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Giayetto O, Videla EA, Chacana P, Jaime C, Marín RH, Nazar FN. Modulating offspring responses: concerted effects of stress and immunogenic challenge in the parental generation. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb219386. [PMID: 32680897 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The perception, processing and response to environmental challenges involves the activation of the immuno-neuroendocrine (INE) interplay. Concerted environmental challenges might induce trade-off when resource allocation to one trait occurs at the expense of another, also producing potential transgenerational effects in the offspring. We evaluated whether concerted challenges, in the form of an immune inoculum against inactivated Salmonella enteritidis (immune challenge, ICH) and a chronic heat stress (CHS) exposure on adult Japanese quail, modulate the INE responses of the parental generation and their offspring. Adults were inoculated and later exposed to a CHS along nine consecutive days. For the last 5 days of the CHS, eggs were collected for incubation. Chicks were identified according to their parental treatments and remained undisturbed. Induced inflammatory response, heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and specific humoral response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were evaluated in both generations. Regardless of the ICH, stressed adults showed a reduced inflammatory response and an elevated H/L ratio compared with controls. In offspring, the inflammatory response was elevated and the specific SRBC antibody titres were diminished in those chicks prenatally exposed to CHS, regardless of the ICH. No differences were found in the H/L ratio of the offspring. Together, our results suggest that CHS exposure influences the INE interplay of adult quail, establishing trade-offs within their immune system. Moreover, CHS not only affected parental INE responses but also modulated their offspring INE responses, probably affecting their potential to respond to future challenges. The adaptability of the developmental programming of offspring would depend on the environment encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Giayetto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-UNC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba (X5016GCA), Argentina
| | - Emiliano A Videla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-UNC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba (X5016GCA), Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba (X5016GCA), Argentina
| | - Pablo Chacana
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires (C1033AAE), Argentina
| | - Cristian Jaime
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba (X5016GCA), Argentina
| | - Raúl H Marín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-UNC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba (X5016GCA), Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba (X5016GCA), Argentina
| | - F Nicolás Nazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-UNC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba (X5016GCA), Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba (X5016GCA), Argentina
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Hafez HM, Attia YA. Challenges to the Poultry Industry: Current Perspectives and Strategic Future After the COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:516. [PMID: 33005639 PMCID: PMC7479178 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry immunity, health, and production are several factors that challenge the future growth of the poultry industry. Consumer confidence, product quality and safety, types of products, and the emergence and re-emergence of diseases will continue to be major challenges to the current situation and the strategic future of the industry. Foodborne and zoonotic diseases are strictly linked with poultry. Eradication, elimination, and/or control of foodborne and zoonotic pathogens present a major challenge to the poultry industry. In addition, the public health hazards from consuming foods with high antibiotic residues will remain a critical issue. The theory of poultry production described in this review will not be limited to considering disease control. Rather, it will also incorporate the interconnection of the animals' health, welfare, and immunity. It is essential to know that chickens are not susceptible to intranasal infection by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. Nevertheless, the COVID-19 pandemic will affect poultry consumption, transport, and the economics of poultry farming. It will also take into consideration economic, ethical, social dimensions, and the sustenance of the accomplishment of high environmental security. Stockholders, veterinarians, farmers, and all the partners of the chain of poultry production need to be more involved in the current situation and the strategic future of the industry to fulfill human demands and ensure sustainable agriculture. Thus, the present review explores these important tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafez M. Hafez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Kamely M, He W, Wakaruk J, Whelan R, Naranjo V, Barreda DR. Impact of Reduced Dietary Crude Protein in the Starter Phase on Immune Development and Response of Broilers Throughout the Growth Period. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:436. [PMID: 32903566 PMCID: PMC7438798 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude protein (CP) levels in commercial broiler (Gallus gallus) diets, optimized for maximum yield production vs. feed cost, have only begun to be assessed for impact on immune function. In order to study immune effects of dietary CP levels, different starter phase (day 1–14) diets were fed to 230 Ross 708 male broiler chicks randomly assigned at 1 day of age into two treatment groups. Group 1: Standard diet (STD) contained 3,000 kcal AMEn/kg energy and 23.78% CP; and Group 2: Reduced crude protein diet (RCP) contained 3,000 kcal AMEn/kg energy and 21.23% CP. From day 15–35 a common standard grower/finisher diet (3,150 kcal AMEn/kg energy and 22.18% CP) was allocated to both groups. Zymosan, a glycan derived from yeast cell walls that binds to TLR 2 and Dectin-1, was used for intra-abdominal challenge. Results demonstrated that a reduced crude protein starter diet (21.23 vs. 23.78% CP) between age 1–14, while maintaining the same levels of metabolizable energy and essential amino acids, did not affect broilers growth performance or lymphoid organ weights (P > 0.05). Interestingly, basal leukocyte levels in the RCP group significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the blood compartment at d35 in the unchallenged birds. Significant enhancements to leukocyte infiltration into the abdominal cavity were also detected post-immune challenge with zymosan (day 14 and day 35; P < 0.01). Post-challenge levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL8 gene expression cells collected from the abdominal cavity were not affected by the diets (P > 0.05). Moreover, dietary treatments did not influence percentage of ROS producing cells in the abdominal cavity (P > 0.05). To our best knowledge, this is the first study that reports the impacts of reduced crude protein diet on the innate immune response of poultry to an acute inflammation model in the abdominal cavity. Overall, our results highlight that reduced crude protein diets can be used without negatively impacting broiler performance and may enhance the capacity of broilers to recruit leukocytes upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kamely
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wanwei He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeremy Wakaruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rose Whelan
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau, Germany
| | | | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080463. [PMID: 32751572 PMCID: PMC7460413 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and pharmacological zinc supplementation were commonly used as growth promoters for several decades in the swine industry before being limited because of public health and environmental concerns. Further, the physiological and metabolic responses associated with their growth promotion effects are unclear. To characterize these responses induced by pharmacological zinc supplementation (2500 mg/kg) and carbadox (55 mg/kg), 192 post-weaning pigs were fed basal and test diets for 43 days. Compared with basal, pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently improved growth performance. Pharmacological zinc increased gastric mucosa thickness compared with basal zinc, while carbadox increased intestinal villus:crypt ratio compared with non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently reduced interleukin (IL)-1β concentration compared with basal zinc and non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc increased IL-1RA:IL-1 ratio by 42% compared with basal zinc, while carbadox tended to increase the IL-10 and IL10:IL-12 ratio compared with non-carbadox. Carbadox increased fecal concentrations of histidine and lysine compared with non-carbadox. The independent effect of pharmacological zinc and carbadox on morphology and nutrient metabolism, and their shared effect on immunity may contribute to the additive effect on growth promotion. These results further confirmed the concept that growth promotion is multifactorial intervention. Therefore, elucidating growth-promoting effects and searching for alternatives should include wide-spectrum evaluation.
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The Role of Arginine in Disease Prevention, Gut Microbiota Modulation, Growth Performance and the Immune System of Broiler Chicken – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The effect of dietary arginine on disease prevention, immune system modulation, the gut micro-biota composition and growth of broiler chicken was reviewed. The main aim of poultry production is the maximization of profit at the least possible cost. This objective can mainly be achieved by ensuring that there is no interference in growth or disease outbreak and by feeding chicken with the best possible level of nutrients. With the ban on antibiotic growth promoters, attention is shifted towards other nutrition methods to prevent diseases and promote growth. More attention is therefore given to protein diets in animal nutrition due to their importance as essential part of active biological compounds in the body, assisting in the breakdown of body tissue and helping in the physiological processes of the animal. Arginine plays important function in serving as building blocks of proteins and polypeptides. It performs other roles during the regulation of important biochemical functions such as maintenance, growth, reproduction and immunity. Arginine cannot be synthesized by the body so it has to be supplemented in the diet. When arginine is supplemented above the recommended level, the gut mucosa is protected, immunosuppression is alleviated, diseases like necrotic enteritis, infectious bursal disease and coccidiosis in broiler chickens are prevented. There is an improvement in growth resulting from the increase in intestinal absorption, barrier function and microbiota composition.
