Resveratrol as an anti-cancer agent: A review

The role of autophagy in insulin resistance and glucolipid metabolism and potential use of autophagy modulating natural products in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a severe, long-term condition characterised by disruptions in glucolipid and energy metabolism. Autophagy, a fundamental cellular process, serves as a guardian of cellular health by recycling and renewing cellular components. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the vital role that autophagy plays in T2DM, we conducted an extensive search for high-quality publications across databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder and used keywords like 'autophagy', 'insulin resistance', and 'type 2 diabetes mellitus', both individually and in combinations. A large body of evidence underscores the significance of activating autophagy in alleviating T2DM symptoms. An enhanced autophagic activity, either by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and sirtuin-1 signalling pathways or inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling pathway, can effectively improve insulin resistance and balance glucolipid metabolism in key tissues like the hypothalamus, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Furthermore, autophagy can increase β-cell mass and functionality in the pancreas. This review provides a narrative summary of autophagy regulation with an emphasis on the intricate connection between autophagy and T2DM symptoms. It also discusses the therapeutic potentials of natural products with autophagy activation properties for the treatment of T2DM conditions. Our findings suggest that autophagy activation represents an innovative approach of treating T2DM.

Advances and prospects of natural dietary polyphenols as G-quadruplex stabilizers in biomedical applications

G-quadruplexes (G4s) have arrested continuous interest in cancer research, and targeting G4s with small molecules has become an ideal approach for drug development. Plant-based dietary polyphenols have attracted much attention for their remarkable anti-cancer effects. Studies have suggested that polyphenols exhibit interesting scaffolds to bind G4s, which can effectively downregulate the proto-oncogenes by stabilizing those G4 structures. Therefore, this review not only summarizes studies on natural dietary polyphenols (including analogs) as G4 stabilizers, but also reveals their anti-cancer activities. Furthermore, the structural and antioxidant insights of polyphenols with G4s are discussed, and future development is proposed. These insights may pave the way for the development of the next generation of anti-cancer drugs targeting nucleic acids.

Resveratrol: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells and ncRNAs to Overcome Cancer Drug Resistance

A major challenge in treating cancer is the development of drug resistance, which can result in treatment failure and tumor recurrence. Targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a polyphenolic substance called resveratrol has the ability to combat this problem by lowering cancer resistance to drugs and opening up new therapeutic options. Resveratrol alters the expression of genes related to self-renewal, modulating important signaling pathways involved in cancer initiation and CSC control. Additionally, resveratrol affects non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs which are essential for stemness, drug resistance, and other cancer-related activities. Numerous studies have shown that resveratrol has the potential to be an effective anticancer drug when used in combination therapy, but issues with absorption and pharmacokinetics still need to be resolved before it can be used in clinical applications. Reducing chemotherapy resistance by better understanding the intricate mechanisms by which resveratrol affects cancer cells and CSCs, as well as its impact on ncRNA expression, could eventually contribute to more effective cancer treatments. To completely understand these pathways and optimize the utilization of resveratrol in combination treatments, additional study is necessary.

An Injectable Thermosensitive Hydrogel Containing Resveratrol and Dexamethasone-Loaded Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Microspheres for the Regeneration of Osteoporotic Bone Defects

Bone defects in osteoporosis usually present excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), abnormal inflammation levels, irregular shapes and impaired bone regeneration ability; therefore, osteoporotic bone defects are difficult to repair. In this study, an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel poly (D, L-lactide)-poly (ethylene glycol)- poly (D, L-lactide) (PLEL) system containing resveratrol (Res) and dexamethasone (DEX) is designed to create a microenvironment conducive to osteogenesis in osteoporotic bone defects. This PLEL hydrogel is injected and filled irregular defect areas and achieving a rapid sol-gel transition in situ. Res has a strong anti-inflammatory effects that can effectively remove excess free radicals at the damaged site, guide macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype, and regulate immune responses. Additionally, DEX can promote osteogenic differentiation. In vitro experiments showed that the hydrogel effectively promoted osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, removed excess intracellular ROS, and regulated macrophage polarization to reduce inflammatory responses. In vivo experiments showed that the hydrogel promoted osteoporotic bone defect regeneration and modulated immune responses. Overall, this study confirmed that the hydrogel can treat osteoporotic bone defects by synergistically modulating bone damage microenvironment, alleviating inflammatory responses, and promoting osteogenesis; thus, it represents a promising drug delivery strategy to repair osteoporotic bone defects.

Research status of indole-modified natural products

Indole is a heterocyclic compound formed by the fusion of a benzene ring and pyrrole ring, which has rich biological activity. Many indole-containing compounds have been sold on the market due to their excellent pharmacological activity. For example, vincristine and reserpine have been widely used in clinical practice. The diverse structures and biological activities of natural products provide abundant resources for the development of new drugs. Therefore, this review classifies natural products by structure, and summarizes the research progress of indole-containing natural product derivatives, their biological activities, structure-activity relationship and research mechanism which has been studied in the past 13 years, so as to provide a basis for the development of new drug development.

Stilbenes: a promising small molecule modulator for epigenetic regulation in human diseases

Stilbenes are characterized by a vinyl group connecting two benzene rings to form the basic parent nucleus. Hydrogen atoms on different positions of the benzene rings can be substituted with hydroQxyl groups. These unique structural features confer anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, and neuroprotective pharmacological effects upon these compounds. Numerous small molecule compounds have demonstrated these pharmacological activities in recent years, including Resveratrol, and Pterostilbene, etc. Tamoxifen and Raloxifene are FDA-approved commonly prescribed synthetic stilbene derivatives. The emphasis is on the potential of these small molecules and their structural derivatives as epigenetic regulators in various diseases. Stilbenes have been shown to modulate epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, which can alter gene expression patterns and contribute to disease development. This review will discuss the mechanisms by which stilbenes regulate epigenetic marks in various diseases, as well as clinical trials, with a focus on the potential of small molecule and their derivatives such as Resveratrol, Pterostilbene, and Tamoxifen.

Quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals corosolic acid inhibiting bladder cancer via suppressing cell cycle and inducing mitophagy in vitro and in vivo

Corosolic acid (CA) is a plant-derived terpenoid compound with many health benefits. However, the anti-tumor effects of CA in bladder cancer remain unexplored. Here, we found that CA inhibited bladder tumor both in vitro and in vivo, and had no significant toxicity in mice. With the aid of transcriptomics and proteomics, we elucidated the regulatory network mechanism of CA inhibiting bladder cancer. Through cell viability detection, cell fluorescence staining and flow cytometry, we discovered that CA inhibited bladder cancer mainly through blocking cell cycle. Interestingly, CA played anticancer roles by distinct mechanisms at different concentrations: low concentrations (<7.0 μg/ml) of CA mainly inhibited DNA synthesis by downregulating TOP2A and LIG1, and diminished mitosis by downregulating CCNA2, CCNB1, CDC20, and RRM2; high concentrations (≥7.0 μg/ml) of CA induced cell death through triggering mitophagy via upregulating NBR1, TAXBP1, SQSTM1/P62, and UBB. CA, as a natural molecule of homology of medicine and food, is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of cancer patients following clarifying its anti-cancer mechanism. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological mechanism of CA inhibition in bladder cancer, which is helpful for the development of new anti-tumor drugs based on CA.

