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Shibui Y, Fujitani S, Iwata H, Lynch B, Roberts A. Histological analyses of the Ishii (1981) rat carcinogenicity study of aspartame and comparison with the Ramazzini Institute studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 102:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Luo J, Zhang Q, Cao M, Wu L, Cao J, Fang F, Li C, Xue Z, Feng Q. Ecotoxicity and environmental fates of newly recognized contaminants-artificial sweeteners: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1149-1160. [PMID: 30759555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners (ASs) are used in countless application in daily life. ASs are newly recognized as pollutants due to their high detection frequency in various environmental media, which has aroused great concern. This review presents the current knowledge of AS ecotoxicity and possible elimination routes in the environment. The obtained results indicate that the negative impacts of ASs are more severe than previously expected. More attention should be paid to the chronic and metabolite toxicities of ASs. Moreover, numerous processes (physical, chemical and biological) have been reported to be able to degrade ASs. However, the elimination efficiency varies greatly depending on the specific AS and the particular experimental conditions. Cyclamate and saccharin are easily removed, while sucralose and acesulfame are generally persistent. Additionally, there is a large gap in the ASs removal efficiency between bench tests and full-scale studies. The potential for microbial degradation of persistent ASs was reported in some regions, but clarification of the underlying mechanisms is necessary to increase the likelihood of using this approach in wide applications with a satisfactory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Hohai University Wentian College, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhaoxia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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Haighton L, Roberts A, Jonaitis T, Lynch B. Evaluation of aspartame cancer epidemiology studies based on quality appraisal criteria. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:352-362. [PMID: 30716379 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the widespread use of the low-calorie sweetener aspartame over the last 30 years, the current work was undertaken to evaluate aspartame epidemiology studies looking at cancer endpoints against quality appraisal criteria. The quality appraisal tool used was from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institute of Health. Studies identified included nine case-control studies and five prospective cohort studies. Most studies assessed low-calorie or diet beverages rather than aspartame intake specifically; however, common use of aspartame in diet sodas does allow for some general extrapolation of results. Following consideration of study quality, two case-control and five prospective studies were considered to meet the majority of the NHLBI criteria. The primary limitation of the other case-control studies was an inadequate sample size. Overall, the results of the studies do not support that exposures to low and no-calorie sweeteners and beverages, and by extension aspartame, are associated with an increased risk of cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Haighton
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada.
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Tomas Jonaitis
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
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54
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Al-Qudsi FM, Al-Hasan MM. In utero exposure to commercial artificial sweeteners affects mice development and mammary gland structure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5054-5064. [PMID: 30607847 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Commercial artificial sweeteners present in the market are usually made of combination of nutritive and artificial sweeteners such as sorbitol and aspartame. The aim of this research was to study the effect of in utero exposure to commercial artificial sweeteners on the mouse development and on mammary gland in different stages (18-day embryos and 4-week-old mice). Pregnant mice of treated groups were given 50 mg/kg body weight of commercial artificial sweetener. The dose was given on day 1 of pregnancy until 3-week nursing, while the controls were given distilled water. Congenital malformations were seen in treated 18-day fetus and 4-week-old mice, such as a significant decrease in the diameter of the placenta and the weight of the fetuses, while in 4-week-old mice, a significant decrease in the length of the body, limbs, and tail was seen compared to the controls. The result of this study showed that in 18-day fetuses, clusters of mammary gland in the treated mice seemed to be more differentiated than the controls. In 4-week-old mice, the number of mammary gland ducts in the treated group was significantly more than the control group, and the lumen of the ducts in the treated sections seemed to be narrower than the controls, also many regressing terminal end buds (TEBs) were seen in the treated group. A significant increase in the mammary gland area of treated group was seen compared to the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Al-Qudsi
- Biology Department, King abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 42650, Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manar M Al-Hasan
- Biology Department, King abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 42650, Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia
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Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Díaz J, Sáez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Effects of Sweeteners on the Gut Microbiota: A Review of Experimental Studies and Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S31-S48. [PMID: 30721958 PMCID: PMC6363527 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of sugar-free foods is growing because of their low-calorie content and the health concerns about products with high sugar content. Sweeteners that are frequently several hundred thousand times sweeter than sucrose are being consumed as sugar substitutes. Although nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are considered safe and well tolerated, their effects on glucose intolerance, the activation of sweet taste receptors, and alterations to the composition of the intestinal microbiota are controversial. This review critically discusses the evidence supporting the effects of NNSs, both synthetic sweeteners (acesulfame K, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, neotame, advantame, and sucralose) and natural sweeteners (NSs; thaumatin, steviol glucosides, monellin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, and glycyrrhizin) and nutritive sweeteners (polyols or sugar alcohols) on the composition of microbiota in the human gut. So far, only saccharin and sucralose (NNSs) and stevia (NS) change the composition of the gut microbiota. By definition, a prebiotic is a nondigestible food ingredient, but some polyols can be absorbed, at least partially, in the small intestine by passive diffusion: however, a number of them, such as isomaltose, maltitol, lactitol, and xylitol, can reach the large bowel and increase the numbers of bifidobacteria in humans. Further research on the effects of sweeteners on the composition of the human gut microbiome is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain,Address correspondence to FJR-O (e-mail: )
| | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Sáez-Lara
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain,CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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56
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Lobach AR, Roberts A, Rowland IR. Assessing the in vivo data on low/no-calorie sweeteners and the gut microbiota. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:385-399. [PMID: 30557670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Low/no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) are continually under the spotlight in terms of their safety and benefits; in 2014 a study was published linking LNCS to an enhanced risk of glucose intolerance through modulation of the gut microbiota. In response, an in-depth review of the literature was undertaken to evaluate the major contributors to potential changes in the gut microbiota and their corresponding sequelae, and to determine if consuming LNCS (e.g., acesulfame K, aspartame, cyclamate, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, steviol glycosides) contributes to changes in the microbiome based on the data reported in human and animal studies. A few rodent studies with saccharin have reported changes in the gut microbiome, but primarily at high doses that bear no relevance to human consumption. This and other studies suggesting an effect of LNCS on the gut microbiota were found to show no evidence of an actual adverse effect on human health. The sum of the data provides clear evidence that changes in the diet unrelated to LNCS consumption are likely the major determinants of change in gut microbiota numbers and phyla, confirming the viewpoint supported by all the major international food safety and health regulatory authorities that LNCS are safe at currently approved levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Lobach
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada.
| | - Ian R Rowland
- University of Reading, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
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Onaolapo A, Onaolapo O. Food additives, food and the concept of ‘food addiction’: Is stimulation of the brain reward circuit by food sufficient to trigger addiction? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018; 25:263-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Effect of Low-Calorie Pumpkin Jams Fortified with Soybean on Diabetic Rats: Study of Chemical and Sensory Properties. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/9408715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigated the chemical analysis and sensory evaluation of low-calorie formulated pumpkin jams after storage for six months and the effects of the consumption of low-calorie jams on diabetic rats. Pumpkin jam with sucrose, fructose, stevia, and aspartame sweeteners and soybean was prepared and stored at 10°C for six months. Rats were divided into group 1 (negative control), group 2 (positive diabetic groups), and groups 3, 4, and 5 (diabetic groups treated with 10% sucrose, fructose, and stevia soybean jam, respectively). The results indicated that the contents of protein, fat, ash, and fibre were increased in the low-calorie formulated pumpkin jams. The highest sensory scores were recorded for sucrose and fructose soybean jams and then for stevia soybean jam, while the aspartame soybean jam showed significantly lower scores after storage for 3 and 6 months. Rat groups 4 and 5 showed significant decreases in the glucose level, and liver function enzymes activity showed significant increases in insulin and glycogen levels compared to group 2. Conclusion. Low-calorie pumpkin jams with soybean can be stored for 3 months at 10°C without any change. Stevia pumpkin jam with soybean has antidiabetic effects.
