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Shao R, Liu HL, Huang CM, Chen YL, Gao M, Lee SH, Lin C, Lee TMC. Loneliness and depression dissociated on parietal-centered networks in cognitive and resting states. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2691-2701. [PMID: 31615593 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived loneliness, an increasingly prevalent social issue, is closely associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the neural mechanisms previously implicated in key cognitive and affective processes in loneliness and MDD still remain unclear. Such understanding is critical for delineating the psychobiological basis of the relationship between loneliness and MDD. METHODS We isolated the unique and interactive cognitive and neural substrates of loneliness and MDD among 27 MDD patients (mean age = 51.85 years, 20 females), and 25 matched healthy controls (HCs; mean age = 48.72 years, 19 females). We assessed participants' behavioral performance and neural regional and network functions on a Stroop color-word task, and their resting-state neural connectivity. RESULTS Behaviorally, we found greater incongruence-related accuracy cost in MDD patients, but reduced incongruence effect on reaction time in lonelier individuals. When performing the Stroop task, loneliness positively predicted prefrontal-anterior cingulate-parietal connectivity across all participants, whereas MDD patients showed a decrease in connectivity compared to controls. Furthermore, loneliness negatively predicted parietal and cerebellar activities in MDD patients, but positively predicted the same activities in HCs. During resting state, MDD patients showed reduced parietal-anterior cingulate connectivity, which again positively correlated with loneliness in this group. CONCLUSIONS We speculate the distinct neurocognitive profile of loneliness might indicate increase in both bottom-up attention and top-down executive control functions. However, the upregulated cognitive control processes in lonely individuals may eventually become exhausted, which may in turn predispose to MDD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Ling Liu
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Liang Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Mengxia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Shwu-Hua Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chemin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China
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52
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Bittmann FN, Dech S, Aehle M, Schaefer LV. Manual Muscle Testing-Force Profiles and Their Reproducibility. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E996. [PMID: 33255648 PMCID: PMC7759939 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10120996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The manual muscle test (MMT) is a flexible diagnostic tool, which is used in many disciplines, applied in several ways. The main problem is the subjectivity of the test. The MMT in the version of a "break test" depends on the tester's force rise and the patient's ability to resist the applied force. As a first step, the investigation of the reproducibility of the testers' force profile is required for valid application. The study examined the force profiles of n = 29 testers (n = 9 experiences (Exp), n = 8 little experienced (LitExp), n = 12 beginners (Beg)). The testers performed 10 MMTs according to the test of hip flexors, but against a fixed leg to exclude the patient's reaction. A handheld device recorded the temporal course of the applied force. The results show significant differences between Exp and Beg concerning the starting force (padj = 0.029), the ratio of starting to maximum force (padj = 0.005) and the normalized mean Euclidean distances between the 10 trials (padj = 0.015). The slope is significantly higher in Exp vs. LitExp (p = 0.006) and Beg (p = 0.005). The results also indicate that experienced testers show inter-tester differences and partly even a low intra-tester reproducibility. This highlights the necessity of an objective MMT-assessment. Furthermore, an agreement on a standardized force profile is required. A suggestion for this is given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura V. Schaefer
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.N.B.); (S.D.); (M.A.)
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Terruzzi S, Crivelli D, Pisoni A, Mattavelli G, Romero Lauro LJ, Bolognini N, Vallar G. The role of the right posterior parietal cortex in prism adaptation and its aftereffects. Neuropsychologia 2020; 150:107672. [PMID: 33188788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to optical prisms (Prismatic Adaptation, PA) displacing the visual scene laterally, on one side of visual space, is both a procedure for investigating visuo-motor plasticity and a powerful tool for the rehabilitation of Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN). Two processes are involved in PA: i) recalibration (the reduction of the error of manual pointings toward the direction of the prism-induced displacement of the visual scene); ii) the successive realignment after prisms' removal, indexed by the Aftereffects (AEs, in egocentric straight-ahead pointing tasks, the deviation in a direction opposite to the visual displacement previously induced by prisms). This study investigated the role of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of the right hemisphere in PA and AEs, by means of low frequency repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). Proprioceptive and Visuo-proprioceptive egocentric straight-ahead pointing tasks were used to assess the presence and magnitude of AEs. The primary right visual cortex (V1) was also stimulated, to assess the selectivity of the PPC effects on the two processes of PA (recalibration and realignment) in comparison with a cortical region involved in visual processing. Results showed a slower adaptation to prisms when rTMS was delivered before PA, regardless of target site (right PPC or V1). AEs were reduced only by PPC rTMS applied before or after PA, as compared to a sham stimulation. These findings suggest a functional and neural dissociation between realignment and recalibration. Indeed, PA interference was induced by rTMS to both the PPC and V1, indicating that recalibration is supported by a parieto-occipital network. Conversely, AEs were disrupted only by rTMS delivered to the PPC, thus unveiling a relevant role of this region in the development and maintenance of the realignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Terruzzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; CeRiN, Unversity of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Damiano Crivelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Neuropsychological Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vallar
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Neuropsychological Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
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54
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Bartolomeo LA, Shin YW, Block HJ, Bolbecker AR, Breier AF, O’Donnell B, Hetrick WP. Prism Adaptation Deficits in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1202-1209. [PMID: 32185380 PMCID: PMC7505168 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical and neurobehavioral evidence suggests cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ). We used the prism adaptation motor task (PAT) to probe specific cerebellar circuits in the disorder. PAT requires cerebellum-dependent motor adaptation, perceptual remapping, and strategic control. A failure to engage in early corrective processes may indicate impairment within either the cerebellum or regions contributing to strategic components, such as the parietal lobe, while an inability to develop and retain a visuomotor shift with time strongly suggests cerebellar impairment. Thirty-one individuals with SZ and 31 individuals without a history of psychological disorders completed PAT. Subjects reached to a target before, during, and following prism exposure, while their movements were recorded using motion-sensing technology. The SZ group performed worse on conditions consisting of adaptation, post-adaptation, aftereffects, and reorientation, thereby demonstrating a failure to adapt to the same degree as healthy controls. SZ performance remained impaired even with visual feedback and did not differ from controls at baseline, suggesting the observed deficit is specific to adaptation. Results indicate that sensorimotor adaptation is impaired in SZ and implicate disturbances in cerebellar circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Bartolomeo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Yong-Wook Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hannah J Block
- Department of Kinesiology and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Alan F Breier
- Department of Psychiatry and Prevention and the Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Brian O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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Taskiran-Sag A, Uzuncakmak Uyanik H, Uyanik SA, Oztekin N. Prospective investigation of cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in a previously non-demented population of acute cerebellar stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104923. [PMID: 32689613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this prospective study, we aimed to investigate the presence and evolution of cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in a cohort of isolated cerebellar stroke with no known cognitive or psychiatric impairment. We tried to distinguish the unconfounded effect of cerebellar lesions on neuropsychological processing. METHODS After a meticulous exclusion procedure based on possible confounders, we recruited 14 patients and 13 age-matched healthy controls to the study, prospectively. All of the patients had a detailed initial neuropsychological assessment at the first week and a follow-up assessment at the 4th month after stroke. RESULTS The prevalence of cognitive or behavioral-affective abnormalities in our cohort were 86% and 64% respectively. The patients exhibited mild and transient affective-behavioral abnormalities except for depressive symptoms that persisted in the subacute stage. They scored lower in general cognitive performance as revealed by mini mental test (p=0.001). Memory, executive functions, attention and working memory, central processing speed, and linguistic abilities were impaired (p<0.001; p=0.001; p=0.007; p=0.05; p<0.001 respectively). Improvement was evident only in memory domain of the cognitive functions in the subacute stage. Cognitive impairment was more likely with a medial or posterolateral infarct (p=0.014). Behavioral-affective abnormalities were not associated with a specific location in our cohort. Age seemed to negatively correlate with the recovery in general cognitive performance on the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that acute denervation of cerebellocortical projections leads to mild affective-behavioral abnormalities, and full-blown cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome is rare. However, cognition was significantly affected after an acute cerebellar infarct even in a previously healthy, non-demented pure population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Taskiran-Sag
- Department of Neurology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Sihhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Handan Uzuncakmak Uyanik
- Department of Neurology, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sadik Ahmet Uyanik
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nese Oztekin
- Department of Neurology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Sihhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Alsultan F, Alaboudi M, Almousa A, Alajaji R, Bashir S. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over frontal, parietal and cerebellar cortex for cognitive function during fasting in healthy adults. IBRO Rep 2020; 8:129-135. [PMID: 32435717 PMCID: PMC7231976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation tool used to modify the cognitive function in subjects. There is a paucity of data on tDCS' effect on cognitive function during Ramadan fasting. This paper aims to assess the effect of tDCS of three brain areas, including the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and cerebellum on cognitive function, and obtain safety data in healthy adults during Ramadan fasting. Methods and material A total of 42 healthy, right-handed participants were randomly assigned to one of the 6 stimulation groups: active (anodal)-tDCS of right DLPFC, PPC, and cerebellum; or sham for DLPFC, PPC, and cerebellum after 8 h of fasting for Ramadan. Safety data and cognitive function, such as attention-switching tasks (AST), were obtained by employing the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) before and after each tDCS session. The cognitive function outcome variables were the response time and the percentage of correct answers in AST. For sham stimulation, the placement of the electrodes was the same as for the active stimulation. Results An improvement in performance time in attention tasks was observed; however, it did not reach a significant level after anodal stimulation of the DLPFC, PPC, and cerebellum. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences between the active and sham tDCS groups in cognitive function. There were no significant side effects of tDCS during fasting for any group. Conclusions Our data suggest that there are variable effects of tDCS on attention tasks during Ramadan fasting. TDCS appears to be safe, well-tolerated and adhered to the international standard of safety in the local population during Ramadan fasting. Further large sample size studies should be conducted to validate the current study findings and reach better conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alsultan
- Department of Medicine, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak Alaboudi
- Department of Medicine, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almousa
- Department of Medicine, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema Alajaji
- Department of radiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Neuroanatomic Correlates for the Neuropsychological Manifestations of Chiari Malformation Type I. World Neurosurg 2020; 136:462-469. [PMID: 32204298 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chiari malformation comprises a spectrum of congenital malformations characterized by a herniation of the cerebellar tonsils below the foramen magnum. Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) is the most prevalent subtype seen in clinical practice. This condition variably compresses the cerebellum and medulla-spinal cord junction secondary to malformation of the posterior fossa. Most neurologists and neurosurgeons recognize the sensorimotor and lower brainstem manifestations that result in the clinical picture of CM-I. The effects of CM-I on cognitive functioning, however, and their impact on neuropsychological performance are poorly understood, despite having long been recognized. This article reviews neuropsychological deficits demonstrated by individuals with CM-I, and explores cerebellocortical neuroanatomic pathways to provide possible rationale for the neurocognitive impairments present in affected individuals.