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56
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Lu Z, Thanabalan A, Leung H, Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki R, Patterson R, Kiarie EG. The effects of feeding yeast bioactives to broiler breeders and/or their offspring on growth performance, gut development, and immune function in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6411-6421. [PMID: 31504867 PMCID: PMC6870552 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast bioactives (YB) may stimulate broiler breeders (BB) to increase deposition of immunoglobulins (Ig) in eggs. We investigated the effects of feeding YB (mixture of derivatives from whole yeast subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis) to BB and/or their offspring on growth performance, gut development, and immune function in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria. The BB (Ross 708 ♀ and Ross ♂) were assigned to 2 groups (60 ♀ and 10 ♂) and fed basal or basal diet supplemented with 500 g of YB/Mt. A total of 250 fertile eggs per treatment were collected, incubated, hatched, and sexed. Additional egg samples were analyzed for IgA and IgY contents. A total of 160 broiler chicks (80 ♀ and 80 ♂) from each breeder experimental group were placed in cages based on sex and BW resulting in 32 cages for each BB treatment group. Cages (16 per BB treatment group) were allocated to basal broiler chick diet or basal diet supplemented with 500 g of YB/Mt. On day 9, half of each BB by broiler chick dietary treatments was challenged with 1 mL of Eimeria culture (100,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina and 25,000 oocysts of Eimeria maxima). On day 14, all birds were necropsied for intestinal lesion scores and samples. Feeding YB to BB increased (P < 0.05) IgA concentration in egg yolk. Eimeria challenge decreased (P < 0.05) pancreas weight, jejunal villus height (VH), and growth performance but increased spleen weight, intestinal mass and jejunal mucosa IgA concentration. Independent of Eimeria challenge, feeding YB to BB and/or to chicks resulted in higher (P < 0.001) jejunal VH compared with feeding it to BB only or not at all. In conclusion, Eimeria challenge reduced growth performance and had negative effects on indices of intestinal function and health. Feeding YB to BB increased deposition of IgA in hatching eggs and improved jejunal VH independent of Eimeria challenge when fed to BB and/or to broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Cananda
| | - A Thanabalan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Cananda
| | - H Leung
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Cananda
| | | | - R Patterson
- Department of Technical Services & Innovation, Canadian Bio-Systems Inc., Calgary, Alberta T2C 0J7, Canada
| | - E G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Cananda
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Swaggerty CL, He H, Genovese KJ, Callaway TR, Kogut MH, Piva A, Grilli E. A microencapsulated feed additive containing organic acids, thymol, and vanillin increases in vitro functional activity of peripheral blood leukocytes from broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3428-3436. [PMID: 32616236 PMCID: PMC7597814 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first week after hatch, young chicks are vulnerable to pathogens as the immune system is not fully developed. The objectives of this study were to determine if supplementing the starter diet with a microencapsulated feed additive containing citric and sorbic acids, thymol, and vanillin affects in vitro functional activity of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Day-old chicks (n = 800) were assigned to either a control diet (0 g/metric ton [MT]) or a diet supplemented with 500 g/MT of the microencapsulated additive. At 4 D of age, peripheral blood was collected (100 birds per treatment), and heterophils and monocytes isolated (n = 4). Heterophils were assayed for the ability to undergo degranulation and production of an oxidative burst response while nitric oxide production was measured in monocytes. Select cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression levels were also determined. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t test comparing the supplemented diet to the control (P ≤ 0.05). Heterophils isolated from chicks fed the microencapsulated citric and sorbic acids, thymol, and vanillin had higher (P ≤ 0.05) levels of degranulation and oxidative burst responses than those isolated from chicks on the control diet. Heterophils from the supplemented chicks also had greater (P ≤ 0.05) expression of IL10, IL1β, and CXCL8 mRNA than those from control-fed chicks. Similarly, nitric oxide production was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in monocytes isolated from birds fed the supplement. The cytokine and chemokine profile in monocytes from the supplement-fed chicks showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) drop in IL10 mRNA expression while IL1β, IL4, and CXCL8 were unchanged. In conclusion, 4 D of supplementation with a microencapsulated blend made up of citric and sorbic acids, thymol, and vanillin enhanced the in vitro PBL functions of degranulation, oxidative burst, and nitric oxide production compared with the control diet. Collectively, the data suggest feeding broiler chicks a diet supplemented with a microencapsulated blend of citric and sorbic acids, thymol, and vanillin may prime key immune cells making them more functionally efficient and acts as an immune-modulator to boost the inefficient and undeveloped immune system of young chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Swaggerty
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Haiqi He
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Kenneth J Genovese
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Todd R Callaway
- University of Georgia, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, 252 Edgar L. Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael H Kogut
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Andrea Piva
- Vetagro S.p.A., 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy; DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Vetagro S.p.A., 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy; DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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58
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van der Klein SAS, More-Bayona JA, Barreda DR, Romero LF, Zuidhof MJ. Comparison of mathematical and comparative slaughter methodologies for determination of heat production and energy retention in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3237-3250. [PMID: 32475460 PMCID: PMC7597740 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors affecting ME availability for productive processes is an important step in optimal feed formulation. This study compared a modelling methodology with the comparative slaughter technique (CST) to estimate energy partitioning to heat production and energy retention (RE) and to investigate differences in heat dissipation. At hatch, 50 broilers were randomly allocated in one of 4 pens equipped with a precision feeding station. From day 14 to day 45, they were either fed with a low-ME (3,111 kcal/kg ME) or a high-ME (3,383 kcal/kg ME) diet. At day 19, birds were assigned to pair-feeding in groups of 6 with lead birds eating ad libitum (100%) and follow birds eating at either 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% of the paired lead's cumulative feed intake. Heat production and RE were estimated by CST and with a nonlinear mixed model explaining daily ME intake (MEI) as a function of metabolic BW and average daily gain (ADG). The energy partitioning model predicted MEI = (145.10 + u) BW0.83 + 1.09 × BW−0.18 × ADG1.19 + ε. The model underestimated heat production by 13.4% and overestimated RE by 22.8% compared with the CST. The model was not able to distinguish between net energy for gain values of the diets (1,448 ± 18.5 kcal/kg vs. 1,493 ± 18.0 kcal/kg for the low-ME and high-ME diet, respectively), whereas the CST found a 148 kcal/kg difference between the low-ME and high-ME diets (1,101 ± 22.5 kcal/kg vs. 1,249 ± 22.0 kcal/kg, respectively). The estimates of the net energy for gain values of the 2 diets decreased with increasing feed restriction. The heat increment of feeding did not differ between birds fed with the low- or high-ME diet (26% of MEI). Additional measurements on heat dissipation, physical activity, and immune status indicated that the energetic content of the diet and feed restriction affect some parameters (shank temperature, feeding station visits) but not others (leukocyte counts, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and immune cell function).
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Affiliation(s)
- S A S van der Klein
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Alberta, Canada
| | - J A More-Bayona
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Alberta, Canada
| | - D R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Alberta, Canada
| | - L F Romero
- Research and Development, Danisco UK Ltd., Marlborough SN8 1XN, United Kingdom
| | - M J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Alberta, Canada.
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Effect of a multicarbohydrase containing α-galactosidase enzyme on the performance, carcass yield, and humoral immunity of broilers fed corn–soybean meal–based diets of varying energy density. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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60
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Bobeck EA. NUTRITION AND HEALTH: COMPANION ANIMAL APPLICATIONS: Functional nutrition in livestock and companion animals to modulate the immune response. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa035. [PMID: 32026938 PMCID: PMC7053864 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of how the immune system functions in response to diet have altered the way we think about feeding livestock and companion animals on both the short (weeks/months) and long-term (years) timelines; however, depth of research in each of these species varies. Work dedicated to understanding how immune function can be altered with diet has revealed additional functions of required nutrients such as vitamins D and E, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and minerals such as zinc, while feed additives such as phytogenics and probiotics add an additional layer of immunomodulating potential to modern diets. For certain nutrients such as vitamin D or omega-3 PUFA, inclusion above currently recommended levels may optimize immune function and reduce inflammation, while for others such as zinc, additional pharmacological supplementation above requirements may inhibit immune function. Also to consider is the potential to over-immunomodulate, where important functions such as clearance of microbial infections may be reduced when supplementation reduces the inflammatory action of the immune system. Continued work in the area of nutritional immunology will further enhance our understanding of the power of nutrition and diet to improve health in both livestock and companion animals. This review collects examples from several species to highlight the work completed to understand how nutrition can be used to alter immune function, intended or not.
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Csernus B, Biró S, Babinszky L, Komlósi I, Jávor A, Stündl L, Remenyik J, Bai P, Oláh J, Pesti-Asbóth G, Czeglédi L. Effect of Carotenoids, Oligosaccharides and Anthocyanins on Growth Performance, Immunological Parameters and Intestinal Morphology in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E347. [PMID: 32098265 PMCID: PMC7070938 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carotenoid, oligosaccharide and anthocyanin supplementation in broiler diets under Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Ross 308 chickens were fed 5 diets: basal diet (control diet), diet supplemented with β-glucan in 0.05% (positive control) and diets with 0.5% carotenoid-, oligosaccharide- or anthocyanin contents. On the 26th days of age, chickens were challenged intraperitoneally 2 mg LPS per kg of body weight. 12 h after injection, birds were euthanized, then spleen and ileum samples were collected. LPS induced increased relative mRNA expression of splenic (p = 0.0445) and ileal (p = 0.0435) interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which was lower in the spleen in carotenoid (p = 0.0114), oligosaccharide (p = 0.0497) and anthocyanin (p = 0.0303)-treated chickens compared to LPS-injected control birds. Dietary supplementation of carotenoids also decreased relative gene expression of splenic interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.0325). In the ileum, β-glucan supplementation showed lower relative mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) (p = 0.0387) compared to anthocyanin treatment. Gene expression of both splenic and ileal interferon-α (IFN-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) were not influenced by dietary supplements. In conclusion, carotenoids, oligosaccharides and anthocyanins could partially mitigate the immune stress caused by LPS challenge. All of the compounds impacted longer villus height (p < 0.0001), villus height:crypt depth ratios were higher after β-glucan (p < 0.0001) and anthocyanin (p = 0.0063) supplementations and thickened mucosa was observed in β-glucan (p < 0.0001), oligosaccharide (p < 0.0001) and anthocyanin (p = 0.048) treatments. All of these findings could represent a more effective absorption of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Csernus
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Biró
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Microbiomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - László Babinszky
- Department of Feed and Food Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - István Komlósi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - András Jávor
- Department of Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.S.); (J.R.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.S.); (J.R.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - János Oláh
- Farm and Regional Research Institute of Debrecen, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Georgina Pesti-Asbóth
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.S.); (J.R.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Levente Czeglédi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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Ricke SC, Lee SI, Kim SA, Park SH, Shi Z. Prebiotics and the poultry gastrointestinal tract microbiome. Poult Sci 2020; 99:670-677. [PMID: 32029153 PMCID: PMC7587714 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed additives that can modulate the poultry gastrointestinal tract and provide benefit to bird performance and health have recently received more interest for commercial applications. Such feed supplements offer an economic advantage because they may directly benefit poultry producers by either decreasing mortality rates of farm animals, increasing bird growth rates, or improve feed efficieny. They can also limit foodborne pathogen establishment in bird flocks by modifying the gastrointestinal microbial population. Prebiotics are known as non-digestible carbohydrates that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria, thus improving the overall health of the host. Once prebiotics are introduced to the host, 2 major modes of action can potentially occur. Initially, the corresponding prebiotic reaches the intestine of the chicken without being digested in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract but are selectively utilized by certain bacteria considered beneficial to the host. Secondly, other gut activities occur due to the presence of the prebiotic, including generation of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid as microbial fermentation products, a decreased rate of pathogen colonization, and potential bird health benefits. In the current review, the effect of prebiotics on the gastrointestinal tract microbiome will be discussed as well as future directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.