Validated HPLC method for simultaneous quantitative determination of dimethylcurcumin and resveratrol in pluronic-F127 nanomicelles: Formulation with enhanced anticancer efficacy

Nano-micelles offer a promising vehicle for the delivery various therapeutically significant biologicals. Development of convenient and efficient chromatographic methods for the quantitative determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in such systems is of immense importance. In this study pluronic-F-127 nano-micelles were prepared and loaded with dimethylcurcumin (DMC) and resveratrol (Res). A simple, convenient and effective HPLC method was developed for the quantitative estimation of DMC and Res in the polymeric nano-micelles through a single injection. A reverse-phase ACE® C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm) was used with a gradient mobile phase system consisting of 1 % MeOH and 0.1 % H3PO4:100 % acetonitrile at 1 mL/min flow rate with UV detection for Res, and fluorescence detector for DMC. The calibration curves generated for both the compounds were found linear with r2 values of 1.000 over a concentration range of 2-25 µg/mL with low limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.37 and 0.16 µg/mL for DMC and Res respectively and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 1.23 and 0.55 µg/mL for DMC and Res respectively. Similarly, accuracy was found in a range of 98.80 -102.47 % for DMC and 100.58-101.77 % for Res. Furthermore, the within-run precisions (%RSD) were 0.073 - 0.444% for DMC and 0.159 - 0.917% for Res, while between-run precisions (%RSD) were 0.344 - 1.47 for DMC and 0.458 - 1.651 for Res. Moreover, the DMC with Res co-loaded nanomicelles showed higher activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 compared to DMC and Res alone. Overall, this study presented a simple, convenient, precise and accurate method for the quantitative determination of DMC and Res in polymeric nano-micelles which have anticancer potential.•A simple HPLC for the quantitative determination of DMC and Res in nanomicelles having anti-cancer potential.•Non complicate with high degree of recoveries of sample preparation process.•This method can be used to determine a mixture of DMC and Res in pharmaceutical formulation in single injection.

Molecular Efficacy of Gnetin C as Dual-Targeted Therapy for Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer

SCOPE

Resistance of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to enzalutamide (Enz) involves the expression of constitutively active androgen receptor splice variant (AR-V7). In addition to altered AR pathways, CRPC is characterized by "non-AR-driven" signaling, which includes an overexpression of metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1). Combining natural compounds with anticancer drugs may enhance drug effectiveness while reducing adverse effects. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of Gnetin C (GnC) alone and in combination with Enz against CRPC are examined.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The effects of GnC alone and in combination with Enz are assessed by cell viability, clonogenic survival, cell migration, and AR and MTA1 expression using 22Rv1 cells. The tumor growth in vivo is assessed by bioluminescent imaging, western blots, RT-PCR, and IHC. GnC alone and in combined treatment inhibit cell viability, clonogenic survival and migration, and AR and MTA1 expression in 22Rv1 cells. The underlying AR- and MTA1-targeted anticancer mechanisms of treatments in vivo involve inhibition of proliferation and angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

The findings demonstrate that GnC alone and GnC combined with Enz effectively inhibits AR- and MTA1-promoted tumor-progression in advanced CRPC, which indicates its potential as a novel therapeutic approach for CRPC.

The activation of SIRT1 by resveratrol reduces breast cancer metastasis to lung through inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a crucial role in breast cancer metastasis. However, the therapeutic target of NETs in breast cancer metastasis is still unknown. Using a natural metabolite library and single-cell sequencing data analysis, we identified resveratrol (RES), a polyphenolic natural phytoalexin, and agonist of silent information regulator-1 (SIRT1) that suppressed NETs formation after cathepsin C (CTSC) treatment. In vivo, RES significantly hindered breast cancer metastasis in a murine orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer model. Serum levels of myeloperoxidase-DNA and neutrophil elastase-DNA in mouse breast cancer model were significantly lower after RES treatment. Correspondingly, the tumour infiltrated CD8+T cells in the lungs increased after the treatment. Mechanistically, RES targets SIRT1 in neutrophils and significantly inhibits the citrullination of histones H3, which is essential for chromatin decondensation and NETs formation. Furthermore, we identified that the NETs were suppressed by RES in bone marrow neutrophils after CTSC treatment, while specific deficiency of SIRT1 in neutrophils promoted NETs formation and breast cancer to lung metastasis. Thus, our results revealed that RES could be potentially identified as a viable therapeutic drug to prevent neutrophil cell death and breast cancer metastasis.

Discovery of imidazopyridine-pyrazoline-hybrid structure as SHP-1 agonist that suppresses phospho-STAT3 signaling in human breast cancer cells

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) promotes breast cancer malignancy and controls key processes including proliferation, differentiation, and survival in breast cancer cells. Although many methods for treating breast cancer have been improved, there is still a need to discover and develop new methods for breast cancer treatment. Therefore, we synthesized a new compound 2-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-(3-(2,6-dimethylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanone (DIP). We aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of DIP in breast cancer cells and clarify its mode of action. We noted that DIP abrogated STAT3 activation and STAT3 upstream kinases janus-activated kinase (JAK) and Src kinases. In addition, DIP promoted the levels of SHP-1 protein and acts as SHP-1 agonist. Further, silencing of SHP-1 gene reversed the DIP-induced attenuation of STAT3 activation and apoptosis. DIP also induced apoptosis through modulating PARP cleavage and oncogenic proteins. Moreover, DIP also significantly enhanced the apoptotic effects of docetaxel through the suppression of STAT3 activation in breast cancer cells. Overall, our data indicated that DIP may act as a suppressor of STAT3 cascade, and it could be a new therapeutic strategy in breast cancer cells.

Phytochemicals Target Multiple Metabolic Pathways in Cancer

Cancer metabolic reprogramming is a complex process that provides malignant cells with selective advantages to grow and propagate in the hostile environment created by the immune surveillance of the human organism. This process underpins cancer proliferation, invasion, antioxidant defense, and resistance to anticancer immunity and therapeutics. Perhaps not surprisingly, metabolic rewiring is considered to be one of the "Hallmarks of cancer". Notably, this process often comprises various complementary and overlapping pathways. Today, it is well known that highly selective inhibition of only one of the pathways in a tumor cell often leads to a limited response and, subsequently, to the emergence of resistance. Therefore, to increase the overall effectiveness of antitumor drugs, it is advisable to use multitarget agents that can simultaneously suppress several key processes in the tumor cell. This review is focused on a group of plant-derived natural compounds that simultaneously target different pathways of cancer-associated metabolism, including aerobic glycolysis, respiration, glutaminolysis, one-carbon metabolism, de novo lipogenesis, and β-oxidation of fatty acids. We discuss only those compounds that display inhibitory activity against several metabolic pathways as well as a number of important signaling pathways in cancer. Information about their pharmacokinetics in animals and humans is also presented. Taken together, a number of known plant-derived compounds may target multiple metabolic and signaling pathways in various malignancies, something that bears great potential for the further improvement of antineoplastic therapy.