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Meinhold T, Hofer W, Pieper T, Kudernatsch M, Staudt M. Presurgical Language fMRI in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults : A Validation Study. Clin Neuroradiol 2020; 30:691-704. [PMID: 31960077 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-019-00852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate four established, child-friendly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) language tasks (word chain task [WCT], vowel identification task [VIT], synonym task [SYT] and beep story task [BST]) in a predominantly pediatric cohort. METHODS Intracarotid amobarbital procedures (IAP) (n = 17) and unchanged language after hemispherotomy (n = 6) were used as gold standards. The fMRI activations of nine regions of interest (ROI) in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes as well as in the cerebellum were visually assessed in 23 fMRI examinations (in total 117 fMRI task sessions) of 23 patients (age range 10.0-23.0 years) with drug-refractory epilepsies. RESULTS The ROIs were considered valid when they showed activation in more than 25% of all sessions for the respective task and never showed false lateralization (in comparison to gold standards). Thus, 13 valid, task-specific ROIs were identified: 5 ROIs for the WCT (frontal operculum, inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, cerebellum), 3 ROIs for the VIT (frontal operculum, inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus), 3 ROIs for the SYT (frontal operculum, inferior frontal gyrus, temporal language area) and 2 ROIs for the BST (inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus). CONCLUSION Clinical fMRI using the battery of four tasks is a valid tool for lateralizing language in children, adolescents and young adults. Each task proved to be specifically useful, which confirms that applying different tasks increases the probability of diagnosing language dominance in presurgical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Meinhold
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569, Vogtareuth, Germany. .,Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Hofer
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Tom Pieper
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Manfred Kudernatsch
- Center for Neurosurgery and Epilepsy Surgery, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany.,Research Institute "Rehabilitation, Transition, Palliation", PMU Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Staudt
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569, Vogtareuth, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Tax CMW, Szczepankiewicz F, Nilsson M, Jones DK. The dot-compartment revealed? Diffusion MRI with ultra-strong gradients and spherical tensor encoding in the living human brain. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116534. [PMID: 31931157 PMCID: PMC7429990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The so-called “dot-compartment” is conjectured in diffusion MRI to represent small spherical spaces, such as cell bodies, in which the diffusion is restricted in all directions. Previous investigations inferred its existence from data acquired with directional diffusion encoding which does not permit a straightforward separation of signals from ‘sticks’ (axons) and signals from ‘dots’. Here we combine isotropic diffusion encoding with ultra-strong diffusion gradients (240 mT/m) to achieve high diffusion-weightings with high signal to noise ratio, while suppressing signal arising from anisotropic water compartments with significant mobility along at least one axis (e.g., axons). A dot-compartment, defined to have apparent diffusion coefficient equal to zero and no exchange, would result in a non-decaying signal at very high b-values (b≳7000s/mm2). With this unique experimental setup, a residual yet slowly decaying signal above the noise floor for b-values as high as 15000s/mm2 was seen clearly in the cerebellar grey matter (GM), and in several white matter (WM) regions to some extent. Upper limits of the dot-signal-fraction were estimated to be 1.8% in cerebellar GM and 0.5% in WM. By relaxing the assumption of zero diffusivity, the signal at high b-values in cerebellar GM could be represented more accurately by an isotropic water pool with a low apparent diffusivity of 0.12 μm2/ms and a substantial signal fraction of 9.7%. The T2 of this component was estimated to be around 61ms. This remaining signal at high b-values has potential to serve as a novel and simple marker for isotropically-restricted water compartments in cerebellar GM. The “dot-compartment” is conjectured in diffusion MRI to represent e.g. cell bodies. We combine isotropic encoding with ultra-strong gradients to study the dot-compartment. A slowly decaying signal for high b-values was seen in cerebellar GM. An apparent diffusivity of 0.12 and signal fraction of 9.7% were estimated. The signal could serve as a novel and simple marker for spherical compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M W Tax
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Filip Szczepankiewicz
- Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Nilsson
- Radiology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Derek K Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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60
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Wolford E, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Girchenko P, Lipsanen J, Tuovinen S, Lahti J, Heinonen K, Hämäläinen E, Kajantie E, Pesonen AK, Villa PM, Laivuori H, Reynolds RM, Räikkönen K. Associations of antenatal glucocorticoid exposure with mental health in children. Psychol Med 2020; 50:247-257. [PMID: 30688183 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718004129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic glucocorticoids, to enhance fetal maturation, are a standard treatment when preterm birth before 34 gestational weeks is imminent. While morbidity- and mortality-related benefits may outweigh potential neurodevelopmental harms in children born preterm (<37 gestational weeks), this may not hold true when pregnancy continues to term (⩾37 gestational weeks). We studied the association of antenatal betamethasone exposure on child mental health in preterm and term children. METHODS We included 4708 women and their children, born 2006-2010, from the Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction Study with information on both antenatal betamethasone treatment and child mental and behavioral disorders from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register from the child's birth to 31 December 2016. Additional follow-up data on mother-reported psychiatric problems and developmental milestones were available for 2640 children at 3.5 (s.d. = 0.07) years-of-age. RESULTS Of the children, 187 were born preterm (61 betamethasone-exposed) and 4521 at term (56 betamethasone-exposed). The prevalence of any mental and behavioral, psychological development, emotional and behavioral, and comorbid disorders was higher in the betamethasone-exposed, compared to non-exposed children [odds ratio 2.76 (95% confidence interval 1.76-4.32), 3.61 (2.19-5.95), 3.29 (1.86-5.82), and 6.04 (3.25-11.27), respectively]. Levels of psychiatric problems and prevalence of failure to meet the age-appropriate development in personal-social skills were also higher in mother-reports of betamethasone-exposed children. These associations did not vary significantly between preterm and term children. CONCLUSIONS Antenatal betamethasone exposure may be associated with mental health problems in children born preterm and in those who end up being born at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Wolford
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Polina Girchenko
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lipsanen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Tuovinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia M Villa
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Xu F, Ge X, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Lin X, Teng G, Zang F, Gao N, Liu H, Toga AW, Liu S. Morphometric development of the human fetal cerebellum during the early second trimester. Neuroimage 2019; 207:116372. [PMID: 31751665 PMCID: PMC7055298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The protracted nature of development makes the cerebellum vulnerable to a broad spectrum of pathologic conditions, especially during the early fetal period. This study aims to characterize normal cerebellar growth in human fetuses during the early second trimester. We manually segmented the fetal cerebellum using 7.0-T high-resolution MR images obtained in 35 specimens with gestational ages ranging from 15 to 22 weeks. Volume measurements and shape analysis were performed to quantitatively evaluate global and regional cerebellar growth. The absolute volume of the fetal cerebellum showed a quadratic growth with increasing gestational age, while the pattern of relative volume changes revealed that the cerebellum grew at a greater pace than the cerebrum after 17 gestational weeks. Shape analysis was used to examine the distinctive development of subregions of the cerebellum. The extreme lateral portions of both cerebellar hemispheres showed the lowest rate of growth. The anterior lobe grew faster than most of the posterior lobe. These findings expand our understanding of the early growth pattern of the human cerebellum and could be further used to assess the developmental conditions of the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xu
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China; Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xinting Ge
- Department of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Yonggang Shi
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Zhonghe Zhang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Medical Imaging, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuchun Tang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangtao Lin
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Medical Imaging, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Department of Radiology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Clinical Medicine, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengchao Zang
- Department of Radiology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Clinical Medicine, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nuonan Gao
- Nanjing First Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 210006, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haihong Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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62
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Schiller RM, Allegaert K, Hunfeld M, van den Bosch GE, van den Anker J, Tibboel D. Analgesics and Sedatives in Critically Ill Newborns and Infants: The Impact on Long-Term Neurodevelopment. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 58 Suppl 10:S140-S150. [PMID: 30248203 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate pain and/or stress management in preterm- and term-born infants has been associated with increased morbidity and even mortality. However, exposure to analgosedatives during early infancy may also be one of the risk factors for subsequent neurodevelopmental impairment, at least in animal studies. Because infants admitted to neonatal or pediatric intensive care units may receive high amounts of these drugs for prolonged periods of time and the majority of these infants nowadays survive to discharge, this is of major concern. A balanced approach that incorporates the assessment and quantification of both wanted effects as well as unwanted side effects is therefore needed. In this article, the optimal dose determination of commonly used analgosedative drugs as well as their potential long-term effects on the developing human brain and neuropsychological functioning are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Schiller
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K Allegaert
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maayke Hunfeld
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G E van den Bosch
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John van den Anker
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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63