| | - Sang In Lee
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704
| | - Si Hong Park
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704
| | - Zhaohao Shi
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704
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63
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Laledashti MA, Saki AA, Rafati AA, Abdolmaleki M. Effect of in-ovo feeding of iron nanoparticles and methionine hydroxy analogue on broilers chickens small intestinal characteristics. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.46903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The experiment was conducted with 644 Ross fertilized egg by 7 treatments 4 replicates and 23 eggs in each. Seven treatments included two control with and without injection, iron sulfate, iron sulfate nanoparticles, Alimet, Alimet + iron sulfate, Alimet + iron sulfate nanoparticles. After hatching 2 mg iron nanoparticles were applied as new treatment. The highest increased in the intestinal relative weight (p < 0.05) was observed by iron+Alimet in late feeding at day old of age. Also similar trend was found in cecum and duodenum length by iron control 2 and late feeding (18 hours’ after hatching). The highest cecum length was found among all treatments by in ovo injection of iron nanoparticles in early feeding at 21 days of age (p < 0.05). Significantly increased the duodenum length was found by iron sulfate in early feeding at 42 days of age (p < 0.05). In ovo injection of Alimet in late feeding was resulted in decrease jejunum crypt depth at 21 days of age (p < 0.05). The results of this study have shown that the highest jejunum villi width and surface area were recorded in dietary iron sulfate nanoparticles in late feeding at 21 and 42 days of age (p < 0.05).
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Wang Y, Xu L, Sun X, Wan X, Sun G, Jiang R, Li W, Tian Y, Liu X, Kang X. Characteristics of the fecal microbiota of high- and low-yield hens and effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on egg production performance. Res Vet Sci 2020; 129:164-173. [PMID: 32036124 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota that resides in the digestive tract plays pivotal role in maintaining intestinal environmental stability by promoting nutrition digestion and intestinal mucosal immunity. However, whether the intestinal microbiota in laying hens affects egg laying- performance is not known. In this study, 16S rDNA gene sequencing and fecal microbiota transplantation were used to determine the structure of the intestinal microbiota and the effect of the intestinal microbiota on egg production. The results revealed that Firmicutes were dominant in both the H (high egg laying rates) and L (low egg laying rates) groups, while Bacteroides, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were significantly enriched in the L group compared to the H group. The laying rates were weakly affected in H hens transplanted with the fecal microbiota from L hens, except for temporary fluctuation, while the egg laying rates were significantly increased in L hens transplanted with the fecal microbiota from H hens. Therefore, we concluded that the population structure of the intestinal microbiota varied between the H and L groups, and the intestinal microbiota of high-yield laying hens had significant effects on low-yield laying hens performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Laipeng Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangli Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xianhua Wan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Lu Y, Lu Q, Cheng Y, Wen G, Luo Q, Shao H, Zhang T. High concentration of coagulase-negative staphylococci carriage among bioaerosols of henhouses in Central China. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:21. [PMID: 31992193 PMCID: PMC6986044 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are a group of opportunistic pathogens, which are widely spread in the environment. Animal breeding is an important source of pathogen spreading. However, the concentration and characteristics of CoNS in the bioaerosols of henhouses are unclear. Results In this study, we showed that CoNS were significantly increased in bioaerosols of henhouses during the first 60 days, and reached 2.0 × 106 CFU/m3, which account for 75.4% of total bacteria. One hundred and two CoNS isolates from bioaerosols and nasal swabs of farmers were further identified, covering seven species. Among these, 41.2% isolates were Staphylococcus sciuri, which was the predominant species, followed by S. equorum, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. xylosus, S. arlettae and S. gallinarum. There were high rates of resistance to oxacillin in CoNS (49.0%), which were defined as Methicillin-Resistant CoNS (MRCoNS), and 36.3% isolates contained resistance gene mecA. Bioaerosol infection models showed that, chickens exposed to aerosolized S. sciuri had significant induction of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 at 5 days post-infection (dpi) in lungs and at 7 dpi in spleens. Conclusions We reported a high concentration of CoNS in henhouses, and S. sciuri was the preponderant CoNS species. Antibiotic resistance analysis and bioaerosols infection of CoNS further highlighted its hazards on resistance and immunological challenge. These results suggested that, CoNS in bioaerosols could be one serious factor in the henhouses for not only poultry industry but also public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Lu
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Qin Lu
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Yiluo Cheng
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Guoyuan Wen
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Qingping Luo
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Huabin Shao
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China.
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66
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Nii T, Bungo T, Isobe N, Yoshimura Y. Intestinal inflammation induced by dextran sodium sulphate causes liver inflammation and lipid metabolism disfunction in laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1663-1677. [PMID: 32111331 PMCID: PMC7587789 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut inflammation caused by various factors including microbial infection leads to disorder of absorption of dietary nutrients and decrease in egg production in laying hens. We hypothesized that intestinal inflammation may affect egg production in laying hens through its impact on liver function. Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) is known to induce intestinal inflammation in mammals, but whether it also induces inflammation in laying hens is not known. The goal of this study was to assess whether oral administration of DSS is a useful model of intestinal inflammation in laying hens and to characterize the effects of intestinal inflammation on egg production using this model. White Leghorn hens (350-day old) were administrated with or without 0.9 g of DSS/kg BW in drinking water for 5 D (n = 8, each). All laid eggs were collected, and their whole and eggshell weights were recorded. Blood was collected every day and used for biochemical analysis. Liver and intestinal tissues (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, cecal-tonsil, and colon) were collected 1 D after the final treatment. These tissue samples were used for histological analysis and PCR analysis. Oral administration of DSS in laying hens caused 1) histological disintegration of the cecal mucosal epithelium and increased monocyte/macrophage infiltration and IL-1β, IL-6, CXCLi2, IL-10, and TGFβ-4 gene expression; 2) decreased egg production; 3) increased leukocyte infiltration and IL-1β, CXCLi2, and IL-10 expression in association with a high frequency of lipopolysaccharide-positive cells in the liver; and 4) decreased expression of genes related to lipid synthesis, lipoprotein uptake, and yolk precursor production. These results suggested that oral administration of DSS is a useful method for inducing intestinal inflammation in laying hens, and intestinal inflammation may reduce egg production by disrupting egg yolk precursor production in association with liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nii
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - T Bungo
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - N Isobe
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Y Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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67
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The Control of Intestinal Inflammation: A Major Objective in the Research of Probiotic Strains as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020148. [PMID: 31973199 PMCID: PMC7074883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge for the scientific community. In a few decades, infections by resistant bacteria are forecasted to be the main cause of death in the world. The withdrawal of antibiotics as growth promoters and their preventive use in animal production is essential to avoid these resistances, but this may impair productivity and health due to the increase in gut inflammation. This reduction in productivity aggravates the problem of increasing meat demand in developing countries and limits the availability of raw materials. Probiotics are promising products to address this challenge due to their beneficial effects on microbiota composition, mucosal barrier integrity, and immune system to control inflammation. Although many modes of action have been demonstrated, the scientific community is not able to describe the specific effects that a probiotic should induce on the host to maximize both productivity and animal health. First, it may be necessary to define what are the innate immune pathways acting in the gut that optimize productivity and health and to then investigate which probiotic strain is able to induce the specific effect needed. This review describes several gaps in the knowledge of host-microbiota-pathogen interaction and the related mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response not demonstrated yet in poultry.
