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Zinc in Keratinocytes and Langerhans Cells: Relevance to the Epidermal Homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5404093. [PMID: 30622978 PMCID: PMC6304883 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5404093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, the epidermis is continuously exposed to various kinds of external substances and stimuli. Therefore, epidermal barriers are crucial for providing protection, safeguarding health, and regulating water balance by maintaining skin homeostasis. Disruption of the epidermal barrier allows external substances and stimuli to invade or stimulate the epidermal cells, leading to the elicitation of skin inflammation. The major components of the epidermal barrier are the stratum corneum (SC) and tight junctions (TJs). The presence of zinc in the epidermis promotes epidermal homeostasis; hence, this study reviewed the role of zinc in the formation and function of the SC and TJs. Langerhans cells (LCs) are one of the antigen-presenting cells found in the epidermis. They form TJs with adjacent keratinocytes (KCs), capture external antigens, and induce antigen-specific immune reactions. Thus, the function of zinc in LCs was examined in this review. We also summarized the general knowledge of zinc and zinc transporters in the epidermis with updated findings.
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53
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Szabo R, Bugge TH. Loss of HAI-2 in mice with decreased prostasin activity leads to an early-onset intestinal failure resembling congenital tufting enteropathy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194660. [PMID: 29617460 PMCID: PMC5884512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostasin (CAP1/PRSS8) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored serine protease that is essential for epithelial development and overall survival in mice. Prostasin is regulated primarily by the transmembrane serine protease inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-2, and loss of HAI-2 function leads to early embryonic lethality in mice due to an unregulated prostasin activity. We have recently reported that critical in vivo functions of prostasin can be performed by proteolytically-inactive or zymogen-locked variants of the protease. Here we show that the zymogen form of prostasin does not bind to HAI-2 and, as a result, loss of HAI-2 does not affect prenatal development and survival of mice expressing only zymogen-locked variant of prostasin (Prss8 R44Q). Indeed, HAI-2-deficient mice homozygous for R44Q mutation (Spint2-/-;Prss8R44Q/R44Q) are born in the expected numbers and do not exhibit any obvious developmental abnormality at birth. However, postnatal growth in these mice is severely impaired and they all die within 4 to 7 days after birth due to a critical failure in the development of small and large intestines, characterized by a widespread villous atrophy, tufted villi, near-complete loss of mucin-producing goblet cells, loss of colonic crypt structure, and bleeding into the intestinal lumen. Intestines of Spint2-/-;Prss8R44Q/R44Q mice showed altered expression of epithelial junctional proteins, including reduced levels of EpCAM, E-cadherin, occludin, claudin-1 and -7, as well as an increased level of claudin-4, indicating that the loss of HAI-2 compromises intestinal epithelial barrier function. Our data indicate that the loss of HAI-2 in Prss8R44Q/R44Q mice leads to development of progressive intestinal failure that at both histological and molecular level bears a striking resemblance to human congenital tufting enteropathy, and may provide important clues for understanding and treating this debilitating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RS); (THB)
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RS); (THB)
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54
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases: Host Cell Factors in Proteolytic Activation of Viral Glycoproteins. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over one third of all known proteolytic enzymes are serine proteases. Among these, the trypsin-like serine proteases comprise one of the best characterized subfamilies due to their essential roles in blood coagulation, food digestion, fibrinolysis, or immunity. Trypsin-like serine proteases possess primary substrate specificity for basic amino acids. Most of the well-characterized trypsin-like proteases such as trypsin, plasmin, or urokinase are soluble proteases that are secreted into the extracellular environment. At the turn of the millennium, a number of novel trypsin-like serine proteases have been identified that are anchored in the cell membrane, either by a transmembrane domain at the N- or C-terminus or via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Meanwhile more than 20 membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs) have been identified in human and mouse, and some of them have emerged as key regulators of mammalian development and homeostasis. Thus, the MASP corin and TMPRSS6/matriptase-2 have been demonstrated to be the activators of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and key regulator of hepcidin expression, respectively. Furthermore, MASPs have been recognized as host cell factors activating respiratory viruses including influenza virus as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses. In particular, transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2 (TMPRSS2) has been shown to be essential for proteolytic activation and consequently spread and pathogenesis of a number of influenza A viruses in mice and as a factor associated with severe influenza virus infection in humans. This review gives an overview on the physiological functions of the fascinating and rapidly evolving group of MASPs and a summary of the current knowledge on their role in proteolytic activation of viral fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Dieter Klenk
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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55
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Lee SP, Kao CY, Chang SC, Chiu YL, Chen YJ, Chen MHG, Chang CC, Lin YW, Chiang CP, Wang JK, Lin CY, Johnson MD. Tissue distribution and subcellular localizations determine in vivo functional relationship among prostasin, matriptase, HAI-1, and HAI-2 in human skin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192632. [PMID: 29438412 PMCID: PMC5811018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-bound serine proteases prostasin and matriptase and the Kunitz-type protease inhibitors HAI-1 and HAI-2 are all expressed in human skin and may form a tightly regulated proteolysis network, contributing to skin pathophysiology. Evidence from other systems, however, suggests that the relationship between matriptase and prostasin and between the proteases and the inhibitors can be context-dependent. In this study the in vivo zymogen activation and protease inhibition status of matriptase and prostasin were investigated in the human skin. Immunohistochemistry detected high levels of activated prostasin in the granular layer, but only low levels of activated matriptase restricted to the basal layer. Immunoblot analysis of foreskin lysates confirmed this in vivo zymogen activation status and further revealed that HAI-1 but not HAI-2 is the prominent inhibitor for prostasin and matriptase in skin. The zymogen activation status and location of the proteases does not support a close functional relation between matriptase and prostasin in the human skin. The limited role for HAI-2 in the inhibition of matriptase and prostasin is the result of its primarily intracellular localization in basal and spinous layer keratinocytes, which probably prevents the Kunitz inhibitor from interacting with active prostasin or matriptase. In contrast, the cell surface expression of HAI-1 in all viable epidermal layers renders it an effective regulator for matriptase and prostasin. Collectively, our study suggests the importance of tissue distribution and subcellular localization in the functional relationship between proteases and protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiao-Pieng Lee
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Cheng Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Chia Chang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Lin
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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56
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Mello CV, Lovell PV. Avian genomics lends insights into endocrine function in birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 256:123-129. [PMID: 28596079 PMCID: PMC5749246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The genomics era has brought along the completed sequencing of a large number of bird genomes that cover a broad range of the avian phylogenetic tree (>30 orders), leading to major novel insights into avian biology and evolution. Among recent findings, the discovery that birds lack a large number of protein coding genes that are organized in highly conserved syntenic clusters in other vertebrates is very intriguing, given the physiological importance of many of these genes. A considerable number of them play prominent endocrine roles, suggesting that birds evolved compensatory genetic or physiological mechanisms that allowed them to survive and thrive in spite of these losses. While further studies are needed to establish the exact extent of avian gene losses, these findings point to birds as potentially highly relevant model organisms for exploring the genetic basis and possible therapeutic approaches for a wide range of endocrine functions and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Mello
- Dept. Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, L470, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - P V Lovell
- Dept. Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, L470, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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57
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Egawa G, Kabashima K. Barrier dysfunction in the skin allergy. Allergol Int 2018; 67:3-11. [PMID: 29153780 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is continuously exposed to external pathogens, and its barrier function is critical for skin homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that the barrier dysfunction is one of the most predisposing factors for the development of skin allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis. In this article, we summarize how the physical barrier of the skin is organized and review its link to the pathomechanism of skin allergic diseases. We describe the formation of the SC barrier in terms of the following five categories: 1) filaggrin metabolism; 2) cornified envelope; 3) intercellular lipids; 4) corneodesmosome; and 5) corneocyte desquamation. New approaches to restoring the skin barrier function are also discussed.