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Al-Eisa RA, Al-Salmi FA, Hamza RZ, El-Shenawy NS. Role of L-carnitine in protection against the cardiac oxidative stress induced by aspartame in Wistar albino rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204913. [PMID: 30403670 PMCID: PMC6221268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspartame (ASP) has been used as an alternative to sucrose for diabetics and obese people worldwide. Co-administration of L-carnitine (LC) with ASP has a protective effect against the liver and kidney toxicity induced of ASP. The goal of the investigation was to assess the enhancement of LC effect on the cardiac toxicity caused of ASP. The rats were divided into 6 groups: control with saline, LC (10 mg/kg), ASP (75 mg/kg), ASP (150 mg/kg), LC with 75 mg/kg of ASP, and LC with 150 mg/kg ASP. The antioxidants were determined by measuring the activities of myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and by assessing the levels of lipid peroxidation, total thiols, and glutathione. There was a significant elevation in LPO, in conjunction with a significant decline in the enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and the non-enzymatic antioxidants glutathione and thiols. The cardiac myofibrils were found in a disarrayed pattern in ASP treated-animals as compared to the control rats. The animals treated with ASP-HD showed more than one apoptotic cell with a large tail and a small head, and the relaxed loops of the damaged DNA were extended to form a comet-shaped structure. These effects may be due to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species by ASP, which reduces cardiac function. Co-administration of LC with ASP improved all of the above-mentioned parameters that were disrupted of ASP alone. This study evidences a sufficient originality in showing how LC plays a positive role against cardiac toxicity of ASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A. Al-Eisa
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Reham Z. Hamza
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nahla S. El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Pyrogianni V. Comments from the International Sweeteners Association (ISA) in response to "Revisiting the safety of aspartame" by Arbind Kumar Choudhary and Etheresia Pretorius Nutrition Reviews 2017;75:718-730. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:857-858. [PMID: 30304497 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Gupta M. Sugar Substitutes: Mechanism, Availability, Current Use and Safety Concerns-An Update. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1888-1894. [PMID: 30455769 PMCID: PMC6236052 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries has continued to be the major oral disease in the past, as well as the present scenario. Cariogenic sugars in the presence of specific bacteria Streptococcus mutans over a period have been attributed as the major etiologic agent for dental caries. The association between sugar consumption and dental caries has been well documented. AIM Hence, the dental profession shares an interest in the search for safe, palatable sugar substitutes. METHODS Therefore, the use of a suitable sugar substitute can help in combating dental caries. RESULTS Out of the various sugar substitutes available, xylitol is the most widely used. It is available in various forms. It decreases the plaque formation, bacterial adherence and inhibits the growth of Mutans Streptococci. CONCLUSION This article provides a comprehensive review of the sugar substitutes, present-day availability, role in the prevention of dental caries and their safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gupta
- Preventive Dental Sciences, Division: Pedodontics College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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62
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Glendinning JI. Oral Post-Oral Actions of Low-Calorie Sweeteners: A Tale of Contradictions and Controversies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26 Suppl 3:S9-S17. [PMID: 30290077 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many scientists and laypeople alike have concerns about low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs). These concerns stem from both a dissatisfaction with the taste of LCSs and reports that they cause metabolic disruptions (e.g., weight gain, glucose intolerance). METHODS This article provides a critical review of the literature on LCSs from the standpoint of their taste, gastrointestinal, and metabolic effects; biological fate in the body; and impact on ingestion and glucose homeostasis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Mammals can readily discriminate between LCSs and sugars because both types of sweetener activate distinct oral and post-oral sensory pathways. LCSs differ in their ability to access post-oral tissues, but few studies have incorporated this observation into their design. It is difficult to extrapolate results between mice, rats, and humans because of interspecies differences in the taste and post-oral actions of LCSs and the fact that investigators often use different response measures in rodents and humans. There is confounding in the experimental design of some of the most widely cited studies of LCS-induced metabolic disruptions. The uncritical acceptance of these studies has generated considerable controversy. More work is needed to obtain a clearer understanding of the metabolic effects of LCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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63
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Rothwell JA, Madrid-Gambin F, Garcia-Aloy M, Andres-Lacueva C, Logue C, Gallagher AM, Mack C, Kulling SE, Gao Q, Praticò G, Dragsted LO, Scalbert A. Biomarkers of intake for coffee, tea, and sweetened beverages. GENES & NUTRITION 2018; 13:15. [PMID: 29997698 PMCID: PMC6030755 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic beverages are important sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds that may influence human health and increase or decrease the risk of chronic diseases. A wide variety of beverage constituents are absorbed in the gut, found in the systemic circulation and excreted in urine. They may be used as compliance markers in intervention studies or as biomarkers of intake to improve measurements of beverage consumption in cohort studies and reveal new associations with disease outcomes that may have been overlooked when using dietary questionnaires. Here, biomarkers of intake of some major non-alcoholic beverages-coffee, tea, sugar-sweetened beverages, and low-calorie-sweetened beverages-are reviewed. Results from dietary intervention studies and observational studies are reviewed and analyzed, and respective strengths and weaknesses of the various identified biomarkers discussed. A variety of compounds derived from phenolic acids, alkaloids, and terpenes were shown to be associated with coffee intake and trigonelline and cyclo(isoleucylprolyl) showed a particularly high specificity for coffee intake. Epigallocatechin and 4'-O-methylepigallocatechin appear to be the most sensitive and specific biomarkers for green or black tea, while 4-O-methylgallic acid may be used to assess black tea consumption. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages has been assessed through the measurement of carbon-13 enrichment of whole blood or of blood alanine in North America where sugar from sugarcane or corn is used as a main ingredient. The most useful biomarkers for low-calorie-sweetened beverages are the low-calorie sweeteners themselves. Further studies are needed to validate these biomarkers in larger and independent populations and to further evaluate their specificity, reproducibility over time, and fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Rothwell
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Biomarkers Group, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Francisco Madrid-Gambin
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caomhan Logue
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Alison M. Gallagher
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Carina Mack
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E. Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giulia Praticò
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars O. Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Biomarkers Group, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France
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Lomenova A, Hroboňová K. Comparison of HPLC Separation of Phenylalanine Enantiomers on Different Types of Chiral Stationary Phases. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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65