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68
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Sokale AO, Menconi A, Mathis GF, Lumpkins B, Sims MD, Whelan RA, Doranalli K. Effect of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the intestinal structural integrity and growth performance of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5392-5400. [PMID: 31250009 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary inclusion of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the intestinal health and growth performance of Cobb 500 male broilers subjected to a Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge was determined in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 10 replicate/treatment. In experiment 2, chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 12 replicates/treatment. The experimental treatments were non-infected, non-supplemented control, infected, non-supplemented control (IC), infected + Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 (B. subtilis DSM 32315), infected + bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD). In both experiments, NE was induced by oral inoculation of toxin producing C. perfringens on 3 consecutive days between 17 and 20 D of age, following exposure of birds to pre-disposing conditions. At day 28 (experiment 1), broilers fed diets with B. subtilis DSM 32315 exhibited a significantly higher body weight, lower mortality, and intestinal NE lesion score, compared to the IC treatment. At day 42 (experiment 2), B. subtilis DSM 32315 supplementation significantly improved BW, feed conversion ratio, production efficiency factor, NE lesion score, and mortality, compared to IC treatment. The effect of B. subtilis DSM 32315 on intestinal integrity of NE challenged chickens was evaluated with histomorphometry. A significantly shallower crypt depth and higher villus height to crypt depth ratio were observed in the mid-intestine of birds belonging to the B. subtilis DSM 32315 group, compared to the IC group. Furthermore, B. subtilis DSM 32315 supplementation significantly reduced the enteritis index associated with NE. In both experiments, the effect of B. subtilis DSM 32315 on the phenotypic measurements of NE and performance was comparable to the effect observed with BMD supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation of the direct fed microbial strain B. subtilis DSM 32315 can ameliorate the pathology and performance detriments associated with NE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Menconi
- Evonik Corporation, Kennesaw, GA 30144
| | - G F Mathis
- Southern Poultry Research, Inc., Athens, GA 30607
| | - B Lumpkins
- Southern Poultry Research, Inc., Athens, GA 30607
| | - M D Sims
- Virginia Diversified Research Corp, Harrisonburg, VA 22801, USA
| | - R A Whelan
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau 63067, Hessen, Germany
| | - K Doranalli
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau 63067, Hessen, Germany
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69
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Nwaogu CJ, Galema A, Cresswell W, Dietz MW, Tieleman BI. A fruit diet rather than invertebrate diet maintains a robust innate immunity in an omnivorous tropical songbird. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:867-883. [PMID: 31764994 PMCID: PMC7079115 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diet alteration may lead to nutrient limitations even in the absence of food limitation, and this may affect physiological functions, including immunity. Nutrient limitations may also affect the maintenance of body mass and key life‐history events that may affect immune function. Yet, variation in immune function is largely attributed to energetic trade‐offs rather than specific nutrient constraints. To test the effect of diet on life‐history traits, we tested how diet composition affects innate immune function, body mass and moult separately and in combination with each other, and then used path analyses to generate hypotheses about the mechanistic connections between immunity and body mass under different diet compositions. We performed a balanced parallel and crossover design experiment with omnivorous common bulbuls Pycnonotus barbatus in out‐door aviaries in Nigeria. We fed 40 wild‐caught bulbuls ad libitum on fruits or invertebrates for 24 weeks, switching half of each group between treatments after 12 weeks. We assessed innate immune indices (haptoglobin, nitric oxide and ovotransferrin concentrations, and haemagglutination and haemolysis titres), body mass and primary moult, fortnightly. We simplified immune indices into three principal components (PCs), but we explored mechanistic connections between diet, body mass and each immune index separately. Fruit‐fed bulbuls had higher body mass, earlier moult and showed higher values for two of the three immune PCs compared to invertebrate‐fed bulbuls. These effects were reversed when we switched bulbuls between treatments after 12 weeks. Exploring the correlations between immune function, body mass and moult, showed that an increase in immune function was associated with a decrease in body mass and delayed moult in invertebrate‐fed bulbuls, while fruit‐fed bulbuls maintained body mass despite variation in immune function. Path analyses indicated that diet composition was most likely to affect body mass and immune indices directly and independently from each other. Only haptoglobin concentration was indirectly linked to diet composition via body mass. We demonstrated a causal effect of diet composition on innate immune function, body mass and moult: bulbuls were in a better condition when fed on fruits than invertebrates, confirming that innate immunity is nutrient specific. Our results are unique because they show a reversible effect of diet composition on wild adult birds whose immune systems are presumably fully developed and adapted to wild conditions—demonstrating a short‐term consequence of diet alteration on life‐history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chima J Nwaogu
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews Fife, UK.,A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Annabet Galema
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Will Cresswell
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews Fife, UK.,A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Maurine W Dietz
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Irene Tieleman
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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70
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Barzegar S, Wu SB, Choct M, Swick RA. Factors affecting energy metabolism and evaluating net energy of poultry feed. Poult Sci 2020; 99:487-498. [PMID: 32416835 PMCID: PMC7587646 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Different energy evaluating systems have been used to formulate poultry diets including digestible energy, total digestible nutrients, true metabolizable energy, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and effective energy. The AME values of raw materials are most commonly used to formulate poultry diets. The net energy (NE) system is currently used for pig and cattle diet formulation and there is interest for its application in poultry formulation. Each energy evaluating system has some limitations. The AME system, for example, is dependent on age, species, and feed intake level. The NE system takes AME a step further and incorporates the energy lost as heat when calculating the available energy for the production of meat and eggs. The NE system is, therefore, the most accurate representation of energy available for productive purposes. The NE prediction requires the accurate measurement of the AME value of feed and also an accurate measurement of total and fasting heat production using nutritionally balanced diets. At present, there is limited information on NE values of various ingredients for poultry feed formulation. The aim of this review is to examine poultry feed energy systems with the focus on the NE system and its development for chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Barzegar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armadale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armadale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Mingan Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armadale, NSW 2351, Australia; Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armadale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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71
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Park I, Lee Y, Goo D, Zimmerman NP, Smith AH, Rehberger T, Lillehoj HS. The effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation, as an alternative to antibiotics, on growth performance, intestinal immunity, and epithelial barrier integrity in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria maxima. Poult Sci 2019; 99:725-733. [PMID: 32036975 PMCID: PMC7587808 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation on growth performance, jejunal lesion scores, oocyst shedding, and cytokine and tight junction protein expression in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria maxima. A total of 196 male day-old Ross 708 broilers were given a nonexperimental diet until 14 D of age. Then, all chickens were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments: 2 basal diets (CON and NC); CON + virginiamycin (AB1); CON + bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD; AB2); CON + B. subtilis 1781 (PB1); CON + B. subtilis 747 (PB2); or CON + B. subtilis 1781 + 747 (PB3). At day 21, all chickens except those in the CON group were orally inoculated with E. maxima oocysts. At 7 D after E. maxima infection, the body weight gains of chickens fed PB2 and PB3 increased (P = 0.032) as much as those in chickens fed AB2. The body weight gain and feed efficiency of chickens fed PB2 were significantly increased (P < 0.001), and PB2 chickens showed (P = 0.005) the lowest lesion scores after E. maxima infection. Chickens fed PB2 showed (P < 0.05) lower mRNA expression of IL-1β in infected chicken groups. Chickens in the AB1, AB2, PB1, PB2, and PB3 groups showed (P < 0.05) greater mRNA expression of junctional adhesion molecule 2 in jejunal tissue, whereas occludin expression increased (P < 0.05) in the jejunal tissue of chickens fed AB2 or PB2. Dietary B. subtilis supplementation significantly improved the growth performance of young chickens to a level comparable with that induced by virginiamycin or BMD without E. maxima infection. After infection with E. maxima, dietary virginiamycin and BMD significantly enhanced the epithelial barrier integrity, and the dietary B. subtilis 747 showed significantly enhanced growth performance, intestinal immunity, and epithelial barrier integrity. Together our results indicated that certain strains of B. subtilis provide beneficial effects on the growth of young broiler chickens and have the potential to replace antibiotic growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Doyun Goo
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - N P Zimmerman
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| | - A H Smith
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| | - T Rehberger
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractAlthough there is a plethora of cancer associated-factors that can ultimately culminate in death (cachexia, organ impairment, metastases, opportunistic infections, etc.), the focal element of every terminal malignancy is the failure of our natural defences to control unlimited cell proliferation. The reasons why our defences apparently lack efficiency is a complex question, potentially indicating that, under Darwinian terms, solutions other than preventing cancer progression are also important contributors. In analogy with host-parasite systems, we propose to call this latter option ‘tolerance’ to cancer. Here, we argue that the ubiquity of oncogenic processes among metazoans is at least partially attributable to both the limitations of resistance mechanisms and to the evolution of tolerance to cancer. Deciphering the ecological contexts of alternative responses to the cancer burden is not a semantic question, but rather a focal point in understanding the evolutionary ecology of host-tumour relationships, the evolution of our defences, as well as why and when certain cancers are likely to be detrimental for survival.