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58
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Kleyman TR, Kashlan OB, Hughey RP. Epithelial Na + Channel Regulation by Extracellular and Intracellular Factors. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 80:263-281. [PMID: 29120692 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs) are members of the ENaC/degenerin family of ion channels that evolved to respond to extracellular factors. In addition to being expressed in the distal aspects of the nephron, where ENaCs couple the absorption of filtered Na+ to K+ secretion, these channels are found in other epithelia as well as nonepithelial tissues. This review addresses mechanisms by which ENaC activity is regulated by extracellular factors, including proteases, Na+, and shear stress. It also addresses other factors, including acidic phospholipids and modification of ENaC cytoplasmic cysteine residues by palmitoylation, which enhance channel activity by altering interactions of the channel with the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA; .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Ossama B Kashlan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA; .,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Rebecca P Hughey
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA; .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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59
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Azevedo R, Peixoto A, Gaiteiro C, Fernandes E, Neves M, Lima L, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. Over forty years of bladder cancer glycobiology: Where do glycans stand facing precision oncology? Oncotarget 2017; 8:91734-91764. [PMID: 29207682 PMCID: PMC5710962 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The high molecular heterogeneity of bladder tumours is responsible for significant variations in disease course, as well as elevated recurrence and progression rates, thereby hampering the introduction of more effective targeted therapeutics. The implementation of precision oncology settings supported by robust molecular models for individualization of patient management is warranted. This effort requires a comprehensive integration of large sets of panomics data that is yet to be fully achieved. Contributing to this goal, over 40 years of bladder cancer glycobiology have disclosed a plethora of cancer-specific glycans and glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans) accompanying disease progressions and dissemination. This review comprehensively addresses the main structural findings in the field and consequent biological and clinical implications. Given the cell surface and secreted nature of these molecules, we further discuss their potential for non-invasive detection and therapeutic development. Moreover, we highlight novel mass-spectrometry-based high-throughput analytical and bioinformatics tools to interrogate the glycome in the postgenomic era. Ultimately, we outline a roadmap to guide future developments in glycomics envisaging clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azevedo
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- New Therapies Group, INEB-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Gaiteiro
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Fernandes
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biomaterials for Multistage Drug and Cell Delivery, INEB-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Neves
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Lima
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Glycobiology in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Glycobiology in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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60
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Otsuka A, Nomura T, Rerknimitr P, Seidel JA, Honda T, Kabashima K. The interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:246-262. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Judith A. Seidel
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Biopolis; Singapore
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61
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Rerknimitr P, Otsuka A, Nakashima C, Kabashima K. The etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: barrier disruption, immunological derangement, and pruritus. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:14. [PMID: 29259713 PMCID: PMC5725646 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent eczema accompanied by an intractable itch that leads to an impaired quality of life. Extensive recent studies have shed light on the multifaceted pathogenesis of the disease. The complex interplay among skin barrier deficiency, immunological derangement, and pruritus contributes to the development, progression, and chronicity of the disease. Abnormalities in filaggrin, other stratum corneum constituents, and tight junctions induce and/or promote skin inflammation. This inflammation, in turn, can further deteriorate the barrier function by downregulating a myriad of essential barrier-maintaining molecules. Pruritus in AD, which may be due to hyperinnervation of the epidermis, increases pruritogens, and central sensitization compromises the skin integrity and promotes inflammation. There are unmet needs in the treatment of AD. Based on the detailed evidence available to date, certain disease mechanisms can be chosen as treatment targets. Numerous clinical trials of biological agents are currently being conducted and are expected to provide treatments for patients suffering from AD in the future. This review summarizes the etiopathogenesis of the disease and provides a rationale for choosing the novel targeted therapy that will be available in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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62
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Friis S, Tadeo D, Le-Gall SM, Jürgensen HJ, Sales KU, Camerer E, Bugge TH. Matriptase zymogen supports epithelial development, homeostasis and regeneration. BMC Biol 2017; 15:46. [PMID: 28571576 PMCID: PMC5452369 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matriptase is a membrane serine protease essential for epithelial development, homeostasis, and regeneration, as well as a central orchestrator of pathogenic pericellular signaling in the context of inflammatory and proliferative diseases. Matriptase is an unusual protease in that its zymogen displays measurable enzymatic activity. Results Here, we used gain and loss of function genetics to investigate the possible biological functions of zymogen matriptase. Unexpectedly, transgenic mice mis-expressing a zymogen-locked version of matriptase in the epidermis displayed pathologies previously reported for transgenic mice mis-expressing wildtype epidermal matriptase. Equally surprising, mice engineered to express only zymogen-locked endogenous matriptase, unlike matriptase null mice, were viable, developed epithelial barrier function, and regenerated the injured epithelium. Compatible with these observations, wildtype and zymogen-locked matriptase were equipotent activators of PAR-2 inflammatory signaling. Conclusion The study demonstrates that the matriptase zymogen is biologically active and is capable of executing developmental and homeostatic functions of the protease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0384-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Friis
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Tadeo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sylvain M Le-Gall
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Jessen Jürgensen
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katiuchia Uzzun Sales
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribierão Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Room 320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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63