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Busch RM, Srivastava S, Hogue O, Frazier TW, Klaas P, Hardan A, Martinez-Agosto JA, Sahin M, Eng C. Neurobehavioral phenotype of autism spectrum disorder associated with germline heterozygous mutations in PTEN. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:253. [PMID: 31594918 PMCID: PMC6783427 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in PTEN, the gene that encodes phosphatase and tensin homolog, have been identified in up to 20% of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and macrocephaly and are associated with marked abnormalities in the white matter of the brain. This study sought to characterize the neurobehavioral phenotype of PTEN-ASD. Comprehensive neurobehavioral evaluations were conducted in 36 participants (ages 3-21 years) with PTEN-ASD and compared to two groups of controls: non-syndromic ASD with macrocephaly (Macro-ASD, n = 25) and those with PTEN mutations without ASD (PTEN-no ASD, n = 23). Linear regression analysis or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine group differences on neurobehavioral measures (cognitive, behavioral, sensory, and adaptive functioning) and, for select measures, one-sample t-tests were used to compare group performance to healthy control norms. These analyses revealed a distinct neuropsychological profile associated with mutations in PTEN suggesting primary disruption of frontal lobe systems (i.e., attention, impulsivity, reaction time, processing speed, and motor coordination). Cognitive deficits in PTEN-ASD are more severe than those in PTEN-no ASD and extend to other areas of neurobehavioral function, specifically, adaptive behavior and sensory deficits. While core ASD symptoms are similar in PTEN-ASD and Macro-ASD, PTEN-ASD had lower clinical ratings of autism severity and showed more sensory abnormalities suggestive of less sensory responsiveness. Together, these results suggest that PTEN-ASD has a distinct neurobehavioral phenotype compared to idiopathic ASD that is likely to warrant special consideration for overall assessment and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M. Busch
- 0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ,0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0004 0378 8438grid.2515.3Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Olivia Hogue
- 0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Thomas W. Frazier
- 0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ,0000 0004 4663 7867grid.427598.5Autism Speaks, Cleveland, OH USA ,0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Pediatrics Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Patricia Klaas
- 0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Antonio Hardan
- 0000000087342732grid.240952.8Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Julian A. Martinez-Agosto
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0004 0378 8438grid.2515.3Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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64
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García M, Lázaro E, Amayra I, López-Paz JF, Martínez O, Pérez M, Berrocoso S, Al-Rashaida M, Infante J. Analysis of Visuospatial Abilities in Chiari Malformation Type I. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 19:6-15. [PMID: 31286383 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the cerebellum in visuospatial abilities has been evidenced in numerous studies, based on the cerebellar-cortical circuitry. This domain has been evaluated in several patients with cerebellar disorders, but the assessment of visuospatial processing in Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) is scarce. The aim of this study is to analyze the visuospatial performance between CM-I adult patients and healthy controls. Participants have been tested using Block Design and Visual Puzzles subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Benton Judgment of Line Orientation test, and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test. The anxious-depressive symptomatology, the physical pain, and the premorbid intelligence have been controlled for, as well. The CM-I patients showed a significantly lower performance; however, after analyzing and controlling for the effect of clinical variables and psychopathological symptomatology, the main effect was maintained for visual puzzles and line orientation tasks. The findings suggest that CM-I patients show a poorer performance in tasks that require an exercise of perceptual reasoning without motor demand, accompanied by visualization and mental imagery of the stimuli. This study contributes towards the reinforcement of the evidence on the cognitive alterations associated to CM-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane García
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Esther Lázaro
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Imanol Amayra
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco López-Paz
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oscar Martínez
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sarah Berrocoso
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mohammad Al-Rashaida
- Neuro-e-Motion Research Team, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Av. Universidades 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jon Infante
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
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65
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Slapik M, Kronemer SI, Morgan O, Bloes R, Lieberman S, Mandel J, Rosenthal L, Marvel C. Visuospatial Organization and Recall in Cerebellar Ataxia. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:33-46. [PMID: 29949096 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Poor visuospatial skills can disrupt activities of daily living. The cerebellum has been implicated in visuospatial processing, and patients with cerebellar injury often exhibit poor visuospatial skills, as measured by impaired memory for the figure within the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure task (ROCF). Visuospatial skills are an inherent aspect of the ROCF; however, figure organization (i.e., the order in which the figure is reconstructed by the participant) can influence recall ability. The objective of this study was to examine and compare visuospatial and organization skills in people with cerebellar ataxia. We administered the ROCF to patients diagnosed with cerebellar ataxia and healthy controls. The cerebellar ataxia group included patients that carried a diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia (any subtype), autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, or cerebellar ataxia with unknown etiology. Primary outcome measures were organization and recall performance on the ROCF, with supplemental information derived from cognitive tests of visuospatial perception, working memory, processing speed, and motor function. Cerebellar ataxia patients revealed impaired figure organization relative to that of controls. Figure copy was impaired in the patients, but their subsequent recall performance was normal, suggesting compensation from initial organization and copying strategies. In controls, figure organization predicted recall performance, but this relationship was not observed in the patients. Instead, processing speed predicted patients' recall accuracy. Supplemental tasks indicated that visual perception was intact in the cerebellar ataxia group and that performance deficits were more closely tied to organization strategies than with visuospatial skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Slapik
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry St., Reed Hall W102A, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Owen Morgan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry St., Reed Hall W102A, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ryan Bloes
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry St., Reed Hall W102A, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Seth Lieberman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Mandel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry St., Reed Hall W102A, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Liana Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry St., Reed Hall W102A, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Cherie Marvel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry St., Reed Hall W102A, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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66
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Pescosolido MF, Kavanaugh BC, Pochet N, Schmidt M, Jerskey BA, Rogg JM, De Jager PL, Young-Pearse TL, Liu JS, Morrow EM. Complex Neurological Phenotype in Female Carriers of NHE6 Mutations. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2019; 5:98-108. [PMID: 31192222 DOI: 10.1159/000496341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in NHE6 (also termed SLC9A6) cause the X-linked neurological disorder Christianson syndrome (CS) in males. The purpose of this study was to examine the phenotypic spectrum of female carriers of NHE6 mutations. Twenty female carriers from 9 pedigrees were enrolled, ranging from approximately age 2 to 65. A subset of female carriers was assessed using standardized neuropsychological measures. Also, the association of NHE6 expression with markers of brain age was evaluated using 740 participants in the Religious Orders Study (ROS) and Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP). A majority, but not all, female carriers demonstrated a deficit in at least one neurocognitive domain (85%). A recognizable neuropsychological profile emerged, revealing impairments in visuospatial function, attention, and executive function. Common neuropsychiatric diagnoses included: intellectual disability/developmental delay (20%), learning difficulties (31%), speech/language delays (30%), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (20%). Notable neurological diagnoses in aging CS female carriers include corticobasal degeneration and atypical parkinsonism. In postmortem brains from the ROS/MAP dataset of normal and pathological aging, decreased NHE6 expression was correlated with greater tau deposition. Our study provides an examination of the phenotypic range in female carriers of NHE6 mutations. The findings indicate that NHE6-related disease in females represents a new neurogenetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Pescosolido
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, East Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Brian C Kavanaugh
- Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, East Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nathalie Pochet
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, East Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Beth A Jerskey
- Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, East Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rogg
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judy S Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eric M Morrow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, East Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Hoang DH, Pagnier A, Cousin E, Guichardet K, Schiff I, Icher C, Dilharreguy B, Grill J, Frappaz D, Berger C, Schneider F, Dubois-Teklali F, Krainik A. Anatomo-functional study of the cerebellum in working memory in children treated for medulloblastoma. J Neuroradiol 2019; 46:207-213. [PMID: 30731145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2019.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant cerebral tumor during childhood, arising in the posterior fossa. Children treated for medulloblastoma often experience working memory (WM) deficits, affecting their quality of life and school performance. The aim of the present study undertaken to describe the cerebellar involvement in WM deficits observed in these children. MATERIAL AND METHODS 23 healthy children and 11 children treated for medulloblastoma were included into study. All subjects performed a detailed neuropsychological examination, an anatomical and functional MRI. Stimuli were presented to the participants with alternating sensory modality and nature of communication in a block design during functional magnetic resonance imaging acquisitions. Non-parametric tests were used for analyzing neuropsychological and behavioral data. SPM8 and SUIT (Spatially Unbiased Atlas Template) were used for anatomical and functional MRI data analyses. RESULTS Patients had cerebellar resections mainly located in the left posterior lobe. Patients had significantly reduced intelligence quotient, central executive and visuospatial WM. In healthy children group, fMRI showed activations for non-verbal and visuospatial WM in the left posterior cerebellar lobe. CONCLUSION This study provides further evidence that left posterior cerebellar lobe plays a critical role in WM. Indeed, lesions of left posterior cerebellar lobe were associated with WM impairment in children treated for cerebellar medulloblastoma. Additionally, fMRI using WM tasks showed activation in the left posterior cerebellar lobe in healthy children. Taken together, these findings may help for improving treatment and rehabilitation of children referred for cerebellar tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Ha Hoang
- Grenoble institute of neurosciences, Inserm U836, 38000 Grenoble, France; University Grenoble Alps, 38000 Grenoble, France; Department of radiology, Viettiep university hospital, Haiphong, Viet Nam
| | - Anne Pagnier
- Department of pediatrics, Grenoble university hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Emilie Cousin
- UMS IRMaGe, 38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoratory of psychology and neurocognition, university Pierre-Mendès, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Karine Guichardet
- Department of pediatrics, Grenoble university hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Schiff
- Department of pediatrics, Grenoble university hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Celine Icher
