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Inactivation of RAD52 and HDF1 DNA repair genes leads to premature chronological aging and cellular instability. J Biosci 2018; 42:219-230. [PMID: 28569246 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-017-9684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the role of radiation sensitive 52 (RAD52) and high-affinity DNA binding factor 1 (HDF1) DNA repair genes on the life span of budding yeasts during chronological aging. Wild type (wt) and rad52, hdf1, and rad52 hdf1 mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were used. Chronological aging and survival assays were studied by clonogenic assay and drop test. DNA damage was analyzed by electrophoresis after phenol extraction. Mutant analysis, colony forming units and the index of respiratory competence were studied by growing on dextrose and glycerol plates as a carbon source. Rad52 and rad52 hdf1 mutants showed a gradual decrease in surviving fraction in relation to wt and hdf1 mutant during aging. Genomic DNA was spontaneously more degraded during aging, mainly in rad52 mutants. This strain showed an increased percentage of revertant colonies. Moreover, all mutants showed a decrease in the index of respiratory competence during aging. The inactivation of RAD52 leads to premature chronological aging with an increase in DNA degradation and mutation frequency. In addition, RAD52 and HDF1 contribute to maintain the metabolic state, in a different way, during chronological aging. The results obtained could have important implications in the chronobiology of aging.
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Maqani N, Fine RD, Shahid M, Li M, Enriquez-Hesles E, Smith JS. Spontaneous mutations in CYC8 and MIG1 suppress the short chronological lifespan of budding yeast lacking SNF1/AMPK. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:233-248. [PMID: 29796388 PMCID: PMC5961917 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.05.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronologically aging yeast cells are prone to adaptive regrowth, whereby mutants with a survival advantage spontaneously appear and re-enter the cell cycle in stationary phase cultures. Adaptive regrowth is especially noticeable with short-lived strains, including those defective for SNF1, the homolog of mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). SNF1 becomes active in response to multiple environmental stresses that occur in chronologically aging cells, including glucose depletion and oxidative stress. SNF1 is also required for the extension of chronological lifespan (CLS) by caloric restriction (CR) as defined as limiting glucose at the time of culture inoculation. To identify specific downstream SNF1 targets responsible for CLS extension during CR, we screened for adaptive regrowth mutants that restore chronological longevity to a short-lived snf1∆ parental strain. Whole genome sequencing of the adapted mutants revealed missense mutations in TPR motifs 9 and 10 of the transcriptional co-repressor Cyc8 that specifically mediate repression through the transcriptional repressor Mig1. Another mutation occurred in MIG1 itself, thus implicating the activation of Mig1-repressed genes as a key function of SNF1 in maintaining CLS. Consistent with this conclusion, the cyc8 TPR mutations partially restored growth on alternative carbon sources and significantly extended CLS compared to the snf1∆ parent. Furthermore, cyc8 TPR mutations reactivated multiple Mig1-repressed genes, including the transcription factor gene CAT8, which is responsible for activating genes of the glyoxylate and gluconeogenesis pathways. Deleting CAT8 completely blocked CLS extension by the cyc8 TPR mutations on CLS, identifying these pathways as key Snf1-regulated CLS determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazif Maqani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ryan D Fine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mehreen Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mingguang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Elisa Enriquez-Hesles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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Libby E, Driscoll WW, Ratcliff WC. Programmed cell death can increase the efficacy of microbial bet -hedging. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1120. [PMID: 29348455 PMCID: PMC5773525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. While PCD plays a key role in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms, explaining why single-celled organisms would evolve to actively commit suicide has been far more challenging. Here, we explore the potential for PCD to act as an accessory to microbial bet-hedging strategies that utilize stochastic phenotype switching. We consider organisms that face unpredictable and recurring disasters, in which fitness depends on effective phenotypic diversification. We show that when reproductive opportunities are limited by carrying capacity, PCD drives population turnover, providing increased opportunities for phenotypic diversification through stochastic phenotype switching. The main cost of PCD, providing resources for growth to a PCD(−) competitor, is ameliorated by genetic assortment in spatially structured populations. Using agent -based simulations, we explore how basic demographic factors, namely bottlenecks and local dispersal, can generate sufficient spatial structure to favor the evolution of high PCD rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Libby
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - William W Driscoll
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA
| | - William C Ratcliff
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Deprez MA, Eskes E, Wilms T, Ludovico P, Winderickx J. pH homeostasis links the nutrient sensing PKA/TORC1/Sch9 ménage-à-trois to stress tolerance and longevity. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:119-136. [PMID: 29487859 PMCID: PMC5826700 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.03.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane H+-ATPase Pma1 and the vacuolar V-ATPase act in close harmony to tightly control pH homeostasis, which is essential for a vast number of physiological processes. As these main two regulators of pH are responsive to the nutritional status of the cell, it seems evident that pH homeostasis acts in conjunction with nutrient-induced signalling pathways. Indeed, both PKA and the TORC1-Sch9 axis influence the proton pumping activity of the V-ATPase and possibly also of Pma1. In addition, it recently became clear that the proton acts as a second messenger to signal glucose availability via the V-ATPase to PKA and TORC1-Sch9. Given the prominent role of nutrient signalling in longevity, it is not surprising that pH homeostasis has been linked to ageing and longevity as well. A first indication is provided by acetic acid, whose uptake by the cell induces toxicity and affects longevity. Secondly, vacuolar acidity has been linked to autophagic processes, including mitophagy. In agreement with this, a decline in vacuolar acidity was shown to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and shorten lifespan. In addition, the asymmetric inheritance of Pma1 has been associated with replicative ageing and this again links to repercussions on vacuolar pH. Taken together, accumulating evidence indicates that pH homeostasis plays a prominent role in the determination of ageing and longevity, thereby providing new perspectives and avenues to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elja Eskes
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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55
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Carmona-Gutierrez D, Bauer MA, Zimmermann A, Aguilera A, Austriaco N, Ayscough K, Balzan R, Bar-Nun S, Barrientos A, Belenky P, Blondel M, Braun RJ, Breitenbach M, Burhans WC, Büttner S, Cavalieri D, Chang M, Cooper KF, Côrte-Real M, Costa V, Cullin C, Dawes I, Dengjel J, Dickman MB, Eisenberg T, Fahrenkrog B, Fasel N, Fröhlich KU, Gargouri A, Giannattasio S, Goffrini P, Gourlay CW, Grant CM, Greenwood MT, Guaragnella N, Heger T, Heinisch J, Herker E, Herrmann JM, Hofer S, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Jungwirth H, Kainz K, Kontoyiannis DP, Ludovico P, Manon S, Martegani E, Mazzoni C, Megeney LA, Meisinger C, Nielsen J, Nyström T, Osiewacz HD, Outeiro TF, Park HO, Pendl T, Petranovic D, Picot S, Polčic P, Powers T, Ramsdale M, Rinnerthaler M, Rockenfeller P, Ruckenstuhl C, Schaffrath R, Segovia M, Severin FF, Sharon A, Sigrist SJ, Sommer-Ruck C, Sousa MJ, Thevelein JM, Thevissen K, Titorenko V, Toledano MB, Tuite M, Vögtle FN, Westermann B, Winderickx J, Wissing S, Wölfl S, Zhang ZJ, Zhao RY, Zhou B, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Guidelines and recommendations on yeast cell death nomenclature. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:4-31. [PMID: 29354647 PMCID: PMC5772036 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.01.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the biology of yeast in its full complexity has major implications for science, medicine and industry. One of the most critical processes determining yeast life and physiology is cel-lular demise. However, the investigation of yeast cell death is a relatively young field, and a widely accepted set of concepts and terms is still missing. Here, we propose unified criteria for the defi-nition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in yeast based on a series of morphological and biochemical criteria. Specifically, we provide consensus guidelines on the differ-ential definition of terms including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and autophagic cell death, as we refer to additional cell death rou-tines that are relevant for the biology of (at least some species of) yeast. As this area of investigation advances rapidly, changes and extensions to this set of recommendations will be implemented in the years to come. Nonetheless, we strongly encourage the au-thors, reviewers and editors of scientific articles to adopt these collective standards in order to establish an accurate framework for yeast cell death research and, ultimately, to accelerate the pro-gress of this vibrant field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Anna Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología, Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Kathryn Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rena Balzan
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Shoshana Bar-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Antonio Barrientos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medi-cine, Miami, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Marc Blondel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - William C. Burhans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Chang
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina F. Cooper
- Dept. Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, USA
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vítor Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ian Dawes
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin B. Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Laboratory Biology of the Nucleus, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Uwe Fröhlich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Center de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Goffrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M. Grant
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Jürgen Heinisch
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eva Herker
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Jungwirth
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Enzo Martegani
- Department of Biotechnolgy and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzoni
- Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lynn A. Megeney
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heinz D. Osiewacz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hay-Oak Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Polčic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ted Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark Ramsdale
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick Rockenfeller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institute of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Maria Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Fedor F. Severin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of physico-chemical biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stephan J. Sigrist
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sommer-Ruck
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michel B. Toledano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), SBIGEM, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mick Tuite