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73
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Ponton F, Morimoto J, Robinson K, Kumar SS, Cotter SC, Wilson K, Simpson SJ. Macronutrients modulate survival to infection and immunity in Drosophila. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:460-470. [PMID: 31658371 PMCID: PMC7027473 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunity and nutrition are two essential modulators of individual fitness. However, while the implications of immune function and nutrition on an individual's lifespan and reproduction are well established, the interplay between feeding behaviour, infection and immune function remains poorly understood. Asking how ecological and physiological factors affect immune responses and resistance to infections is a central theme of eco‐immunology. In this study, we used the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to investigate how infection through septic injury modulates nutritional intake and how macronutrient balance affects survival to infection by the pathogenic Gram‐positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus. Our results show that infected flies maintain carbohydrate intake, but reduce protein intake, thereby shifting from a protein‐to‐carbohydrate (P:C) ratio of ~1:4 to ~1:10 relative to non‐infected and sham‐infected flies. Strikingly, the proportion of flies dying after M. luteus infection was significantly lower when flies were fed a low‐P high‐C diet, revealing that flies shift their macronutrient intake as means of nutritional self‐medication against bacterial infection. These results are likely due to the effects of the macronutrient balance on the regulation of the constitutive expression of innate immune genes, as a low‐P high‐C diet was linked to an upregulation in the expression of key antimicrobial peptides. Together, our results reveal the intricate relationship between macronutrient intake and resistance to infection and integrate the molecular cross‐talk between metabolic and immune pathways into the framework of nutritional immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Juliano Morimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie Robinson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheemal S Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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74
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Bolek KJ, Klasing KC. The effects of vaccination with keyhole limpet hemocyanin or oral administration of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis on the growth performance of immunoglobulin knockout chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3504-3513. [PMID: 31329978 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional cost of activating B cell-mediated immunity is thought to be low in chickens. However, this assumption is incompletely characterized. Immunoglobulin knockout (Ig-KO) chickens lacking B cells and immunoglobulin may potentially be a robust model to investigate the nutritional cost of immunity. Specifically, comparing the growth of Ig-KO chickens to immunocompetent birds (WT) following activation of the immune system should indicate costs associated with B cell-mediated immunity. A total of 3 experiments were conducted to determine if (1) an antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), (2) an intra-abdominal injection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE), or (3) an oral challenge of SE would affect body weight gain (BWG) in homozygous Ig-KO (KO) chickens and their immunocompetent counterparts. In Experiment 1, a significant genotype*vaccination status interaction was observed (P = 0.03) during the period from 0 to 6 D after initial vaccination in which KLH injection reduced BWG in WT birds, but not in KO birds. A genotype*vaccination status interaction was present (P = 0.002) from 0 to 7 D after the first booster in which KLH injection due to reduced BWG in KO birds, but not WT birds. In Experiment 2, both KO and immunocompetent birds lost body weight during the period from 0 to 2 D after the SE injection, with no significant differences due to genotype (P = 0.92). Experiment 3 demonstrated that KO birds gained less weight than immunocompetent birds, with a tendency for less weight gain after an initial challenge (P = 0.07) and significantly so after a secondary challenge (P = 0.03). The results from these experiments collectively demonstrate that B cell-mediated immunity can affect growth performance in chickens. Furthermore, these effects can either preserve or impair growth performance, likely via mechanisms related to the immune response rather than the discrete nutritional cost of B cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Bolek
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - K C Klasing
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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75
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Zhang Y, Xu BY, Zhao L, Zhu LY, Batonon-Alavo D, Jachacz J, Qi DS, Zhang SJ, Ma LB, Sun LH. Increased Consumption of Sulfur Amino Acids by Both Sows and Piglets Enhances the Ability of the Progeny to Adverse Effects Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121048. [PMID: 31795481 PMCID: PMC6940865 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our results suggest that maternal consumption of total sulfur amino acids exceeding the NRC 2012 recommendations by 25% during late gestation and lactation benefits sow productivity and piglet neonatal performance. Moreover, increased consumption of sulfur amino acids by both sows and post-weaned piglets improved their ability to counteract the adverse effects by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. In addition, OH-Met showed a better response than DL-Met in both neonatal and weaned piglets. Taken together, our findings indicate that it might be necessary to update the recommendations for sulfur amino acids for gestating and lactating sows. Attention should also be given to sulfur amino acids supply during an inflammatory challenge as often encountered by piglets early in life. Abstract This study determined the effects of increased consumption of sulfur amino acids (SAA), as either DL-Met or Hydroxy-Met (OH-Met), by sows and piglets on their performance and the ability of the progeny to resist a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Thirty primiparous sows were fed a diet adequate in SAA (CON) or CON + 25% SAA, either as DL-Met or OH-Met from gestation day 85 to postnatal day 21. At 35 d old, 20 male piglets from each treatment were selected and divided into 2 groups (n = 10/treatment) for a 3 × 2 factorial design [diets (CON, DL-Met or OH-Met) and challenge (saline or LPS)]. OH-Met and/or DL-Met supplementation increased (p ≤ 0.05) piglets’ body weight gain during day 0–7 and day 7–14. Sow’s milk quality was improved in the supplemented treatments compared to the CON. The LPS challenge decreased (p ≤ 0.05) piglets’ performance from 35 to 63 d and increased (p ≤ 0.05) the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a, and malondialdehyde. Plasma albumin, total protein, total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase decreased post-challenge. The results were better with OH-Met than DL-Met. The increase of Met consumption, particularly as OH-Met increased piglets’ growth performance during the lactation phase and the challenging period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (B.-Y.X.); (L.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); (D.-S.Q.)
- Key Lab of Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Bao-Yang Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (B.-Y.X.); (L.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); (D.-S.Q.)
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (B.-Y.X.); (L.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); (D.-S.Q.)
| | - Luo-Yi Zhu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (B.-Y.X.); (L.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); (D.-S.Q.)
| | - Dolores Batonon-Alavo
- Adisseo France S.A.S., 10, Place du Général de Gaulle, 92160 Antony, France; (D.B.-A.); (J.J.)
| | - Jeremy Jachacz
- Adisseo France S.A.S., 10, Place du Général de Gaulle, 92160 Antony, France; (D.B.-A.); (J.J.)
| | - De-Sheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (B.-Y.X.); (L.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); (D.-S.Q.)
| | - Shu-Jun Zhang
- Key Lab of Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Li-Bao Ma
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (B.-Y.X.); (L.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); (D.-S.Q.)
- Correspondence: (L.-B.M.); (L.-H.S.)
| | - Lv-Hui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (B.-Y.X.); (L.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); (D.-S.Q.)
- Correspondence: (L.-B.M.); (L.-H.S.)
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76
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Early post hatch nutrition on immune system development and function in broiler chickens. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s004393391500029x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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78
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Konieczka P, Barszcz M, Kowalczyk P, Szlis M, Jankowski J. The potential of acetylsalicylic acid and vitamin E in modulating inflammatory cascades in chickens under lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Vet Res 2019; 50:65. [PMID: 31533824 PMCID: PMC6751615 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct enzymes, including cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOXs), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450), produce different stress mediators and mediate inflammation in birds. Bioactive agents such as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and vitamin E (vE) may affect enzyme activities and could be used in poultry production to control the magnitude of acute phase inflammation. Here, we characterized COX, LOX, and CYP450 mRNA expression levels in chicken immune tissues in response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and investigated whether ASA and vE could alter gene expression. Additionally, for the first time in chickens, we evaluated oxygen consumption by platelet mitochondria as a biomarker of mitochondria function in response to ASA- and vE. LPS challenge compromised bird growth rates, but neither dietary ASA nor vE significantly ameliorated this effect; however, gradually increasing dietary vE levels were more effective than basal levels. ASA regulated arachidonic acid metabolism, providing an eicosanoid synthesis substrate, whereas gradually increasing vE levels evoked aspirin resistance during challenge. Gene expression in immune tissues was highly variable, indicating a complex regulatory network controlling inflammatory pathways. However, unlike COX-1, COX-2 and CYP450 exhibited increased mRNA expression in some cases, suggesting an initiation of novel anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving signals during challenge. Measuring oxygen consumption rate, we revealed that neither the ASA nor vE levels applied here exerted toxic effects on platelet mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Konieczka
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland. .,Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Michał Szlis
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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81
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Examination of the Expression of Immunity Genes and Bacterial Profiles in the Caecum of Growing Chickens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and Fed a Phytobiotic. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090615. [PMID: 31462004 PMCID: PMC6770741 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonellosis is among the most common infectious poultry diseases that also represent a high risk to human health. The pathological process caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) triggers in the caecum the expression of certain genes, e.g., avian β-defensins (gallinacins), cytokines (interleukins), etc. On the other hand, gut microbiota influences the infection potential of pathogens. The present study aimed at revealing the differential expression of genes associated with the immune system and changes in the bacterial communities in the intestine of growing chickens in response to SE infection. We also tested a feed additive, essential oils-based phytobiotic Intebio, as a potential alternative to antibiotics and showed effects of its administration on the caecal microbiome composition and the expression of some genes related to immunity. The phytobiotic showed its efficiency for application in poultry rearing and production. Abstract This study was performed to investigate the differential expression of eight immunity genes and the bacterial profiles in the caecum of growing chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) at 1 and 23 days post inoculation (dpi) in response to SE infection at 19 days of age and administration of the phytobiotic Intebio. Following infection, the genes CASP6 and IRF7 were upregulated by greater than twofold. Chicks fed Intebio showed at 1 dpi upregulation of AvBD10, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7. At 23 dpi, expression of AvBD11, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7 lowered in the experiment subgroups as compared with the control. Examination of the caecal contents at 1 dpi demonstrated a significant decrease in the microbial biodiversity in the infected subgroup fed normal diet. Bacterial content of Lactobacillus and Bacillus declined, while that of Enterobacteriaceae rose. In the infected subgroup fed Intebio, a pronounced change in composition of the microflora was not observed. In the early infection stages, the phytobiotic seemed to promote response to infection. Subsequently, an earlier suppression of the inflammatory reaction took place in chickens fed Intebio. Thus, use of Intebio as a drug with phytobiotic activity in chickens, including those infected with Salmonella, proved to be promising.