- Department of pediatrics, Bordeaux university hospital, 38000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jacques Grill
- Department of pediatrics, Gustave-Roussy institute, 38000 Villejuif, France
| | - Didier Frappaz
- Institute of pediatrics haematology and oncology, 38000 Lyon, France
| | - Claire Berger
- Department of pediatrics, Saint-Etienne university hospital, 38000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Fabien Schneider
- Department of neuroradiology, Saint-Etienne university hospital, 38000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | | | - Alexandre Krainik
- Grenoble institute of neurosciences, Inserm U836, 38000 Grenoble, France; University Grenoble Alps, 38000 Grenoble, France; UMS IRMaGe, 38000 Grenoble, France; Department of pediatrics, Bordeaux university hospital, 38000 Bordeaux, France; Department of neuroradiology and MRI, Grenoble university hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Sörös P, Hoxhaj E, Borel P, Sadohara C, Feige B, Matthies S, Müller HHO, Bachmann K, Schulze M, Philipsen A. Hyperactivity/restlessness is associated with increased functional connectivity in adults with ADHD: a dimensional analysis of resting state fMRI. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:43. [PMID: 30683074 PMCID: PMC6347794 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a serious and frequent psychiatric disorder of multifactorial pathogenesis. Several lines of evidence support the idea that ADHD is, in its core, a disorder of dysfunctional brain connectivity within and between several neurofunctional networks. The primary aim of this study was to investigate associations between the functional connectivity within resting state brain networks and the individual severity of core ADHD symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity). METHODS Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data of 38 methylphenidate-naïve adults with childhood-onset ADHD (20 women, mean age 40.5 years) were analyzed using independent component analysis (FSL's MELODIC) and FSL's dual regression technique. For motion correction, standard volume-realignment followed by independent component analysis-based automatic removal of motion artifacts (FSL's ICA-AROMA) were employed. To identify well-established brain networks, the independent components found in the ADHD group were correlated with brain networks previously found in healthy participants (Smith et al. PNAS 2009;106:13040-5). To investigate associations between functional connectivity and individual symptom severity, sex, and age, linear regressions were performed. RESULTS Decomposition of resting state brain activity of adults with ADHD resulted in similar resting state networks as previously described for healthy adults. No significant differences in functional connectivity were seen between women and men. Advanced age was associated with decreased functional connectivity in parts of the bilateral cingulate and paracingulate cortex within the executive control network. More severe hyperactivity was associated with increased functional connectivity in the left putamen, right caudate nucleus, right central operculum and a portion of the right postcentral gyrus within the auditory/sensorimotor network. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports and extends our knowledge on the involvement of the striatum in the pathophysiology of ADHD, in particular, in the pathogenesis of hyperactivity. Our results emphasize the usefulness of dimensional analyses in the study of ADHD, a highly heterogeneous disorder. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN12722296 ( https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN12722296 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sörös
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany. .,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Eliza Hoxhaj
- grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Borel
- grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chiharu Sadohara
- grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Swantje Matthies
- grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helge H. O. Müller
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Bachmann
- 0000 0001 1009 3608grid.5560.6Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schulze
- grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Sandgren AM, Brummer RJ. ADHD-originating in the gut? The emergence of a new explanatory model. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:135-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lázaro E, García M, Ibarrola A, Amayra I, López-Paz JF, Martínez O, Pérez M, Berrocoso S, Al-Rashaida M, Rodríguez AA, Fernández P, Luna PM. Chiari Type I Malformation Associated With Verbal Fluency Impairment. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2018; 61:2458-2466. [PMID: 30304345 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chiari malformation (CM) Type I is a rare disorder that implies an anomaly in the craniocervical junction, where one or both cerebellar tonsils are displaced below the foramen magnum into the cervical spinal channel. Research carried out regarding cognitive symptoms such as verbal fluency is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate whether verbal fluency is impaired in a CM clinical group compared to a group of healthy control individuals while controlling for depression and anxiety symptomatology. METHOD For this purpose, 101 individuals were enrolled to take part in the study (51 CM, 50 healthy controls). The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Benton, de Hamsher, & Sivan, 1983) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) were administered. RESULTS Results showed significantly lower scores for the CM group in verbal fluency compared to the control group (p < .005). After performing an analysis of covariance to eliminate depression and anxiety symptomatology tendencies, it was observed that verbal fluency could not be predicted by this variable (p > .005). CONCLUSIONS From the results of this study, it can be concluded that people suffering from CM exhibit less verbal fluency than healthy control individuals and that this difference is not caused by depression or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lázaro
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maitane García
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ane Ibarrola
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Imanol Amayra
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco López-Paz
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oscar Martínez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sarah Berrocoso
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mohammad Al-Rashaida
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alicia Aurora Rodríguez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula Fernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula María Luna
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
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Gold AK, Toomey R. The role of cerebellar impairment in emotion processing: a case study. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 30345063 PMCID: PMC6186118 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-018-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Though the cerebellum’s role in visuospatial and fine motor functioning has been well-established over the last several years, the role of the cerebellum in emotion has more recently been a focus of scientific inquiry. Cerebellar impairment has been associated with deficits in emotional processing and is linked to a wide range of clinical behaviors including social withdrawal, blunted emotional expression, and impulsivity. In addition, cerebellar impairments have been associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder and, more recently, obsessive-compulsive disorder. Case presentation We describe a 32-year-old patient who presented to our clinic for a neuropsychological evaluation with a childhood history of a cerebellar brain tumor and detail-oriented, perfectionistic tendencies. Neuropsychological assessment data revealed impairments in visuospatial processing and in fine motor skills, likely stemming from the cerebellar tumor. Clinical assessment led to a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and also suggested impairments in socio-emotional processing. Conclusions Our findings lend support to recent data which has suggested the impact of cerebellar impairment on emotional processing and related domains. Unlike many previous studies, however, our report focuses on an individual who, despite having marked impairments in certain domains, demonstrates a high level of functioning. We believe that this report holds important clinical relevance for proper diagnosis of cerebellar-related impairment and for the necessity of early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Gold
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA USA
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Distractor Inhibition in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence of a Selective Impairment for Individuals with Co-occurring Motor Difficulties. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 49:669-682. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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73
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Rabellino D, Densmore M, Théberge J, McKinnon MC, Lanius RA. The cerebellum after trauma: Resting-state functional connectivity of the cerebellum in posttraumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3354-3374. [PMID: 29667267 PMCID: PMC6866303 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a key role not only in motor function but also in affect and cognition. Although several psychopathological disorders have been associated with overall cerebellar dysfunction, it remains unclear whether different regions of the cerebellum contribute uniquely to psychopathology. Accordingly, we compared seed-based resting-state functional connectivity of the anterior cerebellum (lobule IV-V), of the posterior cerebellum (Crus I), and of the anterior vermis across posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 65), its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS; n = 37), and non-trauma-exposed healthy controls (HC; n = 47). Here, we observed decreased functional connectivity of the anterior cerebellum and anterior vermis with brain regions involved in somatosensory processing, multisensory integration, and bodily self-consciousness (temporo-parietal junction, postcentral gyrus, and superior parietal lobule) in PTSD + DS as compared to PTSD and HC. Moreover, the PTSD + DS group showed increased functional connectivity of the posterior cerebellum with cortical areas related to emotion regulation (ventromedial prefrontal and orbito-frontal cortex, subgenual anterior cingulum) as compared to PTSD. By contrast, PTSD showed increased functional connectivity of the anterior cerebellum with cortical areas associated with visual processing (fusiform gyrus), interoceptive awareness (posterior insula), memory retrieval, and contextual processing (hippocampus) as compared to HC. Finally, we observed decreased functional connectivity between the posterior cerebellum and prefrontal regions involved in emotion regulation, in PTSD as compared to HC. These findings not only highlight the crucial role of each cerebellar region examined in the psychopathology of PTSD but also reveal unique alterations in functional connectivity distinguishing the dissociative subtype of PTSD versus PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rabellino
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Imaging DivisionLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Maria Densmore
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Imaging DivisionLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Imaging DivisionLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Margaret C. McKinnon
- Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's HealthcareHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural NeurosciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Homewood Research InstituteGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Imaging DivisionLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
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Jamshidi AO, Priddy B, Beer-Furlan A, Prevedello DM. Infradentate Approach to the Fourth Ventricle. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2018; 16:167-178. [DOI: 10.1093/ons/opy175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The use of minimally invasive transcranial ports for the resection of deep-seated lesions has been shown to be safe and effective for supratentorial lesions. The routine use of this surgical modality for posterior fossa masses has not been well established in the literature. In particular, fourth ventricular tumors are not the typical target for neuro-port surgery because of potential injury to the dentate nucleus.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the use of a tubular retractor system to reach the fourth ventricle while sparing the cerebellar vermis and the dentate nucleus. Three cases illustrations are presented.