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - F.-Nora Vögtle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecu-lar Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhaojie J. Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Bing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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Empirical verification of evolutionary theories of aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:2568-2589. [PMID: 27783562 PMCID: PMC5115907 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently selected 3 long-lived mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a lasting exposure to exogenous lithocholic acid. Each mutant strain can maintain the extended chronological lifespan after numerous passages in medium without lithocholic acid. In this study, we used these long-lived yeast mutants for empirical verification of evolutionary theories of aging. We provide evidence that the dominant polygenic trait extending longevity of each of these mutants 1) does not affect such key features of early-life fitness as the exponential growth rate, efficacy of post-exponential growth and fecundity; and 2) enhances such features of early-life fitness as susceptibility to chronic exogenous stresses, and the resistance to apoptotic and liponecrotic forms of programmed cell death. These findings validate evolutionary theories of programmed aging. We also demonstrate that under laboratory conditions that imitate the process of natural selection within an ecosystem, each of these long-lived mutant strains is forced out of the ecosystem by the parental wild-type strain exhibiting shorter lifespan. We therefore concluded that yeast cells have evolved some mechanisms for limiting their lifespan upon reaching a certain chronological age. These mechanisms drive the evolution of yeast longevity towards maintaining a finite yeast chronological lifespan within ecosystems.
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57
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Postnikoff SD, Johnson JE, Tyler JK. The integrated stress response in budding yeast lifespan extension. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2017; 4:368-375. [PMID: 29167799 PMCID: PMC5695854 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.11.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex, multi-factorial biological process shared by all living organisms. It is manifested by a gradual accumulation of molecular alterations that lead to the decline of normal physiological functions in a time-dependent fashion. The ultimate goal of aging research is to develop therapeutic means to extend human lifespan, while reducing susceptibility to many age-related diseases including cancer, as well as metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. However, this first requires elucidation of the causes of aging, which has been greatly facilitated by the use of model organisms. In particular, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been invaluable in the identification of conserved molecular and cellular determinants of aging and for the development of approaches to manipulate these aging determinants to extend lifespan. Strikingly, where examined, virtually all means to experimentally extend lifespan result in the induction of cellular stress responses. This review describes growing evidence in yeast that activation of the integrated stress response contributes significantly to lifespan extension. These findings demonstrate that yeast remains a powerful model system for elucidating conserved mechanisms to achieve lifespan extension that are likely to drive therapeutic approaches to extend human lifespan and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spike D.L. Postnikoff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jay E. Johnson
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Cold Spring, NY
| | - Jessica K. Tyler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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58
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Adachi A, Koizumi M, Ohsumi Y. Autophagy induction under carbon starvation conditions is negatively regulated by carbon catabolite repression. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19905-19918. [PMID: 29042435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process in which cytoplasmic components are sequestered for degradation in the vacuole/lysosomes in eukaryotic cells. Autophagy is induced under a variety of starvation conditions, such as the depletion of nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, zinc, and others. However, apart from nitrogen starvation, it remains unclear how these stimuli induce autophagy. In yeast, for example, it remains contentious whether autophagy is induced under carbon starvation conditions, with reports variously suggesting both induction and lack of induction upon depletion of carbon. We therefore undertook an analysis to account for these inconsistencies, concluding that autophagy is induced in response to abrupt carbon starvation when cells are grown with glycerol but not glucose as the carbon source. We found that autophagy under these conditions is mediated by nonselective degradation that is highly dependent on the autophagosome-associated scaffold proteins Atg11 and Atg17. We also found that the extent of carbon starvation-induced autophagy is positively correlated with cells' oxygen consumption rate, drawing a link between autophagy induction and respiratory metabolism. Further biochemical analyses indicated that maintenance of intracellular ATP levels is also required for carbon starvation-induced autophagy and that autophagy plays an important role in cell viability during prolonged carbon starvation. Our findings suggest that carbon starvation-induced autophagy is negatively regulated by carbon catabolite repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Adachi
- From the Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-12 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Michiko Koizumi
- From the Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-12 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohsumi
- From the Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-12 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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59
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Perić M, Lovrić A, Šarić A, Musa M, Bou Dib P, Rudan M, Nikolić A, Sobočanec S, Mikecin AM, Dennerlein S, Milošević I, Vlahoviček K, Raimundo N, Kriško A. TORC1-mediated sensing of chaperone activity alters glucose metabolism and extends lifespan. Aging Cell 2017; 16:994-1005. [PMID: 28613034 PMCID: PMC5595670 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control mechanisms, required for normal cellular functioning, encompass multiple functions related to protein production and maintenance. However, the existence of communication between proteostasis and metabolic networks and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that enhanced chaperone activity and consequent improved proteostasis are sensed by TORC1 via the activity of Hsp82. Chaperone enrichment decreases the level of Hsp82, which deactivates TORC1 and leads to activation of Snf1/AMPK, regardless of glucose availability. This mechanism culminates in the extension of yeast replicative lifespan (RLS) that is fully reliant on both TORC1 deactivation and Snf1/AMPK activation. Specifically, we identify oxygen consumption increase as the downstream effect of Snf1 activation responsible for the entire RLS extension. Our results set a novel paradigm for the role of proteostasis in aging: modulation of the misfolded protein level can affect cellular metabolic features as well as mitochondrial activity and consequently modify lifespan. The described mechanism is expected to open new avenues for research of aging and age‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Perić
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences; Mestrovicevo setaliste 45 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Anita Lovrić
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences; Mestrovicevo setaliste 45 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Ana Šarić
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Bijenicka 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Marina Musa
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences; Mestrovicevo setaliste 45 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Peter Bou Dib
- Institut für Zellbiochemie; Universitätsmedizin Göttingen; Humboldtallee 23 D-37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Marina Rudan
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences; Mestrovicevo setaliste 45 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Andrea Nikolić
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences; Mestrovicevo setaliste 45 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Sandra Sobočanec
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Bijenicka 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ana-Matea Mikecin
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Bijenicka 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Sven Dennerlein
- Institut für Zellbiochemie; Universitätsmedizin Göttingen; Humboldtallee 23 D-37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Ira Milošević
- European Neuroscience Institute; Grisebachstraße 5 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Kristian Vlahoviček
- Bioinformatics Group; Division of Biology; Department of Molecular Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Institut für Zellbiochemie; Universitätsmedizin Göttingen; Humboldtallee 23 D-37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Anita Kriško
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences; Mestrovicevo setaliste 45 21000 Split Croatia
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60
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Gonçalves AP, Heller J, Daskalov A, Videira A, Glass NL. Regulated Forms of Cell Death in Fungi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1837. [PMID: 28983298 PMCID: PMC5613156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death occurs in all domains of life. While some cells die in an uncontrolled way due to exposure to external cues, other cells die in a regulated manner as part of a genetically encoded developmental program. Like other eukaryotic species, fungi undergo programmed cell death (PCD) in response to various triggers. For example, exposure to external stress conditions can activate PCD pathways in fungi. Calcium redistribution between the extracellular space, the cytoplasm and intracellular storage organelles appears to be pivotal for this kind of cell death. PCD is also part of the fungal life cycle, in which it occurs during sexual and asexual reproduction, aging, and as part of development associated with infection in phytopathogenic fungi. Additionally, a fungal non-self-recognition mechanism termed heterokaryon incompatibility (HI) also involves PCD. Some of the molecular players mediating PCD during HI show remarkable similarities to major constituents involved in innate immunity in metazoans and plants. In this review we discuss recent research on fungal PCD mechanisms in comparison to more characterized mechanisms in metazoans. We highlight the role of PCD in fungi in response to exogenic compounds, fungal development and non-self-recognition processes and discuss identified intracellular signaling pathways and molecules that regulate fungal PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pedro Gonçalves
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jens Heller
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asen Daskalov
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Arnaldo Videira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal.,I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdePorto, Portugal
| | - N Louise Glass
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
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61
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Gangloff S, Arcangioli B. DNA repair and mutations during quiescence in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:fox002. [PMID: 28087675 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Life is maintained through alternating phases of cell division and quiescence. The causes and consequences of spontaneous mutations have been extensively explored in proliferating cells, and the major sources include errors of DNA replication and DNA repair. The foremost consequences are genetic variations within a cell population that can lead to heritable diseases and drive evolution. While most of our knowledge on DNA damage response and repair has been gained through cells actively dividing, it remains essential to also understand how DNA damage is metabolized in cells which are not dividing. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the type of lesions that arise in non-dividing budding and fission yeast cells, as well as the pathways used to repair them. We discuss the contribution of these models to our current understanding of age-related pathologies.
