps15) and p62. This is particularly relevant in the heart because GJs, that form intercellular channels, are responsible for the rapid and efficient anisotropic propagation of the electrical impulse through the cardiomyocytes, essential for synchronized contraction of the cardiac muscle. In this review, we present recent studies devoted to the involvement of autophagy in heart homeostasis, with a particular focus on ubiquitin and GJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Martins-Marques
- 1 Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
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54
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Ma L, Li Y. SIRT1: role in cardiovascular biology. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 440:8-15. [PMID: 25444742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SIRT1 (silent information regulator two protein) is a type III protein deacetylase that regulates a variety of important metabolic and physiologic processes including stress resistance, metabolism, apoptosis and energy balance. It reverses cholesterol transport and reduces risk for development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The following review highlights the potential role of SIRT1 on cardiovascular biology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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55
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, even despite recent scientific and technological advances and comprehensive preventive strategies. The cardiac myocyte is a voracious consumer of energy, and alterations in metabolic substrate availability and consumption are hallmark features of these disorders. Autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient response to metabolic insufficiency, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of heart pathologies. However, the precise role of autophagy in these contexts remains obscure owing to its multifarious actions. Here, we review recently derived insights regarding the role of autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, highlighting its effects on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao V Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
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56
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Mei Y, Thompson MD, Cohen RA, Tong X. Autophagy and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:243-51. [PMID: 24834848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation process by which intracellular components, including soluble macromolecules (e.g. nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) and dysfunctional organelles (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum) are degraded by the lysosome. Autophagy is orchestrated by the autophagy related protein (Atg) composed protein complexes to form autophagosomes, which fuse with lysosomes to generate autolysosomes where the contents are degraded to provide energy for cell survival in response to environmental and cellular stress. Autophagy is an important player in cardiovascular disease development such as atherosclerosis, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion, cardiomyopathy, heart failure and hypertension. Autophagy in particular contributes to cardiac ischemia, hypertension and diabetes by interaction with reactive oxygen species generated in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. This review highlights the dual role of autophagy in cardiovascular disease development. Full recognition of autophagy as an adaptive or maladaptive response would provide potential new strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention and management. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Autophagy and protein quality control in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mei
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Melissa D Thompson
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Richard A Cohen
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - XiaoYong Tong
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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57
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Nrf2 deficiency exaggerates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and cardiac dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:748524. [PMID: 24895528 PMCID: PMC4033424 DOI: 10.1155/2014/748524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer therapy of doxorubicin (Dox) has been limited by its acute and chronic cardiotoxicity. In addition to a causative role of oxidative stress, autophagy appears to play an important role in the regulation of Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Accordingly, we explored a role of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in Dox-induced cardiomyopathy with a focus on myocardial oxidative stress and autophagic activity. In wild type (WT) mice, a single intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg Dox rapidly induced cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac dysfunction, which were associated with oxidative stress, impaired autophagy, and accumulated polyubiquitinated protein aggregates. However, these Dox-induced adverse effects were exaggerated in Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2(-/-)) mice. In cultured cardiomyocytes, overexpression of Nrf2 increased the steady levels of LC3-II, ameliorated Dox-induced impairment of autophagic flux and accumulation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates, and suppressed Dox-induced cytotoxicity, whereas knockdown of Nrf2 exerted opposite effects. Moreover, the exaggerated adverse effects in Dox-intoxicated Nrf2 depleted cardiomyocytes were dramatically attenuated by forced activation of autophagy via overexpression of autophagy related gene 5 (Atg5). Thus, these results suggest that Nrf2 is likely an endogenous suppressor of Dox-induced cardiotoxicity by controlling both oxidative stress and autophagy in the heart.
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58
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Zhang X, Li ZL, Crane JA, Jordan KL, Pawar AS, Textor SC, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Valsartan regulates myocardial autophagy and mitochondrial turnover in experimental hypertension. Hypertension 2014; 64:87-93. [PMID: 24752430 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Renovascular hypertension alters cardiac structure and function. Autophagy is activated during left ventricular hypertrophy and linked to adverse cardiac function. The angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan, lowers blood pressure and is cardioprotective, but whether it modulates autophagy in the myocardium is unclear. We hypothesized that valsartan would alleviate autophagy and improve left ventricular myocardial mitochondrial turnover in swine renovascular hypertension. Domestic pigs were randomized to control, unilateral renovascular hypertension, and renovascular hypertension treated with valsartan (320 mg/d) or conventional triple therapy (reserpine+hydralazine+hydrochlorothiazide) for 4 weeks after 6 weeks of renovascular hypertension (n=7 each group). Left ventricular remodeling, function, and myocardial oxygenation and microcirculation were assessed by multidetector computer tomography, blood oxygen level-dependent MRI, and microcomputer tomography. Myocardial autophagy, markers for mitochondrial degradation and biogenesis, and mitochondrial respiratory-chain proteins were examined ex vivo. Renovascular hypertension induced left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial hypoxia, enhanced cellular autophagy and mitochondrial degradation, and suppressed mitochondrial biogenesis. Valsartan and triple therapy similarly decreased blood pressure, but valsartan solely alleviated left ventricular hypertrophy, ameliorated myocardial autophagy and mitophagy, and increased mitochondrial biogenesis. In contrast, triple therapy only slightly attenuated autophagy and preserved mitochondrial proteins, but elicited no improvement in mitophagy. These data suggest a novel potential role of valsartan in modulating myocardial autophagy and mitochondrial turnover in renovascular hypertension-induced hypertensive heart disease, which may possibly bolster cardiac repair via a blood pressure-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.Z., Z.-L.L., J.A.C., K.L.J., A.S.P., S.C.T., L.O.L.) and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.-L.L.)