METHODS
Surgical access to the fourth ventricle was developed sparing the cerebellar vermis and the dentate nucleus. The authors reviewed 3 cases to illustrate the feasibility of minimal access transcerebellar port surgery for the resection of these lesions using an infradentate access.
RESULTS
None of the patients developed new neurological deficits and the pathology was successfully resected in all cases. There were no major complications related to surgery and no mortalities.
CONCLUSION
The infradentate approach obviates the need for traditional approaches to the fourth ventricle, thus making this challenging target in the posterior fossa more accessible to neurosurgeons. The authors observed successful removal of lesions involving the fourth ventricle while avoiding any associated morbidity or mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali O Jamshidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Blake Priddy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andre Beer-Furlan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daniel M Prevedello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Zhao G, Walsh K, Long J, Gui W, Denisova K. Reduced structural complexity of the right cerebellar cortex in male children with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196964. [PMID: 29995885 PMCID: PMC6040688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum contains 80% of all neurons in the human brain and contributes prominently to implicit learning and predictive processing across motor, sensory, and cognitive domains. As morphological features of the cerebellum in atypically developing individuals remain unexplored in-vivo, this is the first study to use high-resolution 3D fractal analysis to estimate fractal dimension (FD), a measure of structural complexity of an object, of the left and right cerebellar cortex (automatically segmented from Magnetic Resonance Images using FreeSurfer), in male children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) (N = 20; mean age: 8.8 years old, range: 7.13-10.27) and sex, age, verbal-IQ, and cerebellar volume-matched typically developing (TD) boys (N = 18; mean age: 8.9 years old, range: 6.47-10.52). We focus on an age range within the 'middle and late childhood' period of brain development, between 6 and 12 years. A Mann-Whitney U test revealed a significant reduction in the FD of the right cerebellar cortex in ASD relative to TD boys (P = 0.0063, Bonferroni-corrected), indicating flatter and less regular surface protrusions in ASD relative to TD males. Consistent with the prediction that the cerebellum participates in implicit learning, those ASD boys with a higher (vs. lower) PIQ>VIQ difference showed higher, more normative complexity values, closer to TD children, providing new insight on our understanding of the neurological basis of differences in verbal and performance cognitive abilities that often characterize individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihu Zhao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kirwan Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jun Long
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (KD); (JL)
| | - Weihua Gui
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kristina Denisova
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States of America
- Sackler Institute for Psychobiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KD); (JL)
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76
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Superior Visual Search and Crowding Abilities Are Not Characteristic of All Individuals on the Autism Spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:3499-3512. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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77
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Sweeney KL, Ryan M, Schneider H, Ferenc L, Denckla MB, Mahone EM. Developmental Trajectory of Motor Deficits in Preschool Children with ADHD. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:419-429. [PMID: 29757012 PMCID: PMC5991607 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1466888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Motor deficits persisting into childhood (>7 years) are associated with increased executive and cognitive dysfunction, likely due to parallel neural circuitry. This study assessed the longitudinal trajectory of motor deficits in preschool children with ADHD, compared to typically developing (TD) children, in order to identify individuals at risk for anomalous neurological development. Participants included 47 children (21 ADHD, 26 TD) ages 4-7 years who participated in three visits (V1, V2, V3), each one year apart (V1=48-71 months, V2=60-83 months, V3=72-95 months). Motor variables assessed included speed (finger tapping and sequencing), total overflow, and axial movements from the Revised Physical and Neurological Examination for Subtle Signs (PANESS). Effects for group, visit, and group-by-visit interaction were examined. There were significant effects for group (favoring TD) for finger tapping speed and total axial movements, visit (performance improving with age for all 4 variables), and a significant group-by-visit interaction for finger tapping speed. Motor speed (repetitive finger tapping) and quality of axial movements are sensitive markers of anomalous motor development associated with ADHD in children as young as 4 years. Conversely, motor overflow and finger sequencing speed may be less sensitive in preschool, due to ongoing wide variations in attainment of these milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L Sweeney
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Matthew Ryan
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Heather Schneider
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Lisa Ferenc
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Beckinghausen J, Sillitoe RV. Insights into cerebellar development and connectivity. Neurosci Lett 2018; 688:2-13. [PMID: 29746896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a well-established role in controlling motor functions such coordination, balance, posture, and skilled learning. There is mounting evidence that it might also play a critical role in non-motor functions such as cognition and emotion. It is therefore not surprising that cerebellar defects are associated with a wide array of diseases including ataxia, dystonia, tremor, schizophrenia, dyslexia, and autism spectrum disorder. What is intriguing is that a seemingly uniform circuit that is often described as being "simple" should carry out all of these behaviors. Analyses of how cerebellar circuits develop have revealed that such descriptions massively underestimate the complexity of the cerebellum. The cerebellum is in fact highly patterned and organized around a series of parasagittal stripes and transverse zones. This topographic architecture partitions all cerebellar circuits into functional modules that are thought to enhance processing power during cerebellar dependent behaviors. What are arguably the most remarkable features of cerebellar topography are the developmental processes that produce them. This review is concerned with the genetic and cellular mechanisms that orchestrate cerebellar patterning. We place a major focus on how Purkinje cells control multiple aspects of cerebellar circuit assembly. Using this model, we discuss evidence for how "zebra-like" patterns in Purkinje cells sculpt the cerebellum, how specific genetic cues mediate the process, and how activity refines the patterns into an adult map that is capable of executing various functions. We also discuss how defective Purkinje cell patterning might impact the pathogenesis of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of TX Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of TX Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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79
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Rogers JM, Savage G, Stoodley MA. A Systematic Review of Cognition in Chiari I Malformation. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 28:176-187. [PMID: 29468516 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Displacement of the cerebellar tonsils in Chiari type I malformation (CMI) can affect functions controlled by the cerebellum and brainstem. While playing an integral role in the control of movement, the cerebellum also has widespread cortical connections, influencing a range of cognitive process. A systematic literature review was conducted to examine the relationship between cognition and CMI, assessing evidence for general or domain-specific cognitive change. The search protocol examined the AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases. Articles meeting the following criteria were included in this review (i) examined children or adults with a clinically defined diagnosis of CMI, (ii) assessed cognitive function with a prospective examination, (iii) included at least one standardized instrument designed to measure general or specific domains of cognitive function, and (iv) were published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. Twelve articles were identified, including 783 cases aged 3 months to 64 years. General cognition, processing speed, and learning and memory appeared less affected, while language deficits appeared to diminish with age. Executive dysfunction was the most commonly reported cognitive impairment, while attention and working memory, and visuospatial and perceptual skills also appeared vulnerable. Numerous methodological limitations were identified that should be considered in interpreting the impact of CMI and planning future investigations. Overall, there is currently insufficient evidence to describe a valid and reliable profile of cognitive impairment in CMI. Further research is required to confirm these preliminary psychometric results and integrate them with pathophysiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Rogers
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Rd, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Greg Savage
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Rd, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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Adamaszek M, D’Agata F, Steele CJ, Sehm B, Schoppe C, Strecker K, Woldag H, Hummelsheim H, Kirkby KC. Comparison of visual and auditory emotion recognition in patients with cerebellar and Parkinson´s disease. Soc Neurosci 2018; 14:195-207. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2018.1434089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adamaszek
- Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Federico D’Agata
- Department of Neuroscience, AOU San Giovanni Battista Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Christopher J. Steele
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Schoppe
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology, Sachsenklinik Bad Lausick, Bad Lausick, Germany
| | - Karl Strecker
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology, Sachsenklinik Bad Lausick, Bad Lausick, Germany
- Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, Leipzig University, Bennewitz, Germany
| | - Hartwig Woldag
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology, Sachsenklinik Bad Lausick, Bad Lausick, Germany
- Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, Leipzig University, Bennewitz, Germany
| | - Horst Hummelsheim
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology, Sachsenklinik Bad Lausick, Bad Lausick, Germany
- Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, Leipzig University, Bennewitz, Germany
| | - Kenneth C. Kirkby
- Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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81
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Shin MA, Park OT, Shin JH. Anatomical Correlates of Neuropsychological Deficits Among Patients With the Cerebellar Stroke. Ann Rehabil Med 2017; 41:924-934. [PMID: 29354568 PMCID: PMC5773435 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2017.41.6.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the anatomical correlates of the neuropsychological deficits in patients with the cerebellar stroke. Methods We screened patients who were admitted to the National Rehabilitation Center with the cerebellar stroke between October 2012 and November 2016. The patients with the cerebellar stroke who underwent neuropsychological testing for which the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) or the SNSB-II were enrolled. The neuropsychological function capacities were compared in accordance with the stroke type (hemorrhagic vs. ischemic) and the location (right/left anterior, right/left posterior intermediate, right/left posterior lateral lobe, and vermis). Mean z-scores were computed to compare the patient performances with the population averages. Results Twenty-six patients (15 with ischemic stroke and 11 with hemorrhagic stroke) with a mean age of 54.8±16.6 years were assessed 8.8±9.2 months after the stroke. Differences in the neuropsychological functioning according to the stroke type were not observed. All of the numerical subtests of the stroke patients showed significantly poorer performances compared with the population averages (mean z-score <0), and some of the subtests revealed abnormal performances in attention-, visuospatial function-, memory-, and frontal/executive function-related tasks (mean z-score <−1). The patients with the presence of a lesion in the right posterior intermediate lobe of the cerebellum showed a poorer performance in the subtests evaluating the executive function including the Korean-version Stroop Test (p=0.04), the Digit Symbol Coding Test (p=0.01), and the Korean-version Trail Making Test (p=0.02) compared with the patients without that lesion. Conclusion The present study confirms that the cerebellar stroke affects the neuropsychological functioning which is associated with the anatomical site of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min A Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oak Tae Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Korea
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82