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62
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Chen X, Bisschops MMM, Agarwal NR, Ji B, Shanmugavel KP, Petranovic D. Interplay of Energetics and ER Stress Exacerbates Alzheimer's Amyloid-β (Aβ) Toxicity in Yeast. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:232. [PMID: 28798664 PMCID: PMC5529408 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegeneration. Oligomers of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) are thought to play a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis, yet the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Two major isoforms of Aβ associated with AD are Aβ40 and Aβ42, the latter being more toxic and prone to form oligomers. Here, we took a systems biology approach to study two humanized yeast AD models which expressed either Aβ40 or Aβ42 in bioreactor cultures. Strict control of oxygen availability and culture pH, strongly affected chronological lifespan and reduced variations during cell growth. Reduced growth rates and biomass yields were observed upon Aβ42 expression, indicating a redirection of energy from growth to maintenance. Quantitative physiology analyses furthermore revealed reduced mitochondrial functionality and ATP generation in Aβ42 expressing cells, which matched with observed aberrant mitochondrial structures. Genome-wide expression level analysis showed that Aβ42 expression triggered strong ER stress and unfolded protein responses. Equivalent expression of Aβ40, however, induced only mild ER stress, which resulted in hardly affected physiology. Using AD yeast models in well-controlled cultures strengthened our understanding on how cells translate different Aβ toxicity signals into particular cell fate programs, and further enhance their potential as a discovery platform to identify possible therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus M. M. Bisschops
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nisha R. Agarwal
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Boyang Ji
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kumaravel P. Shanmugavel
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg, Sweden
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63
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Wierman MB, Maqani N, Strickler E, Li M, Smith JS. Caloric Restriction Extends Yeast Chronological Life Span by Optimizing the Snf1 (AMPK) Signaling Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:e00562-16. [PMID: 28373292 PMCID: PMC5472825 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00562-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the homologous yeast SNF1 complex are key regulators of energy metabolism that counteract nutrient deficiency and ATP depletion by phosphorylating multiple enzymes and transcription factors that maintain energetic homeostasis. AMPK/SNF1 also promotes longevity in several model organisms, including yeast. Here we investigate the role of yeast SNF1 in mediating the extension of chronological life span (CLS) by caloric restriction (CR). We find that SNF1 activity is required throughout the transition of log phase to stationary phase (diauxic shift) for effective CLS extension. CR expands the period of maximal SNF1 activation beyond the diauxic shift, as indicated by Sak1-dependent T210 phosphorylation of the Snf1 catalytic α-subunit. A concomitant increase in ADP is consistent with SNF1 activation by ADP in vivo Downstream of SNF1, the Cat8 and Adr1 transcription factors are required for full CR-induced CLS extension, implicating an alternative carbon source utilization for acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) production and gluconeogenesis. Indeed, CR increased acetyl-CoA levels during the diauxic shift, along with expression of both acetyl-CoA synthetase genes ACS1 and ACS2 We conclude that CR maximizes Snf1 activity throughout and beyond the diauxic shift, thus optimizing the coordination of nucleocytosolic acetyl-CoA production with massive reorganization of the transcriptome and respiratory metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Wierman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nazif Maqani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erika Strickler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mingguang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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64
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Nutritional Control of Chronological Aging and Heterochromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2017; 205:1179-1193. [PMID: 28064165 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.196485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction extends life span in organisms as diverse as yeast and mammals through incompletely understood mechanisms.The role of NAD+-dependent deacetylases known as Sirtuins in this process, particularly in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is controversial. We measured chronological life span of wild-type and sir2Δ strains over a higher glucose range than typically used for studying yeast calorie restriction. sir2Δ extended life span in high glucose complete minimal medium and had little effect in low glucose medium, revealing a partial role for Sir2 in the calorie-restriction response under these conditions. Experiments performed on cells grown in rich medium with a newly developed genetic strategy revealed that sir2Δ shortened life span in low glucose while having little effect in high glucose, again revealing a partial role for Sir2 In complete minimal media, Sir2 shortened life span as glucose levels increased; whereas in rich media, Sir2 extended life span as glucose levels decreased. Using a genetic strategy to measure the strength of gene silencing at HML, we determined increasing glucose stabilized Sir2-based silencing during growth on complete minimal media. Conversely, increasing glucose destabilized Sir-based silencing during growth on rich media, specifically during late cell divisions. In rich medium, silencing was far less stable in high glucose than in low glucose during stationary phase. Therefore, Sir2 was involved in a response to nutrient cues including glucose that regulates chronological aging, possibly through Sir2-dependent modification of chromatin or deacetylation of a nonhistone protein.