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Liu Y, Kang X, Yang W, Xie M, Zhang J, Fang M. Differential expression of KRT83 regulated by the transcript factor CAP1 in Chinese Tan sheep. Gene 2017; 614:15-20. [PMID: 28284878 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Keratin 83 (KRT83) is an important keratin protein in hair development. In this study, expression of KRT83 was compared among different tissues and between 1-month-old lambs and 48-month adult of Chinese Tan sheep, which showed different fleece phenotypes. The results showed that KRT83 was only expressed in skin, and KRT83 mRNA level in skin was significantly higher in Tan lambs than in adult sheep. To further understand the expression regulation of KRT83 by transcription factors in Tan sheep, amplified sequences coving different ranges of KRT83 promoter region were inserted into a pGL3-basic vector and then transfected into sheep primary fibroblast cells. Luciferase assay indicated that the sequence from -218bp to -10bp in the KRT83 promoter induced the highest transcription activity of the vector in the fibroblast cells. Transcription factor adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) was predicted by online tools within this region. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) confirmed binding of the purified CAP1 protein to the target core region from -88bp to -10bp, because mutation in the target core sequence resulted in failure of CAP1 binding to the target region. Moreover, overexpression of CAP1 protein led to repression of the KRT83 promoter activity in sheep primary fibroblast cells, and expression of CAP1 was lower in lambs than in adult sheep. Therefore, we concluded that CAP1 is a key transcription factor involved in negative regulation of KRT83 expression in Tan sheep skin. Our study provides new insights into the transcriptional regulation of KRT83 and further hints of its critical role in curly hair phenotype in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Kang
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
| | - Wanjie Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Minggui Xie
- Institute of Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Jiangxi 330200, PR China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Meiying Fang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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64
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Buzza MS, Johnson TA, Conway GD, Martin EW, Mukhopadhyay S, Shea-Donohue T, Antalis TM. Inflammatory cytokines down-regulate the barrier-protective prostasin-matriptase proteolytic cascade early in experimental colitis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10801-10812. [PMID: 28490634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised gastrointestinal barrier function is strongly associated with the progressive and destructive pathologies of the two main forms of irritable bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn's disease (CD). Matriptase is a membrane-anchored serine protease encoded by suppression of tumorigenicity-14 (ST14) gene, which is critical for epithelial barrier development and homeostasis. Matriptase barrier-protective activity is linked with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored serine protease prostasin, which is a co-factor for matriptase zymogen activation. Here we show that mRNA and protein expression of both matriptase and prostasin are rapidly down-regulated in the initiating inflammatory phases of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice, and, significantly, the loss of these proteases precedes the appearance of clinical symptoms, suggesting their loss may contribute to disease susceptibility. We used heterozygous St14 hypomorphic mice expressing a promoter-linked β-gal reporter to show that inflammatory colitis suppresses the activity of the St14 gene promoter. Studies in colonic T84 cell monolayers revealed that barrier disruption by the colitis-associated Th2-type cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, down-regulates matriptase as well as prostasin through phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulator STAT6 and that inhibition of STAT6 with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) restores protease expression and reverses cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction. Both matriptase and prostasin are significantly down-regulated in colonic tissues from human subjects with active ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, implicating the loss of this barrier-protective protease pathway in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite S Buzza
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | - Tierra A Johnson
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | - Gregory D Conway
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | - Erik W Martin
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
| | | | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Toni M Antalis
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Physiology and
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Bauer SM. Atopic Eczema: Genetic Associations and Potential Links to Developmental Exposures. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:187-198. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581817701075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atopic eczema (AE), or atopic dermatitis (AD), is a common inflammatory skin disease with a disrupted epidermal barrier and an allergic immune response. AD/AE is prominently characterized by a symptomatic itch and transient skin lesions. Infants compose a significant percentage affected. Two models have been proposed to explain AD/AE skin pathology: the gut microbiome-focused inside-outside model and the outside-inside model concentrating on the disrupted skin barrier/skin microbiome. Gene disruptions contributing to epidermal structure, as well as those in immune system genes, are implicated. Over 30 genes have been linked to AD/AE with Flg and Tmem79/Matt alterations being common. Other linked disruptions are in the interleukin-1 family of cytokines/receptors and the TH2 gene family of cytokines. Inheritable epigenetic modifications of the genes or associated proteins may also be involved. Skin barrier disruption and the allergic immune response have been the main foci in mechanistic studies of AD/AE, but the role of the environment is becoming more apparent. Thus, an examination of in utero exposures could be very helpful in understanding the heterogeneity of AD/AE. Although research is limited, there is evidence that developmental exposure to environmental tobacco smoke or phthalates may impact disease. Management for AD/AE includes topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, which safely facilitate improvements in select individuals. Disease heterogeneity warrants continued research not only into elucidating disease mechanism(s), via identification of contributing genetic alterations, but also research to understand how/when these genetic alterations occur. This may lead to the cure that those affected by AD/AE eagerly await.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Bauer
- Assistant Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, Belmont Abbey College, Belmont, NC, USA
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The Transmembrane Serine Protease HAT-like 4 Is Important for Epidermal Barrier Function to Prevent Body Fluid Loss. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45262. [PMID: 28338078 PMCID: PMC5364460 DOI: 10.1038/srep45262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound proteases are essential for epidermal integrity. Human airway trypsin-like protease 4 (HAT-L4) is a type II transmembrane serine protease. Currently, its biochemical property, cellular distribution and physiological function remain unknown. Here we examined HAT-L4 expression and function in vitro and in vivo. In Western analysis, HAT-L4 expressed in transfected CHO cells appeared as a 48-kDa protein. Flow cytometry confirmed HAT-L4 expression on the cell surface with the expected membrane topology. RT-PCR and immunostaining experiments indicated that HAT-L4 was expressed in epithelial cells and exocrine glands in tissues including skin, esophagus, trachea, tongue, eye, bladder, testis and uterus. In the skin, HAT-L4 expression was abundant in keratinocytes and sebaceous glands. We generated HAT-L4 knockout mice by disrupting the Tmprss11f gene encoding HAT-L4. HAT-L4 knockout mice were viable and fertile. No defects were found in HAT-L4 knockout mice in hair growth, wound healing, water repulsion and body temperature regulation. Compared with wild-type controls, HAT-L4-deficient newborn mice had greater body fluid loss and higher mortality in a trans-epidermal body fluid loss test. In metabolic studies, HAT-L4-deficient adult mice drank water more frequently than wild-type controls did. These results indicate that HAT-L4 is important in epidermal barrier function to prevent body fluid loss.