| | - Zi-Lun Li
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.Z., Z.-L.L., J.A.C., K.L.J., A.S.P., S.C.T., L.O.L.) and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.-L.L.)
| | - John A Crane
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.Z., Z.-L.L., J.A.C., K.L.J., A.S.P., S.C.T., L.O.L.) and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.-L.L.)
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.Z., Z.-L.L., J.A.C., K.L.J., A.S.P., S.C.T., L.O.L.) and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.-L.L.)
| | - Aditya S Pawar
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.Z., Z.-L.L., J.A.C., K.L.J., A.S.P., S.C.T., L.O.L.) and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.-L.L.)
| | - Stephen C Textor
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.Z., Z.-L.L., J.A.C., K.L.J., A.S.P., S.C.T., L.O.L.) and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.-L.L.)
| | - Amir Lerman
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.Z., Z.-L.L., J.A.C., K.L.J., A.S.P., S.C.T., L.O.L.) and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.-L.L.)
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (X.Z., Z.-L.L., J.A.C., K.L.J., A.S.P., S.C.T., L.O.L.) and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z.-L.L.).
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59
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Wang W, Li S, Wang H, Li B, Shao L, Lai Y, Horvath G, Wang Q, Yamamoto M, Janicki JS, Wang XL, Tang D, Cui T. Nrf2 enhances myocardial clearance of toxic ubiquitinated proteins. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 72:305-15. [PMID: 24747945 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master transcription factor that controls the basal and inducible expression of a battery of antioxidant genes and other cytoprotective phase II detoxifying enzymes. While knockout of Nrf2 exaggerates cardiac pathological remodeling and dysfunction in diverse pathological settings, pharmacological activation of Nrf2 protects against cardiomyocyte injury and cardiac dysfunction. In contrast, there is also a concern that the chronic activation of Nrf2 secondary to oxidative stress is a contributing mechanism for the reductive stress-mediated heart failure. However, a direct link between cardiac specific activation of Nrf2 and cardiac protection or dysfunction in vivo remains to be established. Therefore, we investigated the effect of cardiomyocyte-specific transgenic activation of Nrf2 (Nrf2(ctg)) on cardiac pathological remodeling and dysfunction. We found that the cardiomyocyte-specific activation of Nrf2 suppressed myocardial oxidative stress as well as cardiac apoptosis, fibrosis, hypertrophy, and dysfunction in a setting of sustained pressure overload induced by transverse aortic arch constriction (TAC) in mice. Notably, the constitutive activation of Nrf2 increased the steady level of autophagosomes while decreasing the ubiquitinated protein aggregates in the heart after TAC. Nrf2 gene gain- and loss-of-function approaches revealed that Nrf2 enhances autophagosome formation and autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes. Unexpectedly, while Nrf2 minimally regulated apoptosis, it suppressed significantly the proteotoxic necrosis in cardiomyocytes. In addition, Nrf2 attenuated the proteocytotoxicity presumably via enhancing autophagy-mediated clearance of ubiquitinated protein aggregates in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, we demonstrated for the first time that cardiac specific activation of Nrf2 suppresses cardiac maladaptive remodeling and dysfunction most likely by enhancing autophagic clearance of toxic protein aggregates in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital Research Center for Cell Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Siying Li
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital Research Center for Cell Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital Research Center for Cell Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital Research Center for Cell Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Lei Shao
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital Research Center for Cell Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Yimu Lai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gary Horvath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Joseph S Janicki
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Xing Li Wang
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital Research Center for Cell Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital Research Center for Cell Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Taixing Cui
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital Research Center for Cell Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA.