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65
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Lenart P, Bienertová-Vašků J. Keeping up with the Red Queen: the pace of aging as an adaptation. Biogerontology 2016; 18:693-709. [PMID: 28013399 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, a vast majority of biogerontologists assumed that aging is not and cannot be an adaptation. In recent years, however, several authors opposed this predominant view and repeatedly suggested that not only is aging an adaptation but that it is the result of a specific aging program. This issue almost instantaneously became somewhat controversial and many important authors produced substantial works refuting the notion of the aging program. In this article we review the current state of the debate and list the most important arguments proposed by both sides. Furthermore, although classical interpretations of the evolution of aging are in sharp contrast with the idea of programmed aging, we suggest that the truth might in fact very well lie somewhere in between. We also propose our own interpretation which states that although aging is in essence inevitable and results from damage accumulation rather than from a specific program, the actual rate of aging in nature may still be adaptive to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lenart
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A18, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Julie Bienertová-Vašků
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A18, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A29, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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66
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Smith DL, Maharrey CH, Carey CR, White RA, Hartman JL. Gene-nutrient interaction markedly influences yeast chronological lifespan. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:113-123. [PMID: 27125759 PMCID: PMC5079838 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research into the genetic mechanisms of aging has expanded rapidly over the past two decades. This has in part been the result of the use of model organisms (particularly yeast, worms and flies) and high-throughput technologies, combined with a growing interest in aging research. Despite this progress, widespread consensus regarding the pathways that are fundamental to the modulation of cellular aging and lifespan for all organisms has been limited due to discrepancies between different studies. We have compared results from published genome-wide, chronological lifespan (CLS) screens of individual gene deletion strains in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to identify gene deletion strains with consistent influences on longevity as possible indicators of fundamental aging processes from this single-celled, eukaryotic model organism. METHODS Three previous reports have described genetic modifiers of chronological aging in the budding yeast (S. cerevisiae) using the yeast gene deletion strain collection. We performed a comparison among the data sets using correlation and decile distribution analysis to describe concordance between screens and identify strains that consistently increased or decreased CLS. We used gene enrichment analysis in an effort to understand the biology underlying genes identified in multiple studies. We attempted to replicate the different experimental conditions employed by the screens to identify potential sources of variability in CLS worth further investigating. RESULTS Among 3209 strains present in all three screens, nine deletions strains were in common in the longest-lived decile (2.80%) and thirteen were in common in the shortest-lived decile (4.05%) of all three screens. Similarly, pairwise overlap between screens was low. When the same comparison was extended to three deciles to include more mutants studied in common between the three screens, enrichment of cellular processes based on gene ontology analysis in the long-lived strains remained very limited. To test the hypothesis that different parental strain auxotrophic requirements or media formulations employed by the respective genome-wide screens might contribute to the lack of concordance, different CLS assay conditions were assessed in combination with strains having different ploidy and auxotrophic requirements (all relevant to differences in the way the three genome-wide CLS screens were performed). This limited but systematic analysis of CLS with respect to auxotrophy, ploidy, and media revealed several instances of gene-nutrient interaction. CONCLUSIONS There is surprisingly little overlap between the results of three independently performed genome-wide screens of CLS in S. cerevisiae. However, differences in strain genetic background (ploidy and specific auxotrophic requirements) were present, as well as different media and experimental conditions (e.g., aeration and pooled vs. individual culturing), which, along with stochastic effects such as genetic drift or selection of secondary mutations that suppress the loss of function from gene deletion, could in theory account for some of the lack of consensus between results. Considering the lack of overlap in CLS phenotypes among the set of genes reported by all three screens, and the results of a CLS experiment that systematically tested (incorporating extensive controls) for interactions between variables existing between the screens, we propose that discrepancies can be reconciled through deeper understanding of the influence of cell intrinsic factors such as auxotrophic requirements ploidy status, extrinsic factors such as media composition and aeration, as well as interactions that may occur between them, for example as a result of different pooling vs. individually aging cultures. Such factors may have a more significant impact on CLS outcomes than previously realized. Future studies that systematically account for these contextual factors, and can thus clarify the interactions between genetic and nutrient factors that alter CLS phenotypes, should aid more complete understanding of the underlying biology so that genetic principles of CLS in yeast can be extrapolated to differential cellular aging observed in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Crystal H Maharrey
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Christopher R Carey
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Richard A White
- Department of Statistics and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia,3182 Earth Sciences Building, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T-1Z4, Canada
| | - John L Hartman
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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67
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Chronological Lifespan in Yeast Is Dependent on the Accumulation of Storage Carbohydrates Mediated by Yak1, Mck1 and Rim15 Kinases. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006458. [PMID: 27923067 PMCID: PMC5140051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon starvation for glucose or any other macronutrient, yeast cells exit from the mitotic cell cycle and acquire a set of characteristics that are specific to quiescent cells to ensure longevity. Little is known about the molecular determinants that orchestrate quiescence entry and lifespan extension. Using starvation-specific gene reporters, we screened a subset of the yeast deletion library representing the genes encoding 'signaling' proteins. Apart from the previously characterised Rim15, Mck1 and Yak1 kinases, the SNF1/AMPK complex, the cell wall integrity pathway and a number of cell cycle regulators were shown to be necessary for proper quiescence establishment and for extension of chronological lifespan (CLS), suggesting that entry into quiescence requires the integration of starvation signals transmitted via multiple signaling pathways. The CLS of these signaling mutants, and those of the single, double and triple mutants of RIM15, YAK1 and MCK1 correlates well with the amount of storage carbohydrates but poorly with transition-phase cell cycle status. Combined removal of the glycogen and trehalose biosynthetic genes, especially GSY2 and TPS1, nearly abolishes the accumulation of storage carbohydrates and severely reduces CLS. Concurrent overexpression of GSY2 and TSL1 or supplementation of trehalose to the growth medium ameliorates the severe CLS defects displayed by the signaling mutants (rim15Δyak1Δ or rim15Δmck1Δ). Furthermore, we reveal that the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species are cooperatively controlled by Yak1, Rim15 and Mck1, and the three kinases mediate the TOR1-regulated accumulation of storage carbohydrates and CLS extension. Our data support the hypothesis that metabolic reprogramming to accumulate energy stores and the activation of anti-oxidant defence systems are coordinated by Yak1, Rim15 and Mck1 kinases to ensure quiescence entry and lifespan extension in yeast.
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68
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Exploring the power of yeast to model aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Biogerontology 2016; 18:3-34. [PMID: 27804052 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process determined by molecular, cellular and systemic factors and it is well established that advancing age is a leading risk factor for several neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, the close association of aging and neurodegenerative disorders has placed aging as the greatest social and economic challenge of the 21st century, and age-related diseases have also become a key priority for countries worldwide. The growing need to better understand both aging and neurodegenerative processes has led to the development of simple eukaryotic models amenable for mechanistic studies. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be an unprecedented experimental model to study the fundamental aspects of aging and to decipher the intricacies of neurodegenerative disorders greatly because the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human. Moreover, yeast offers several methodological advantages allowing a rapid and relatively easy way of establishing gene-protein-function associations. Here we review different aging theories, common cellular pathways driving aging and neurodegenerative diseases and discuss the major contributions of yeast to the state-of-art knowledge in both research fields.
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69
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Maxwell PH. Growth conditions that increase or decrease lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae lead to corresponding decreases or increases in rates of interstitial deletions and non-reciprocal translocations. BMC Genet 2016; 17:140. [PMID: 27769161 PMCID: PMC5073950 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of DNA damage, mutations, and chromosomal abnormalities is associated with aging in many organisms. How directly various forms of genomic instability contribute to lifespan in different aging contexts is still under active investigation. Testing whether treatments that alter lifespan change mutation rates early during lifespan could provide support for genomic instability being at least partly responsible for changes in the rates of aging. RESULTS Rates of mutations, direct repeat recombination, or retrotransposition were measured in young cell populations from two strain backgrounds of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to several growth conditions that shortened or extended yeast chronological lifespan. In most cases, rates of genomic instability did not consistently increase in young cells exposed to lifespan-shortening conditions or decrease in young cells exposed to lifespan-extending conditions. The mutation rate for a copy of the CAN1 gene integrated onto the right arm of chromosome VIII did show expected increases or decreases in young cells in the lifespan-altering growth conditions. These mutations were determined to frequently result from non-allelic recombination events, including non-reciprocal translocations, and were more strongly stimulated by using hydroxyurea to induce DNA replication stress than by the general DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate. CONCLUSIONS The results are not consistent with changes in mutation rates in general mediating the influence of alternative growth conditions on yeast lifespan. The strong correlation between non-allelic recombination events and the effects of the alternative growth conditions on lifespan indicates that genomic instability due to changes in recombination rates may directly contribute to the rate of aging or that lifespan-altering treatments may consistently increase or decrease DNA replication stress. These results further support the connection between DNA replication stress and aging observed in multiple organisms. Chromosomal abnormalities that likely arise from recombination events are more prevalent in multiple human tissues with increasing age, and further work in yeast could help to define mechanisms responsible for this observation and the impact of chromosomal abnormalities on aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H Maxwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, CBIS Room 2123, 110 8th Street, Troy, 12180, NY, USA.