Efficient oral delivery of resveratrol-loaded cyclodextrin-metal organic framework for alleviation of ulcerative colitis

Developing innovative strategies for the oral administration of phytochemicals presents a promising approach to addressing intestinal diseases. However, numerous challenges persist, including limited therapeutic efficacy, poor bioavailability, and inadequate biocompatibility. In this study, we employed a cross-linked cyclodextrin-metal organic framework (CDF) to encapsulate resveratrol (Res), generating Res-CDF, which was subsequently incorporated into natural polysaccharide hydrogel microspheres (Res-CDF in MPs) for targeted oral delivery to alleviate ulcerative colitis (UC). The underlying adsorption mechanism of Res by γ-CD elucidated by molecular dynamics simulations. Importantly, the Res-CDF in MPs formulation protected against gastric acid degradation while preserving the bioactivity of Res. Moreover, the design enabled specific release of Res-CDF in response to the mildly alkaline environment of the intestinal tract, followed by sustained Res release. In UC mice model, Res-CDF in MPs demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects by attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokine production and exhibited antioxidant properties. Additionally, Res-CDF in MPs enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin, and mucin-2 (Muc-2), thereby maintaining normal intestinal barrier function. This innovative oral delivery strategy capitalizes on the advantageous properties of polysaccharide hydrogel and CDF to augment bioavailability of phytochemicals, laying the groundwork for developing novel oral interventions employing natural phytochemicals to address intestinal-related diseases.

Effects and mechanisms of resveratrol for prevention and management of cancers: An updated review

Cancer is a severe public health problem. Resveratrol is a famous natural compound that has various bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antiaging activities. Especially, resveratrol could prevent and treat various cancers, such as oral, thyroid, breast, lung, liver, pancreatic, gastric, colorectal, bladder, prostate and ovarian cancers. The underlying mechanisms have been widely studied, such as inhibiting cell proliferation, suppressing metastasis, inducing apoptosis, stimulating autophagy, modulating immune system, attenuating inflammation, regulating gut microbiota and enhancing effects of other anticancer drugs. In this review, we summarize effects and mechanisms of resveratrol on different cancers. This paper is helpful to develop resveratrol, crude extract containing resveratrol, or foods containing resveratrol into functional food, dietary supplements or auxiliary agents for prevention and management of cancers.

Comparative analysis of the molecular mechanism of inhibiting proliferation and migration in cervical cancer HeLa cell by curcumin and resveratrol

Functional experiments indicated that curcumin displayed stronger inhibitory activity on the proliferation of cervical cancer HeLa cells, while resveratrol had a better inhibition effect on migration. Then, we compared the candidate target genes of curcumin and resveratrol in the treatment of cervical cancer through network pharmacology. GO enrichment results showed that curcumin exerted its anti-cervical cancer effect by regulating cell cycle mitosis, whereas resveratrol affected adhesion. Furthermore, the target genes were verified by molecular docking, qRT-PCR, and Western blot, the results revealed that curcumin and resveratrol significantly decreased the expression of CHEK1 and MAPK3, respectively. In conclusion, curcumin inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer HeLa cells by specifically targeting CHEK1, while resveratrol specifically targeted MAPK3 to supress migration, and the combination of them can synergistically restrain the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells.

Resveratrol as a potential protective compound against skeletal muscle insulin resistance

The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes has become a major global problem. Insulin resistance has a central role in pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle is responsible for the disposal of most of the glucose under conditions of insulin stimulation, and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle causes dysregulation of glucose homeostasis in the whole body. Despite the current pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological treatment strategies to combat diabetes, there is still a need for new therapeutic agents due to the limitations of the therapeutic agents. Meanwhile, plant polyphenols have attracted the attention of researchers for their use in the treatment of diabetes and have gained popularity. Resveratrol, a stilbenoid polyphenol, exists in various plant sources, and a growing body of evidence suggests its beneficial properties, including antidiabetic activities. The present review aimed to provide a summary of the role of resveratrol in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and its related mechanisms. To achieve the objectives, by searching the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, we have summarized the results of all cell culture, animal, and human studies that have investigated the effects of resveratrol in different models on insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.

Inhibitory effect of resveratrol on swimming motility and adhesion ability against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is a common Gram-negative foodborne pathogen that threatens public health and hinders the development of livestock industry. Resveratrol, an important component in grape fruits and seeds, has been shown to possess multiple biological activities, but its potential effects on S. typhimurium-mediated virulence have been rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on S. typhimurium flagella -mediated virulence. The results showed that resveratrol significantly reduced the transcription of flagella genes and swimming motility of S. typhimurium, and also inhibited the transcription of T3SS-related virulence genes with varying degrees inhibiting bacterial growth. Simultaneously, resveratrol significantly reduced the adhesion of S. typhimurium to HeLa cells. Unfortunately, resveratrol does not improve the survival rate of S. typhimurium-infected mice, but it reduces the bacterial load in the liver and spleen of infected mice, and it also has a certain degree of anti-inflammatory activity. In summary, these results indicated that resveratrol has the potential to be developed as an alternative drug or antibacterial agent to prevent Salmonella infection.

Resveratrol induces the production of reactive oxygen species, interferes with the cell cycle, and inhibits the cell migration of bladder tumour cells with different TP53 status

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound whose antitumor activity has been demonstrated in several types of cancer. However, there are few studies on its molecular mechanisms of action in bladder cancer. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate resveratrol activity in bladder tumour cells with different TP53 gene status. Cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell migration, mutagenicity, and CDH1, CTNNBIP1, HAT1, HDAC1, MYC, and SMAD4 gene expression were evaluated. An increase in ROS after resveratrol treatment was accompanied by reduced cell viability and proliferation in all cell lines. In TP53 wild-type cells, the inhibition of cell migration was accompanied by CDH1 and SMAD4 modulation. In TP53 mutated cells, cell migration inhibition with CDH1 and CTNNB1P1 upregulation was observed. In conclusion, resveratrol has antiproliferative effect in bladder tumour cells and its mechanism of action occurred through ROS production, interference with cell cycle, and inhibition of cell migration, independent of TP53 status.

The Southern European Atlantic Diet and Its Supplements: The Chemical Bases of Its Anticancer Properties

Scientific evidence increasingly supports the strong link between diet and health, acknowledging that a well-balanced diet plays a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular issues, and certain types of cancer. This perspective opens the door to developing precision diets, particularly tailored for individuals at risk of developing cancer. It encompasses a vast research area and involves the study of an expanding array of compounds with multilevel "omics" compositions, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, miRNomics, and metabolomics. We review here the components of the Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEAD) from both a chemical and pharmacological standpoint. The information sources consulted, complemented by crystallographic data from the Protein Data Bank, establish a direct link between the SEAD and its anticancer properties. The data collected strongly suggest that SEAD offers an exceptionally healthy profile, particularly due to the presence of beneficial biomolecules in its foods. The inclusion of olive oil and paprika in this diet provides numerous health benefits, and scientific evidence supports the anticancer properties of dietary supplements with biomolecules sourced from vegetables of the brassica genus. Nonetheless, further research is warranted in this field to gain deeper insights into the potential benefits of the SEAD's bioactive compounds against cancer.