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Serra-Majem L, Raposo A, Aranceta-Bartrina J, Varela-Moreiras G, Logue C, Laviada H, Socolovsky S, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Aldrete-Velasco JA, Meneses Sierra E, López-García R, Ortiz-Andrellucchi A, Gómez-Candela C, Abreu R, Alexanderson E, Álvarez-Álvarez RJ, Álvarez Falcón AL, Anadón A, Bellisle F, Beristain-Navarrete IA, Blasco Redondo R, Bochicchio T, Camolas J, Cardini FG, Carocho M, Costa MDC, Drewnowski A, Durán S, Faundes V, Fernández-Condori R, García-Luna PP, Garnica JC, González-Gross M, La Vecchia C, Leis R, López-Sobaler AM, Madero MA, Marcos A, Mariscal Ramírez LA, Martyn DM, Mistura L, Moreno Rojas R, Moreno Villares JM, Niño-Cruz JA, Oliveira MBPP, Palacios Gil-Antuñano N, Pérez-Castells L, Ribas-Barba L, Rincón Pedrero R, Riobó P, Rivera Medina J, Tinoco de Faria C, Valdés-Ramos R, Vasco E, Wac SN, Wakida G, Wanden-Berghe C, Xóchihua Díaz L, Zúñiga-Guajardo S, Pyrogianni V, Cunha Velho de Sousa S. Ibero⁻American Consensus on Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners: Safety, Nutritional Aspects and Benefits in Food and Beverages. Nutrients 2018; 10:E818. [PMID: 29941818 PMCID: PMC6073242 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
International scientific experts in food, nutrition, dietetics, endocrinology, physical activity, paediatrics, nursing, toxicology and public health met in Lisbon on 2⁻4 July 2017 to develop a Consensus on the use of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) as substitutes for sugars and other caloric sweeteners. LNCS are food additives that are broadly used as sugar substitutes to sweeten foods and beverages with the addition of fewer or no calories. They are also used in medicines, health-care products, such as toothpaste, and food supplements. The goal of this Consensus was to provide a useful, evidence-based, point of reference to assist in efforts to reduce free sugars consumption in line with current international public health recommendations. Participating experts in the Lisbon Consensus analysed and evaluated the evidence in relation to the role of LNCS in food safety, their regulation and the nutritional and dietary aspects of their use in foods and beverages. The conclusions of this Consensus were: (1) LNCS are some of the most extensively evaluated dietary constituents, and their safety has been reviewed and confirmed by regulatory bodies globally including the World Health Organisation, the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority; (2) Consumer education, which is based on the most robust scientific evidence and regulatory processes, on the use of products containing LNCS should be strengthened in a comprehensive and objective way; (3) The use of LNCS in weight reduction programmes that involve replacing caloric sweeteners with LNCS in the context of structured diet plans may favour sustainable weight reduction. Furthermore, their use in diabetes management programmes may contribute to a better glycaemic control in patients, albeit with modest results. LNCS also provide dental health benefits when used in place of free sugars; (4) It is proposed that foods and beverages with LNCS could be included in dietary guidelines as alternative options to products sweetened with free sugars; (5) Continued education of health professionals is required, since they are a key source of information on issues related to food and health for both the general population and patients. With this in mind, the publication of position statements and consensus documents in the academic literature are extremely desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Serra-Majem
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Nutrition Research Foundation (FIN), University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - António Raposo
- Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies-CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal.
| | - Javier Aranceta-Bartrina
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa (Bizkaia) 48940, Spain.
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), Madrid 28010, Spain.
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Boadilla del Monte (Madrid) 28668, Spain.
| | - Caomhan Logue
- Nutritional Innovation Centre for Food & Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraines BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Hugo Laviada
- Research Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Medical School, Marist University of Merida, Mérida Yucatan 97300, Mexico.
| | - Susana Socolovsky
- Argentine Association of Food Technologists, Buenos Aires 1088, Argentina.
| | - Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo
- Spanish Academy of Nutrition and Food Sciences (AEN), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), Barcelona 08029, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa (Bizkaia) 48940, Spain.
| | | | - Eduardo Meneses Sierra
- Mexican College of Internal Medicine, Mexico City 03910, Mexico.
- Hospital General de Especialidades del ISSSTE, Saltillo, Coahuila 25020, Mexico.
| | | | - Adriana Ortiz-Andrellucchi
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Candela
- Clinical Nutrition Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid 28046, Spain.
- Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute - IdiPAZ, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid 28046, Spain.
| | | | - Erick Alexanderson
- Nuclear Cardiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico.
- Phisiology Department, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
- Mexican Society of Cardiology, México City 14080, Mexico.
| | | | - Ana Luisa Álvarez Falcón
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
- Dr. Negrin University Hospital of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35010, Spain.
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - France Bellisle
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, University of Paris 13, Bobigny 93017, France.
| | | | - Raquel Blasco Redondo
- Regional Center for Sports Medicine of the Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
| | - Tommaso Bochicchio
- Facultad Mexicana de Medicina, La Salle University, Mexico 14000, D. F., Mexico.
- Mexican Transplant Institute, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62448, Mexico.
| | - José Camolas
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Santa Maria⁻CHLN, Lisboa 1649-035, Portugal.
| | - Fernando G Cardini
- Argentine Quality Institute-Instituto Argentino para la Calidad (IAPC), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1406, Argentina.
| | - Márcio Carocho
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Céu Costa
- ASAE-Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica, CBIOS/ECTS-The Biosciences Research Center and NICiTeS/ERISA⁻Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Grupo Lusófona, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal.
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington-Center for Obesity Research, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Samuel Durán
- Chilean College of Nutritionists, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
| | - Víctor Faundes
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile.
| | | | - Pedro P García-Luna
- Andalusian Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen del Rocio Hospital, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | | | - Marcela González-Gross
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Rosaura Leis
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Paediatric Nutrition Unit of the Santiago Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Ana María López-Sobaler
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Ascensión Marcos
- Spanish Federation of Nutrition, Food and Dietetics Societies, Madrid 28918, Spain.
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN); Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Danika M Martyn
- Intertek, HERS, Cody Technology Park, Farnborough GU14 0LX, UK.
| | - Lorenza Mistura
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome 00178, Italy.
| | - Rafael Moreno Rojas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain.
| | | | - José Antonio Niño-Cruz
- Mexican Nephrological Research Institute, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Departamento de Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan-Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | | | - Nieves Palacios Gil-Antuñano
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sport Medicine Center, AEPSAD, High Sports Council, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | - Lourdes Ribas-Barba
- Nutrition Research Foundation (FIN), University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Rodolfo Rincón Pedrero
- Departamento de Educación Médica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan-Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, IDC Salud, Madrid 28040, Spain.
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Juan Rivera Medina
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima 15083, Peru.
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15083, Peru.
| | - Catarina Tinoco de Faria
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain.
| | - Roxana Valdés-Ramos
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca 50180, Mexico.
| | - Elsa Vasco
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa 1649-016, Portugal.
| | - Sandra N Wac
- Nutrition and Public Health Working Group, Argentine Nutrition Society, La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina.
| | | | - Carmina Wanden-Berghe
- Scientific and Educational Committee, Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE), Barcelona 08017, Spain.
| | - Luis Xóchihua Díaz
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Sociedad Mexicana de Pediatria, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Zúñiga-Guajardo
- Mexican Diabetes Federation, Mexico. Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64630, Mexico.