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70
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Petitjean M, Teste MA, Léger-Silvestre I, François JM, Parrou JL. RETRACTED:A new function for the yeast trehalose-6P synthase (Tps1) protein, as key pro-survival factor during growth, chronological ageing, and apoptotic stress. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:234-246. [PMID: 27507670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of Marie-Ange Teste, Isabelle Léger-Silvestre, Jean M François and Jean-Luc Parrou. Marjorie Petitjean could not be reached.
The corresponding author identified major issues and brought them to the attention of the Journal.
These issues span from significant errors in the Material and Methods section of the article and major flaws in cytometry data analysis to data fabrication on the part of one of the authors.
Given these errors, the retracting authors state that the only responsible course of action would be to retract the article, to respect scientific integrity and maintain the standards and rigor of literature from the retracting authors' group as well as the Journal.
The retracting authors sincerely apologize to the readers and editors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Ange Teste
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Léger-Silvestre
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean M François
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Parrou
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France.
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71
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Honigberg SM. Similar environments but diverse fates: Responses of budding yeast to nutrient deprivation. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:302-328. [PMID: 27917388 PMCID: PMC5134742 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.08.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diploid budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) can adopt one
of several alternative differentiation fates in response to nutrient limitation,
and each of these fates provides distinct biological functions. When different
strain backgrounds are taken into account, these various fates occur in response
to similar environmental cues, are regulated by the same signal transduction
pathways, and share many of the same master regulators. I propose that the
relationships between fate choice, environmental cues and signaling pathways are
not Boolean, but involve graded levels of signals, pathway activation and
master-regulator activity. In the absence of large differences between
environmental cues, small differences in the concentration of cues may be
reinforced by cell-to-cell signals. These signals are particularly essential for
fate determination within communities, such as colonies and biofilms, where fate
choice varies dramatically from one region of the community to another. The lack
of Boolean relationships between cues, signaling pathways, master regulators and
cell fates may allow yeast communities to respond appropriately to the wide
range of environments they encounter in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul M Honigberg
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Rd, Kansas City MO 64110, USA
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72
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Oliveira MP, Correa Soares JBR, Oliveira MF. Sexual Preferences in Nutrient Utilization Regulate Oxygen Consumption and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Schistosoma mansoni: Potential Implications for Parasite Redox Biology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158429. [PMID: 27380021 PMCID: PMC4933344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni, one of the causative agents of human schistosomiasis, has a unique antioxidant network that is key to parasite survival and a valuable chemotherapeutic target. The ability to detoxify and tolerate reactive oxygen species increases along S. mansoni development in the vertebrate host, suggesting that adult parasites are more exposed to redox challenges than young stages. Indeed, adult parasites are exposed to multiple redox insults generated from blood digestion, activated immune cells, and, potentially, from their own parasitic aerobic metabolism. However, it remains unknown how reactive oxygen species are produced by S. mansoni metabolism, as well as their biological effects on adult worms. Here, we assessed the contribution of nutrients and parasite gender to oxygen utilization pathways, and reactive oxygen species generation in whole unpaired adult S. mansoni worms. We also determined the susceptibilities of both parasite sexes to a pro-oxidant challenge. We observed that glutamine and serum importantly contribute to both respiratory and non-respiratory oxygen utilization in adult worms, but with different proportions among parasite sexes. Analyses of oxygen utilization pathways revealed that respiratory rates were high in male worms, which contrast with high non-respiratory rates in females, regardless nutritional sources. Interestingly, mitochondrial complex I-III activity was higher than complex IV specifically in females. We also observed sexual preferences in substrate utilization to sustain hydrogen peroxide production towards glucose in females, and glutamine in male worms. Despite strikingly high oxidant levels and hydrogen peroxide production rates, female worms were more resistant to a pro-oxidant challenge than male parasites. The data presented here indicate that sexual preferences in nutrient metabolism in adult S. mansoni worms regulate oxygen utilization and reactive oxygen species production, which may differently contribute to redox biology among parasite sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus P. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana B. R. Correa Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus F. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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73
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Durand P, Sym S, Michod R. Programmed Cell Death and Complexity in Microbial Systems. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R587-R593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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74
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Ma F, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wan Y, Miao Y, Ma T, Yu Q, Li M. Role of Aif1 in regulation of cell death under environmental stress in Candida albicans. Yeast 2016; 33:493-506. [PMID: 27121326 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a conserved flavoprotein localized in the mitochondria, inducing apoptosis after translocation into the nucleus. However, its role in the important fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, remains to be investigated. In this study, we find that the C. albicans AIF protein Aif1, similar to its homologues in other organisms, is localized at the mitochondria and translocated into the nucleus under apoptosis-inducing conditions. Moreover, deletion of AIF1 causes attenuated apoptosis in this pathogen under apoptosis-inducing conditions, such as the treatment of 2 mm H2 O2 , 10 mm acetic acid or 0.08 mg/l caspofungin, and its overexpression enhances this process. Interestingly, treatment with high levels of these agents leads to reversed sensitivity of aif1Δ/Δ and the overexpression strain AIF1ov. In addition, the virulence of C. albicans is not affected by deletion or overexpression of AIF1. Hence, C. albicans Aif1, as a mitochondria-localized protein, plays a dual role in the regulation of cell death under different concentrations of the stress-caused agents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- Laboratory Animal Centre, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunheng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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75
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Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) was initially described in metazoans as a genetically controlled process leading to intracellular breakdown and engulfment by a neighboring cell . This process was distinguished from other forms of cell death like necrosis by maintenance of plasma membrane integrity prior to engulfment and the well-defined genetic system controlling this process. Apoptosis was originally described as a mechanism to reshape tissues during development. Given this context, the assumption was made that this process would not be found in simpler eukaryotes such as budding yeast. Although basic components of the apoptotic pathway were identified in yeast, initial observations suggested that it was devoid of prosurvival and prodeath regulatory proteins identified in mammalian cells. However, as apoptosis became extensively linked to the elimination of damaged cells, key PCD regulatory proteins were identified in yeast that play similar roles in mammals. This review highlights recent discoveries that have permitted information regarding PCD regulation in yeast to now inform experiments in animals.