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67
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Di ZH, Ma L, Qi RQ, Sun XD, Huo W, Zhang L, Lyu YN, Hong YX, Chen HD, Gao XH. T Helper 1 and T Helper 2 Cytokines Differentially Modulate Expression of Filaggrin and its Processing Proteases in Human Keratinocytes. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:295-303. [PMID: 26831231 PMCID: PMC4799573 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.174489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by defective skin barrier and imbalance in T helper 1/T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) cytokine expression. Filaggrin (FLG) is the key protein to maintaining skin barrier function. Recent studies indicated that Th1/Th2 cytokines influence FLG expression in keratinocytes. However, the role of Th1/Th2 cytokines on FLG processing is not substantially documented. Our aim was to investigate the impact of Th1/Th2 cytokines on FLG processing. Methods: HaCaT cells and normal human keratinocytes were cultured in low and high calcium media and stimulated by either interleukin (IL)-4, 13 or interferon-γ (IFN-γ). FLG, its major processing proteases and key protease inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) were measured by both real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Their expression was also evaluated in acute and chronic AD lesions by immunohistochemistry. Results: IL-4/13 significantly reduced, while IFN-γ significantly up-regulated FLG expression. IL-4/13 significantly increased, whereas IFN-γ significantly decreased the expression of kallikreins 5 and 7, matriptase and channel-activating serine protease 1. On the contrary, IL-4/13 significantly decreased, while IFN-γ increased the expression of LEKTI and caspase-14. Similar trends were observed in AD lesions. Conclusions: Our results suggested that Th1/Th2 cytokines differentially regulated the expression of major FLG processing enzymes. The imbalance between Th1 and Th2 polarized immune response seems to extend to FLG homeostasis, through the network of FLG processing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
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68
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Antalis TM, Conway GD, Peroutka RJ, Buzza MS. Membrane-anchored proteases in endothelial cell biology. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 23:243-52. [PMID: 26906027 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The endothelial cell plasma membrane is a metabolically active, dynamic, and fluid microenvironment where pericellular proteolysis plays a critical role. Membrane-anchored proteases may be expressed by endothelial cells as well as mural cells and leukocytes with distribution both inside and outside of the vascular system. Here, we will review the recent advances in our understanding of the direct and indirect roles of membrane-anchored proteases in vascular biology and the possible conservation of their extravascular functions in endothelial cell biology. RECENT FINDINGS Membrane-anchored proteases belonging to the serine or metalloprotease families contain amino-terminal or carboxy-terminal domains, which serve to tether their extracellular protease domains directly at the plasma membrane. This architecture enables protease function and substrate repertoire to be regulated through dynamic localization in distinct areas of the cell membrane. These proteases are proving to be key components of the cell machinery for regulating vascular permeability, generation of vasoactive peptides, receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation, extracellular matrix proteolysis, and angiogenesis. SUMMARY A complex picture of the interdependence between membrane-anchored protease localization and function is emerging that may provide a mechanism for precise coordination of extracellular signals and intracellular responses through communication with the cytoskeleton and with cellular signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Natural Endogenous Human Matriptase and Prostasin Undergo Zymogen Activation via Independent Mechanisms in an Uncoupled Manner. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167894. [PMID: 27936035 PMCID: PMC5148038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-associated serine proteases matriptase and prostasin are believed to function in close partnership. Their zymogen activation has been reported to be tightly coupled, either as a matriptase-initiated proteolytic cascade or through a mutually dependent mechanism involving the formation of a reciprocal zymogen activation complex. Here we show that this putative relationship may not apply in the context of human matriptase and prostasin. First, the tightly coupled proteolytic cascade between matriptase and prostasin might not occur when modest matriptase activation is induced by sphingosine 1-phospahte in human mammary epithelial cells. Second, prostasin is not required and/or involved in matriptase autoactivation because matriptase can undergo zymogen activation in cells that do not endogenously express prostasin. Third, matriptase is not required for and/or involved in prostasin activation, since activated prostasin can be detected in cells expressing no endogenous matriptase. Finally, matriptase and prostasin both undergo zymogen activation through an apparently un-coupled mechanism in cells endogenously expressing both proteases, such as in Caco-2 cells. In these human enterocytes, matriptase is detected primarily in the zymogen form and prostasin predominantly as the activated form, either in complexes with protease inhibitors or as the free active form. The negligible levels of prostasin zymogen with high levels of matriptase zymogen suggests that the reciprocal zymogen activation complex is likely not the mechanism for matriptase zymogen activation. Furthermore, high level prostasin activation still occurs in Caco-2 variants with reduced or absent matriptase expression, indicating that matriptase is not required and/or involved in prostasin zymogen activation. Collectively, these data suggest that any functional relationship between natural endogenous human matriptase and prostasin does not occur at the level of zymogen activation.