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66
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Higgins KA, Considine RV, Mattes RD. Aspartame Consumption for 12 Weeks Does Not Affect Glycemia, Appetite, or Body Weight of Healthy, Lean Adults in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2018; 148:650-657. [PMID: 29659969 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-calorie sweeteners are often used to moderate energy intake and postprandial glycemia, but some evidence indicates that they may exacerbate these aims. Objective The trial's primary aim was to assess the effect of daily aspartame ingestion for 12 wk on glycemia. Effects on appetite and body weight were secondary aims. Methods One hundred lean [body mass index (kg/m2): 18-25] adults aged 18-60 y were randomly assigned to consume 0, 350, or 1050 mg aspartame/d (ASP groups) in a beverage for 12 wk in a parallel-arm design. At baseline, body weight and composition were determined, a 240-min oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) was administered, and measurements were made of appetite and selected hormones. Participants also collected a 24-h urine sample. During the intervention, the 0-mg/d ASP group consumed capsules containing 680 mg dextrose and 80 mg para-amino benzoic acid. For the 350-mg/d ASP group, the beverage contained 350 mg aspartame and the 1050-mg/d ASP group consumed the same beverage plus capsules containing 680 mg dextrose and 700 mg aspartame. Body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and waist circumference were measured weekly. At weeks 4, 8, and 12, participants collected 24-h urine samples and kept appetite logs. Baseline measurements were repeated at week 12. Results With the exception of the baseline OGTT glucose concentration at 60 min (and resulting area under the curve value), there were no group differences for glucose, insulin, resting leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, or gastric inhibitory peptide at baseline or week 12. There also were no effects of aspartame ingestion on appetite, body weight, or body composition. Compliance with the beverage intervention was ∼95%. Conclusions Aspartame ingested at 2 doses for 12 wk had no effect on glycemia, appetite, or body weight among healthy, lean adults. These data do not support the view that aspartame is problematic for the management of glycemia, appetite, or body weight. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02999321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Robert V Considine
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Hutchings SC, Low JYQ, Keast RSJ. Sugar reduction without compromising sensory perception. An impossible dream? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2287-2307. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1450214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Hutchings
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia Y. Q. Low
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Russell S. J. Keast
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Myers EA, Passaro EM, Hedrick VE. The Comparative Reproducibility and Validity of a Non-Nutritive Sweetener Food Frequency Questionnaire. Nutrients 2018. [PMID: 29534454 PMCID: PMC5872752 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better assess non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) consumption, measurement tools with greater utility are needed. The objective of this investigation is to determine the reproducibility and validity of a newly developed NNS food frequency questionnaire (NNS-FFQ) that measures five types of NNS (saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose and erythritol). Adult participants (n = 123, 56% female, 75% Caucasian, mean age = 36.8 ± 16.6) completed the NNS-FFQ twice and had 24-h dietary recalls three times over a two-week study period. Reproducibility between two administrations of the NNS-FFQ was assessed via Bland–Altman plots, Spearman’s correlations (rs) and paired samples t-tests. Bland–Altman plots, Cohen’s κ, Spearman’s correlations (rs), and paired samples t-tests compared NNS intake between the two methods for validity. For reproducibility analyses, Bland–Altman analyses revealed agreement levels above the 95% acceptance level for total NNS (99.2%), erythritol (99.2%), and aspartame (96.7%). Agreement levels for acesulfame potassium (94.3%), saccharin (94.3%), and sucralose (94.3%) were slightly below the acceptable level. For validity analyses, Bland–Altman analyses revealed agreement levels above the 95% acceptance level for total NNS (95.1%), sucralose (95.9%), saccharin (95.9%), and erythritol (95.1%). Agreement levels for aspartame (94.3%) and acesulfame potassium (92.7%) were slightly below the acceptable level. Although less than desirable agreement was found between the methods for aspartame and acesulfame potassium, some variance was expected due to the habitual nature of the NNS-FFQ as compared to the recent intake reported by recalls. Within the context of this constraint, the NNS-FFQ demonstrates acceptable reproducibility and validity. The NNS-FFQ is a brief questionnaire that could be administered among diverse participants at the individual and population levels to measure habitual NNS intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Myers
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 295 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Erin M Passaro
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 295 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Valisa E Hedrick
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 295 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Abstract
Aspartame is a synthetic dipeptide artificial sweetener, frequently used in foods, medications, and beverages, notably carbonated and powdered soft drinks. Since 1981, when aspartame was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, researchers have debated both its recommended safe dosage (40 mg/kg/d) and its general safety to organ systems. This review examines papers published between 2000 and 2016 on both the safe dosage and higher-than-recommended dosages and presents a concise synthesis of current trends. Data on the safe aspartame dosage are controversial, and the literature suggests there are potential side effects associated with aspartame consumption. Since aspartame consumption is on the rise, the safety of this sweetener should be revisited. Most of the literature available on the safety of aspartame is included in this review. Safety studies are based primarily on animal models, as data from human studies are limited. The existing animal studies and the limited human studies suggest that aspartame and its metabolites, whether consumed in quantities significantly higher than the recommended safe dosage or within recommended safe levels, may disrupt the oxidant/antioxidant balance, induce oxidative stress, and damage cell membrane integrity, potentially affecting a variety of cells and tissues and causing a deregulation of cellular function, ultimately leading to systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Otabe A, Ohta F, Takumi A, Lynch B. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity studies of aspartame. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 103:345-351. [PMID: 29408486 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to further assess its mutagenic and genotoxic potential. In a bacterial reverse mutation pre-incubation study, Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA were treated with aspartame at concentrations of up to 5000 μg/plate with or without metabolic activation and showed no mutagenic potential. Similarly, in vivo micronucleus testing of aspartame following gavage administration (500-2000 mg/kg body weight) to Crlj:CD1(ICR) strain SPF male mice showed no increase in the proportion of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow cells collected and evaluated 24 or 48 h post administration. Overall, aspartame had no potential for mutagenic or genotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Otabe
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Fumio Ohta
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Asuka Takumi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Rd., Mississauga, Ontario, L5N 2X7, Canada.
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Haighton L, Roberts A, Walters B, Lynch B. Systematic review and evaluation of aspartame carcinogenicity bioassays using quality criteria. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 103:332-344. [PMID: 29339245 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The current review assessed cancer studies of aspartame based on a quality appraisal using the Klimisch grading system. Nine studies having complete histopathology were included: three 2-year studies by Searle; three transgenic mice studies by the NTP; three lifetime studies by the Ramazzini Institute. A tenth study limited to brain tumors was not rated. None were determined as Klimisch Code 1 (reliable without restrictions). The Searle studies predated GLP standards but their methodology was comparable; transgenic mouse models are not validated, but are accepted as supporting data. These studies were rated Klimisch Code 2 (reliable with restrictions). The Ramazzini Institute used a lifetime model of their own design that has been questioned due to high rates of spontaneous tumors, issues with tumor type diagnosis and concerns about the impact of chronic infections. As many of these problems could be attributed to using animals that died or were terminated near end of life, along with the other problems noted, these studies were rated Klimisch Code 3 (not reliable). As the Klimisch Code 2 studies demonstrated a lack of carcinogenic potential, and as aspartame is hydrolyzed to common components and lacks genotoxic activity, a conclusion that aspartame is not carcinogenic is supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Haighton
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada.
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Brandon Walters
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
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Naik AQ, Zafar T, Shrivastava VK. Health Implications Associated with Aspartame Consumption: A Substantial Review. Pak J Biol Sci 2018; 21:127-134. [PMID: 30187722 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.127.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aspartame, an artificial sweetening agent belongs to dipeptide chemical category with a very strong sweetening potential. Although research findings in humans and non-human primates have demonstrated numerous negative effects of aspartame (biochemical, histological, neurological, behavioral, genetic etc)., the status of aspartame is still debatable. Present manuscript is a critical review of the substantial research findings related to aspartame intake on different research models. Purpose of this review was to spread the awareness about adverse effect of aspartame intake to outline the occurrence of health issues among the population. The process of uptake, storage, compartmentalization and distribution of aspartame within the body is associated with metabolic disorders and various clinical conditions. Available research literature indicates that higher amount of aspartame ingestion should be monitored carefully to avoid health implication within society.