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60
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Abstract
In recent years, diabetes mellitus has become an epidemic and now represents one of the most prevalent disorders. Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients. While ischaemic events dominate the cardiac complications of diabetes, it is widely recognised that the risk for developing heart failure is also increased in the absence of overt myocardial ischaemia and hypertension or is accelerated in the presence of these comorbidities. These diabetes-associated changes in myocardial structure and function have been called diabetic cardiomyopathy. Numerous molecular mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy following analysis of various animal models of type 1 or type 2 diabetes and in genetically modified mouse models. The steady increase in reports presenting novel mechanistic data on this subject expands the list of potential underlying mechanisms. The current review provides an update on molecular alterations that may contribute to the structural and functional alterations in the diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bugger
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Cardiology and Angiology I, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 108 CMAB, 451 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA
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61
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Zhang L, Chen X, Sharma P, Moon M, Sheftel AD, Dawood F, Nghiem MP, Wu J, Li RK, Gramolini AO, Sorensen PH, Penninger JM, Brumell JH, Liu PP. HACE1-dependent protein degradation provides cardiac protection in response to haemodynamic stress. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3430. [PMID: 24614889 PMCID: PMC3959209 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase HACE1
is a tumour suppressor known to regulate Rac1 activity under stress conditions. HACE1 is increased in the serum of patients
with heart failure. Here we show that HACE1 protects the heart under pressure stress by controlling
protein degradation. Hace1
deficiency in mice results in accelerated heart failure and increased mortality
under haemodynamic stress. Hearts from Hace1−/− mice
display abnormal cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, accumulation of
LC3, p62 and ubiquitinated proteins enriched for
cytoskeletal species, indicating impaired autophagy. Our data suggest that
HACE1 mediates p62-dependent selective autophagic turnover
of ubiquitinated proteins by its ankyrin repeat domain through
protein–protein interaction, which is independent of its E3 ligase
activity. This would classify HACE1 as a dual-function E3 ligase. Our finding that
HACE1 has a protective
function in the heart in response to haemodynamic stress suggests that HACE1 may be a potential diagnostic and
therapeutic target for heart disease. HACE1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase known to regulate various cell
biological processes. Here, Zhang et al. identify HACE1 as a protective factor in
the heart, demonstrating that HACE1 inhibits the development of heart failure in
response to haemodynamic stress by regulating protein degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- 1] University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7 [2] Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Xin Chen
- 1] University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7 [2] Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Parveen Sharma
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Mark Moon
- 1] University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7 [2] Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Alex D Sheftel
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7
| | - Fayez Dawood
- 1] University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7 [2] Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Mai P Nghiem
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Jun Wu
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Anthony O Gramolini
- 1] Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4 [2] Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - John H Brumell
- 1] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 [2] Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 [3] Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1 × 8
| | - Peter P Liu
- 1] University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7 [2] Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellent for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4 [3] Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 [4] Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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Lin L, Tang C, Xu J, Ye Y, Weng L, Wei W, Ge J, Liu X, Zou Y. Mechanical stress triggers cardiomyocyte autophagy through angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated p38MAP kinase independently of angiotensin II. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89629. [PMID: 24586922 PMCID: PMC3931796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT1) receptor is known to mediate a variety of physiological actions of Ang II including autophagy. However, the role of AT1 receptor in cardiomyocyte autophagy triggered by mechanical stress still remains elusive. The aim of this study was therefore to examine whether and how AT1 receptor participates in cardiomyocyte autophagy induced by mechanical stresses. A 48-hour mechanical stretch and a 4-week transverse aorta constriction (TAC) were imposed to cultured cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats and adult male C57B/L6 mice, respectively, to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy prior to the assessment of cardiomyocyte autophagy using LC3b-II. Losartan, an AT1 receptor blocker, but not PD123319, the AT2 inhibitor, was found to significantly reduce mechanical stretch-induced LC3b-II upregulation. Moreover, inhibition of p38MAP kinase attenuated not only mechanical stretch-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy but also autophagy. To the contrary, inhibition of ERK and JNK suppressed cardiac hypertrophy but not autophagy. Intriguingly, mechanical stretch-induced autophagy was significantly inhibited by Losartan in the absence of Ang II. Taken together, our results indicate that mechanical stress triggers cardiomyocyte autophagy through AT1 receptor-mediated activation of p38MAP kinase independently of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuyi Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqing Weng
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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63