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82
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Oelschlager ML, Rasheed MSA, Smith BN, Rincker MJ, Dilger RN. Effects of Yucca schidigera-derived saponin supplementation during a mixed Eimeria challenge in broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3212-3222. [PMID: 30789216 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine if dietary Yucca-derived saponin supplementation could ameliorate the immune and growth responses of broilers during a mixed coccidian challenge. A total of 576 two-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were housed in galvanized starter batteries and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatment groups (12 replicate cages of 12 birds). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and included 1) control diet + sham-inoculated (Ucon), 2) control diet + Eimeria oocyst challenge (Icon), 3) control diet with 250 mg/kg Yucca-derived saponin product + Eimeria oocyst challenge (ISap250), and 4) control diet with 500 mg/kg of Yucca-derived saponin product + Eimeria oocyst challenge (ISap500). On study day 14, birds were orally inoculated with 1.5 mL of tap water containing Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella (100,000, 40,000, and 30,000 oocysts/dose, respectively), or sham-inoculated with 1.5 mL of tap water. Eimeria-challenged birds exhibited a reduction in growth compared with uninfected birds (P < 0.001); however, there were no detectable differences due to dietary treatment among Eimeria-challenged groups. Mucosal thickness in the jejunum was increased (P < 0.042) in all infected groups and there were no differences among infected groups; however, saponin supplementation included at 250 mg/kg was not significantly different from the uninfected birds. Lymphocytes as a percentage of total white blood cells were increased (P < 0.014) in all Eimeria-challenged groups at 7 D post-inoculation compared with uninfected birds, but birds supplemented at 250 mg/kg were not different from uninfected birds. Cecal and duodenal IFN-γ expression increased with infection when compared with sham-inoculated birds. Cecal and duodenal IL-1β expression increased (P < 0.008 and P < 0.039) due to infection, and ISap250 and ISap500 treatments ameliorated IL-1β expression to levels not different from sham-inoculated birds. These results suggest that saponin supplementation may provide some immunomodulatory effects during a mixed coccidian challenge as evidenced by lymphocyte responses, changes in intestinal structure, and alterations in cecal and duodenal inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Oelschlager
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - M S A Rasheed
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - B N Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - R N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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83
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Giraudeau M, Sepp T, Ujvari B, Renaud F, Tasiemski A, Roche B, Capp JP, Thomas F. Differences in mutational processes and intra-tumour heterogeneity between organs: The local selective filter hypothesis. Evol Med Public Health 2019; 2019:139-146. [PMID: 31528343 PMCID: PMC6735757 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive diversity (genetic, cytogenetic, epigenetic and phenotypic) exists within and between tumours, but reasons behind these variations, as well as their consistent hierarchical pattern between organs, are poorly understood at the moment. We argue that these phenomena are, at least partially, explainable by the evolutionary ecology of organs' theory, in the same way that environmental adversity shapes mutation rates and level of polymorphism in organisms. Organs in organisms can be considered as specialized ecosystems that are, for ecological and evolutionary reasons, more or less efficient at suppressing tumours. When a malignancy does arise in an organ applying strong selection pressure on tumours, its constituent cells are expected to display a large range of possible surviving strategies, from hyper mutator phenotypes relying on bet-hedging to persist (high mutation rates and high diversity), to few poorly variable variants that become invisible to natural defences. In contrast, when tumour suppression is weaker, selective pressure favouring extreme surviving strategies is relaxed, and tumours are moderately variable as a result. We provide a comprehensive overview of this hypothesis. Lay summary: Different levels of mutations and intra-tumour heterogeneity have been observed between cancer types and organs. Anti-cancer defences are unequal between our organs. We propose that mostly aggressive neoplasms (i.e. higher mutational and ITH levels), succeed in emerging and developing in organs with strong defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Giraudeau
- CREEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tuul Sepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Beata Ujvari
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - François Renaud
- CREEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Université de Lille-sciences et technologies, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, Villeneuve d'Ascq/CNRS/INSERM/CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Roche
- CREEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- IRD, Sorbonne Université, UMMISCO, F-93143, Bondy, France
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jean-Pascal Capp
- INSA/Université Fédérale de Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, UMR CNRS 5504, UMR INRA 792, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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84
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Liu S, Tan J, Hu Y, Jia X, Kogut MH, Yuan J, Zhang H. Dietary l-arginine supplementation influences growth performance and B-cell secretion of immunoglobulin in broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1125-1134. [PMID: 31155767 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that high levels of l-arginine (ARG) have reduced serum and mucosal antibody concentrations. In order to provide a better understanding in the application of ARG supplementation in the poultry industry, the study was conducted to investigate the effect of high levels of ARG on performance and B-cell secretion of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG development in broiler chickens. A total of 192 1-day-old male Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly allocated into 4 groups (8 replicates per group, 6 birds per replicate) fed diets containing one of four ARG concentrations (analysed): 9.8, 14.7, 19.1 and 23.4 g/kg respectively. Growth performance was measured based on body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Increasing ARG quadratically increased (p < 0.05) BWG and FI with reaching plateau at 14.7 g/kg, while linearly decreased (p < 0.05) FCR, indicating that maximal performance required ARG no more than 14.7 g/kg in diets. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations were linearly reduced (p < 0.05) with increasing ARG. Chickens fed 19.1 g/kg or 23.4 g/kg ARG had lower (p < 0.05) serum IgG or IgM than chickens fed 9.8 g/kg ARG. As for the mRNA expression of bursal IgG and IgM, they were significantly downregulated with increasing ARG (p < 0.05). Chickens on ARG (>19.1 g/kg) had a lower (p < 0.05) IgG and IgM mRNA expression than chickens fed 9.8 g/kg. Activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mRNA expression was linearly reduced with increasing ARG (p < 0.05), the transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) mRNA expression was quadratically (p < 0.05) responded, and these cytokines had the lowest expression at 19.1 g/kg. ARG supplementation (>14.7 g/kg) did not significantly improve the growth performance, while it may have a potential negative regulatory effect on B-cell-mediated humoral immunity in chickens associated with suppression of the STAT3 expression associated with the JAK/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - JianZhuang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tech-bank Food Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yadi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbo Jia
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Celi P, Verlhac V, Pérez Calvo E, Schmeisser J, Kluenter AM. Biomarkers of gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Applying I see inside histological methodology to evaluate gut health in broilers challenged with Eimeria. Vet Parasitol 2019; 276S:100004. [PMID: 32904745 PMCID: PMC7458385 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ISI was applied to evaluate histologic alterations specific of Eimeria infection. The ISI histological score show high correlation with broilers performance. The higher the ISI scores the worse are the performance results of birds challenged.
The present study evaluated the effects of coccidiosis on histological parameters and performance of broilers submitted to a mild challenge with Eimeria sp. A total of 132 broilers were randomly divided into two groups with 6 replicates of 11 birds each: negative control (NC) – birds uninfected and challenge (CH) - birds infected by gavage at day-one with 10x the manufacturer recommended dose of Bio-Coccivet R® live vaccine by Biovet, with strains of E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. tenella and E. mitis. From 1 to 28 d of age, weekly the zootechnical performance was evaluated and samples of the liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected and submitted to histological analysis by the I See Inside methodology (ISI). The ISI methodology is a metric evaluation of histological alterations in the intestine and liver. Which translates macroscopic and microscopic alterations into numbers and allows their correlation with the animal zootechnical performance. Pearson’s correlation was used to demonstrates how the damages to the gut, evaluated by ISI method, could affect negatively the performance of broilers. The presence of oocysts in histological analysis of the jejunum and ileum at 7d indicate a negative effect on performance over the next 2 weeks (14d and 21d). When the ISI total score was measured in the ileum at 14d, we observed a strong negative effect on zootechnical performance from that period on 14d, 21d and 28d. The obtained data demonstrates that the higher the ISI scores, the worse are the zootechnical performance results of broilers challenged with Eimeria sp. and the I See Inside scores could be applied to evaluate coccidiosis effect on performance in future.