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Nonnutritive Sweeteners and Their Role in the Gastrointestinal Tract. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27027-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- I. W. Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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Methyl aspartylphenylalanine, the pons and cerebellum in mice: An evaluation of motor, morphological, biochemical, immunohistochemical and apoptotic effects. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 86:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pandurangan M, Enkhtaivan G, Veerappan M, Mistry B, Patel R, Moon SH, Nagajyothi PC, Kim DH. Renal-protective and ameliorating impacts of omega-3 fatty acids against aspartame damaged MDCK cells. Biofactors 2017; 43:847-857. [PMID: 28881099 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aspartame is widely used artificial sweeteners as food additives. Several researchers have pointed that the controversial report on the use of aspartame over more than decades. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential and unsaturated fatty acids, and it plays a remarkable role in vision, intelligence, neural development, and metabolism of neurotransmitters. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on aspartame treated renal cells. Experimental groups were divided into three such as sham control, aspartame treated, and aspartame with omega-3 fatty acids. Cell viability was determined by sulforhodamine-b assay and flow cytometric analysis. The experimental results showed that the aspartame induced altered cell viability were reduced following treatment of aspartame with omega-3 fatty acids. Altered cell morphology was recovered by omega-3 fatty acids. DNA damage appeared in the highest concentration of aspartame used in this study. DNA damage characteristics such as comet tail and tiny head sections did not appear in the omega-3 fatty acids treated cells. Several microvilli and vesicular structures were found in aspartame treated cells. Altered morphology such as rounding, microvilli, and formation of dome-like structures did not appear in the omega-3 fatty acids with aspartame treated cells. Caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression were increased in aspartame treated cells, and these levels were reduced following omega-3 fatty acids treatment. Taking all these data together, it is suggested that the omega-3 fatty acids may be a therapeutic agent to reduce the aspartame induced biochemical and morphological alterations in normal renal cells. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(6):847-857, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gansukh Enkhtaivan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Bhupendra Mistry
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, South Korea
| | - Rahul Patel
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, South Korea
| | - So Hyun Moon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheong-ju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Patnamsetty Chidanandha Nagajyothi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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77
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Lebda MA, Sadek KM, El-Sayed YS. Aspartame and Soft Drink-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Rats: Implication of Oxidative Stress, Apoptotic Signaling Pathways, Electrolytes and Hormonal Levels. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1639-1647. [PMID: 28660358 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant association between fructose corn syrup in sweetened beverages consumption and increased risk of detrimental central nervous system effects has been recently reported. We hypothesized that the aspartame and soft drink induced disturbances in energy production and endocrine function, which play a role in the induction of brain damage. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of aspartame and soft drink on brain function and the link between energy status in the brain, oxidative stress and molecular pathways of apoptosis. Thirty rats were randomly assigned to drink water, aspartame (240 mg/kg orally) and cola soft drinks (free access) daily for two months. Subchronic intake of aspartame and soft drink significantly disrupted the brain energy production, as indicated by inhibited serum and brain creatine kinase, specifically in soft drink-received rats. Moreover, they substantially altered serum electrolytes (increased Ca and Na, and depleted Cu, Fe, Zn and K levels), and accordingly the related hormonal status (increased T4 and PTH, and lowered T3 and aldosterone levels), particularly in soft drink-received rats reflecting brain damage. Additionally, significant increment of acetylcholine esterase activity concomitant with the reduction of antioxidant molecules (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GSH), and induction of malondialdehyde level are precisely indicative of oxidative brain damage. Brain mRNA transcripts of target genes showed that aspartame and soft drink induced upregulation of BAX, Casp3, P27 and Mdm2 (1.5-fold) and down-regulation of Bcl2, suggesting an activation of cellular apoptosis. Collectively, subchronic aspartame and soft drink-induced brain damage in rats may be driven via a mechanism that involves energy production disruption, electrolytes and hormonal imbalance, increased oxidative stress and activation of molecular pathway of neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Lebda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Kadry M Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Yasser S El-Sayed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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78
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Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to summarize the available literatures, specifically in the following areas: metabolic and other side effects of aspartame; microbiota changes/dysbiosis and its effect on the gut-brain axis; changes on gut microbiota as a result of aspartame usage; metabolic effects (weight gain and glucose intolerance) of aspartame due to gut dysbiosis; and postulated effects of dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis on other aspartame side-effects (neurophysiological symptoms and immune dysfunction).
Design/methodology/approach
Aspartame is rapidly becoming a public health concern because of its purported side-effects especially neurophysiological symptom and immune dysregulation. It is also paradoxical that metabolic consequences including weight gain and impaired blood glucose levels have been observed in consumers. Exact mechanisms of above side-effects are unclear, and data are scarce but aspartame, and its metabolites may have caused disturbance in the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
Findings
Additional studies investigating the impact of aspartame on gut microbiota and metabolic health are needed.
Originality/value
Exact mechanism by which aspartame-induced gut dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction requires further investigation.
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79
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Magnuson BA, Carakostas MC, Moore NH, Poulos SP, Renwick AG. Biological fate of low-calorie sweeteners. Nutr Rev 2017; 74:670-689. [PMID: 27753624 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
With continued efforts to find solutions to rising rates of obesity and diabetes, there is increased interest in the potential health benefits of the use of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCSs). Concerns about safety often deter the use of LNCSs as a tool in helping control caloric intake, even though the safety of LNCS use has been affirmed by regulatory agencies worldwide. In many cases, an understanding of the biological fate of the different LNSCs can help health professionals to address safety concerns. The objectives of this review are to compare the similarities and differences in the chemistry, regulatory status, and biological fate (including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) of the commonly used LNCSs: acesulfame potassium, aspartame, saccharin, stevia leaf extract (steviol glycoside), and sucralose. Understanding the biological fate of the different LNCSs is helpful in evaluating whether reports of biological effects in animal studies or in humans are indicative of possible safety concerns. Illustrations of the usefulness of this information to address questions about LNCSs include discussion of systemic exposure to LNCSs, the use of sweetener combinations, and the potential for effects of LNCSs on the gut microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadene A Magnuson
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael C Carakostas
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia H Moore
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia P Poulos
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Renwick
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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80
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Subali D, Silo W, Listyani L, Endriani C, Kartawidjajaputra F, Suwanto A. The effect of sugar and artificial sweetener on molecular markers of metabolic syndrome: a mice study. FOOD RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.6.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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81
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Santos NC, de Araujo LM, De Luca Canto G, Guerra ENS, Coelho MS, Borin MDF. Metabolic effects of aspartame in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2068-2081. [PMID: 28394643 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1304358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Data about harms or benefits associated with the consumption of aspartame, a nonnutritive sweetener worldwide consumed, are still controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials aimed to assess the effect of aspartame consumption on metabolic parameters related to diabetes and obesity. The search was performed on Cochrane, LILACS, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science databases, and on a gray literature using Open Grey, Google Scholar, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Searches across all databases were conducted from the earliest available date up to April 13, 2016, without date and language restrictions. Pooled mean differences were calculated using a random or fixed-effects model for heterogeneous and homogenous studies, respectively. Twenty-nine articles were included in qualitative synthesis and twelve, presenting numeric results, were used in meta-analysis. Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), insulin levels (μU/mL), total cholesterol (mmol/L), triglycerides concentrations (mmol/L), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L), body weight (kg), and energy intake (MJ) were considered as the main outcomes in subjects that consumed aspartame, and results were presented as mean difference; % confidence interval, range. Aspartame consumption was not associated with alterations on blood glucose levels compared to control (-0.03 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.21 to 0.14) or to sucrose (0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.05 to 0.67) and on insulin levels compared to control (0.13 μU/mL; 95% CI, -0.69 to 0.95) or to sucrose (2.54 μU/mL; 95% CI, -6.29 to 11.37). Total cholesterol was not affected by aspartame consumption compared to control (-0.02 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.27) or to sucrose (-0.24 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.89 to 0.42). Triglycerides concentrations were not affected by aspartame consumption compared to control (0.00 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.04 to 0.05) or to sucrose (0.00 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.09). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels were higher on aspartame compared to control (-0.03 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.06 to -0.01) and lower on aspartame compared to sucrose (0.05 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.09). Body weight did not change after aspartame consumption compared to control (5.00 kg; 95% CI, -1.56 to 11.56) or to sucrose (3.78 kg; 95% CI, -2.18 to 9.74). Energy intake was not altered by aspartame consumption compared to control (-0.49 MJ; 95% CI, -1.21 to 0.22) or to sucrose (-0.17 MJ; 95% CI, -2.03 to 1.69). Data concerning effects of aspartame on main metabolic variables associated to diabetes and obesity do not support a beneficial related to its consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cardoso Santos