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Van Dam D, Vermeiren Y, Dekker AD, Naudé PJW, Deyn PPD. Neuropsychiatric Disturbances in Alzheimer's Disease: What Have We Learned from Neuropathological Studies? Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 13:1145-64. [PMID: 27137218 PMCID: PMC5070416 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666160502123607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are an integral part of the dementia syndrome and were therefore recently included in the core diagnostic criteria of dementia. The near universal prevalence of NPS in Alzheimer's disease (AD), combined with their disabling effects on patients and caregivers, is contrasted by the fact that few effective and safe treatments exist, which is in part to be attributed to our incomplete understanding of the neurobiology of NPS. In this review, we describe the pathological alterations typical for AD, including spreading and evolution of burden, effect on the molecular and cellular integrity, functional consequences and atrophy of NPS-relevant brain regions and circuits in correlation with specific NPS assessments. It is thereby clearly established that NPS are fundamental expressions of the underlying neurodegenerative brain disease and not simply reflect the patients' secondary response to their illness. Neuropathological studies, moreover, include a majority of end-stage patient samples, which may not correctly represent the pathophysiological environment responsible for particular NPS that may already be present in an early stage, or even prior to AD diagnosis. The burdensome nature and high prevalence of NPS, in combination with the absence of effective and safe pharmacotherapies, provide a strong incentive to continue neuropathological and neurochemical, as well as imaging and other relevant approaches to further improve our apprehension of the neurobiology of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter P De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, and, Faculty of Medical and Health Care Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
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83
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Shiroma A, Nishimura M, Nagamine H, Miyagi T, Hokama Y, Watanabe T, Murayama S, Tsutsui M, Tominaga D, Ishiuchi S. Cerebellar Contribution to Pattern Separation of Human Hippocampal Memory Circuits. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:645-662. [PMID: 26439485 PMCID: PMC5097115 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a crucial structure for cognitive function as well as motor control. Benign brain tumors such as schwannomas, meningiomas, and epidermoids tend to occur in the cerebellopontine angle cisterns and may cause compression of the posterior lateral cerebellum near the superior posterior fissure, where the eloquent area for cognitive function was recently identified. The present study examined cognitive impairment in patients with benign cerebellar tumors before and after surgical intervention in order to clarify the functional implications of this region in humans. Patients with cerebellar tumors showed deficits in psychomotor speed and working memory compared with healthy controls. Moreover, these impairments were more pronounced in patients with right cerebellar tumors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of a lure task also demonstrated that cerebellar tumors affected pattern separation or the ability to distinguish similar experiences of episodic memory or events with discrete, non-overlapping representations, which is one of the important cognitive functions related to the hippocampus. The present findings indicate that compression of the human posterior lateral cerebellum affects hippocampal memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Shiroma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nishimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hideki Nagamine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Miyagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yohei Hokama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Murayama
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Masato Tsutsui
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tominaga
- Okinawa Study Center, The Open University of Japan, 1Senbru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0219, Japan
| | - Shogo Ishiuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-machi, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
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Bond KM, Brinjikji W, Eckel LJ, Kallmes DF, McDonald RJ, Carr CM. Dentate Update: Imaging Features of Entities That Affect the Dentate Nucleus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:1467-1474. [PMID: 28408628 PMCID: PMC7960439 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dentate nucleus is a cerebellar structure involved in voluntary motor function and cognition. There are relatively few entities that affect the dentate, and the clinical features of these conditions are often complex and nonspecific. Because these entities are rarely encountered, the formulation of a differential diagnosis can be difficult. Many of the conditions are reversible or treatable with early intervention. Therefore, it is important to recognize classic clinical presentations and their associated characteristic imaging findings. We provide a summary of entities that affect the dentate nucleus and a diagnostic workflow for approaching dentate nucleus imaging abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bond
- From Mayo Clinic School of Medicine (K.M.B.)
| | - W Brinjikji
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - L J Eckel
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - D F Kallmes
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - R J McDonald
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - C M Carr
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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85
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Bolceková E, Mojzeš M, Van Tran Q, Kukal J, Ostrý S, Kulišťák P, Rusina R. Cognitive impairment in cerebellar lesions: a logit model based on neuropsychological testing. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2017; 4:13. [PMID: 28775852 PMCID: PMC5534033 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-017-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Damage to the cerebellum may lead to motor dysfunctions, but also to the neuropsychological deficits that comprise the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome (CCAS). It can affect executive functions, attention, memory, visuospatial functions, language, and emotions. Our goal was to determine which neuropsychological tests could be effectively used to identify this syndrome during a short examination. Methods Twenty-five patients with an isolated cerebellar lesion and 25 matched healthy controls were examined using an extensive neuropsychological battery. Results Logistic regression models and sub-models were computed for individual tests, as well as for the full battery. The best results were produced by a model combining patient education level, the number of errors on the California Verbal Learning Test, and time on Prague Stroop Test (Dots). Conclusions Based on the results, we suggest that a condensed battery of neuropsychological tests can be used to detect CCAS. The tests are easy to administer and could be helpful in both research and clinical settings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40673-017-0071-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bolceková
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Mojzeš
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Quang Van Tran
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Kukal
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Svatopluk Ostrý
- Department of Neurology, Hospital České Budějovice, a.s., České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kulišťák
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Rusina
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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86
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Lindsay E, Storey E. Cognitive Changes in the Spinocerebellar Ataxias Due to Expanded Polyglutamine Tracts: A Survey of the Literature. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7070083. [PMID: 28708110 PMCID: PMC5532596 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7070083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dominantly-inherited ataxias characterised by expanded polyglutamine tracts—spinocere bellar ataxias (SCAs) 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) and, in part, SCA 8—have all been shown to result in various degrees of cognitive impairment. We survey the literature on the cognitive consequences of each disorder, attempting correlation with their published neuropathological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical features. We suggest several psychometric instruments for assessment of executive function, whose results are unlikely to be confounded by visual, articulatory or upper limb motor difficulties. Finally, and with acknowledgement of the inadequacies of the literature to date, we advance a tentative classification of these disorders into three groups, based on the reported severity of their cognitive impairments, and correlated with their neuropathological topography and MRI findings: group 1—SCAs 6 and 8—mild dysexecutive syndrome based on disruption of cerebello-cortical circuitry; group 2—SCAs 1, 2, 3, and 7—more extensive deficits based largely on disruption of striatocortical in addition to cerebello-cerebral circuitry; and group 3—SCA 17 and DRPLA—in which cognitive impairment severe enough to cause a dementia syndrome is a frequent feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Lindsay
- Department of Medicine (Neuroscience), Monash University (Alfred Hospital Campus), Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Medicine (Neuroscience), Monash University (Alfred Hospital Campus), Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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87
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Kim SM, Hyun GJ, Jung TW, Son YD, Cho IH, Kee BS, Han DH. Balance Deficit and Brain Connectivity in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:452-457. [PMID: 28845172 PMCID: PMC5561403 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.4.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess disturbances in postural and gait balance and functional connectivity within the brain regions controlling balance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Thirteen children with ADHD and 13 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. Gait balance was assessed by the difference in the center of pressure (COP) between the left and right foot, as well as the difference in plantar pressure between the left and right foot during gait. Neuroimaging data were acquired using a 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner. Functional connectivity between the vermis of the cerebellum and all other brain regionswas assessed. RESULTS The difference in plantar pressure between the left foot and right foot in the ADHD group was greater than that observed in the control group. The average COP jerk score of the right foot in the ADHD group was higher than that observed in the control group. A higher functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the right middle frontal gyrus (premotor cortex) and medial frontal gyrus (cingulate gyrus) was observed in the control group relative to the ADHD group. In the ADHD group, the difference in plantar pressure between the left and right foot was also negatively correlated with the beta-value within the middle frontal gyrus. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD had disturbance of balance as assessed by plantar pressure. Decreased brain connectivity from the cerebellum to the premotor cortex and anterior cingulate was associated with disturbances of posture and balance in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jung Hyun
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woon Jung
- Department of Therapeutic Riding, Jeonju Kijeon College, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Don Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hee Cho
- Dr. Cho's Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik Seok Kee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Assessing mental health in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Emotional, behavioural and neurodevelopmental profile in an Italian clinical sample. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2017; 21:639-647. [PMID: 28392227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate through a comprehensive protocol, the psychopathological profile of DMD boys. The primary aim of this observational study was to describe the emotional and behavioural profile and the neurodevelopmental problems of Italian boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD); the secondary aim was to explore the relation between psychopathological profile and DMD genotype. METHOD 47 DMD boys, aged 2-18, were included in the study and assessed through structured and validated tools including Wechsler scales or Griffiths for cognitive ability, Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Youth Self Report (YSR) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for emotional and behavioural features. Patients "at risk" based on questionnaires scores were evaluated by a clinical structured interview using Development and Well Being Assessment (DAWBA) or Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), as required. RESULTS The 47 enrolled patients, defined with a Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) of 80.38 (one SD below average), and presenting a large and significant difference in FSIQ in relation to the site of mutation along the dystrophin gene (distal mutations associated with a more severe cognitive deficit), were showing Internalizing Problems (23.4%) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (14.8%). Interestingly, an association of internalizing problems with distal deletion of the DMD gene is documented. CONCLUSION Even though preliminary, these data show that the use of validated clinical instruments, that focus on the impact of emotional/behaviour problems on everyday life, allows to carefully identify clinically significant psychopathology.