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Lin H, Li HF, Chen HH, Lai PF, Juan SH, Chen JJ, Cheng CF. Activating Transcription Factor 3 Protects against Pressure-Overload Heart Failure via the Autophagy Molecule Beclin-1 Pathway. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:682-91. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.090092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Bloemberg D, McDonald E, Dulay D, Quadrilatero J. Autophagy is altered in skeletal and cardiac muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:381-91. [PMID: 24119246 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Autophagy is a subcellular degradation mechanism important for muscle maintenance. Hypertension induces well-characterized pathological changes to the heart and is associated with impaired function and increased apoptotic signalling in skeletal muscle. We examined whether essential hypertension affects several autophagy markers in skeletal and cardiac muscle. METHODS Immunoblotting and qRT-PCR were used to measure autophagy-related proteins/mRNA in multiple skeletal muscles as well as left ventricle (LV) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). RESULTS Skeletal muscles of hypertensive rats had decreased (P < 0.01) cross-sectional area of type I fibres (e.g. soleus WKY: 2952.9 ± 64.4 μm(2) vs. SHR: 2579.9 ± 85.8 μm(2)) and a fibre redistribution towards a 'fast' phenotype. Immunoblot analysis revealed that some SHR skeletal muscles displayed a decreased LC3II/I ratio (P < 0.05), but none showed differences in p62 protein. LC3 and LAMP2 mRNA levels were increased approx. 2-3-fold in all skeletal muscles (P < 0.05), while cathepsin activity, cathepsin L mRNA and Atg7 protein were increased 16-17% (P < 0.01), 2-3-fold (P < 0.05) and 29-49% (P < 0.01), respectively, in fast muscles of hypertensive animals. Finally, protein levels of BAG3, a marker of chaperone-assisted selective autophagy, were 18-25% lower (P < 0.05) in SHR skeletal muscles. In the LV of SHR, LC3I and p62 protein were elevated 34% (P < 0.05) and 47% (P < 0.01), respectively. Furthermore, p62 mRNA was 68% higher (P < 0.05), while LAMP2 mRNA was 45% lower (P < 0.05), in SHR cardiac muscle. There was no difference in Beclin1, Atg7, Bnip3 or BAG3 protein in the LV between strains. CONCLUSION These results suggest that autophagy is altered in skeletal and cardiac muscle during hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Bloemberg
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
| | - E. McDonald
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
| | - D. Dulay
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
| | - J. Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
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65
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Wang X, Dai Y, Ding Z, Khaidakov M, Mercanti F, Mehta JL. Regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in response to angiotensin II in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:696-700. [PMID: 24099770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy and apoptosis are two important regulators of cell survival, and are often observed simultaneously in response to noxious stimuli. Anoxia is a known stimulus for autophagy and apoptosis, and angiotensin (Ang) II is a major mediator of anoxic injury. However, specific responses to anoxia and Ang II in terms of occurrence of autophagy and apoptosis have still not been delineated. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed that autophagy (measured as LC3 staining, and Beclin-1 and p62 Western blotting) was an early response and apoptosis (measured as TUNEL staining, and Annexin V and Smac/Diablo Western blotting) became dominant as the duration of anoxia was prolonged. Autophagy also occurred quickly in response to low concentrations of Ang II. When exposed to high concentrations of Ang II, a significant number of cells developed apoptosis, while autophagy response decreased. Ang II-mediated apoptosis was blocked by Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker losartan as well as by the AT2R blocker PD123319. Ang II-induced autophagy was blocked by losartan, but not by PD123319. CONCLUSION Exposure to Ang II, a mediator of anoxic injury, initiates a rapid autophagy response, perhaps in an attempt to protect tissues from the impending noxious effects. However, when anoxia (and thereby release of Ang II) is prolonged, the process of apoptosis dominates. These processes will determine the outcome of cardiomyocyte well-being in states of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Lavandero S, Troncoso R, Rothermel BA, Martinet W, Sadoshima J, Hill JA. Cardiovascular autophagy: concepts, controversies, and perspectives. Autophagy 2013; 9:1455-66. [PMID: 23959233 DOI: 10.4161/auto.25969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent scientific and technological advances, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient response to cellular stress, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of heart pathologies. However, the precise role of autophagy in these contexts remains obscure owing to its multifarious actions. Here, we review recently derived insights regarding the role of autophagy in multiple manifestations of cardiac plasticity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lavandero
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell; Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences/ Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile; Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell; Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences/ Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology; University of Antwerp; Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School; Newark, NJ USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
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Maeda H, Nagai H, Takemura G, Shintani-Ishida K, Komatsu M, Ogura S, Aki T, Shirai M, Kuwahira I, Yoshida KI. Intermittent-hypoxia induced autophagy attenuates contractile dysfunction and myocardial injury in rat heart. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Ge W, Hu N, George LA, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW, Wang X, Ren J. RETRACTED: Maternal nutrient restriction predisposes ventricular remodeling in adult sheep offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1258-65. [PMID: 23333094 PMCID: PMC3633637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry and Editor have been informed by the University of Wyoming's Research Integrity Officer that the University conducted an examination of selected publications of Dr. Ren's under the direction of the HHS Office of Research Integrity. Based on the findings of this examination, the University of Wyoming recommended retraction of this paper, due to concerns regarding data irregularities inconsistent with published conclusions. Specifically, the University found evidence of data irregularities and image reuse in Figures 3, 5, and 6 that significantly affect the results and conclusions reported in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 710032
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Nan Hu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Lindsey A. George
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Stephen P. Ford
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78299, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 710032
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 710032
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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Troncoso R, Díaz-Elizondo J, Espinoza SP, Navarro-Marquez MF, Oyarzún AP, Riquelme JA, Garcia-Carvajal I, Díaz-Araya G, García L, Hill JA, Lavandero S. Regulation of cardiac autophagy by insulin-like growth factor 1. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:593-601. [PMID: 23671040 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling is a key pathway in the control of cell growth and survival. Three critical nodes in the IGF-1 signaling pathway have been described in cardiomyocytes: protein kinase Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and phospholipase C (PLC)/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3 )/Ca(2+) . The Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/ERK signaling arms govern survival in the settings of cardiac stress and hypertrophic growth. By contrast, PLC/InsP3 /Ca(2+) functions to regulate metabolic adaptability and gene transcription. Autophagy is a catabolic process involved in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and nonselective breakdown of cytoplasmic components during nutrient starvation or stress. In the heart, autophagy is observed in a variety of human pathologies, where it can be either adaptive or maladaptive, depending on the context. We proposed the hypothesis that IGF-1 protects the heart by rescuing the mitochondrial metabolism and the energetics state, reducing cell death and controls the potentially exacerbate autophagic response to nutritional stress. In light of the importance of IGF-1 and autophagy in the heart, we review here IGF-1 signaling and autophagy regulation in the context of cardiomyocyte nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Troncoso