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty , University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil
| | | | - Graziela De Luca Canto
- b Department of Dentistry, Brazilian Centre for Evidence-Based Research , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , SC , Brazil / School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Canada
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- c Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty , University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Michella Soares Coelho
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty , University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Maria de Fatima Borin
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Faculty , University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil
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82
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Tovar AP, Navalta JW, Kruskall LJ, Young JC. The effect of moderate consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners on glucose tolerance and body composition in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:1225-1227. [PMID: 28692807 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose tolerance and body composition were determined in male rats given non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) (aspartame or sucralose) in drinking water. Areas under the curve for glucose and insulin with NNS did not differ from control. NNS treatment had no effect on weight gain or percent body fat. Epididymal fat pad mass was higher with aspartame and the ratio of trunk to total fat was less with sucralose versus control, suggesting that NNS consumption altered body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Tovar
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
| | - James W Navalta
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
| | - Laura J Kruskall
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
| | - John C Young
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
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83
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Kim M, Lee G, Lim HS, Yun SS, Hwang M, Hong JH, Kwon H. Safety assessment of 16 sweeteners for the Korean population using dietary intake monitoring and poundage method. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1500-1509. [PMID: 28699833 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1349344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A sweetener is a food additive that imparts a sweet taste to food products. Sweeteners have been increasingly used in Korea since the approval of sodium saccharin and d-sorbitol in 1962. Unlike food contaminants, humans are exposed to food additives only through the consumption of processed food products. For exposure assessments of sweeteners, the dietary intakes of food products containing acesulfame-K, aspartame, saccharin-Na, and sucralose were determined, and the resulting calculated estimated daily intake (EDI) values were compared directly with each additive's ADI. The poundage method was used to calculate the daily intake per capita for 12 additional sweeteners, such as lactitol, for which appropriate analytical methods for food products do not exist. The risk, as evaluated by comparing the EDI with the ADI, was determined to be 2.9% for acesulfame-K, 0.8% for aspartame, 3.6% for saccharin-Na, 4.3% for steviol glycosides, and 2.1% for sucralose. No hazardous effect was predicted for the other 11 sweeteners, including lactitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeeKyung Kim
- a Food Safety Evaluation Department , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Gunyoung Lee
- a Food Safety Evaluation Department , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Soo Lim
- a Food Safety Evaluation Department , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soon Yun
- a Food Safety Evaluation Department , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsil Hwang
- a Food Safety Evaluation Department , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Hong
- a Food Safety Evaluation Department , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonjeong Kwon
- b Department of Food and Nutrition , Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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84
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Onaolapo AY, Abdusalam SZ, Onaolapo OJ. Silymarin attenuates aspartame-induced variation in mouse behaviour, cerebrocortical morphology and oxidative stress markers. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2017; 24:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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85
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Ozturan O, Dogan R, Tugrul S, Gedik O, Sjostrand AP, Yildirim YS. Dose and time dependent ototoxicity of aspartame in rats. Acta Otolaryngol 2017; 137:421-425. [PMID: 27900890 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1256498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Low-dose administration of Aspartame (Ap) did not produce a significant ototoxic effect at the end of the 6th month. However, duration of the ototoxic effect is shortened and severity of the effect is increased as dose and duration of Ap administration is increased. OBJECTIVES While Ap toxicity has been studied in short- and long-term studies, its effects on hearing have not been investigated. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of long-term consumption of Ap administered in various doses on hearing status of rats. METHODS The study included 54 female Wistar Albino rats. Ap was given for 6 months to the rats. The groups were assigned according to levels of Ap dosage. DPOAE and ABR tests were utilized for serial hearing evaluations. Serial hearing measurement times were designed as baseline, 1st week, 2nd week, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 6th months. RESULTS While audiological parameters deteriorated with 100 mg/kg/day dose after the 3rd month, ABR thresholds were elevated and DPOAE values were significantly decreased in 500 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day applications after the 2nd month. In 2000 mg/kg/day and 4000 mg/kg/day applications, deteriorations in audiological parameters were detected as early as the first and second months; respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Ozturan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Remzi Dogan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selahattin Tugrul
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Gedik
- Health Sciences Faculty, Audiology Department, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alev Pektas Sjostrand
- Health Sciences Faculty, Audiology Department, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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86
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Dooley J, Lagou V, Dresselaers T, van Dongen KA, Himmelreich U, Liston A. No Effect of Dietary Aspartame or Stevia on Pancreatic Acinar Carcinoma Development, Growth, or Induced Mortality in a Murine Model. Front Oncol 2017; 7:18. [PMID: 28232906 PMCID: PMC5298959 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor prognosis, largely due to a poor record for early detection. Known risk factors for pancreatic cancer include obesity, diet, and diabetes, implicating glucose consumption and regulation as a key player. The role of artificial sweeteners may therefore be pertinent to disease kinetics. The oncogenic impact of artificial sweeteners is a highly controversial area. Aspartame, one of the most studied food additives, is widely recognized as being generally safe, although there are still specific areas where research is incomplete due to study limitations. Stevia, by contrast, has been the subject of relatively few studies, and the potential health benefits are based on extrapolation rather than direct testing. Here, we used longitudinal tracking of pancreatic acinar carcinoma development, growth, and lethality in a sensitized mouse model. Despite exposure to aspartame and stevia from the in utero stage onward, we found no disease modification activity, in either direction. These results contribute to the data on aspartame and stevia safety, while also reducing confidence in several of the purported health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dooley
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Dresselaers
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Katinka A van Dongen
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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87
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Mahnam K, Raisi F. A theoretical and experimental study of calcium, iron, zinc, cadmium, and sodium ions absorption by aspartame. J Biol Phys 2017; 43:87-103. [PMID: 28150114 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-016-9435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame (L-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester) is a sweet dipeptide used in some foods and beverages. Experimental studies show that aspartame causes osteoporosis and some illnesses, which are similar to those of copper and calcium deficiency. This raises the issue that aspartame in food may interact with cations and excrete them from the body. This study aimed to study aspartame interaction with calcium, zinc, iron, sodium, and cadmium ions via molecular dynamics simulation (MD) and spectroscopy. Following a 480-ns molecular dynamics simulation, it became clear that the aspartame is able to sequester Fe2+, Ca2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ ions for a long time. Complexation led to increasing UV-Vis absorption spectra and emission spectra of the complexes. This study suggests a potential risk of cationic absorption of aspartame. This study suggests that purification of cadmium-polluted water by aspartame needs a more general risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Mahnam