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89
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McLachlan NM, Wilson SJ. The Contribution of Brainstem and Cerebellar Pathways to Auditory Recognition. Front Psychol 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28373850 PMCID: PMC5357638 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been known to play an important role in motor functions for many years. More recently its role has been expanded to include a range of cognitive and sensory-motor processes, and substantial neuroimaging and clinical evidence now points to cerebellar involvement in most auditory processing tasks. In particular, an increase in the size of the cerebellum over recent human evolution has been attributed in part to the development of speech. Despite this, the auditory cognition literature has largely overlooked afferent auditory connections to the cerebellum that have been implicated in acoustically conditioned reflexes in animals, and could subserve speech and other auditory processing in humans. This review expands our understanding of auditory processing by incorporating cerebellar pathways into the anatomy and functions of the human auditory system. We reason that plasticity in the cerebellar pathways underpins implicit learning of spectrotemporal information necessary for sound and speech recognition. Once learnt, this information automatically recognizes incoming auditory signals and predicts likely subsequent information based on previous experience. Since sound recognition processes involving the brainstem and cerebellum initiate early in auditory processing, learnt information stored in cerebellar memory templates could then support a range of auditory processing functions such as streaming, habituation, the integration of auditory feature information such as pitch, and the recognition of vocal communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. McLachlan
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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90
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Dayan M, Olivito G, Molinari M, Cercignani M, Bozzali M, Leggio M. Impact of cerebellar atrophy on cortical gray matter and cerebellar peduncles as assessed by voxel-based morphometry and high angular resolution diffusion imaging. FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 31:239-248. [PMID: 28072384 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2016.31.4.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years the cerebellum has been attributed amore important role in higher-level functions than previously believed. We examined a cohort of patients suffering from cerebellar atrophy resulting in ataxia, with two main objectives: first to investigate which regions of the cerebrum were affected by the cerebellar degeneration, and second to assess whether diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) metrics within the medial (MCP) and superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) - namely fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) - could be used as a biomarker in patients with this condition. Structural and dMRI data of seven patients with cerebellar atrophy (2 with spinocerebellar atrophy type 2, 1 with Friedreich's ataxia, 4 with idiopathic cerebellar ataxia) and no visible cortical lesions or cortical atrophy were investigated with Freesurfer and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) of gray matter (GM) as well as MCP and SCP FA maps. Correlations of MCP and SCP mean FA with ataxia scores and subscores were also evaluated. Freesurfer showed that patients had significantly reduced volume of the thalamus, ventral diencephalon and pallidum. VBM also demonstrated significantly lower local GM volumes in patients, notably in the head of the caudate nucleus, posterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex bilaterally, as well as in Broca's area in the left hemisphere, and a significant increase in RD in the MCP and SCP of both hemispheres. A significant correlation was found between MCP mean FA and total ataxia score (R=-0.7, p=0.03), and subscores for kinetic functions (R=-0.74, p=0.03) and oculomotor disorders (R=-0.70, p=0.04). The regions of the cerebrum found to have significantly lower local GM volumes have been described to be involved in higher-level cerebellar functions such as initiation of voluntary movements, emotional control, memory retrieval and general cognition. Our findings corroborate recent research pointing to a more extensive corticocerebellar system than previously thought. The significant difference in the MCP and SCP dMRI metrics between patients and controls as well as the significant correlation with ataxia total score and subscores support the use of dMRI metrics as an imaging biomarker for cerebellar degeneration and ataxia.
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91
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Tailby C, Rayner G, Wilson S, Jackson G. The spatiotemporal substrates of autobiographical recollection: Using event-related ICA to study cognitive networks in action. Neuroimage 2017; 152:237-248. [PMID: 28263928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher cognitive functions depend upon dynamically unfolding brain network interactions. Autobiographical recollection - the autonoetic re-experiencing of context rich, emotionally laden, personally experienced episodes - is an excellent example of such a process. Autobiographical recollection unfolds over time, with different cognitive processes engaged at different times throughout. In this paper we apply a recently developed analysis technique - event related independent components analysis (eICA) - to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activity supporting autobiographical recollection. Participants completed an in-scanner autobiographical recollection paradigm in which the recalled episodes varied in chronological age and emotional content. By combining eICA with these cognitive manipulations we show that the brain-wide response to autobiographical recollection comprises brain networks with (i) different sensitivities to psychological aspects of the to-be-recollected material and (ii) distinct temporal profiles of activity during recollection. We identified networks with transient activations (in language and cognitive control related regions) and deactivations (in auditory and sensorimotor regions) to each autobiographical probe question, as well as networks with responses that are sustained over the course of the recollection period. These latter networks together overlapped spatially with the broader default mode network (DMN), indicating subspecialisation within the DMN. The vividness of participants' recollection was associated with the magnitude of activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and deactivation in visual association cortices. We interpret our results in the context of current theories of the spatial and temporal organisation of the human autobiographical memory system. Our findings demonstrate the utility of eICA as a tool for studying higher cognitive functions. The application of eICA to high spatial and temporal resolution datasets identifies in a single experimental protocol spatially specific networks that are recruited during cognitive activity, as well as the temporal order of activation of these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tailby
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Genevieve Rayner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Wilson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme Jackson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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92
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Advanced structural neuroimaging in progressive supranuclear palsy: Where do we stand? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 36:19-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
According to current findings, in the history of neurology proposed by Hughlings Jackson, certain later developed functions during ontogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) tend to replace the older ones. In this context, recent and historical findings suggest that certain later developed cognitive and motor functions during brain ontogenesis related to higher levels of coordination tend to replace the older ones and their persistence is linked to various neuropsychiatric disorders. Particularly important functional disturbances in ADHD developed early in life likely linked to dissolution process are balance deficits linked to dysfunctions of higher levels of coordination related to neurophysiological and mental functions that typically occur in ADHD. In this context, recent data suggest that one of the important aspects of normal development that may play a role in ADHD is suppression of the so-called primitive reflexes. Taken together these data suggest that ADHD symptoms may present a compensatory process related to interference of more primitive neural mechanism, as related to primitive reflexes, with higher levels of brain functions linked to coordination and balance due to insufficiently developed cognitive and motor integration.