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76
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Cabezón V, Vialás V, Gil-Bona A, Reales-Calderón JA, Martínez-Gomariz M, Gutiérrez-Blázquez D, Monteoliva L, Molero G, Ramsdale M, Gil C. Apoptosis of Candida albicans during the Interaction with Murine Macrophages: Proteomics and Cell-Death Marker Monitoring. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1418-34. [PMID: 27048922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages may induce fungal apoptosis to fight against C. albicans, as previously hypothesized by our group. To confirm this hypothesis, we analyzed proteins from C. albicans cells after 3 h of interaction with macrophages using two quantitative proteomic approaches. A total of 51 and 97 proteins were identified as differentially expressed by DIGE and iTRAQ, respectively. The proteins identified and quantified were different, with only seven in common, but classified in the same functional categories. The analyses of their functions indicated that an increase in the metabolism of amino acids and purine nucleotides were taking place, while the glycolysis and translation levels dropped after 3 h of interaction. Also, the response to oxidative stress and protein translation were reduced. In addition, seven substrates of metacaspase (Mca1) were identified (Cdc48, Fba1, Gpm1, Pmm1, Rct1, Ssb1, and Tal1) as decreased in abundance, plus 12 proteins previously described as related to apoptosis. Besides, the monitoring of apoptotic markers along 24 h of interaction (caspase-like activity, TUNEL assay, and the measurement of ROS and cell examination by transmission electron microscopy) revealed that apoptotic processes took place for 30% of the fungal cells, thus supporting the proteomic results and the hypothesis of macrophages killing C. albicans by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Cabezón
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vital Vialás
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gil-Bona
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Reales-Calderón
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Martínez-Gomariz
- Unidad de Proteómica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Parque Científico de Madrid (UCM-PCM) , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Gutiérrez-Blázquez
- Unidad de Proteómica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Parque Científico de Madrid (UCM-PCM) , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Monteoliva
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Molero
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Ramsdale
- Biosciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Concha Gil
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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77
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Availability of Amino Acids Extends Chronological Lifespan by Suppressing Hyper-Acidification of the Environment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151894. [PMID: 26991662 PMCID: PMC4798762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronological lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents the duration of cell survival in the postdiauxic and stationary phases. Using a prototrophic strain derived from the standard auxotrophic laboratory strain BY4742, we showed that supplementation of non-essential amino acids to a synthetic defined (SD) medium increases maximal cell growth and extends the chronological lifespan. The positive effects of amino acids can be reproduced by modulating the medium pH, indicating that amino acids contribute to chronological longevity in a cell-extrinsic manner by alleviating medium acidification. In addition, we showed that the amino acid-mediated effects on extension of chronological longevity are independent of those achieved through a reduction in the TORC1 pathway, which is mediated in a cell-intrinsic manner. Since previous studies showed that extracellular acidification causes mitochondrial dysfunction and leads to cell death, our results provide a path to premature chronological aging caused by differences in available nitrogen sources. Moreover, acidification of culture medium is generally associated with culture duration and cell density; thus, further studies are required on cell physiology of auxotrophic yeast strains during the stationary phase because an insufficient supply of essential amino acids may cause alterations in environmental conditions.
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78
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Gil-Bona A, Reales-Calderon JA, Parra-Giraldo CM, Martinez-Lopez R, Monteoliva L, Gil C. The Cell Wall Protein Ecm33 of Candida albicans is Involved in Chronological Life Span, Morphogenesis, Cell Wall Regeneration, Stress Tolerance, and Host-Cell Interaction. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:64. [PMID: 26870022 PMCID: PMC4735633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecm33 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein in the human pathogen Candida albicans. This protein is known to be involved in fungal cell wall integrity (CWI) and is also critical for normal virulence in the mouse model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, but its function remains unknown. In this work, several phenotypic analyses of the C. albicans ecm33/ecm33 mutant (RML2U) were performed. We observed that RML2U displays the inability of protoplast to regenerate the cell wall, activation of the CWI pathway, hypersensitivity to temperature, osmotic and oxidative stresses and a shortened chronological lifespan. During the exponential and stationary culture phases, nuclear and actin staining revealed the possible arrest of the cell cycle in RML2U cells. Interestingly, a “veil growth,” never previously described in C. albicans, was serendipitously observed under static stationary cells. The cells that formed this structure were also observed in cornmeal liquid cultures. These cells are giant, round cells, without DNA, and contain large vacuoles, similar to autophagic cells observed in other fungi. Furthermore, RML2U was phagocytozed more than the wild-type strain by macrophages at earlier time points, but the damage caused to the mouse cells was less than with the wild-type strain. Additionally, the percentage of RML2U apoptotic cells after interaction with macrophages was fewer than in the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gil-Bona
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Reales-Calderon
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia M Parra-Giraldo
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Martinez-Lopez
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Monteoliva
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)Madrid, Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)Madrid, Spain
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79
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Santos J, Leitão-Correia F, Sousa MJ, Leão C. Ammonium is a key determinant on the dietary restriction of yeast chronological aging in culture medium. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6511-23. [PMID: 25576917 PMCID: PMC4466630 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New evidences have recently emerged from studies in yeast and in higher eukaryotes showing the importance of nutrient balance in dietary regimes and its effects on longevity regulation.We have previously shown that manipulation of ammonium concentration in the culture and/or aging medium can drastically affect chronological lifespan (CLS)of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, especially in amino acid restricted cells. Here we describe that the CLS shortening under amino acid restriction can be completely reverted by removing ammonium from the culture medium. Furthermore, the absence of ammonium, and of any rich nitrogen source, was so effective in extending CLS that no beneficial effect could be observed by further imposing calorie restriction conditions. When present in the culture medium,ammonium impaired the consumption of the auxotrophy-complementing amino acids and caused in an improper cell cycle arrest of the culture.TOR1 deletion reverted ammonium effects both in amino acid restricted and non-restricted cultures, whereas, Ras2p and Sch9p seem to have only a milder effect in the mediation of ammonium toxicity under amino acid restriction and no effect on non-restricted cultures.Our studies highlight ammonium as a key effector in the nutritional equilibrium between rich and essential nitrogen sources and glucose required for longevity promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Leitão-Correia
- Molecular and Environmental Biology Centre (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Molecular and Environmental Biology Centre (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cecília Leão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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80
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Libertini G. Phylogeny of aging and related phenoptotic phenomena. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:1529-46. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915120019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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81
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Mitteldorf J. An epigenetic clock controls aging. Biogerontology 2015; 17:257-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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82
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Cell Differentiation and Spatial Organization in Yeast Colonies: Role of Cell-Wall Integrity Pathway. Genetics 2015; 201:1427-38. [PMID: 26510787 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.180919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many microbial communities contain organized patterns of cell types, yet relatively little is known about the mechanism or function of this organization. In colonies of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sporulation occurs in a highly organized pattern, with a top layer of sporulating cells sharply separated from an underlying layer of nonsporulating cells. A mutant screen identified the Mpk1 and Bck1 kinases of the cell-wall integrity (CWI) pathway as specifically required for sporulation in colonies. The CWI pathway was induced as colonies matured, and a target of this pathway, the Rlm1 transcription factor, was activated specifically in the nonsporulating cell layer, here termed feeder cells. Rlm1 stimulates permeabilization of feeder cells and promotes sporulation in an overlying cell layer through a cell-nonautonomous mechanism. The relative fraction of the colony apportioned to feeder cells depends on nutrient environment, potentially buffering sexual reproduction against suboptimal environments.
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83
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Tower J. Programmed cell death in aging. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:90-100. [PMID: 25862945 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, including apoptosis and regulated necrosis, are required for normal cell turnover and tissue homeostasis. Mis-regulation of PCD is increasingly implicated in aging and aging-related disease. During aging the cell turnover rate declines for several highly-mitotic tissues. Aging-associated disruptions in systemic and inter-cell signaling combined with cell-autonomous damage and mitochondrial malfunction result in increased PCD in some cell types, and decreased PCD in other cell types. Increased PCD during aging is implicated in immune system decline, skeletal muscle wasting (sarcopenia), loss of cells in the heart, and neurodegenerative disease. In contrast, cancer cells and senescent cells are resistant to PCD, enabling them to increase in abundance during aging. PCD pathways limit life span in fungi, but whether PCD pathways normally limit adult metazoan life span is not yet clear. PCD is regulated by a balance of negative and positive factors, including the mitochondria, which are particularly subject to aging-associated malfunction.