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70
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Altered Prostasin (CAP1/Prss8) Expression Favors Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling in DSS-induced Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2824-2839. [PMID: 27755216 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are diseases with impaired epithelial barrier function. We aimed to investigate whether mutated prostasin and thus, reduced colonic epithelial sodium channel activity predisposes to develop an experimentally dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS Wildtype, heterozygous (fr/+), and homozygous (fr/fr) prostasin-mutant rats were treated 7 days with DSS followed by 7 days of recovery and analyzed with respect to histology, clinicopathological parameters, inflammatory marker mRNA transcript expression, and sodium transporter protein expression. RESULTS In this study, a more detailed analysis on rat fr/fr colons revealed reduced numbers of crypt and goblet cells, and local angiodysplasia, as compared with heterozygous (fr/+) and wildtype littermates. Following 2% DSS treatment for 7 days followed by 7 days recovery, fr/fr animals lost body weight, and reached maximal diarrhea score and highest disease activity after only 3 days, and strongly increased cytokine levels. The histology score significantly increased in all groups, but fr/fr colons further displayed pronounced histological alterations with near absence of goblet cells, rearrangement of the lamina propria, and presence of neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Additionally, fr/fr colons showed ulcerations and edemas that were absent in fr/+ and wildtype littermates. Following recovery, fr/fr rats reached, although significantly delayed, near-normal diarrhea score and disease activity, but exhibited severe architectural remodeling, despite unchanged sodium transporter protein expression. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results demonstrate a protective role of colonic prostasin expression against experimental colitis, and thus represent a susceptibility gene in the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
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71
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Yang HY, Fang DZ, Ding LS, Hui XB, Liu D. Overexpression of Protease Serine 8 Inhibits Glioma Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion via Suppressing the Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Oncol Res 2016; 25:923-930. [PMID: 27983922 PMCID: PMC7841053 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14798241682647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease serine 8 (PRSS8), a serine peptidase, has a widespread expression in normal epidermal cells. Recently, many researchers demonstrated downregulation of PRSS8 in cancer tissues as well as its tumor suppressor role in cancer development. However, the biological functions of PRSS8 in glioma remain unclear. In the current study, we demonstrated a decreased expression of PRSS8 in glioma tissues and cell lines. PRSS8 upregulation inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In addition, xenograft experiments showed that PRSS8 overexpression suppressed glioma cell growth in vivo. We also found that upregulated PRSS8 reduced the protein expression levels of p-Akt and p-mTOR in glioma cells. Taken together, our study demonstrated that overexpression of PRSS8 inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via suppressing the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, PRSS8 may act as a novel therapeutic target for glioma.
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72
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Ma C, Ma W, Zhou N, Chen N, An L, Zhang Y. Protease Serine S1 Family Member 8 (PRSS8) Inhibits Tumor Growth In Vitro and In Vivo in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncol Res 2016; 25:781-787. [PMID: 27983914 PMCID: PMC7841066 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14772417575982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease serine S1 family member 8 (PRSS8), a membrane-anchored serine protease, has been reported to be involved in the development of several human cancers. However, the role of PRSS8 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pathogenesis remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate PRSS8 expression, biological function, and its related molecular mechanism in NSCLC. Our results showed that PRSS8 was expressed in a low amount in NSCLC cell lines. Ectopic expression of PRSS8 inhibited tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PRSS8 inhibited the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. It also suppressed the EMT process in A549 cells. Mechanistically, we found that the ectopic expression of PRSS8 downregulated the protein expression levels of p-JAK1, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3 in A549 cells. Taken together, our study showed that PRSS8 plays an important role in the growth and metastasis of NSCLC. Thus, PRSS8 may be a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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73
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Lai CH, Chang SC, Chen YJ, Wang YJJ, Lai YJJ, Chang HHD, Berens EB, Johnson MD, Wang JK, Lin CY. Matriptase and prostasin are expressed in human skin in an inverse trend over the course of differentiation and are targeted to different regions of the plasma membrane. Biol Open 2016; 5:1380-1387. [PMID: 27543057 PMCID: PMC5087689 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Matriptase and prostasin, acting as a tightly coupled proteolytic cascade, were reported to be required for epidermal barrier formation in mouse skin. Here we show that, in human skin, matriptase and prostasin are expressed with an inverse pattern over the course of differentiation. Matriptase was detected primarily in epidermal basal keratinocytes and the basaloid cells in the outer root sheath of hair follicles and the sebaceous gland, where prostasin was not detected. In contrast, prostasin was detected primarily in differentiated cells in the epidermal granular layer, the inner root sheath of hair follicles, and the sebaceous gland, where matriptase expression is negligible. While co-expressed in the middle stage of differentiation, prostasin was detected as polarized patches, and matriptase at intercellular junctions. Targeting to different subcellular localizations is also observed in HaCaT human keratinocytes, in which matriptase was detected primarily at intercellular junctions, and prostasin primarily on membrane protrusion. Furthermore, upon induction of zymogen activation, free active prostasin remains cell-associated and free active matriptase is rapidly shed into the extracellular milieu. Our data suggest that matriptase and prostasin likely function as independent entities in human skin rather than as a tightly coupled proteolytic cascade as observed in mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Cheng Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital. School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie J Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jun J Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Hsiang-Hua D Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Eric B Berens
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057, USA
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Sun M, Nie F, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Hou J, He D, Xie M, Xu L, De W, Wang Z, Wang J. LncRNA HOXA11-AS Promotes Proliferation and Invasion of Gastric Cancer by Scaffolding the Chromatin Modification Factors PRC2, LSD1, and DNMT1. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6299-6310. [PMID: 27651312 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) have been implicated in human cancer but their mechanisms of action are mainly undocumented. In this study, we investigated lncRNA alterations that contribute to gastric cancer through an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas RNA sequencing data and other publicly available microarray data. Here we report the gastric cancer-associated lncRNA HOXA11-AS as a key regulator of gastric cancer development and progression. Patients with high HOXA11-AS expression had a shorter survival and poorer prognosis. In vitro and in vivo assays of HOXA11-AS alterations revealed a complex integrated phenotype affecting cell growth, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Strikingly, high-throughput sequencing analysis after HOXA11-AS silencing highlighted alterations in cell proliferation and cell-cell adhesion pathways. Mechanistically, EZH2 along with the histone demethylase LSD1 or DNMT1 were recruited by HOXA11-AS, which functioned as a scaffold. HOXA11-AS also functioned as a molecular sponge for miR-1297, antagonizing its ability to repress EZH2 protein translation. In addition, we found that E2F1 was involved in HOXA11-AS activation in gastric cancer cells. Taken together, our findings support a model in which the EZH2/HOXA11-AS/LSD1 complex and HOXA11-AS/miR-1297/EZH2 cross-talk serve as critical effectors in gastric cancer tumorigenesis and progression, suggesting new therapeutic directions in gastric cancer. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6299-310. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fengqi Nie
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jiakai Hou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dandan He
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei De
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People' Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.