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94
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Gu F, Chauhan V, Chauhan A. Monoamine oxidase-A and B activities in the cerebellum and frontal cortex of children and young adults with autism. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1965-1972. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gu
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island New York
| | - Ved Chauhan
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island New York
| | - Abha Chauhan
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island New York
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Tailby C, Abbott DF, Jackson GD. The diminishing dominance of the dominant hemisphere: Language fMRI in focal epilepsy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 14:141-150. [PMID: 28180072 PMCID: PMC5279902 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
“Which is the dominant hemisphere?” is a question that arises frequently in patients considered for neurosurgery. The concept of the dominant hemisphere implies uniformity of language lateralisation throughout the brain. It is increasingly recognised that this is not the case in the healthy control brain, and it is especially not so in neurological diseases such as epilepsy. In the present work we adapt our published objective lateralisation method (based on the construction of laterality curves) for use with sub-lobar cortical, subcortical and cerebellar regions of interest (ROIs). We apply this method to investigate regional lateralisation of language activation in 12 healthy controls and 18 focal epilepsy patients, using three different block design language fMRI paradigms, each tapping different aspects of language processing. We compared lateralisation within each ROI across tasks, and investigated how the quantity of data collected affected the ability to robustly estimate laterality across ROIs. In controls, lateralisation was stronger, and the variance across individuals smaller, in cortical ROIs, particularly in the Inferior Frontal (Broca) region. Lateralisation within temporal ROIs was dependent on the nature of the language task employed. One of the healthy controls was left lateralised anteriorly and right lateralised posteriorly. Consistent with previous work, departures from normality occurred in ~ 15–50% of focal epilepsy patients across the different ROIs, with atypicality most common in the Lateral Temporal (Wernicke) region. Across tasks and ROIs the absolute magnitude of the laterality estimate increased and its across participant variance decreased as more cycles of task and rest were included, stabilising at ~ 4 cycles (~ 4 min of data collection). Our data highlight the importance of considering language as a complex task where lateralisation varies at the subhemispheric scale. This is especially important for presurgical planning for focal resections where the concept of ‘hemispheric dominance’ may be misleading. This is a precision medicine approach that enables objective evaluation of language dominance within specific brain regions and can reveal surprising and unexpected anomalies that may be clinically important for individual cases. Different brain regions support different aspects of language function. The degree of language lateralisation varies in different brain regions. Atypical lateralisation is common in focal epilepsy patients, particularly in the temporal lobe. Even in normal controls, frontal and temporal language systems can be in opposite hemispheres. Language dominance is more complex than often thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tailby
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David F Abbott
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme D Jackson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Chang M, Womer FY, Bai C, Zhou Q, Wei S, Jiang X, Geng H, Zhou Y, Tang Y, Wang F. Voxel-Based Morphometry in Individuals at Genetic High Risk for Schizophrenia and Patients with Schizophrenia during Their First Episode of Psychosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163749. [PMID: 27723806 PMCID: PMC5056757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding morphologic changes in vulnerable and early disease state of schizophrenia (SZ) may provide further insight into the development of psychosis. METHOD Whole brain voxel-based morphometry was performed to identify gray matter (GM) regional differences in 60 individuals with SZ during their first psychotic episode (FE-SZ), 31 individuals at genetic high risk for SZ (GHR-SZ) individuals, and 71 healthy controls. RESULTS Significant differences were found in several regions including the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, occipital lobe, and cerebellum among the three groups (p<0.05, corrected). Compared to the HC group, the FE-SZ group had significantly decreased GM volumes in several regions including the cerebellum, hippocampus, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and significantly increased GM volumes in the middle frontal gyrus and inferior operculum frontal gyrus (p<0.05). The GHR-SZ group had significant decreases in GM volumes in the supramaginal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and rolandic operculum and significant increases in GM volumes in the cerebellum, fusiform gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior operculum frontal gyrus, and superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri when compared to the HC group (p<0.05). Compared to the GHR-SZ group, the FE-SZ group had significant decreases in GM volumes in several regions including the cerebellum, fusiform gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings herein implicate the involvement of multisensory integration in SZ development and pathophysiology. Additionally, the patterns of observed differences suggest possible indicators of disease, vulnerability, and resiliency in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fay Y. Womer
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chuan Bai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Haiyang Geng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yifang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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97
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Womer FY, Tang Y, Harms MP, Bai C, Chang M, Jiang X, Wei S, Wang F, Barch DM. Sexual dimorphism of the cerebellar vermis in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:164-170. [PMID: 27401530 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence implicate structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebellum in schizophrenia (SCZ). The cerebellar vermis is of particular interest given its association with clinical symptoms and cognitive deficits in SCZ and its known connections with cortical regions such as the prefrontal cortex. Prior neuroimaging studies have shown structural and functional abnormalities in the vermis in SCZ. In this study, we examined the cerebellar vermis in 50 individuals with SCZ and 54 healthy controls (HC) using a quantitative volumetric approach. All participants underwent high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The vermis was manually traced for each participant, and vermis volumes were computed using semiautomated methods. Volumes for total vermis and vermis subregions (anterior and posterior vermis) were analyzed in the SCZ and HC groups. Significant diagnosis-by-sex interaction effects were found in total vermis and vermis subregion analyses. These effects appeared to be driven by significantly decreased posterior vermis volumes in males with SCZ. Exploratory analyses did not reveal significant effects of clinical variables (FEP status, illness duration, and BPRS total score and subscores) on vermis volumes. The findings herein highlight the presence of neural sex differences in SCZ and the need for considering sex-related factors in studying the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Y Womer
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; The Brain Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Michael P Harms
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chuan Bai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; The Brain Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Miao Chang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; The Brain Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; The Brain Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; The Brain Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; The Brain Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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98
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Torres-da-Silva KR, Da Silva AV, Barioni NO, Tessarin GWL, De Oliveira JA, Ervolino E, Horta-Junior JAC, Casatti CA. Neurochemistry study of spinal cord in non-human primate (Sapajus spp.). Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2623. [PMID: 27734991 PMCID: PMC5062631 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord is involved in local, ascending and descending neural pathways. Few studies analyzed the distribution of neuromediators in the laminae of non-human primates along all segments. The present study described the classic neuromediators in the spinal cord of the non-human primate Sapajus spp. through histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) method showed neuronal somata in the intermediolateral column (IML), central cervical nucleus (CCN), laminae I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and X, besides dense presence of nerve fibers in laminae II and IX. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evident in the neuronal somata in laminae V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, CCN, IML and in the Clarke’s column (CC). Immunohistochemistry data revealed neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity in neuronal somata and in fibers of laminae I, II, III, VII, VIII, X and IML; choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in neuronal somata and in fibers of laminae VII, VIII and IX; calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was noticed in neuronal somata of lamina IX and in nerve fibers of laminae I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII; substance P (SP) in nerve fibers of laminae I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, CCN, CC and IML; serotonin (5-HT) and vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGLUT1) was noticed in nerve fibers of all laminae; somatostatin (SOM) in neuronal somata of laminae III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX and nerve fibers in laminae I, II, V, VI, VII, X and IML; calbindin (Cb) in neuronal somata of laminae I, II, VI, VII, IX and X; parvalbumin (PV) was found in neuronal somata and in nerve fibers of laminae III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and CC; finally, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) was present in neuronal somata of laminae V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X. This study revealed interesting results concerning the chemoarchitecture of the Sapajus spp. spinal cord with a distribution pattern mostly similar to other mammals. The data corroborate the result described in literature, except for some differences in CGRP, SP, Cb, PV and GABA immunoreactivities present in neuronal somata and in nerve fibers. This could suggest certain specificity for the neurochemistry distribution in this non-human primate species, besides adding relevant data to support further studies related to processes involving spinal cord components.
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99
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The Contribution of the Cerebellum in the Hierarchial Development of the Self. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:711-21. [PMID: 25940545 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
What distinguishes human beings from other living organisms is that a human perceives himself as a "self". The self is developed hierarchially in a multi-layered process, which is based on the evolutionary maturation of the nervous system and patterns according to the rules and demands of the external world. Many researchers have attempted to explain the different aspects of the self, as well as the related neural substrates. In this paper, we first review the previously proposed ideas regarding the neurobiology of the self. We then suggest a new hypothesis regarding the hierarchial self, which proposes that the self is developed at three stages: subjective, objective, and reflective selves. In the second part, we attempt to answer the question "Why do we need a self?" We therefore explain that different parts of the self developed in an effort to identify stability in space, stability against constantly changing objects, and stability against changing cognitions. Finally, we discuss the role of the cerebellum as the neural substrate for the self.
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100
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Nixon SJ, Prather R, Lewis B. Sex differences in alcohol-related neurobehavioral consequences. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 125:253-72. [PMID: 25307580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62619-6.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review existing research regarding sex differences in alcohol's effects on neurobehavioral functions/processes. Drawn largely from laboratory studies, literature regarding acute alcohol administration and chronic alcohol misuse is explored focusing on commonly employed neuropsychologic domains (e.g., executive function, visuospatial skills, learning and memory, gait and balance), neurophysiologic measures (e.g., electroencephalography and event-related potentials), and structural and functional neuroimaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy). To provide a historical perspective on the development of these questions, we have included reference to early and more recent research. Additionally, specific biases, knowledge gaps, and continuing controversies are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jo Nixon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Robert Prather
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ben Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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