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Shehrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Fatame Raisi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Payam Nour University, Isfahan, Iran
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88
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Bernardo WM, Simões RS, Buzzini RF, Nunes VM, Glina F. Adverse effects of the consumption of artificial sweeteners - systematic review. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2017; 62:120-2. [PMID: 27167540 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.62.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - V M Nunes
- Associação Médica Brasileira, Brazil
| | - Fpa Glina
- Associação Médica Brasileira, Brazil
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89
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Ali EMT, Sonpol HMA. Neuroprotective and Ameliorating Impacts of Omega-3 Against Aspartame-induced Neuronal and Astrocytic Degeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 300:1290-1298. [PMID: 27998013 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aspartame (ASP) is one of the commonest artificial sweetener used all over the world and considered as an extremely risky compound and raises a lot of controversy. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate cellular damage of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord of albino male rats and the possibility of hindering these changes by using omega-3 (OM3).Thirty seven adult male albino rats were divided into three groups: Control, ASP-treated and ASP + OM3-treated groups. Spinal cord sections were prepared and stained with Hx&E, caspase-3 and GFAP immunostaining. All data were morphometrically and statistically analyzed. In ASP-treated group, the cell body of some degenerated neurons was swollen and its cytoplasm was vacuolated. Their nuclei were eccentric and pyknotic. Moreover, other neurons were of a heterogeneous pattern in the form of cell body shrinkage, loss of Nissl substance, intensely stained eosinophilic cytoplasm and a small darkly stained nucleus that may eventually fragment. However, the cells were apparently normal in ASP+ OM3-treated group. Strong +ve caspase-3 stained neurons were detected in ASP-treated group. Furthermore, the immunoreaction was faint on treating the rats with both ASP and OM3. Few number of +ve GFAP- stained astrocytes were observed in ASP-treated rats. On the other hand, the immunoreactivity for GFAP was found to be intense in the ASP + OM3-treated group. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the surface area percentage of the +ve GFAP-stained astrocytes of the ASP-treated group compared to the control and the ASP + OM3-treated groups. Anat Rec, 300:1290-1298, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad M T Ali
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.,Department of Anatomy, Taibah University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany M A Sonpol
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Gul SS, Hamilton ARL, Munoz AR, Phupitakphol T, Liu W, Hyoju SK, Economopoulos KP, Morrison S, Hu D, Zhang W, Gharedaghi MH, Huo H, Hamarneh SR, Hodin RA. Inhibition of the gut enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase may explain how aspartame promotes glucose intolerance and obesity in mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:77-83. [PMID: 27997218 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diet soda consumption has not been associated with tangible weight loss. Aspartame (ASP) commonly substitutes sugar and one of its breakdown products is phenylalanine (PHE), a known inhibitor of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), a gut enzyme shown to prevent metabolic syndrome in mice. We hypothesized that ASP consumption might contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome based on PHE's inhibition of endogenous IAP. The design of the study was such that for the in vitro model, IAP was added to diet and regular soda, and IAP activity was measured. For the acute model, a closed bowel loop was created in mice. ASP or water was instilled into it and IAP activity was measured. For the chronic model, mice were fed chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with/without ASP in the drinking water for 18 weeks. The results were that for the in vitro study, IAP activity was lower (p < 0.05) in solutions containing ASP compared with controls. For the acute model, endogenous IAP activity was reduced by 50% in the ASP group compared with controls (0.2 ± 0.03 vs 0.4 ± 0.24) (p = 0.02). For the chronic model, mice in the HFD + ASP group gained more weight compared with the HFD + water group (48.1 ± 1.6 vs 42.4 ± 3.1, p = 0.0001). Significant difference in glucose intolerance between the HFD ± ASP groups (53 913 ± 4000.58 (mg·min)/dL vs 42 003.75 ± 5331.61 (mg·min)/dL, respectively, p = 0.02). Fasting glucose and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were significantly higher in the HFD + ASP group (1.23- and 0.87-fold increases, respectively, p = 0.006 and p = 0.01). In conclusion, endogenous IAP's protective effects in regard to the metabolic syndrome may be inhibited by PHE, a metabolite of ASP, perhaps explaining the lack of expected weight loss and metabolic improvements associated with diet drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Gul
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A Rebecca L Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexander R Munoz
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tanit Phupitakphol
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sanjiv K Hyoju
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Konstantinos P Economopoulos
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sara Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dong Hu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad Hadi Gharedaghi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Haizhong Huo
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sulaiman R Hamarneh
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard A Hodin
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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91
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Ouyang K, Nayak S, Lee Y, Kim E, Wu M, Tallarida CS, Rawls SM. Behavioral effects of Splenda, Equal and sucrose: Clues from planarians on sweeteners. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:213-217. [PMID: 27845240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sweetened diets share commonalities with drugs of abuse, but studies comparing behavioral effects of different sweeteners are lacking. Common table sugar produces rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians. We postulated that Splenda and Equal would produce similar responses and used a tetrad of behavioral assays to test this hypothesis. Acute exposure to a relatively high concentration (10%) of each sweetener produced stereotyped responses (C-shapes) and reduced motility, with Equal producing greater motor effects than sucrose or Splenda. In experiments testing for anxiogenic-like effects, planarians withdrawn from Splenda (1, 3%) or sucrose (1, 3%), but not Equal, and placed into a petri dish with dark and light compartments spent more time in the dark compared to water controls. In place conditioning experiments, both Splenda (0.01%) and sucrose (0.01%) produced an environmental preference shift. Maltodextrin (0.1%), a principal ingredient of Splenda and Equal, produced a significant preference shift. In contrast, sucralose, an indigestible polysaccharide contained in Splenda and Equal, was ineffective. Our data reveal that Splenda produces sucrose-like rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians that may be dependent on maltodextrin and dextrose. The ineffectiveness of Equal may be due to the presence of aspartame, which is too water insoluble to test in our planarian assay, or to its bitter aftertaste that could mask any rewarding effects produce by maltodextrin or dextrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ouyang
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil Nayak
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Young Lee
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erin Kim
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Wu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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92
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Sawadsopanon T, Meksawan K, Chanvorachote P. Aspartame inhibits migration of human intestinal epithelial cells. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tawiwan Sawadsopanon
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
- Cell-based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kulwara Meksawan
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
- Cell-based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Cell-based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
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93
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Glendinning JI. Do low-calorie sweeteners promote weight gain in rodents? Physiol Behav 2016; 164:509-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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94
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Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ, Nwoha PU. Alterations in behaviour, cerebral cortical morphology and cerebral oxidative stress markers following aspartame ingestion. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 78:42-56. [PMID: 27565676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study evaluated changes in open field behaviours, cerebral cortical histomorphology and biochemical markers of oxidative stress following repeated administration of aspartame in mice. METHODOLOGY Adult mice were assigned into five groups of twelve each. Vehicle (distilled water), or aspartame (20, 40, 80 and 160mg/kg body weight) were administered orally for 28days. Horizontal locomotion, rearing and grooming were assessed after the first and last dose of aspartame. Sections of the cerebral cortex were processed and stained for general histology, and also examined for neuritic plaques using the Bielschwosky's protocol. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) immunoreactivity were assessed using appropriate antibodies. Aspartate and antioxidant levels were also assayed from cerebral cortex homogenates. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS Body weight and food consumption decreased significantly with aspartame consumption. Locomotion, rearing and grooming increased significantly after first dose, and with repeated administration of aspartame. Histological changes consistent with neuronal damage were seen at 40, 80 and 160mg/kg. Neuritic plaque formation was not evident; while GFAP-reactive astrocytes and NSE-reactive neurons increased at 40 and 80mg/kg but decreased at 160mg/kg. Superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide increased with increasing doses of aspartame, while aspartate levels showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION The study showed morphological alterations consistent with neuronal injury and biochemical changes of oxidative stress. These data therefore supports the need for caution in the indiscriminate use of aspartame as a non-nutritive sweetener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oshogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Polycarp U Nwoha