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Ronaghan NJ, Shang J, Iablokov V, Zaheer R, Colarusso P, Dion S, Désilets A, Leduc R, Turner JR, MacNaughton WK. The serine protease-mediated increase in intestinal epithelial barrier function is dependent on occludin and requires an intact tight junction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G466-79. [PMID: 27492333 PMCID: PMC5076006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00441.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Barrier dysfunction is a characteristic of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Understanding how the tight junction is modified to maintain barrier function may provide avenues for treatment of IBD. We have previously shown that the apical addition of serine proteases to intestinal epithelial cell lines causes a rapid and sustained increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), but the mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that serine proteases increase barrier function through trafficking and insertion of tight junction proteins into the membrane, and this could enhance recovery of a disrupted monolayer after calcium switch or cytokine treatment. In the canine epithelial cell line, SCBN, we showed that matriptase, an endogenous serine protease, could potently increase TER. Using detergent solubility-based cell fractionation, we found that neither trypsin nor matriptase treatment changed levels of tight junction proteins at the membrane. In a fast calcium switch assay, serine proteases did not enhance the rate of recovery of the junction. In addition, serine proteases could not reverse barrier disruption induced by IFNγ and TNFα. We knocked down occludin in our cells using siRNA and found this prevented the serine protease-induced increase in TER. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we found serine proteases induce a greater mobile fraction of occludin in the membrane. These data suggest that a functional tight junction is needed for serine proteases to have an effect on TER, and that occludin is a crucial tight junction protein in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Ronaghan
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Judie Shang
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Vadim Iablokov
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Raza Zaheer
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Pina Colarusso
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Sébastien Dion
- 2Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Antoine Désilets
- 2Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Richard Leduc
- 2Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- 3Departments of Pathology and Medicine (GI), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wallace K. MacNaughton
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
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76
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Szabo R, Lantsman T, Peters DE, Bugge TH. Delineation of proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of the membrane-anchored serine protease prostasin. Development 2016; 143:2818-28. [PMID: 27385010 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-anchored serine proteases prostasin (PRSS8) and matriptase (ST14) initiate a cell surface proteolytic pathway essential for epithelial function. Mice expressing only catalytically inactive prostasin are viable, unlike prostasin null mice, indicating that at least some prostasin functions are non-proteolytic. Here we used knock-in mice expressing catalytically inactive prostasin (Prss8(Ki/Ki)) to show that the physiological and pathological functions of prostasin vary in their dependence on its catalytic activity. Whereas prostasin null mice exhibited partial embryonic and complete perinatal lethality, Prss8(Ki/Ki) mice displayed normal prenatal and postnatal survival. Unexpectedly, catalytically inactive prostasin caused embryonic lethality in mice lacking its cognate inhibitors HAI-1 (SPINT1) or HAI-2 (SPINT2). Proteolytically inactive prostasin, unlike the wild-type protease, was unable to activate matriptase during placentation. Surprisingly, all essential functions of prostasin in embryonic and postnatal development were compensated for by loss of HAI-1, indicating that prostasin is only required for mouse development and overall viability in the presence of this inhibitor. This study expands our knowledge of non-proteolytic functions of membrane-anchored serine proteases and provides unexpected new data on the mechanistic interactions between matriptase and prostasin in the context of epithelial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Taliya Lantsman
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diane E Peters
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Program of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Chen CY, Chen CJ, Lai CH, Wu BY, Lee SP, Johnson MD, Lin CY, Wang JK. Increased matriptase zymogen activation by UV irradiation protects keratinocyte from cell death. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 83:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Egawa G, Kabashima K. Multifactorial skin barrier deficiency and atopic dermatitis: Essential topics to prevent the atopic march. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:350-358.e1. [PMID: 27497277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease in the industrialized world and has multiple causes. Over the past decade, data from both experimental models and patients have highlighted the primary pathogenic role of skin barrier deficiency in patients with AD. Increased access of environmental agents into the skin results in chronic inflammation and contributes to the systemic "atopic (allergic) march." In addition, persistent skin inflammation further attenuates skin barrier function, resulting in a positive feedback loop between the skin epithelium and the immune system that drives pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of skin barrier maintenance is essential for improving management of AD and limiting downstream atopic manifestations. In this article we review the latest developments in our understanding of the pathomechanisms of skin barrier deficiency, with a particular focus on the formation of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, which contributes significantly to skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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79
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Xu W, Hong SJ, Zhong A, Xie P, Jia S, Xie Z, Zeitchek M, Niknam-Bienia S, Zhao J, Porterfield DM, Surmeier DJ, Leung KP, Galiano RD, Mustoe TA. Sodium channel Nax is a regulator in epithelial sodium homeostasis. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:312ra177. [PMID: 26537257 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the epidermis responds to disturbances in barrier function and restores homeostasis are unknown. With a perturbation of the epidermal barrier, water is lost, resulting in an increase in extracellular sodium concentration. We demonstrate that the sodium channel Nax functions as a sodium sensor. With increased extracellular sodium, Nax up-regulates prostasin, which results in activation of the sodium channel ENaC, resulting in increased sodium flux and increased downstream mRNA synthesis of inflammatory mediators. Nax is present in multiple epithelial tissues, and up-regulation of its downstream genes is found in hypertrophic scars. In animal models, blocking Nax expression results in improvement in scarring and atopic dermatitis-like symptoms, both of which are pathological conditions characterized by perturbations in barrier function. These findings support an important role for Nax in maintaining epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Seok Jong Hong
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aimei Zhong
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shengxian Jia
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zhong Xie
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael Zeitchek
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Solmaz Niknam-Bienia
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jingling Zhao
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Department of Burns, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - D Marshall Porterfield
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kai P Leung
- Microbiology Branch, U.S. Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Institute of Surgical Research, JB Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Robert D Galiano