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84
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The molecular mechanism of aging is still vigorously debated, although a general consensus exists that mitochondria are significantly involved in this process. However, the previously postulated role of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the damaging agents inducing functional loss in aging has fallen out of favor in the recent past. In this review, we critically examine the role of ROS in aging in the light of recent advances on the relationship between mitochondrial structure and function. RECENT ADVANCES The functional mitochondrial respiratory chain is now recognized as a reflection of the dynamic association of respiratory complexes in the form of supercomplexes (SCs). Besides providing kinetic advantage (channeling), SCs control ROS generation by the respiratory chain, thus providing a means to regulate ROS levels in the cell. Depending on their concentration, these ROS are either physiological signals essential for the life of the cell or toxic species that damage cell structure and functions. CRITICAL ISSUES We propose that under physiological conditions the dynamic nature of SCs reversibly controls the generation of ROS as signals involved in mitochondrial-nuclear communication. During aging, there is a progressive loss of control of ROS generation so that their production is irreversibly enhanced, inducing a vicious circle in which signaling is altered and structural damage takes place. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding on the forces affecting SC association would allow the manipulation of ROS generation, directing these species to their physiological signaling role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Genova
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lenaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna , Bologna, Italy
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85
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Liu WC, Yuan HM, Li YH, Lu YT. CKA2functions in H2O2-induced apoptosis and high-temperature stress tolerance by regulating NO accumulation in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov051. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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86
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Effect of myricetin, pyrogallol, and phloroglucinol on yeast resistance to oxidative stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:782504. [PMID: 26000072 PMCID: PMC4427115 DOI: 10.1155/2015/782504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The health beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols have been attributed to their intrinsic antioxidant activity, which depends on the structure of the compound and number of hydroxyl groups. In this study, the protective effects of pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, and myricetin on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated. Pyrogallol and myricetin, which have a pyrogallol structure in the B ring, increased H2O2 resistance associated with a reduction in intracellular oxidation and protein carbonylation, whereas phloroglucinol did not exert protective effects. The acquisition of oxidative stress resistance in cells pretreated with pyrogallol and myricetin was not associated with an induction of endogenous antioxidant defences as assessed by the analysis of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. However, myricetin, which provided greater stress resistance, prevented H2O2-induced glutathione oxidation. Moreover, myricetin increased the chronological lifespan of yeast lacking the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Sod2p), which exhibited a premature aging phenotype and oxidative stress sensitivity. These findings show that the presence of hydroxyl groups in the ortho position of the B ring in pyrogallol and myricetin contributes to the antioxidant protection afforded by these compounds. In addition, myricetin may alleviate aging-induced oxidative stress, particularly when redox homeostasis is compromised due to downregulation of endogenous defences present in mitochondria.
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87
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Tereshina EV, Ivanenko SI. Age-related obesity is a heritage of the evolutionary past. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:581-92. [PMID: 25108322 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914070013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the process of human aging, an increase in the total amount of fat is observed mainly due to accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues. Insulin resistance, provoked by the intracellular accumulation of triglycerides, is often associated with development of such age-related diseases as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, and also with systemic inflammation and lipo- and glucose toxicity. Accumulation of lipids and lipophilic compounds is a biological phenomenon common for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Initially, it arose as an adaptation to starvation and shortage of nitrogen-containing nutrients, but later it converted into a depot of membrane material, needed on recommencement of cell division. In rodents and humans, the accumulation of non-metabolized fat in non-adipose tissues can be regarded as an adaptation to changes in the internal medium on a certain stage of ontogenesis as a result of age-related dysfunction of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Tereshina
- World Wide Medical Assistance, Oberwil B. Zug, 6317, Switzerland.
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88
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Teng X, Hardwick JM. Cell death in genome evolution. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:3-11. [PMID: 25725369 PMCID: PMC4410082 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate survival of abnormal cells underlies tumorigenesis. Most discoveries about programmed cell death have come from studying model organisms. Revisiting the experimental contexts that inspired these discoveries helps explain confounding biases that inevitably accompany such discoveries. Amending early biases has added a newcomer to the collection of cell death models. Analysis of gene-dependent death in yeast revealed the surprising influence of single gene mutations on subsequent eukaryotic genome evolution. Similar events may influence the selection for mutations during early tumorigenesis. The possibility that any early random mutation might drive the selection for a cancer driver mutation is conceivable but difficult to demonstrate. This was tested in yeast, revealing that mutation of almost any gene appears to specify the selection for a new second mutation. Some human tumors contain pairs of mutant genes homologous to co-occurring mutant genes in yeast. Here we consider how yeast again provide novel insights into tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Teng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, PR China; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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89
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Michel S, Keller MA, Wamelink MMC, Ralser M. A haploproficient interaction of the transaldolase paralogue NQM1 with the transcription factor VHR1 affects stationary phase survival and oxidative stress resistance. BMC Genet 2015; 16:13. [PMID: 25887987 PMCID: PMC4331311 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying the survival of yeast in stationary phase, known as chronological lifespan, led to the identification of molecular ageing factors conserved from yeast to higher organisms. To identify functional interactions among yeast chronological ageing genes, we conducted a haploproficiency screen on the basis of previously identified long-living mutants. For this, we created a library of heterozygous Saccharomyces cerevisiae double deletion strains and aged them in a competitive manner. RESULTS Stationary phase survival was prolonged in a double heterozygous mutant of the metabolic enzyme non-quiescent mutant 1 (NQM1), a paralogue to the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme transaldolase (TAL1), and the transcription factor vitamin H response transcription factor 1 (VHR1). We find that cells deleted for the two genes possess increased clonogenicity at late stages of stationary phase survival, but find no indication that the mutations delay initial mortality upon reaching stationary phase, canonically defined as an extension of chronological lifespan. We show that both genes influence the concentration of metabolites of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, central metabolic players in the ageing process, and affect osmolality of growth media in stationary phase cultures. Moreover, NQM1 is glucose repressed and induced in a VHR1 dependent manner upon caloric restriction, on non-fermentable carbon sources, as well as under osmotic and oxidative stress. Finally, deletion of NQM1 is shown to confer resistance to oxidizing substances. CONCLUSIONS The transaldolase paralogue NQM1 and the transcription factor VHR1 interact haploproficiently and affect yeast stationary phase survival. The glucose repressed NQM1 gene is induced under various stress conditions, affects stress resistance and this process is dependent on VHR1. While NQM1 appears not to function in the pentose phosphate pathway, the interplay of NQM1 with VHR1 influences the yeast metabolic homeostasis and stress tolerance during stationary phase, processes associated with yeast ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Michel
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr 73, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
| | - Markus A Keller
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Center, University of Cambridge, 80, Tennis, Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - Mirjam M C Wamelink
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Center, University of Cambridge, 80, Tennis, Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK.