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McGilvray WD, Klein D, Wooten H, Dawson JA, Hewitt D, Rakhshandeh AR, de Lange CFM, Rakhshandeh A. Immune system stimulation induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide alters plasma free amino acid flux and dietary nitrogen utilization in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:315-326. [PMID: 30329054 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in plasma free AA flux reflect the modification of AA metabolism in different metabolic states. Immune system stimulation (ISS) in growing pigs may redistribute AA from protein retention towards processes involved in the immune response, thus impacting AA utilization. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of ISS on whole-body nitrogen (N) utilization and the kinetics of plasma free AA. Ten gilts (BW 9.4 ± 1.1 kg) were surgically fitted with jugular vein catheters, individually housed in metabolism crates, and feed-restricted (550 g/d). Repeated intramuscular injections of increasing amounts of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to induce ISS (30 and 36 µg/kg BW, given 48 h apart). Whole-body N-balance was determined for 3-d before ISS (ISS-) and 3-d during ISS (ISS+). At the end of each N-balance period, a bolus dose of labeled [U-13C, U-15N]-AA mixture (Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val, and Gln) was infused intravenously, followed by serial blood collection for determination of isotopic enrichment. A double exponential model was fitted with plasma enrichment data for each pig and each AA, and equation parameters were used to estimate plasma-free AA flux and pool size. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of N was determined using the slaughter technique and an indigestible marker. Blood samples were collected before and 76-h after the initiation of ISS and assayed for hematology and blood chemistry. Body temperature (BT) was monitored during the course of study. Blood chemistry, hematology, and BT results indicated that LPS induced effective ISS in pigs (P < 0.05). ISS tended to reduce N retention (P = 0.09) and the N retention-to-N intake ratio (P = 0.08). Apparent total tract digestibility of dietary energy and AID of N were reduced by ISS (P < 0.05). Plasma flux (µmol/kg BW/h) for Ile and Phe was reduced by ISS (P < 0.05). Strong tendencies for decreased Lys flux and N retention were observed in ISS pigs (P < 0.10). ISS increased the pool size for Leu but reduced the pool size for Ile (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that ISS alters the utilization of dietary N and AA flux, as well as pool size in growing pigs. The decrease in Lys, Phe, and Ile flux during ISS may be attributed to a reduction in whole-body protein synthesis or decreased catabolism of these AA. Relative to other AA, dietary Lys, Phe, and Ile requirements may decrease in ISS pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Klein
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Hailey Wooten
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - John A Dawson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Deltora Hewitt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | - Anoosh Rakhshandeh
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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88
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Swaggerty CL, Callaway TR, Kogut MH, Piva A, Grilli E. Modulation of the Immune Response to Improve Health and Reduce Foodborne Pathogens in Poultry. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E65. [PMID: 30823445 PMCID: PMC6462950 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella and Campylobacter are the two leading causes of bacterial-induced foodborne illness in the US. Food production animals including cattle, swine, and chickens are transmission sources for both pathogens. The number of Salmonella outbreaks attributed to poultry has decreased. However, the same cannot be said for Campylobacter where 50⁻70% of human cases result from poultry products. The poultry industry selects heavily on performance traits which adversely affects immune competence. Despite increasing demand for poultry, regulations and public outcry resulted in the ban of antibiotic growth promoters, pressuring the industry to find alternatives to manage flock health. One approach is to incorporate a program that naturally enhances/modulates the bird's immune response. Immunomodulation of the immune system can be achieved using a targeted dietary supplementation and/or feed additive to alter immune function. Science-based modulation of the immune system targets ways to reduce inflammation, boost a weakened response, manage gut health, and provide an alternative approach to prevent disease and control foodborne pathogens when conventional methods are not efficacious or not available. The role of immunomodulation is just one aspect of an integrated, coordinated approach to produce healthy birds that are also safe and wholesome products for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Swaggerty
- United States Department of Agriculture/ARS, 2881 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michael H Kogut
- United States Department of Agriculture/ARS, 2881 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Andrea Piva
- Vetagro S.p.A., Via Porro 2, 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Ester Grilli
- Vetagro S.p.A., Via Porro 2, 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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89
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Sebastiano M, Eens M, Pineau K, Chastel O, Costantini D. Food supplementation protects Magnificent frigatebird chicks against a fatal viral disease. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manrico Sebastiano
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Kévin Pineau
- Groupe d'Etude et de Protection des Oiseaux en Guyane (GEPOG) Rémire‐Montjoly French Guiana
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) UMR7372‐ CNRS/University of La Rochelle France
| | - David Costantini
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
- UMR 7221 CNRS/MNHN Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités Paris France
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90
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Civitello DJ, Allman BE, Morozumi C, Rohr JR. Assessing the direct and indirect effects of food provisioning and nutrient enrichment on wildlife infectious disease dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29531153 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic resource supplementation can shape wildlife disease directly by altering the traits and densities of hosts and parasites or indirectly by stimulating prey, competitor or predator species. We first assess the direct epidemiological consequences of supplementation, highlighting the similarities and differences between food provisioning and two widespread forms of nutrient input: agricultural fertilization and aquatic nutrient enrichment. We then review an aquatic disease system and a general model to assess whether predator and competitor species can enhance or overturn the direct effects of enrichment. All forms of supplementation can directly affect epidemics by increasing host population size or altering parasite production within hosts, but food provisioning is most likely to aggregate hosts and increase parasite transmission. However, if predators or competitors increase in response to supplementation, they could alter resource-fuelled outbreaks in focal hosts. We recommend identifying the traits of hosts, parasites or interacting species that best predict epidemiological responses to supplementation and evaluating the relative importance of these direct and indirect mechanisms. Theory and experiments should examine the timing of behavioural, physiological and demographic changes for realistic, variable scenarios of supplementation. A more integrative view of resource supplementation and wildlife disease could yield broadly applicable disease management strategies.This article is part of the theme issue 'Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host-parasite dynamics in wildlife'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Civitello
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA .,Graduate Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brent E Allman
- Graduate Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Connor Morozumi
- Graduate Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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91
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Altizer S, Becker DJ, Epstein JH, Forbes KM, Gillespie TR, Hall RJ, Hawley DM, Hernandez SM, Martin LB, Plowright RK, Satterfield DA, Streicker DG. Food for contagion: synthesis and future directions for studying host-parasite responses to resource shifts in anthropogenic environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29531154 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-provided resource subsidies for wildlife are diverse, common and have profound consequences for wildlife-pathogen interactions, as demonstrated by papers in this themed issue spanning empirical, theoretical and management perspectives from a range of study systems. Contributions cut across scales of organization, from the within-host dynamics of immune function, to population-level impacts on parasite transmission, to landscape- and regional-scale patterns of infection. In this concluding paper, we identify common threads and key findings from author contributions, including the consequences of resource subsidies for (i) host immunity; (ii) animal aggregation and contact rates; (iii) host movement and landscape-level infection patterns; and (iv) interspecific contacts and cross-species transmission. Exciting avenues for future work include studies that integrate mechanistic modelling and empirical approaches to better explore cross-scale processes, and experimental manipulations of food resources to quantify host and pathogen responses. Work is also needed to examine evolutionary responses to provisioning, and ask how diet-altered changes to the host microbiome influence infection processes. Given the massive public health and conservation implications of anthropogenic resource shifts, we end by underscoring the need for practical recommendations to manage supplemental feeding practices, limit human-wildlife conflicts over shared food resources and reduce cross-species transmission risks, including to humans.This article is part of the theme issue 'Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host-parasite dynamics in wildlife'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA .,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Kristian M Forbes
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dana M Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sonia M Hernandez
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lynn B Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Dara A Satterfield
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Daniel G Streicker
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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92
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Zhang M, Jin X, Yang YF. β-Glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces SBD-1 production in ovine ruminal epithelial cells via the Dectin-1–Syk–NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2019; 53:304-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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93
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Law FL, Zulkifli I, Soleimani AF, Liang JB, Awad EA. Effects of reduced-protein diets supplemented with protease in broiler chickens under high stocking density. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of protease supplementation on productive performance and physiological responses were investigated in broiler chickens fed reduced crude-protein (low-CP) diets and reared under normal or high stocking densities (SD). Chicks were housed in pens with two stocking densities (≈10 birds/m2 or ≈15 birds/m2) and fed diets with either the recommended or reduced level of CP and metabolisable energy (ME) from 1 to 21 days. From 22 to 42 days, an equal number of birds from each dietary group was fed one of the following finisher diets: (1) recommended-CP and ME, (2) low-CP and recommended-ME or (3) low-CP and recommended-ME supplemented with protease. No interactions (P > 0.05) were observed between diet and SD for feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), Newcastle disease antibody titre, pododermatitis, caecal clostridia, Escherichia coli, lactobacilli, serum corticosterone or acute-phase proteins. Diet had no effect (P > 0.05) on FI, WG or FCR during the finisher period nor on FI and WG during the overall (1–42 days) period. High SD resulted in lower FI (P < 0.05) and Newcastle disease antibody titre (P < 0.05) and higher FCR (P < 0.05), pododermatitis incidence (P < 0.05), caecal population of clostridia (P < 0.05) and E. Coli (P < 0.05), and acute-phase protein and corticosterone concentrations than did normal SD. In conclusion, the supplementation of protease to a low-CP diet during the finisher period had no effect on the performance and immunity of overcrowded broiler chickens. Regardless of dietary CP and protease supplementation, a high SD negatively affected the growth performance, immunity, caecal microflora and welfare of the broiler chickens.