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Thomas A Mustoe
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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80
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El-Hattab AW, Shaheen R, Hertecant J, Galadari HI, Albaqawi BS, Nabil A, Alkuraya FS. On the phenotypic spectrum of serine biosynthesis defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:373-381. [PMID: 26960553 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
L-serine is a non-essential amino acid that is de novo synthesized via the enzymes phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH), phosphoserine aminotransferase (PSAT), and phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP). Besides its role in protein synthesis, L-serine is a precursor of a number of important compounds. Serine biosynthesis defects result from deficiencies in PGDH, PSAT, or PSP and have a broad phenotypic spectrum ranging from Neu-Laxova syndrome, a lethal multiple congenital anomaly disease at the severe end to a childhood disease with intellectual disability at the mild end, with infantile growth deficiency, and severe neurological manifestations as an intermediate phenotype. In this report, we present three subjects with serine biosynthesis effects. The first was a stillbirth with Neu-Laxova syndrome and a homozygous mutation in PHGDH. The second was a neonate with growth deficiency, microcephaly, ichthyotic skin lesions, seizures, contractures, hypertonia, distinctive facial features, and a homozygous mutation in PSAT1. The third subject was an infant with growth deficiency, microcephaly, ichthyotic skin lesions, anemia, hypertonia, distinctive facial features, low serine and glycine in plasma and CSF, and a novel homozygous mutation in PHGDH gene. Herein, we also review previous reports of serine biosynthesis defects and mutations in the PHGDH, PSAT1, and PSPH genes, discuss the variability in the phenotypes associated with serine biosynthesis defects, and elaborate on the vital roles of serine and the potential consequences of its deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman W El-Hattab
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jozef Hertecant
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan I Galadari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Badi S Albaqawi
- Women Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Nabil
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Developmental Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC-03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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81
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Matriptase activation connects tissue factor-dependent coagulation initiation to epithelial proteolysis and signaling. Blood 2016; 127:3260-9. [PMID: 27114461 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-683110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade is designed to sense tissue injury by physical separation of the membrane-anchored cofactor tissue factor (TF) from inactive precursors of coagulation proteases circulating in plasma. Once TF on epithelial and other extravascular cells is exposed to plasma, sequential activation of coagulation proteases coordinates hemostasis and contributes to host defense and tissue repair. Membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs) play critical roles in the development and homeostasis of epithelial barrier tissues; how MASPs are activated in mature epithelia is unknown. We here report that proteases of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation transactivate the MASP matriptase, thus connecting coagulation initiation to epithelial proteolysis and signaling. Exposure of TF-expressing cells to factors (F) VIIa and Xa triggered the conversion of latent pro-matriptase to an active protease, which in turn cleaved the pericellular substrates protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) and pro-urokinase. An activation pathway-selective PAR2 mutant resistant to direct cleavage by TF:FVIIa and FXa was activated by these proteases when cells co-expressed pro-matriptase, and matriptase transactivation was necessary for efficient cleavage and activation of wild-type PAR2 by physiological concentrations of TF:FVIIa and FXa. The coagulation initiation complex induced rapid and prolonged enhancement of the barrier function of epithelial monolayers that was dependent on matriptase transactivation and PAR2 signaling. These observations suggest that the coagulation cascade engages matriptase to help coordinate epithelial defense and repair programs after injury or infection, and that matriptase may contribute to TF-driven pathogenesis in cancer and inflammation.
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82
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Lai CH, Lai YJJ, Chou FP, Chang HHD, Tseng CC, Johnson MD, Wang JK, Lin CY. Matriptase Complexes and Prostasin Complexes with HAI-1 and HAI-2 in Human Milk: Significant Proteolysis in Lactation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152904. [PMID: 27043831 PMCID: PMC4820252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant proteolysis may occur during milk synthesis and secretion, as evidenced by the presence of protease-protease inhibitor complex containing the activated form of the type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase and the transmembrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor HAI-1. In order to identify other proteolysis events that may occur during lactation, human milk was analyzed for species containing HAI-1 and HAI-2 which is closely related to HAI-1. In addition to the previously demonstrated matriptase-HAI-1 complex, HAI-1 was also detected in complex with prostasin, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored serine protease. HAI-2 was also detected in complexes, the majority of which appear to be part of higher-order complexes, which do not bind to ionic exchange columns or immunoaffinity columns, suggesting that HAI-2 and its target proteases may be incorporated into special protein structures during lactation. The small proportion HAI-2 species that could be purified contain matriptase or prostasin. Human mammary epithelial cells are the likely cellular sources for these HAI-1 and HAI-2 complexes with matriptase and prostasin given that these protease-inhibitor complexes with the exception of prostasin-HAI-2 complex were detected in milk-derived mammary epithelial cells. The presence of these protease-inhibitor complexes in human milk provides in vivo evidence that the proteolytic activity of matriptase and prostasin are significantly elevated at least during lactation, and possibly contribute to the process of lactation, and that they are under tight control by HAI-1 and HAI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jung J. Lai
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Feng-Pai Chou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Hsiang-Hua D. Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Tseng
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CYL); (JKW)
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYL); (JKW)
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Adhikari K, Fontanil T, Cal S, Mendoza-Revilla J, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Chacón-Duque JC, Al-Saadi F, Johansson JA, Quinto-Sanchez M, Acuña-Alonzo V, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Barquera Lozano R, Macín Pérez G, Gómez-Valdés J, Villamil-Ramírez H, Hunemeier T, Ramallo V, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Hurtado M, Villegas V, Granja V, Gallo C, Poletti G, Schuler-Faccini L, Salzano FM, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Rothhammer F, Bedoya G, Gonzalez-José R, Headon D, López-Otín C, Tobin DJ, Balding D, Ruiz-Linares A. A genome-wide association scan in admixed Latin Americans identifies loci influencing facial and scalp hair features. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10815. [PMID: 26926045 PMCID: PMC4773514 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association scan in over 6,000 Latin Americans for features of scalp hair (shape, colour, greying, balding) and facial hair (beard thickness, monobrow, eyebrow thickness). We found 18 signals of association reaching genome-wide significance (P values 5 × 10(-8) to 3 × 10(-119)), including 10 novel associations. These include novel loci for scalp hair shape and balding, and the first reported loci for hair greying, monobrow, eyebrow and beard thickness. A newly identified locus influencing hair shape includes a Q30R substitution in the Protease Serine S1 family member 53 (PRSS53). We demonstrate that this enzyme is highly expressed in the hair follicle, especially the inner root sheath, and that the Q30R substitution affects enzyme processing and secretion. The genome regions associated with hair features are enriched for signals of selection, consistent with proposals regarding the evolution of human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tania Fontanil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Santiago Cal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Javier Mendoza-Revilla