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90
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Hernández O, Araque P, Tamayo D, Restrepo A, Herrera S, Mcewen JG, Pelaez C, Almeida AJ. Alternative oxidase plays an important role in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cellular homeostasis and morphological transition. Med Mycol 2015; 53:205-14. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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91
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Enyeart PJ, Simpson ZB, Ellington AD. A microbial model of economic trading and comparative advantage. J Theor Biol 2014; 364:326-43. [PMID: 25265557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The economic theory of comparative advantage postulates that beneficial trading relationships can be arrived at by two self-interested entities producing the same goods as long as they have opposing relative efficiencies in producing those goods. The theory predicts that upon entering trade, in order to maximize consumption both entities will specialize in producing the good they can produce at higher efficiency, that the weaker entity will specialize more completely than the stronger entity, and that both will be able to consume more goods as a result of trade than either would be able to alone. We extend this theory to the realm of unicellular organisms by developing mathematical models of genetic circuits that allow trading of a common good (specifically, signaling molecules) required for growth in bacteria in order to demonstrate comparative advantage interactions. In Conception 1, the experimenter controls production rates via exogenous inducers, allowing exploration of the parameter space of specialization. In Conception 2, the circuits self-regulate via feedback mechanisms. Our models indicate that these genetic circuits can demonstrate comparative advantage, and that cooperation in such a manner is particularly favored under stringent external conditions and when the cost of production is not overly high. Further work could involve implementing the models in living bacteria and searching for naturally occurring cooperative relationships between bacteria that conform to the principles of comparative advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Enyeart
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zachary B Simpson
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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92
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de Cabo R, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Bernier M, Hall MN, Madeo F. The search for antiaging interventions: from elixirs to fasting regimens. Cell 2014; 157:1515-26. [PMID: 24949965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of aging is an intrinsic feature of life. Accordingly, the possibility to manipulate it has fascinated humans likely since time immemorial. Recent evidence is shaping a picture where low caloric regimes and exercise may improve healthy senescence, and several pharmacological strategies have been suggested to counteract aging. Surprisingly, the most effective interventions proposed to date converge on only a few cellular processes, in particular nutrient signaling, mitochondrial efficiency, proteostasis, and autophagy. Here, we critically examine drugs and behaviors to which life- or healthspan-extending properties have been ascribed and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
| | | | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Michael N Hall
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
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93
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Mitteldorf J, Martins ACR. Programmed Life Span in the Context of Evolvability. Am Nat 2014; 184:289-302. [DOI: 10.1086/677387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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94
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Carmona-Gutierrez D, Büttner S. The many ways to age for a single yeast cell. Yeast 2014; 31:289-98. [PMID: 24842537 PMCID: PMC4140606 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and characterization of the molecular determinants governing ageing represents the key to counteracting age-related diseases and eventually prolonging our health span. A large number of fundamental insights into the ageing process have been provided by research into the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which couples a wide array of technical advantages with a high degree of genetic, proteomic and mechanistic conservation. Indeed, this unicellular organism harbours regulatory pathways, such as those related to programmed cell death or nutrient signalling, that are crucial for ageing control and are reminiscent of other eukaryotes, including mammals. Here, we summarize and discuss three different paradigms of yeast ageing: replicative, chronological and colony ageing. We address their physiological relevance as well as the specific and common characteristics and regulators involved, providing an overview of the network underlying ageing in one of the most important eukaryotic model organisms.
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95
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Kawałek A, van der Klei IJ. At neutral pH the chronological lifespan of Hansenula polymorpha increases upon enhancing the carbon source concentrations. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:189-202. [PMID: 28357243 PMCID: PMC5354561 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction is generally assumed to increase the lifespan in most
eukaryotes, including the simple model organism Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. However, recent data questioned whether this phenomenon
is indeed true for yeast. We studied the effect of reduction of the carbon
source concentration on the chronological lifespan of the yeast
Hansenula polymorpha using four different carbon sources.
Our data indicate that reduction of the carbon source concentration has a
negative (glucose, ethanol, methanol) or positive (glycerol) effect on the
chronological lifespan. We show that the actual effect of carbon source
concentrations largely depends on extracellular factor(s). We provide evidence
that H. polymorpha acidifies the medium and that a low pH of
the medium alone is sufficient to significantly decrease the chronological
lifespan. However, glucose-grown cells are less sensitive to low pH compared to
glycerol-grown cells, explaining why only the reduction of the
glycerol-concentration (which leads to less medium acidification) has a positive
effect on the chronological lifespan. Instead, the positive effect of enhancing
the glucose concentrations is much larger than the negative effect of the medium
acidification at these conditions, explaining the increased lifespan with
increasing glucose concentrations. Importantly, at neutral pH, the chronological
lifespan also decreases with a reduction in glycerol concentrations. We show
that for glycerol cultures this effect is related to acidification independent
changes in the composition of the spent medium. Altogether, our data indicate
that in H. polymorpha at neutral pH the chronological lifespan
invariably extends upon increasing the carbon source concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kawałek
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Systems Biology Centre for Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Systems Biology Centre for Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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96
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Lewinska A, Miedziak B, Kulak K, Molon M, Wnuk M. Links between nucleolar activity, rDNA stability, aneuploidy and chronological aging in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biogerontology 2014; 15:289-316. [PMID: 24711086 PMCID: PMC4019837 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is speculated to be a regulator of cellular senescence in numerous biological systems (Guarente, Genes Dev 11(19):2449–2455, 1997; Johnson et al., Curr Opin Cell Biol 10(3):332–338, 1998). In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alterations in nucleolar architecture, the redistribution of nucleolar protein and the accumulation of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circles (ERCs) during replicative aging have been reported. However, little is known regarding rDNA stability and changes in nucleolar activity during chronological aging (CA), which is another yeast aging model used. In the present study, the impact of aberrant cell cycle checkpoint control (knock-out of BUB1, BUB2, MAD1 and TEL1 genes in haploid and diploid hemizygous states) on CA-mediated changes in the nucleolus was studied. Nucleolus fragmentation, changes in the nucleolus size and the nucleolus/nucleus ratio, ERC accumulation, expression pattern changes and the relocation of protein involved in transcriptional silencing during CA were revealed. All strains examined were affected by oxidative stress, aneuploidy (numerical rather than structural aberrations) and DNA damage. However, the bub1 cells were the most prone to aneuploidy events, which may contribute to observed decrease in chronological lifespan. We postulate that chronological aging may be affected by redox imbalance-mediated chromosome XII instability leading to both rDNA instability and whole chromosome aneuploidy. CA-mediated nucleolus fragmentation may be a consequence of nucleolus enlargement and/or Nop2p upregulation. Moreover, the rDNA content of chronologically aging cells may be a factor determining the subsequent replicative lifespan. Taken together, we demonstrated that the nucleolus state is also affected during CA in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lewinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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97
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Mitteldorf JJ. Adaptive aging in the context of evolutionary theory. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 77:716-25. [PMID: 22817534 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912070036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence for an adaptive origin of aging has clashed with traditional evolutionary theory based on exclusively individual selection. The consensus view has been to try to understand aging in the context of a narrow, restrictive evolutionary paradigm, called the Modern Synthesis, or neo-Darwinism. But neo-Darwinism has shown itself to be inadequate in other ways, failing to account for stable ecosystems, for the evolution of sex and the maintenance of diversity and the architecture of the genome, which appears to be optimized for evolvability. Thus aging is not the only reason to consider overhauling the standard theoretical framework. Selection for stable ecosystems is rapid and efficient, and so it is the easiest modification of the neo-Darwinian paradigm to understand and to model. Aging may be understood in this context. More profound and more mysterious are the ways in which the process of evolution itself has been transformed in a bootstrapping process of selection for evolvability. Evolving organisms have learned to channel their variation in ways that are likely to enhance their long-term prospects. This is an expanded notion of fitness. Only in this context can the full spectrum of sophisticated adaptations be understood, including aging, sex, diversity, ecological interdependence, and the structure of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mitteldorf
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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98
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Rapoport A, Heipieper HJ. Biotechnological and environmental microbiological research in the Baltic region. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:1-2. [PMID: 24527730 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rapoport
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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99
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Yucel EB, Eraslan S, Ulgen KO. The impact of medium acidity on the chronological life span ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae - lipids, signaling cascades, mitochondrial and vacuolar functions. FEBS J 2014; 281:1281-303. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra B. Yucel
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Boğaziçi University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Serpil Eraslan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Boğaziçi University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Kutlu O. Ulgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Boğaziçi University; Istanbul Turkey
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100
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Almshawit H, Pouniotis D, Macreadie I. Cell density impacts onCandida glabratasurvival in hypo-osmotic stress. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:508-16. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hala Almshawit
- Applied Sciences; RMIT University; Bundoora Vic. Australia
| | - Dodie Pouniotis
- School of Medical Sciences; RMIT University; Bundoora Vic. Australia
| | - Ian Macreadie
- Applied Sciences; RMIT University; Bundoora Vic. Australia
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