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Yin X, Peng C, Ning W, Li C, Ren Z, Zhang J, Gao H, Zhao K. miR-30a downregulation aggravates pressure overload-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 379:1-6. [PMID: 23660952 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. However, little is known about how miR-30a regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In the study, Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to thoracic aortic constriction, and hearts were harvested at 3 weeks. We assayed miR-30a expression level by real-time PCR and defined the molecular mechanisms of miR-30a-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. We found that myocardial expression of miR-30a was decreased in mouse models of hypertrophy and in H9c2 cells treated with phenylephrine. MiR-30a inhibition markedly increased mRNA expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers such as atrial natriuretic factor and brain natriuretic peptide in H9c2, and cell size was increased after miR-30a inhibitor treatment. Downregulated miR-30a activated autophagy by inhibiting beclin-1 expression in H9c2 cell. More important, autophagy inhibition suppressed miR-30a inhibitor-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Together, our data demonstrated that downregulated miR-30a aggravates pressure overload-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by activating autophagy, thus offering a new target for the therapy of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Yin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Forth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Jiang T, Gao L, Zhu XC, Yu JT, Shi JQ, Tan MS, Lu J, Tan L, Zhang YD. Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits autophagy in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Res 2013; 71:61-8. [PMID: 23499735 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular process that mediates lysosomal degradation of damaged organelles, which is activated in response to a variety of stress-related diseases, including hypertension. The basal level of autophagy plays an important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, whereas excessive autophagic activity leads to cell death and is considered as a contributing factor to several disorders. Recent works have demonstrated that Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] exerted its neuroprotective effects by modulating classic components of renin-angiotensin system associated with reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in brains of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). However, the effect of Ang-(1-7) on autophagic activity in brain of hypertensive individual remains unclear. In this study, Wistar-Kyoto rats received intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) while SHRs received I.C.V. infusion of aCSF, Ang-(1-7), Mas receptor antagonist A-779, or angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist PD123319 for 4 weeks. Brain tissues were collected and analyzed by western blotting analysis, immunofluorescence assay, and transmission electron microscopic examination. Our study showed that infusion of Ang-(1-7) for 4 weeks inhibited the increase of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II and Beclin-1 levels, as well as the autophagosome formation in SHR brain. Meanwhile, the reduction of p62 expression in SHR brain was also reversed by Ang-(1-7). Of note, the anti-autophagic effects of Ang-(1-7) were independent of blood pressure reduction and can be inhibited by A-779 and PD123319. These findings suggest that treatment with Ang-(1-7) may be useful to prevent hypertension-induced excessive autophagic activation in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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72
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Sun HJ, Li P, Chen WW, Xiong XQ, Han Y. Angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) in paraventricular nucleus modulate cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in renovascular hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52557. [PMID: 23285085 PMCID: PMC3527547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enhanced cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) is involved in the sympathetic activation that contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of hypertension. Activation of AT(1) receptors by angiotension (Ang) II in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) augments the enhanced CSAR and sympathetic outflow in hypertension. The present study is designed to determine whether Ang-(1-7) in PVN plays the similar roles as Ang II and the interaction between Ang-(1-7) and Ang II on CSAR in renovascular hypertension. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) method was used to induce renovascular hypertension. The CSAR was evaluated by the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to epicardial application of capsaicin in sinoaortic-denervated and cervical-vagotomized rats with urethane and α-chloralose anesthesia. Either Ang II or Ang-(1-7) in PVN caused greater increases in RSNA and MAP, and enhancement in CSAR in 2K1C rats than in sham-operated (Sham) rats. Mas receptor antagonist A-779 and AT(1) receptor antagonist losartan induced opposite effects to Ang-(1-7) or Ang II respectively in 2K1C rats, but losartan had no effects in Sham rats. Losartan but not the A-779 abolished the effects of Ang II, while A-779 but not the losartan blocked the effects of Ang-(1-7). PVN pretreatment with Ang-(1-7) dose-dependently augmented the RSNA, MAP, and CSAR responses to the Ang II in 2K1C rats. Ang II level, AT(1) receptor and Mas receptor protein expression in PVN increased in 2K1C rats compared with Sham rats but Ang-(1-7) level did not. CONCLUSIONS Ang-(1-7) in PVN is as effective as Ang II in enhancing the CSAR and increasing sympathetic outflow and both endogenous Ang-(1-7) and Ang II in PVN contribute to the enhanced CSAR and sympathetic outflow in renovascular hypertension. Ang-(1-7) in PVN potentiates the effects of Ang II in renovascular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Sun
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Xiong