Modulation of carcinogenesis with selected GRAS nutraceuticals via Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway

Keap1-Nrf2 is a fundamental signaling cascade known to promote or prevent carcinogenesis. Extensive studies identify the key target of modulatory aspects of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling against cancer. Nutraceuticals are those dietary agents with many health benefits that have immense potential for cancer chemoprevention. The nutritional supplements known as nutraceuticals are found to be one of the most promising chemoprevention agents. Upon investigating the dual nature of Nrf2, it became clear that, in addition to shielding normal cells from numerous stresses, Nrf2 may also promote the growth of tumors. In the present review, we performed a systematic analysis of the role of 12 different nutraceuticals like curcumin, sulforaphane, resveratrol, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish oil, lycopene, soybean, kaempferol, allicin, thymoquinone, quercetin, gingerol, and piperine in modulating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling mechanism. Among these, 12 Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) certified nutraceuticals, sulforaphane is the most extensively studied compound in modulating Keap1-Nrf signaling. Even though there is much evidence at preclinical levels, further high-quality research is still required to validate the potential role of these nutraceuticals in Keap1-Nrf2 modulation.

Anticancer effect of terpenes: focus on malignant melanoma

Melanoma is a highly aggressive and life-threatening form of skin cancer that accounts for a significant proportion of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although conventional cancer therapies, such as surgical excision, chemotherapy, and radiation, have been used to treat malignant melanoma, their efficacy is often limited due to the development of resistance and adverse side effects. Therefore, there is a growing interest in developing alternative treatment options for melanoma that are more effective and less toxic. Terpenes, a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds of plant origin, have emerged as potential anticancer agents due to their ability to inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. In this review, the current understanding of the anticancer effects of terpenes (including, thymoquinone, β-elemene, carvacrol, limonene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, perillyl alcohol, taxol, betulinic acid, α-bisabolol, ursolic acid, linalool, lupeol, and artesunate) was summarized, with a special focus on their potential as therapeutic agents for malignant melanoma.

Managing ferroptosis-related diseases with indirect dietary modulators of ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death driven by excessive oxidation of polyunsaturated phospholipids on cellular membranes. Accumulating evidence suggests that ferroptosis has been implicated in the pathological process of various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, liver diseases, kidney injury, lung injury, diabetes, and cancer. Targeting ferroptosis is therefore considered to be a reasonable strategy to fight against ferroptosis-associated diseases. Many dietary bioactive agents have been identified to be able to either suppress or promote ferroptosis, indicating that ferroptosis-based intervention by dietary approach may be an effective strategy for preventing and treating diseases associated with ferroptosis dysregulation. In this review, we summarize the present understanding of the functional role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of aforementioned diseases with an emphasis on the evidence of managing ferroptosis-related diseases with indirect dietary modulators of ferroptosis and propose issues that need to be addressed to promote practical application of dietary approach targeting ferroptosis.

Resveratrol affects ccRCC cell senescence and macrophage polarization by regulating the stability of CCNB1 by RBM15

Aim: The present study sought to investigate the therapeutic effect of resveratrol on clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Materials & methods: Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays were used to verify the cell proliferation. Transwell, real-time quantitative transcription PCR, western blot and β-galactosidase staining were used to verify the migration, macrophage polarization and senescence. The tumor inhibitory effect of resveratrol on clear cell renal cell carcinoma was verified in vivo. Results: This study confirmed that resveratrol could affect the stability of CCNB1 mRNA mediated by RBM15 and inhibit the cancer process by inhibiting the expression of EP300/CBP from the perspective of cell senescence. Conclusion: Resveratrol is able to treat clear cell renal cell carcinoma through RBM15-induced cell senescence.

Modulating MGMT expression through interfering with cell signaling pathways

Guanine O6-alkylating agents are widely used as first-line chemotherapeutic drugs due to their ability to induce cytotoxic DNA damage. However, a major hurdle in their effectiveness is the emergence of chemoresistance, largely attributed to the DNA repair pathway mediated by O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). MGMT plays an important role in removing the alkyl groups from lethal O6-alkylguanine (O6-AlkylG) adducts formed by chemotherapeutic alkylating agents. By doing so, MGMT enables tumor cells to evade apoptosis and develop drug resistance toward DNA alkylating agents. Although covalent inhibitors of MGMT, such as O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) and O6-(4-bromothenyl)guanine (O6-4-BTG or lomeguatrib), have been explored in clinical settings, their utility is limited due to severe delayed hematological toxicity observed in most patients when combined with alkylating agents. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new targets and unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms and to develop alternative therapeutic strategies that can overcome MGMT-mediated tumor resistance. In this context, the regulation of MGMT expression via interfering the specific cell signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, Hedgehog, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT) emerges as a promising strategy for overcoming tumor resistance, and ultimately enhancing the efficacy of DNA alkylating agents in chemotherapy.

Resveratrol triggers the ER stress-mediated intrinsic apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells coupled with suppression of Rho-dependent migration and consequently prolongs mouse survival

Neuroblastoma, the most common childhood tumor, are highly malignant and fatal because neuroblastoma cells extremely defend against apoptotic targeting. Traditional treatments for neuroblastomas are usually ineffective and lead to serious side effects and poor prognoses. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of resveratrol-induced insults to neuroblastoma cells and survival extension of nude mice with neuroblastomas, especially in the endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress-intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) axis-mediated signals. Resveratrol specifically killed neuroblastoma cells mainly via apoptosis and autophagy rather than necrosis. As to the mechanisms, resveratrol time-dependently triggered productions of Grp78 protein and iROS in neuroblastoma cells. Attenuating the ER stress-iROS signaling axis significantly suppressed resveratrol-induced autophagy, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis. Successively, resveratrol decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase, translocation of Bak protein to mitochondria, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cascade activation of caspases-9, -3, and -6, and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, weakening the ER stress-iROS axis concomitantly overcome resveratrol-induced decreases in translocation of Rho protein to membranes and succeeding cell migration. Interestingly, administration of resveratrol did not cause significant side effects but could protect the neuroblastoma-bearing nude mice from body weight loss and consequently extended the animal survival. In parallel, resveratrol elevated levels of Grp78 and then induced cell apoptosis in neuroblastoma tissues. This study has shown that resveratrol could kill neuroblastoma cells and extend survival of animals with neuroblastomas by triggering the ER stress-iROS-involved intrinsic apoptosis and suppression of Rho-dependent cell migration. Our results imply the potential of resveratrol as a drug candidate for chemotherapy of neuroblastoma patients.