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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95
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Pandurangan M, Enkhtaivan G, Mistry B, Chandrasekaran M, Noorzai R, Kim DH. Investigation of role of aspartame on apoptosis process in HeLa cells -->. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 23:503-6. [PMID: 27298583 PMCID: PMC4890197 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame is an artificial sweetener used as an alternate for sugar in several foods and beverages. The study reports that consumption of aspartame containing product could lead to cancer. However, the effect of aspartame on apoptosis process in cancer is not yet understood clearly. HeLa cells were exposed to different concentrations (0.01-0.05 mg/ml) of aspartame for 48 h. Cytotoxicity of aspartame on cancer cells was determined by SRB assay. The result indicates no significant changes on cell viability. Aspartame suppresses apoptosis process in cancer cells by down-regulation of mRNA expression of tumor suppressor gene p53, and pro-apoptotic gene bax. It up-regulates anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 mRNA expression. In addition, Ki 67 and PCNA mRNA, and protein expressions were determined. Taking all these together, we conclude that aspartame may be a potent substance to slow-down the apoptosis process in HeLa cells. Further works are ongoing to understand the biochemical and molecular mechanism of aspartame in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Dept. of Bioresources & Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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96
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Shearer J, Swithers SE. Artificial sweeteners and metabolic dysregulation: Lessons learned from agriculture and the laboratory. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:179-86. [PMID: 27387506 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Escalating rates of obesity and public health messages to reduce excessive sugar intake have fuelled the consumption of artificial sweeteners in a wide range of products from breakfast cereals to snack foods and beverages. Artificial sweeteners impart a sweet taste without the associated energy and have been widely recommended by medical professionals since they are considered safe. However, associations observed in long-term prospective studies raise the concern that regular consumption of artificial sweeteners might actually contribute to development of metabolic derangements that lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obtaining mechanistic data on artificial sweetener use in humans in relation to metabolic dysfunction is difficult due to the long time frames over which dietary factors might exert their effects on health and the large number of confounding variables that need to be considered. Thus, mechanistic data from animal models can be highly useful because they permit greater experimental control. Results from animal studies in both the agricultural sector and the laboratory indicate that artificial sweeteners may not only promote food intake and weight gain but can also induce metabolic alterations in a wide range of animal species. As a result, simple substitution of artificial sweeteners for sugars in humans may not produce the intended consequences. Instead consumption of artificial sweeteners might contribute to increases in risks for obesity or its attendant negative health outcomes. As a result, it is critical that the impacts of artificial sweeteners on health and disease continue to be more thoroughly evaluated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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97
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Sylvetsky AC, Blau JE, Rother KI. Understanding the metabolic and health effects of low-calorie sweeteners: methodological considerations and implications for future research. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:187-94. [PMID: 26936185 PMCID: PMC5010791 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of foods, beverages, and packets containing low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) has increased markedly across gender, age, race/ethnicity, weight status, and socio-economic subgroups. However, well-controlled intervention studies rigorously evaluating the health effects of LCS in humans are limited. One of the key questions is whether LCS are indeed a beneficial strategy for weight management and prevention of obesity. The current review discusses several methodological considerations in the design and interpretation of these studies. Specifically, we focus on the selection of study participants, inclusion of an appropriate control, importance of considering habitual LCS exposure, selection of specific LCS, dose and route of LCS administration, choice of study outcomes, and the context and generalizability of the study findings. These critical considerations will guide the design of future studies and thus assist in understanding the health effects of LCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jenny E Blau
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kristina I Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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98
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Abstract
This paper examines current knowledge about putative "pro-algesic" dietary components, and discusses whether limiting the intake of these substances can help improve chronic pain. Although there is a common impression that numerous food components, natural and synthetic, can cause or worsen pain symptoms, very few of these substances have been investigated. This article focuses on four substances, monosodium glutamate, aspartame, arachidonic acid, and caffeine, where research shows that overconsumption may induce or worsen pain. For each substance, the mechanism whereby it may act to induce pain is examined, and any clinical trials examining the effectiveness of reducing the intake of the substance discussed. While all four substances are associated with pain, decreased consumption of them does not consistently reduce pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Edwin Cairns
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.,b Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Aalborg East , Denmark
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99
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The potential application of a biomarker approach for the investigation of low-calorie sweetener exposure. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:216-25. [PMID: 26763132 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665115004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are commonly used as sugar substitutes in the diet to provide a desired sweet taste without increased energy intake. The number of LCS available on the market has increased considerably over the years and despite extensive evaluation of their safety prior to approval, debate continues around the effects of consumption on health. In Europe, Member States are obligated to monitor exposure to LCS and methods currently used tend to rely on self-reported dietary intake data alongside LCS concentrations in products. However, the acquisition of accurate data can be costly in terms of resources and time and are inherently imprecise. Although LCS are intensely sweet, they are chemically diverse and a limitation of many studies investigating the health effects of consumption is that they often fail to discern intakes of individual LCS. An approach which objectively assesses intakes of individual LCS would therefore allow robust investigations of their possible effects on health. Biomarker approaches have been utilised for the objective investigation of intakes of a range of dietary components and the feasibility of any such approach depends upon its validity as well as its applicability within the target population. This review aims to provide an overview of current understanding of LCS intake and explore the possibility of implementing a biomarker approach to enhance such understanding. Several commonly used LCS, once absorbed into the body, are excreted via the kidneys; therefore a urinary biomarker approach may be possible for the investigation of short-term exposure to these compounds.
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100
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Lay WA, Vickery CR, Ward-Ritacco CL, Johnson KB, Berg AC, Evans EM, Johnson MA. Comparison of Intake of Animal and Plant Foods and Related Nutrients in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors and Controls. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 35:15-31. [PMID: 26885943 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2015.1084258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study's objective is to assess differences in dietary intakes in breast cancer survivors (n = 13) and women without a history of breast cancer (controls, n = 71). In a cross-sectional design, intake of foods, food groups, nutrients, and non-nutritive sweeteners was assessed using participant-completed three-day food records. All women were postmenopausal (mean age (SD) 58.5 (±3.8) y, 95% White, 2.4% Asian Pacific, and 2.4% Black). The two groups did not differ in age, energy intake, or body mass index (p > 0.05). Compared to controls, survivors consumed less dairy products, animal protein, total protein, and calcium, but more legumes, noncitrus fruit, and carbohydrates (p ≤ 0.05). Calcium intakes were of particular concern in survivors who consumed an average of 686 mg calcium/d, which is <60% of the recommended 1200 mg/d. Given the important role of calcium in bone health and protein in muscle function among aging women, breast cancer survivors may benefit from consultation with a Registered Dietitian or other health professional knowledgeable in nutritional recommendations for postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Lay
- a Department of Foods and Nutrition , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Courtney R Vickery
- a Department of Foods and Nutrition , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | | | - Kristen B Johnson
- a Department of Foods and Nutrition , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Alison C Berg
- a Department of Foods and Nutrition , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Ellen M Evans
- c Department of Kinesiology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Mary Ann Johnson
- a Department of Foods and Nutrition , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
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