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Battiprolu PK, Lopez-Crisosto C, Wang ZV, Nemchenko A, Lavandero S, Hill JA. Diabetic cardiomyopathy and metabolic remodeling of the heart. Life Sci 2012; 92:609-15. [PMID: 23123443 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus are both increasing rapidly in societies around the globe. The majority of patients with diabetes succumb ultimately to heart disease, much of which stems from atherosclerotic disease and hypertension. However, the diabetic milieu is itself intrinsically noxious to the heart, and cardiomyopathy can develop independent of elevated blood pressure or coronary artery disease. This process, termed diabetic cardiomyopathy, is characterized by significant changes in the physiology, structure, and mechanical function of the heart. Presently, therapy for patients with diabetes focuses largely on glucose control, and attention to the heart commences with the onset of symptoms. When the latter develops, standard therapy for heart failure is applied. However, recent studies highlight that specific elements of the pathogenesis of diabetic heart disease are unique, raising the prospect of diabetes-specific therapeutic intervention. Here, we review recently unveiled insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and associated metabolic remodeling with an eye toward identifying novel targets with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K Battiprolu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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Groenendyk J, Agellon LB, Michalak M. Coping with endoplasmic reticulum stress in the cardiovascular system. Annu Rev Physiol 2012; 75:49-67. [PMID: 23020580 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional intracellular organelle, a component of the cellular reticular network that allows cells to adjust to a wide variety of conditions. The cardiomyocyte reticular network is the ideal location of sensors for both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that disrupt energy and/or nutrient homeostasis and lead to ER stress, a disturbance in ER function. ER stress has been linked to both physiological and pathological states in the cardiovascular system; such states include myocardial infarction, oxygen starvation (hypoxia) and fuel starvation, ischemia, pressure overload, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy, and heart failure. The ER stress coping response (e.g., the unfolded protein response) is composed of discrete pathways that are controlled by a collection of common regulatory components that may function as a single entity involved in reacting to ER stress. These corrective strategies allow the cardiomyocyte reticular network to restore energy and/or nutrient homeostasis and to avoid cell death. Therefore, the identities of the ER stress corrective strategies are important targets for the development of therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular and other acquired disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Hill JA. Hypertrophic reprogramming of the left ventricle: translation to the ECG. J Electrocardiol 2012; 45:624-9. [PMID: 22999493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic growth of the heart occurs in many clinical scenarios, and it confers substantially increased risk of untoward sequelae. Among them, transition to ventricular dilation, wall thinning, contractile dysfunction, and a clinical syndrome of heart failure are paramount. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is typically diagnosed by either electrocardiography or echocardiography. However, these two means of assessing hypertrophic transformation of the left ventricle can sometimes disagree. At one level, this may not be surprising as the two methodologies are based on entirely divergent signals: electrical potential between two places on the surface of the skin and ultrasound energy reflected from the ventricle itself. Echocardiography is an effective means of assessing ventricular mass, which is a cardinal feature of LVH. Importantly, however, LVH is characterized by a wide range of remodeling events beyond simple increases in muscle mass. Electrocardiographic changes in LVH are reflective of the electrophysiological aspects of hypertrophic transformation. Here, I present an overview of the complex biology of left ventricular hypertrophy with an eye toward enhancing our understanding of its ECG manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
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An L, Zhao X, Wu J, Jia J, Zou Y, Guo X, He L, Zhu H. Involvement of autophagy in cardiac remodeling in transgenic mice with cardiac specific over-expression of human programmed cell death 5. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30097. [PMID: 22253891 PMCID: PMC3256219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) is a cytosolic protein suppressing growth of multiple types of cancer cells through activating p53. We hypothesized that PDCD5 plays an essential role in cardiac remodeling and function. PDCD5 was significantly up-regulated in the hearts from mice subjected to angiotensin II treatment or transverse aortic constriction. Thus, we generated transgenic mice over-expressing human PDCD5 under the control of alpha myosin heavy chain promoter to examine the role of PDCD5 in cardiac remodeling. Transgenic founder died spontaneously displayed enlarged heart. The high PDCD5 over-expressing line (10-fold) showed reduced survival rate, increase in heart weight normalized to body weight. Real-Time RT-PCR analysis revealed fetal gene program was up-regulated. Echocardiography and histopathological examination showed characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in transgenic mice. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed autophagy was dramatically increased in transgenic mice as compared to WT littermates control mice, while apoptosis remained unchanged. The enhanced autophagy in high over-expressing line was associated with significant increase in p53 activity and its downstream target damage-regulated autophagy modulator expression. The low over-expressing line (3.5-fold) appeared normal, but was more susceptible to angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. This study is the first providing evidence that PDCD5 plays an important role in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin An
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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77
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Abstract
Common cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and congestive heart failure, are exceptionally complex, involving a multitude of environmental and genetic factors that often show nonlinear interactions as well as being highly dependent on sex, age, and even the maternal environment. Although focused, reductionistic approaches have led to progress in elucidating the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, such approaches are poorly powered to address complex interactions. Over the past decade, technological advances have made it possible to interrogate biological systems on a global level, raising hopes that, in combination with computational approaches, it may be possible to more fully address the complexities of cardiovascular diseases. In this Review, we provide an overview of such systems-based approaches to cardiovascular disease and discuss their translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Robb MacLellan
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, University of California Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL 3645, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1760, USA
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78
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Przyklenk K, Dong Y, Undyala VV, Whittaker P. Autophagy as a therapeutic target for ischaemia /reperfusion injury? Concepts, controversies, and challenges. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 94:197-205. [PMID: 22215722 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the tightly orchestrated cellular 'housekeeping' process responsible for the degradation and disposal of damaged and dysfunctional organelles and protein aggregates. In addition to its established basal role in the maintenance of normal cellular phenotype and function, there is growing interest in the concept that targeted modulation of autophagy under conditions of stress (most notably, ischaemia/reperfusion) may represent an adaptive mechanism and render the myocardium resistant to ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Our aims in this review are to: (i) provide a balanced overview of the emerging hypothesis that perturbation of autophagy may serve as a novel, intriguing, and powerful cardioprotective treatment strategy and (ii) summarize the controversies and challenges in exploiting autophagy as a therapeutic target for ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Przyklenk