Molecular mechanisms of ROS-modulated cancer chemoresistance and therapeutic strategies

Drug resistance is the main obstacle to achieving a cure in many cancer patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are master regulators of cancer development that act through complex mechanisms. Remarkably, ROS levels and antioxidant content are typically higher in drug-resistant cancer cells than in non-resistant and normal cells, and have been shown to play a central role in modulating drug resistance. Therefore, determining the underlying functions of ROS in the modulation of drug resistance will contribute to develop therapies that sensitize cancer resistant cells by leveraging ROS modulation. In this review, we summarize the notable literature on the sources and regulation of ROS production and highlight the complex roles of ROS in cancer chemoresistance, encompassing transcription factor-mediated chemoresistance, maintenance of cancer stem cells, and their impact on the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the potential of ROS-targeted therapies in overcoming tumor therapeutic resistance.

Synergistic anti-tumour activity of sorafenib in combination with pegylated resveratrol is mediated by Akt/mTOR/p70S6k-4EBP-1 and c-Raf7MEK/ERK signaling pathways

Introduction

To investigate the inhibitory effect of sorafenib combined with PEGylated resveratrol on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its potential mechanism.

Methods

MTT assay was used to detect the inhibitory effects of PEGylated resveratrol and sorafenib alone or combination on proliferation of RCC cells. Scratch and transwell assays were performed to examine the effects on the in vitro migration and invasion of RCC cells, respectively. The anti-tumor activity as well as splenic lymphocyte proliferation of the combination therapy was evaluated in the RCC xenograft mouse model. Western blotting method was used to detect changes in proteins involved in the antitumor efficacy related signaling pathways.

Results

Inhibitory effects of PEGylated resveratrol combined with sorafenib incubation on the proliferation of Renca cells was synergistically enhanced compared with the mono-incubation group (both P < 0.01, CI < 1). Scratch and transwell assays revealed that combined incubation could significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of 786-O cells in vitro. Combined PEGylated resveratrol with sorafenib could significantly inhibit the growth of Renca renal carcinoma in mice with the tumor growth inhibition (TGI) of 85.5% and one achieved complete remission on D14, while the two monotherapies were both below 43% on D14, suggesting that current combination may have synergistic anti-renal carcinoma activity. Compared with the control group, PEGylated resveratrol combined with sorafenib in vivo promoted the proliferation of unactivated splenic lymphocytes and the proliferation of lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide. Western blotting results showed that combination therapy may suppress the growth of renal cell carcinoma by inhibiting AKT/mTOR/p70S6k-4EBP-1 and c-Raf7MEK/ERK signaling pathways.

Conclusion

PEGylated resveratrol combined with sorafenib can achieve synergistic anti-RCC activity, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Akt/mTOR/p70S6k-4EBP-1 and c-Raf7MEK/ERK signaling pathways.

Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Curcumin in Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent type of cancer in the world and the main reason women die from cancer. Due to the significant side effects of conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the search for supplemental and alternative natural drugs with lower toxicity and side effects is of interest to researchers. Curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenol extracted from turmeric. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CUR is an effective anticancer drug that works by modifying different intracellular signaling pathways. CUR's therapeutic utility is severely constrained by its short half-life in vivo, low water solubility, poor stability, quick metabolism, low oral bioavailability, and potential for gastrointestinal discomfort with high oral doses. One of the most practical solutions to the aforementioned issues is the development of targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) based on nanomaterials. To improve drug targeting and efficacy and to serve as a reference for the development and use of CUR TDDSs in the clinical setting, this review describes the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of CUR and its mechanism of action on BC, with emphasis on recent studies on TDDSs for BC in combination with CUR, including passive TDDSs, active TDDSs and physicochemical TDDSs.

Pancreatic Stellate Cells and the Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a disease characterized by inflammatory recurrence that accompanies the development of pancreatic fibrosis. As the mystery of CP pathogenesis is gradually revealed, accumulating evidence suggests that the activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and the appearance of a myofibroblast-like phenotype are the key gatekeepers in the development of CP. Targeting PSCs to prevent their activation and conversion to a myofibroblast-like phenotype, as well as increasing antioxidant capacity to counteract ongoing oxidative stress, are effective strategies for preventing or treating CP. Therefore, we reviewed the crosstalk between CP and pancreatic fibrosis, summarized the activation mechanisms of PSCs, and investigated potential CP therapeutic strategies targeting PSCs, including, but not limited to, anti-fibrosis therapy, antioxidant therapy, and gene therapy. Meanwhile, the above therapeutic strategies are selected in order to update the available phytopharmaceuticals as novel complementary or alternative approaches for the prevention and treatment of CP to clarify their potential mechanisms of action and their relevant molecular targets, aiming to provide the most comprehensive therapeutic treatment direction for CP and to bring new hope to CP patients.

Innovative Delivery and Release Systems for Antioxidants and Other Active Substances in the Treatment of Cancer

Cancer is one of the major diseases leading to death worldwide, and the fight against the disease is still challenging. Cancer diseases are usually associated with increased oxidative stress and the accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as a result of metabolic alterations or signaling aberrations. While numerous antioxidants exhibit potential therapeutic properties, their clinical efficiency against cancer is limited and even unproven. Conventional anticancer antioxidants and drugs have, among others, the great disadvantage of low bioavailability, poor targeting efficiency, and serious side effects, constraining their use in the fight against diseases. Here, we review the rationale for and recent advances in potential delivery systems that could eventually be employed in clinical research on antioxidant therapy in cancer. We also review some of the various strategies aimed at enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble active drugs, including engineered delivery systems such as lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic formulations. The use of cyclodextrins, micro- and nanoemulsions, and thermosensitive smart liposomes as useful systems for the delivery and release of poorly aqueous-soluble drugs, improving their bioactivity and stability, is also addressed. We also provide some details on their formulation processes and their use in a variety of medical applications. Finally, we briefly cover a case study specifically focused on the use of delivery systems to minimize oral cancer and associated dental problems.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Resveratrol Methoxy Derivatives

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring stilbene, exhibits numerous beneficial health effects. Various studies have demonstrated its diverse biological actions, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet properties, thereby supporting its potential for cardio protection, neuroprotection, and anti-cancer activity. However, a significant limitation of resveratrol is its weak bioavailability. To overcome this challenge, multiple research groups have investigated the synthesis of new resveratrol derivatives to enhance bioavailability and pharmacological activities. Nevertheless, there are limited data on the effects of resveratrol derivatives on platelet function. Therefore, the objective of this study was to synthesize resveratrol methoxy derivatives and evaluate their anti-platelet and anti-proliferative activity. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) obtained from healthy volunteers was utilized to assess the derivatives' ability to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by platelet activating factor (PAF), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP). Additionally, the derivatives' anti-tumor activity was evaluated against the proliferation of PC-3 and HCT116 cells. The results revealed that some methoxy derivatives of resveratrol exhibited comparable or even superior anti-platelet activity compared to the original compound. The most potent derivative was the 4'-methoxy derivative, which demonstrated approximately 2.5 orders of magnitude higher anti-platelet activity against TRAP-induced platelet aggregation, indicating its potential as an anti-platelet agent. Concerning in silico studies, the 4'-methyl group of 4'-methoxy derivative is oriented similarly to the fluorophenyl-pyridyl group of Vorapaxar, buried in a hydrophobic cavity. In terms of their anti-tumor activity, 3-MRESV exhibited the highest potency in PC-3 cells, while 3,4'-DMRESV and TMRESV showed the greatest efficacy in HCT116 cells. In conclusion, methoxy derivatives of resveratrol possess similar or improved anti-platelet and anti-cancer effects, thereby holding potential as bioactive compounds in various pathological conditions.