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94
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Zollinger SA, Dorado-Correa A, Goymann W, Forstmeier W, Knief U, BastidasUrrutia AM, Brumm H. Traffic noise exposure depresses plasma corticosterone and delays offspring growth in breeding zebra finches. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz056. [PMID: 31620292 PMCID: PMC6788579 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The impact of human activity on the acoustic environment is overwhelming, with anthropogenic noise reaching even remote areas of the planet. The World Health Organization has identified noise pollution as one of the leading environmental health risks in humans, and it has been linked to a myriad of short- and long-term health effects in exposed individuals. However, less is known about the health effects of anthropogenic noise exposure on animals. We investigated long- and short-term effects of traffic noise on zebra finches breeding in small communal aviaries, using a repeated measures design. Birds bred in both noise and no-noise conditions, and we measured baseline plasma glucocorticoid levels before, during and after breeding. In addition, we assayed immune function, measured reproductive success and offspring growth and compared rates of extra-pair paternity of breeding adults. Breeding birds had significantly lower baseline plasma corticosterone levels when exposed to traffic noise than when they were not exposed to noise playback. In addition, the nestlings reared during noise exposure were lighter than nestlings of the same parents when breeding in control conditions. Our results suggest that traffic noise poses a more severe hurdle to birds at more vulnerable stages of their life history, such as during reproductive events and ontogeny. While chronic exposure to traffic noise in our birds did not, by itself, prove to be a sufficient stressor to cause acute effects on health or reproductive success in exposed individuals, it did result in disruptions to normal glucocorticoid profiles and delayed offspring growth. However, animals living in urban habitats are exposed to a multitude of anthropogenic disturbances, and it is likely that even species that appear to be thriving in noisy environments may suffer cumulative effects of these multiple disturbances that may together impact their fitness in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Anne Zollinger
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton East, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
- Communication and Social Behaviour Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, EberhardGwinnerStrasse 1, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
- Corresponding author: Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Adriana Dorado-Correa
- Communication and Social Behaviour Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, EberhardGwinnerStrasse 1, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goymann
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, EberhardGwinnerStrasse 1, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Forstmeier
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, EberhardGwinnerStrasse 1, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Knief
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, EberhardGwinnerStrasse 1, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 PlaneggMartinsried, Germany
| | - Ana María BastidasUrrutia
- Biodiversity and Global Change Lab, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, HansCarlvonCarlowitzPlatz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Henrik Brumm
- Communication and Social Behaviour Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, EberhardGwinnerStrasse 1, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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95
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Ramirez-Otarola N, Sarria M, Rivera DS, Sabat P, Bozinovic F. Ecoimmunology in degus: interplay among diet, immune response, and oxidative stress. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 189:143-152. [PMID: 30488104 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between immunity, oxidative stress, and diet have not often been studied together. Despite this, it has been shown that dietary proteins can have effects on the functioning of the immune system and the oxidative status of animals. Here we evaluated the effects of dietary proteins on the response to an antigen and oxidative status of Octodon degus (Rodentia). We acclimated adult individuals to high-protein and low-protein diets and evaluated several aspects of the acute phase response and variables associated with oxidative status. After the immune challenge, animals acclimated to the high-protein diet had more inflammatory proteins and body mass losses than the group acclimated to a low-protein diet. Overall, the immune challenge increased the production of inflammatory proteins, total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and duration of rest periods. In contrast, we did not find an interaction between diet and the challenge with the antigen. Overall, our results do not reveal an enhanced response to an antigen nor effects on the oxidative status of degus individuals subjected to a high-protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ramirez-Otarola
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 6513677, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mauricio Sarria
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela S Rivera
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 6513677, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sabat
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 6513677, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 6513677, Santiago, Chile
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96
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Sánchez CA, Becker DJ, Teitelbaum CS, Barriga P, Brown LM, Majewska AA, Hall RJ, Altizer S. On the relationship between body condition and parasite infection in wildlife: a review and meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1869-1884. [PMID: 30369000 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Body condition metrics are widely used to infer animal health and to assess costs of parasite infection. Since parasites harm their hosts, ecologists might expect negative relationships between infection and condition in wildlife, but this assumption is challenged by studies showing positive or null condition-infection relationships. Here, we outline common condition metrics used by ecologists in studies of parasitism, and consider mechanisms that cause negative, positive, and null condition-infection relationships in wildlife systems. We then perform a meta-analysis of 553 condition-infection relationships from 187 peer-reviewed studies of animal hosts, analysing observational and experimental records separately, and noting whether authors measured binary infection status or intensity. Our analysis finds substantial heterogeneity in the strength and direction of condition-infection relationships, a small, negative average effect size that is stronger in experimental studies, and evidence for publication bias towards negative relationships. The strongest predictors of variation in study outcomes are host thermoregulation and the methods used to evaluate body condition. We recommend that studies aiming to assess parasite impacts on body condition should consider host-parasite biology, choose condition measures that can change during the course of infection, and employ longitudinal surveys or manipulate infection status when feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Sánchez
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Claire S Teitelbaum
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Paola Barriga
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Leone M Brown
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Ania A Majewska
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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97
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Zampiga M, Flees J, Meluzzi A, Dridi S, Sirri F. Application of omics technologies for a deeper insight into quali-quantitative production traits in broiler chickens: A review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:61. [PMID: 30214720 PMCID: PMC6130060 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry is continuously facing substantial and different challenges such as the increasing cost of feed ingredients, the European Union's ban of antibiotic as growth promoters, the antimicrobial resistance and the high incidence of muscle myopathies and breast meat abnormalities. In the last decade, there has been an extraordinary development of many genomic techniques able to describe global variation of genes, proteins and metabolites expression level. Proper application of these cutting-edge omics technologies (mainly transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) paves the possibility to understand much useful information about the biological processes and pathways behind different complex traits of chickens. The current review aimed to highlight some important knowledge achieved through the application of omics technologies and proteo-genomics data in the field of feed efficiency, nutrition, meat quality and disease resistance in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via del Florio, 2, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - Joshua Flees
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Adele Meluzzi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via del Florio, 2, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via del Florio, 2, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
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98
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Reyer H, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Trakooljul N, Oster M, Muráni E, Ponsuksili S, Hadlich F, Wimmers K. Transcriptional shifts account for divergent resource allocation in feed efficient broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12903. [PMID: 30150666 PMCID: PMC6110741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable variation in feed efficiency (FE) has been observed in indigenous and selected meat-type chicken populations. Although this variation could be partially linked to extrinsic factors like diet, housing environment and microbiota, it further illustrates the existence of strong molecular mechanisms enabling the differential allocation of resources for various physiological processes. To further deepen the molecular basis of individual allocation capacity in male and female broilers, an RNA-seq experiment was conducted which based on a phenotyped chicken population divergent in FE. Transcriptional differences linked to FE were pronounced in intestinal and muscular tissue sites of male animals. Specifically, signalling pathways of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) might contribute to mediate individual FE. The transcriptional profiles suggested ACSBG2 (muscular lipid utilisation), ASBT (intestinal bile salt transport), CLEC2B (natural killer cell activation), HMGCS2 (jejunal, duodenal and muscular ketogenesis), and SCARB1 (jejunal lipid uptake) as potential mediators driving FE. Results indicate that improvements in FE exploit shifts in resource allocation which might occur at the expense of general immune responsiveness in high efficient male chickens. Consequently, to further improve FE traits and to explore causative molecular patterns, effects originating from sex-dimorphism in chickens need to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Reyer
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Muráni
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany. .,Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
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99
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Helm ET, Outhouse AC, Schwartz KJ, Lonergan SM, Curry SM, Dekkers JCM, Gabler NK. Metabolic adaptation of pigs to a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Lawsonia intracellularis dual challenge. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3196-3207. [PMID: 29860328 PMCID: PMC6095249 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory and enteric pathogens such as Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) and Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) reduce lean accretion and feed efficiency (FE) in growing pigs. However, the metabolic mechanism by which this occurs is still unknown. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine the metabolic adaptation of pigs presented with a dual Mh and LI challenge (MhLI). A secondary objective was to examine if selection for high FE, modeled by selection for low residual feed intake (RFI), alters molecular response to disease. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, 6 littermate pairs from a high RFI (HRFI) and 6 littermate pairs from a low RFI (LRFI) line (barrows, 66 ± 2 kg BW) were selected, with 1 pig from each pair assigned to individual pens in either the challenge or the nonchallenge (control) rooms (n = 6 barrows per line/challenge). On days post inoculation (dpi) 0, MhLI pigs were inoculated intragastrically with LI and intratracheally with Mh. Pig and feeder weights were recorded at dpi 0, 7, 14, and 21. On dpi 21, pigs were euthanized and tissues and blood were collected. Markers of oxidative stress, skeletal muscle metabolism and proteolysis, and liver gluconeogenesis were evaluated to determine the effects of MhLI, RFI line, and their interaction. The interaction of line and challenge was not significant (P > 0.05) for any measure. Overall, MhLI pigs had lower ADG (38%, P < 0.001), ADFI (25%, P < 0.001), and G:F (19%, P = 0.012) compared with controls. As expected, LRFI pigs had lower ADFI (P = 0.028) for the same ADG, giving them greater G:F (P = 0.021) than HRFI pigs. Challenged pigs had greater reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the LM and liver (P < 0.10) but did not have greater skeletal muscle proteolysis. Liver gluconeogenesis was also not upregulated (P > 0.05) due to MhLI. These results provide further evidence that selection for LRFI does not negatively affect response to disease. In addition, these results suggest that postabsorptive metabolic functions are altered due to MhLI challenge. The MhLI challenge induced mitochondrial dysfunction, evident by greater ROS production, and caused pigs to favor glycolytic energy generation. However, skeletal muscle proteolysis and liver gluconeogenesis were not upregulated during MhLI challenge. These data suggest that during mild disease stress, pigs can meet energy demands without reliance on nutrient mobilization and gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Kent J Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Shelby M Curry
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
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100
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Broom LJ, Kogut MH. Inflammation: friend or foe for animal production? Poult Sci 2018; 97:510-514. [PMID: 29126317 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential immune response that seeks to contain microbial infection and repair damaged tissue. Increased pro-inflammatory mediators have been associated with enhanced resistance to a range of important poultry and pig pathogens. However, inflammation may also have undesirable consequences, including potentially exacerbating tissue damage and diverting nutrients away from productive purposes. The negative effects of inflammation have led to the active pursuit of anti-inflammatory feed additives and/or strategies. These approaches may, however, impair the ability of an animal to respond appropriately and effectively to the array of pathogens that are likely to be encountered in commercial production, and specifically young animals who may be particularly reliant on innate immune responses. Thus, promoting an animal's capacity to mount a rapid, acute inflammatory response to control and contain the infection and the timely transition to anti-inflammatory, tissue repair processes, and a homeostatic state are suggested as the optimum scenario to maintain an animal's resistance to pathogens and minimize non-productive nutrient losses. Important future studies will help to unravel the trade-offs, and relevant metabolic pathways, between robust immune defense and optimum productive performance, and thus provide real insight into methods to appropriately influence this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Broom
- Gut Health Consultancy, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845
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