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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79
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Piacentini M, D'Eletto M, Falasca L, Farrace MG, Rodolfo C. Transglutaminase 2 at the crossroads between cell death and survival. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:197-246. [PMID: 22220475 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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80
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Jin HS, Hong KW, Kim BY, Kim J, Yoo YH, Oh B, Jeong SY. Replicated association between genetic variation in the PARK2 gene and blood pressure. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1673-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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81
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Nemchenko A, Chiong M, Turer A, Lavandero S, Hill JA. Autophagy as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:584-93. [PMID: 21723289 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The epidemic of heart failure continues apace, and development of novel therapies with clinical efficacy has lagged. Now, important insights into the molecular circuitry of cardiovascular autophagy have raised the prospect that this cellular pathway of protein quality control may be a target of clinical relevance. Whereas basal levels of autophagy are required for cell survival, excessive levels - or perhaps distinct forms of autophagic flux - contribute to disease pathogenesis. Our challenge will be to distinguish mechanisms that drive adaptive versus maladaptive autophagy and to manipulate those pathways for therapeutic gain. Recent evidence suggests this may be possible. Here, we review the fundamental biology of autophagy and its role in a variety of forms of cardiovascular disease. We discuss ways in which this evolutionarily conserved catabolic mechanism can be manipulated, discuss studies presently underway in heart disease, and provide our perspective on where this exciting field may lead in the future. This article is part of a special issue entitled ''Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure.''
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Nemchenko
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
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82
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Puyal J, Ginet V, Grishchuk Y, Truttmann AC, Clarke PGH. Neuronal autophagy as a mediator of life and death: contrasting roles in chronic neurodegenerative and acute neural disorders. Neuroscientist 2011; 18:224-36. [PMID: 21525331 DOI: 10.1177/1073858411404948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular mechanism for degrading proteins and organelles. It was first described as a physiological process essential for cellular health and survival, and this is its role in most cells. However, it can also be a mediator of cell death, either by the triggering of apoptosis or by an independent "autophagic" cell death mechanism. This duality is important in the central nervous system, where the activation of autophagy has recently been shown to be protective in certain chronic neurodegenerative diseases but deleterious in acute neural disorders such as stroke and hypoxic/ischemic injury. The authors here discuss these distinct roles of autophagy in the nervous system with a focus on the role of autophagy in mediating neuronal death. The development of new therapeutic strategies based on the manipulation of autophagy will need to take into account these opposing roles of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Puyal
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire and de Morphologie (DBCM), Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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83
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Abstract
The heart is a remarkably adaptive organ, capable of increasing its minute output and overcoming short-term or prolonged pressure overload. The structural response, in addition to the foregoing functional demands, is that of myocardial hypertrophy. Then, why should an adaptive response increase cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)? Evidence shows that the functional performance of hypertrophied cardiomyocytes is impaired, and that additional alterations develop in cardiomyocytes themselves, the extracellular matrix and the intramyocardial vasculature, leading to myocardial remodelling and providing the basis for the adverse prognosis associated with pathological LVH in hypertensive patients (i.e., hypertensive heart disease, HHD). As molecular information accumulates, the pathophysiological understanding and the clinical approach to HHD are changing. The time has come to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at improving the prognosis of HHD on the basis of reversing or even preventing the aforementioned changes in the ventricular myocardium.
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84
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Sciarretta S, Hariharan N, Monden Y, Zablocki D, Sadoshima J. Is autophagy in response to ischemia and reperfusion protective or detrimental for the heart? Pediatr Cardiol 2011; 32:275-81. [PMID: 21170742 PMCID: PMC3261079 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-010-9855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that degrades long-lived proteins and damaged organelles by sequestering them into double membrane structures termed "autophagosomes" and fusing them with lysosomes. Autophagy is active in the heart at baseline and further stimulated under stress conditions including starvation, ischemia/reperfusion, and heart failure. It plays an adaptive role in the heart at baseline, thereby maintaining cardiac structure and function and inhibiting age-related cardiac abnormalities. Autophagy is activated by ischemia and nutrient starvation in the heart through Sirt1-FoxO- and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent mechanisms, respectively. Activation of autophagy during ischemia is essential for cell survival and maintenance of cardiac function. Autophagy is strongly activated in the heart during reperfusion after ischemia. Activation of autophagy during reperfusion could be either protective or detrimental, depending on the experimental model. However, strong induction of autophagy accompanied by robust upregulation of Beclin1 could cause autophagic cell death, thereby proving to be detrimental. This review provides an overview regarding both protective and detrimental functions of autophagy in the heart and discusses possible applications of current knowledge to the treatment of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nirmala Hariharan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yoshiya Monden
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniela Zablocki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA,Address correspondence to: Junichi Sadoshima, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Medical Science Building G-609, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA. Phone: (973) 972-8619; Fax: (973) 972-8919;