Natural resveratrol analogs differentially target endometriotic cells into apoptosis pathways

The specific characteristics of endometriotic cells are their ability to evade the apoptotic machinery and abnormal response to apoptotic stimuli. Natural-originated compounds may constitute a beneficial strategy in apoptosis modulation in endometriosis. We investigated and compared the potency of natural resveratrol analogs, including piceatannol, polydatin, and pterostilbene, in targeting cell death pathways, including apoptosis-related morphologic and biochemical processes, alongside the modulation of the critical genes expression. Upon resveratrol and pterostilbene treatment, a significant reduction of endometriotic cell viability and an increased apoptotic proportion of cells were noted. The lower antiproliferative potential was found for piceatannol and polydatin. Endometrial stromal T HESC cells were significantly more resistant than endometriotic epithelial 12Z cells to the cytotoxic activity of all analyzed compounds. They differentially affected endometriotic cell viability, cell cycle, anti- and proapoptotic genes regulation, caspases expression and enzymatic activity, and DNA fragmentation. Pterostilbene-mediated endometriotic cell apoptosis modulation was confirmed to be most effective but without evident caspase 3 upregulation. Our study provides valuable insight into the apoptogenic activity of resveratrol and its natural analogs in endometriotic cells. Data obtained revealed the highest therapeutic potential of pterostilbene by effectively targeting cell death determinants in endometriosis, strengthening its optimization in further extensive research.

Association between Dietary Indices and Dietary Patterns and Mortality and Cancer Recurrence among Cancer Survivors: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

The number of cancer survivors is growing rapidly; however, specific lifestyle recommendations for these patients are still sparse, including dietary approaches. Thus, the aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the associations between adherence to diet-quality indices and dietary patterns on overall mortality, cancer-specific mortality, and cancer recurrence among cancer survivors. The literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science between 18 May 2016 and 22 May 2022 with no language restrictions. Thirty-nine studies were included for quantitative analysis, providing data from 77,412 participants. Adherence to both diet-quality indices and a healthy/prudent dietary pattern was inversely associated with overall mortality (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.77-0.86; RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70-0.92, respectively) and with cancer-specific mortality (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94; RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.64-0.97, respectively). These associations could be observed following assessment of dietary patterns either pre- and/or postdiagnosis. For unhealthy/western dietary patterns, high adherence was associated with overall mortality (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.08-1.47). Although the certainty of evidence was rated as low, we conclude that there are no reservations against high adherence to healthy dietary patterns or indices in cancer survivors.

The Role of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Skin Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Skin cancer is a prevalent type of cancer worldwide and has a high growth rate compared to other diseases. Although modern targeted therapies have improved the management of cutaneous neoplasms, there is an urgent requirement for a safer, more affordable, and effective chemoprevention and treatment strategy for skin cancer. Nutraceuticals, which are natural substances derived from food, have emerged as a potential alternative or adjunctive treatment option. In this review, we explore the current evidence on the use of omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols (curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, resveratrol, and genistein) for the treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), as well as in their prevention. We discuss the mechanisms of action of the aforementioned nutraceuticals and their probable therapeutic benefits in skin cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, resveratrol, and genistein have several properties, among which are anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, which can help to prevent and treat skin cancer. However, their effectiveness is limited due to poor bioavailability. Nanoparticles and other delivery systems can improve their absorption and targeting. More research is needed to evaluate their safety and effectiveness as a natural approach to skin cancer prevention and treatment. These compounds should not replace conventional cancer treatments, but may be used as complementary therapy under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Icariin as a potential anticancer agent: a review of its biological effects on various cancers

Numerous chemical compounds used in cancer treatment have been isolated from natural herbs to address the ever-increasing cancer incidence worldwide. Therein is icariin, which has been extensively studied for its therapeutic potential due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidepressant, and aphrodisiac properties. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and detailed review of studies on icariin in cancer treatment. Given this, this study reviews and examines the relevant literature on the chemopreventive and therapeutic potentials of icariin in cancer treatment and describes its mechanism of action. The review shows that icariin has the property of inhibiting cancer progression and reversing drug resistance. Therefore, icariin may be a valuable potential agent for the prevention and treatment of various cancers due to its natural origin, safety, and low cost compared to conventional anticancer drugs, while further research on this natural agent is needed.

Could Metformin and Resveratrol Support Glioblastoma Treatment? A Mechanistic View at the Cellular Level

Glioblastoma, a malignant brain tumor, is a common primary brain tumor in adults, with diabetes mellitus being a crucial risk factor. This review examines how the antidiabetic drug metformin and dietary supplement resveratrol can benefit the treatment of glioblastoma. Metformin and resveratrol have demonstrated action against relevant pathways in cancer cells. Metformin and resveratrol inhibit cell proliferation by downregulating the PI3K/Akt pathway, activating mTOR, and increasing AMPK phosphorylation, resulting in lower proliferation and higher apoptosis levels. Metformin and resveratrol both upregulate and inhibit different cascades in the MAPK pathway. In vivo, the drugs reduced tumor growth and volume. These actions show how metformin and resveratrol can combat cancer with both glucose-dependent and glucose-independent effects. The pre-clinical results, alongside the lack of clinical studies and the rise in novel delivery mechanisms, warrant further clinical investigations into the applications of metformin and resveratrol as both separate and as a combination complement to current glioblastoma therapies.

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), a Novel Compound Derived from 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing Ferroptosis, Apoptosis, and Autophagy

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide and long-term survival is not guaranteed in metastatic disease despite current multidisciplinary therapies. A new compound 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), derived from THSG (2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside), has been developed, and its anticancer ability against CRC is verified in this study.

METHODS

HCT116, HT-29, and DLD-1 were treated with TG1 and the IC₅₀ was measured using a sulforhodamine B assay. A Xenograft mouse model was used to monitor tumor growth. Apoptosis and autophagy, induced by TG1 in CRC cells, were examined. RNA-sequencing analysis of CRC cells treated with TG1 was performed to discover underlying pathways and mechanisms.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that treatment with TG1 inhibited CRC proliferation in vitro and in vivo and induced apoptotic cell death, which was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and Western blotting. Additionally, TG1 treatment increased the level of autophagy in cells. RNA-sequencing and GSEA analyses revealed that TG1 was associated with MYC and the induction of ferroptosis. Furthermore, the ferroptosis inhibitor Bardoxolone abrogated the cytotoxic effect of TG1 in CRC cells, indicating that ferroptosis played a crucial role in TG1-induced cytotoxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that TG1 might be a potential and potent compound for clinical use in the treatment of CRC by inhibiting proliferation and inducing ferroptosis through the MYC pathway.

Pentagalloyl Glucose: A Review of Anticancer Properties, Molecular Targets, Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety Profile

Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a natural hydrolyzable gallotannin abundant in various plants and herbs. It has a broad range of biological activities, specifically anticancer activities, and numerous molecular targets. Despite multiple studies available on the pharmacological action of PGG, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of PGG are unclear. Here, we have critically reviewed the natural sources of PGG, its anticancer properties, and underlying mechanisms of action. We found that multiple natural sources of PGG are available, and the existing production technology is sufficient to produce large quantities of the required product. Three plants (or their parts) with maximum PGG content were Rhus chinensis Mill, Bouea macrophylla seed, and Mangifera indica kernel. PGG acts on multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways associated with the hallmarks of cancer to inhibit growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of several cancers. Moreover, PGG can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy by modulating various cancer-associated pathways. Therefore, PGG can be used for treating different human cancers; nevertheless, the data on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of PGG are limited, and further studies are essential to define the clinical use of PGG in cancer therapies.

Signaling pathways driving ocular malignancies and their targeting by bioactive phytochemicals

Ocular cancers represent a rare pathology. The American Cancer Society estimates that 3,360 cases of ocular cancer occur annually in the United States. The major types of cancers of the eye include ocular melanoma (also known as uveal melanoma), ocular lymphoma, retinoblastoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. While uveal melanoma is one of the primary intraocular cancers with the highest occurrence in adults, retinoblastoma remains the most common primary intraocular cancer in children, and squamous cell carcinoma presents as the most common conjunctival cancer. The pathophysiology of these diseases involves specific cell signaling pathways. Oncogene mutations, tumor suppressor mutations, chromosome deletions/translocations and altered proteins are all described as causal events in developing ocular cancer. Without proper identification and treatment of these cancers, vision loss, cancer spread, and even death can occur. The current treatments for these cancers involve enucleation, radiation, excision, laser treatment, cryotherapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. These treatments present a significant burden to the patient that includes a possible loss of vision and a myriad of side effects. Therefore, alternatives to traditional therapy are urgently needed. Intercepting the signaling pathways for these cancers with the use of naturally occurring phytochemicals could be a way to relieve both cancer burden and perhaps even prevent cancer occurrence. This research aims to present a comprehensive review of the signaling pathways involved in various ocular cancers, discuss current therapeutic options, and examine the potential of bioactive phytocompounds in the prevention and targeted treatment of ocular neoplasms. The current limitations, challenges, pitfalls, and future research directions are also discussed.

Morusinol extracted from Morus alba induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via inhibition of DNA damage response in melanoma by CHK1 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

BACKGROUD

Flavonoids have a variety of biological activities, such as anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-thrombosis and so on. Morusinol, as a novel isoprene flavonoid extracted from Morus alba root barks, has the effects of anti-arterial thrombosis and anti-inflammatory in previous studies. However, the anti-cancer mechanism of morusinol remains unclear.

PURPOSE

In present study, we mainly studied the anti-tumor effect of morusinol and its mode of action in melanoma.

METHODS

The anti-cancer effect of morusinol on melanoma were evaluated by using the MTT, EdU, plate clone formation and soft agar assay. Flow cytometry was used for detecting cell cycle and apoptosis. The ɣ-H2AX immunofluorescence and the alkaline comet assay were used to detect DNA damage and the Western blotting analysis was used to investigate the expressions of DNA-damage related proteins. Ubiquitination and turnover of CHK1 were also detected by using the immunoprecipitation assay. The cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) mouse models were used in vivo to evaluate the effect of morusinol on tumorigenicity.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that morusinol not only had the ability to inhibit cell proliferation, but also induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, caspase-dependent apoptosis and DNA damage in human melanoma cells. In addition, morusinol effectively inhibited the growth of melanoma xenografts in vivo. More strikingly, CHK1, which played an important role in maintaining the integrity of cell cycle, genomic stability and cell viability, was down-regulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner after morusinol treatment. Further research showed that CHK1 was degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Whereafter, morusinol-induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA damage were partially salvaged by overexpressing CHK1 in melanoma cell lines. Herein, further experiments demonstrated that morusinol increased the sensitivity of dacarbazine (DTIC) to chemotherapy for melanoma in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Morusinol induces CHK1 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA damage response in melanoma. Our study firstly provided a theoretical basis for morusinol to be a candidate drug for clinical treatment of cancer, such as melanoma, alone or combinated with dacarbazine.

Mechanisms of and Potential Medications for Oxidative Stress in Ovarian Granulosa Cells: A Review

Granulosa cells are essential for follicle initiation and development, and their abnormal function or apoptosis is a crucial factor leading to follicular atresia. A state of oxidative stress occurs when the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the regulation of the antioxidant system is disturbed. Oxidative stress is one of the most important causes of the abnormal function and apoptosis of granulosa cells. Oxidative stress in granulosa cells causes female reproductive system diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure. In recent years, studies have confirmed that the mechanism of oxidative stress in granulosa cells is closely linked to the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, FOXO axis, Nrf2 pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and mitophagy. It has been found that drugs such as sulforaphane, Periplaneta americana peptide, and resveratrol can mitigate the functional damage caused by oxidative stress on granulosa cells. This paper reviews some of the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress in granulosa cells and describes the mechanisms underlying the pharmacological treatment of oxidative stress in granulosa cells.

Multicomponent Antibiofilm Lipid Nanoparticles as Novel Platform to Ameliorate Resveratrol Properties: Preliminary Outcomes on Fibroblast Proliferation and Migration

The well-being of skin and mucous membranes is fundamental for the homeostasis of the body and thus it is imperative to treat any lesion quickly and correctly. In this view, polyphenols might assist and enhance a successful wound healing process by reducing the inflammatory cascade and the production of free radicals. However, they suffer from disadvantageous physico-chemical properties, leading to restricted clinical use. In this work, a complex mixture of PEGylated lipid, Glyceryl monoester, 18-β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Menthol was designed to entrap Resveratrol (RSV) as the active ingredient and further produce lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) by homogenization followed by high-frequency sonication. The nanosystem was properly characterized in terms of particle size (DLS, SEM), zeta potential, drug loading, antioxidant power (DPPH), release behaviour, cytocompatibility, wound healing and antibiofilm properties. The optimized lipid mixture was homogeneous, melted at 57-61 °C and encapsulated amorphous RSV (4.56 ± 0.04% w/w). The RSV-loaded LNPs were almost monodispersed (PDI: 0.267 ± 0.010), with nanometric size (162.86 ± 3.12 nm), scavenger properties and suitable DR% and LE% values (96.82 ± 1.34% and 95.17 ± 0.25%, respectively). The release studies were performed to simulate the wound conditions: 1-octanol to mimic the lipophilic domains of biological tissues (where the First Order kinetic was observed) and citrate buffer pH 5.5 according to the inflammatory wound exudate (where the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic was followed). The biological and microbiological evaluations highlighted fibroblast proliferation and migration effects as well as antibiofilm properties at extremely low doses (LNPs: 22 μg/mL, corresponding to RSV 5 µM). Thus, the proposed multicomponent LNPs could represent a valuable RSV delivery platform for wound healing purposes.