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85
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Han Y, Yuan N, Zhang SJ, Gao J, Shi Z, Zhou YB, Gao XY, Zhu GQ. c-Src in paraventricular nucleus modulates sympathetic activity and cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in renovascular hypertensive rats. Pflugers Arch 2011; 461:437-46. [PMID: 21340460 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-0932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) contributes to sympathetic activation in renovascular hypertension. The study was to determine whether c-Src in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is involved in the enhanced CSAR and sympathetic activation in hypertensive rats induced by two-kidney one-clip (2K1C). At the end of the fourth week after 2K1C surgery, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) was recorded in anesthetized rats with baroreceptor denervation and vagotomy. The CSAR was evaluated by the RSNA response to epicardial application of capsaicin. In the PVN, c-Src activity was higher in 2K1C rats than sham-operated (Sham) rats while c-Src expression was not. Epicardial application of capsaicin or PVN microinjection of angiotensin II (Ang II) increased c-Src activity more in 2K1C than Sham rats. PVN microinjection of selective Src family kinase inhibitor 4-Amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl) pyrazol [3,4-D] pyrimidine (PP2) or 2,3-Dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxo-3-[(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1 H-indol-2-yl)methylene]-1 H-indole-5-sulfonamide (SU6656) abolished the CSAR and decreased RSNA more in 2K1C than Sham rats. The Ang II-induced RSNA and CSAR enhancement was abolished by PP2 or SU6656 pretreatment in 2K1C and Sham rats. NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide anion level in PVN were higher in 2K1C rats, which was attenuated by PP2 but increased by epicardial application of capsaicin or PVN microinjection of Ang II. The effects of capsaicin or Ang II were abolished by PP2. These results indicate that c-Src in the PVN is involved in the enhanced CSAR and sympathetic activation in renovascular hypertension, and mediates the excitatory effects of Ang II in the PVN on the CSAR and sympathetic activity via NAD(P)H oxidase-derived generation of superoxide anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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86
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Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors attenuate cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4123-8. [PMID: 21367693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015081108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate cardiac plasticity; however, their molecular targets are unknown. As autophagy contributes to pathological cardiac remodeling, we hypothesized that HDAC inhibitors target autophagy. The prototypical HDAC inhibitor (HDACi), trichostatin A (TSA), attenuated both load- and agonist-induced hypertrophic growth and abolished the associated activation of autophagy. Phenylephrine (PE)-triggered hypertrophy and autophagy in cultured cardiomyocytes were each blocked by a panel of structurally distinct HDAC inhibitors. RNAi-mediated knockdown of either Atg5 or Beclin 1, two essential autophagy effectors, was similarly capable of suppressing ligand-induced autophagy and myocyte growth. RNAi experiments uncovered the class I isoforms HDAC1 and HDAC2 as required for the autophagic response. To test the functional requirement of autophagic activation, we studied mice that overexpress Beclin 1 in cardiomyocytes. In these animals with a fourfold amplified autophagic response to TAC, TSA abolished TAC-induced increases in autophagy and blunted load-induced hypertrophy. Finally, we subjected animals with preexisting hypertrophy to HDACi, finding that ventricular mass reverted to near-normal levels and ventricular function normalized completely. Together, these data implicate autophagy as an obligatory element in pathological cardiac remodeling and point to HDAC1/2 as required effectors. Also, these data reveal autophagy as a previously unknown target of HDAC inhibitor therapy.
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87
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Chen AD, Zhang SJ, Yuan N, Xu Y, De W, Gao XY, Zhu GQ. Angiotensin AT1receptors in paraventricular nucleus contribute to sympathetic activation and enhanced cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in renovascular hypertensive rats. Exp Physiol 2011; 96:94-103. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2010.054353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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88
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Portt L, Norman G, Clapp C, Greenwood M, Greenwood MT. Anti-apoptosis and cell survival: a review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:238-59. [PMID: 20969895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type I programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is critical for cellular self-destruction for a variety of processes such as development or the prevention of oncogenic transformation. Alternative forms, including type II (autophagy) and type III (necrotic) represent the other major types of PCD that also serve to trigger cell death. PCD must be tightly controlled since disregulated cell death is involved in the development of a large number of different pathologies. To counter the multitude of processes that are capable of triggering death, cells have devised a large number of cellular processes that serve to prevent inappropriate or premature PCD. These cell survival strategies involve a myriad of coordinated and systematic physiological and genetic changes that serve to ward off death. Here we will discuss the different strategies that are used to prevent cell death and focus on illustrating that although anti-apoptosis and cellular survival serve to counteract PCD, they are nevertheless mechanistically distinct from the processes that regulate cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Portt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Ontario, Canada
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89
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Turer AT, Hill JA. Pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and rationale for therapy. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106:360-8. [PMID: 20643246 PMCID: PMC2957093 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the initial description of the phenomenon by Jennings et al 50 years ago, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of reperfusion injury has grown significantly. Its pathogenesis reflects the confluence of multiple pathways, including ion channels, reactive oxygen species, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. The purposes of this review are to examine the current state of understanding of ischemia-reperfusion injury, as well as to highlight recent interventions aimed at this heretofore elusive target. In conclusion, despite its complexity our ongoing efforts to mitigate this form of injury should not be deterred, because nearly 2 million patients annually undergo either spontaneous (in the form of acute myocardial infarction) or iatrogenic (in the context of cardioplegic arrest) ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslan T Turer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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