Natural Compounds Targeting the Autophagy Pathway in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway by which misfolded proteins or damaged organelles are delivered in a double-membrane vacuolar vesicle and finally degraded by lysosomes. The risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is high, and there is growing evidence that autophagy plays a critical role in regulating the initiation and metastasis of CRC; however, whether autophagy promotes or suppresses tumor progression is still controversial. Many natural compounds have been reported to exert anticancer effects or enhance current clinical therapies by modulating autophagy. Here, we discuss recent advancements in the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in regulating CRC. We also highlight the research on natural compounds that are particularly promising autophagy modulators for CRC treatment with clinical evidence. Overall, this review illustrates the importance of autophagy in CRC and provides perspectives for these natural autophagy regulators as new therapeutic candidates for CRC drug development.

Green synthesis and structure characterization of resveratrol conjugated linoleate

To improve the stability and broaden the application of resveratrol (Res), the Res conjugated linoleate (RCL) were synthesized successfully using Res and 9c,11t-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) with N, N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) as catalyst for the first time. The Res conversion and the yield of RCL were achieved at 96.85% and 65.30%, respectively. In comparison with Res, RCL has lower acid value (1.80 mg/g) and peroxide value (3.25 meq/kg) and higher thermal stability (improved by 115.3 ℃). RCL was identified as a novel triester compound with a physical appearance as a light-yellow viscous oil. The 9c,11t-CLA was activated by CDI first, reacted with Res to form 4'-Res-ester preferentially, followed by 5,4'-Res-ester and 3,5,4'-Res-ester. The transition-state quaternary ring structures of monoesters were the key structures determining the formation of RCL. This study provided an efficient and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of RCL, promoting the development of the synthesis of Res long-chain fatty acid ester.

In Vitro Biological Activity and Lymphoma Cell Growth Inhibition by Selected Mexican Medicinal Plants

Cancer is a major health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. In addition, plants are a source of metabolites with diverse biological properties, including antitumor potential. In this study, we investigated the in vitro murine lymphoma L5178Y-R cell growth inhibition, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) toxicity and proliferation, and antioxidant, hemolytic, and anti-hemolytic activities of methanol extracts from 15 plants of traditional use in Mexico. Justicia spicigera caused the highest tumor cell growth inhibition with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29.10 µg/mL and a selectivity index >34.36 compared with those of PBMC, whereas Mimosa tenuiflora showed the highest lymphoproliferative activity from 200 µg/mL compared with that induced by concanavalin A. In addition, M. tenuiflora showed an antioxidant effect (IC50 = 2.86 µg/mL) higher than that of ascorbic acid. Regarding the hemolytic and anti-hemolytic activity, all extracts presented significant anti-hemolytic activity. The extract of J. spicigera is emerging as a possible source of effective antineoplastic compounds.

Resveratrol improves hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting neutrophils via the ERK signaling pathway

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is the main complication and even mortality in the setting of hepatic surgery or transplantation. Inflammation, especially the neutrophil response, plays important roles during the process of HIRI. In this study, we found that resveratrol preintervention ameliorated IRI-induced hepatic injury and neutrophil inflammatory responses in the liver. Moreover, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that resveratrol inhibited the functions of neutrophils, such as survival, cell cycle, migration and chemotaxis, oxidative stress and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Resveratrol restrained oxidative stress and the inflammatory response of neutrophils via inhibition of endothelin 1 autocrine signaling by suppressing the ERK signaling pathway. These data provide more evidence for the immunomodulatory role of resveratrol and enrich our understanding of immune strategies to improve HIRI.

Phytoestrogens, novel dietary supplements for breast cancer

While endocrine therapy is considered as an effective way to treat breast cancer, it still faces many challenges, such as drug resistance and individual discrepancy. Therefore, novel preventive and therapeutic modalities are still in great demand to decrease the incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer. Numerous studies suggested that G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a membrane estrogen receptor, is a potential target for breast cancer prevention and treatment. It was also shown that not only endogenous estrogens can activate GPERs, but many phytoestrogens can also function as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) to interact GPERs. In this review, we discussed the possible mechanisms of GPERs pathways and shed a light of developing novel phytoestrogens based dietary supplements against breast cancers.

Substances of Natural Origin in Medicine: Plants vs. Cancer

Continuous monitoring of the population's health is the main method of learning about disease prevalence. National and international data draw attention to the persistently high rates of cancer incidence. This necessitates the intensification of efforts aimed at developing new, more effective chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive drugs. Plants represent an invaluable source of natural substances with versatile medicinal properties. Multidirectional activities exhibited by natural substances and their ability to modulate key signaling pathways, mainly related to cancer cell death, make these substances an important research direction. This review summarizes the information regarding plant-derived chemotherapeutic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, with a special focus on selected anti-cancer drugs (paclitaxel, irinotecan) approved in clinical practice. It also presents promising plant-based drug candidates currently being tested in clinical and preclinical trials (betulinic acid, resveratrol, and roburic acid).

Hypoxia, but Not Normoxia, Reduces Effects of Resveratrol on Cisplatin Treatment in A2780 Ovarian Cancer Cells: A Challenge for Resveratrol Use in Anticancer Adjuvant Cisplatin Therapy

Natural compounds, such as resveratrol (Res), are currently used as adjuvants for anticancer therapies. To evaluate the effectiveness of Res for the treatment of ovarian cancer (OC), we screened the response of various OC cell lines to the combined treatment with cisplatin (CisPt) and Res. We identified A2780 cells as the most synergistically responding, thus optimal for further analysis. Because hypoxia is the hallmark of the solid tumor microenvironment, we compared the effects of Res alone and in combination with CisPt in hypoxia (pO2 = 1%) vs. normoxia (pO2 = 19%). Hypoxia caused an increase (43.2 vs. 5.0%) in apoptosis and necrosis (14.2 vs. 2.5%), reactive oxygen species production, pro-angiogenic HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), cell migration, and downregulated the expression of ZO1 (zonula occludens-1) protein in comparison to normoxia. Res was not cytotoxic under hypoxia in contrast to normoxia. In normoxia, Res alone or CisPt+Res caused apoptosis via caspase-3 cleavage and BAX, while in hypoxia, it reduced the accumulation of A2780 cells in the G2/M phase. CisPt+Res increased levels of vimentin under normoxia and upregulated SNAI1 expression under hypoxia. Thus, various effects of Res or CisPt+Res on A2780 cells observed in normoxia are eliminated or diminished in hypoxia. These findings indicate the limitations in using Res as an adjuvant with CisPt therapy in OC.