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000009, Chile
| | - Juan-Camilo Chacón-Duque
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Farah Al-Saadi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jeanette A. Johansson
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- National Institute of Anthropology and History, México 4510, México
| | - Claudia Jaramillo
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - William Arias
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Barquera Lozano
- National Institute of Anthropology and History, México 4510, México
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México 4510, México
| | - Gastón Macín Pérez
- National Institute of Anthropology and History, México 4510, México
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México 4510, México
| | | | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México 4510, México
| | - Tábita Hunemeier
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn U9129ACD, Argentina
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Caio C. Silva de Cerqueira
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn U9129ACD, Argentina
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Malena Hurtado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Valeria Villegas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Vanessa Granja
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Lavinia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Francisco M. Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México 4510, México
| | | | - Gabriel Bedoya
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | | | - Denis Headon
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Desmond J. Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, Victoria, UK
| | - David Balding
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Schools of BioSciences and Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Abstract
Membrane-anchored serine proteases are a group of extracellular serine proteases tethered directly to plasma membranes, via a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage (GPI-anchored), a C-terminal transmembrane domain (Type I), or an N-terminal transmembrane domain (Type II). A variety of biochemical, cellular, and in vivo studies have established that these proteases are important pericellular contributors to processes vital for the maintenance of homeostasis, including food digestion, blood pressure regulation, hearing, epithelial permeability, sperm maturation, and iron homeostasis. These enzymes are hijacked by viruses to facilitate infection and propagation, and their misregulation is associated with a wide range of diseases, including cancer malignancy.
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85
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Friis S, Madsen DH, Bugge TH. Distinct Developmental Functions of Prostasin (CAP1/PRSS8) Zymogen and Activated Prostasin. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2577-82. [PMID: 26719335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c115.706721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored serine prostasin (CAP1/PRSS8) is essential for barrier acquisition of the interfollicular epidermis and for normal hair follicle development. Consequently, prostasin null mice die shortly after birth. Prostasin is found in two forms in the epidermis: a one-chain zymogen and a two-chain proteolytically active form, generated by matriptase-dependent activation site cleavage. Here we used gene editing to generate mice expressing only activation site cleavage-resistant (zymogen-locked) endogenous prostasin. Interestingly, these mutant mice displayed normal interfollicular epidermal development and postnatal survival, but had defects in whisker and pelage hair formation. These findings identify two distinct in vivo functions of epidermal prostasin: a function in the interfollicular epidermis, not requiring activation site cleavage, that can be mediated by the zymogen-locked version of prostasin and a proteolysis-dependent function of activated prostasin in hair follicles, dependent on zymogen conversion by matriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Friis
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, the Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and
| | - Daniel H Madsen
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, the Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- From the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
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86
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Chai AC, Robinson AL, Chai KX, Chen LM. Ibuprofen regulates the expression and function of membrane-associated serine proteases prostasin and matriptase. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1025. [PMID: 26715240 PMCID: PMC4696080 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored extracellular membrane serine protease prostasin is expressed in normal bladder urothelial cells. Bladder inflammation reduces prostasin expression and a loss of prostasin expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease the incidence of various cancers including bladder cancer, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of NSAIDs are not fully understood. METHODS The normal human bladder urothelial cell line UROtsa, the normal human trophoblast cell line B6Tert-1, human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell lines UM-UC-5 and UM-UC-9, and the human breast cancer cell line JIMT-1 were used for the study. Expression changes of the serine proteases prostasin and matriptase, and cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) in these cells following ibuprofen treatments were analyzed by means of reverse-transcription/quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoblotting. The functional role of the ibuprofen-regulated prostasin in epithelial tight junction formation and maintenance was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and epithelial permeability in the B6Tert-1 cells. Prostasin's effects on tight junctions were also evaluated in B6Tert-1 cells over-expressing a recombinant human prostasin, silenced for prostasin expression, or treated with a functionally-blocking prostasin antibody. Matriptase zymogen activation was examined in cells over-expressing prostasin. RESULTS Ibuprofen increased prostasin expression in the UROtsa and the B6Tert-1 cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was up-regulated at both the mRNA and the protein levels in the UROtsa cells by ibuprofen in a dose-dependent manner, but was not a requisite for up-regulating prostasin expression. The ibuprofen-induced prostasin contributed to the formation and maintenance of the epithelial tight junctions in the B6Tert-1 cells. The matriptase zymogen was down-regulated in the UROtsa cells by ibuprofen possibly as a result of the increased prostasin expression because over-expressing prostasin leads to matriptase activation and zymogen down-regulation in the UROtsa, JIMT-1, and B6Tert-1 cells. The expression of prostasin and matriptase was differentially regulated by ibuprofen in the bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Ibuprofen has been suggested for use in treating bladder cancer. Our results bring the epithelial extracellular membrane serine proteases prostasin and matriptase into the potential molecular mechanisms of the anticancer effect of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Andrew L Robinson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Karl X Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Building 20, Room 323, Orlando, FL, 32816-2364, USA.
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87
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Keppner A, Andreasen D, Mérillat AM, Bapst J, Ansermet C, Wang Q, Maillard M, Malsure S, Nobile A, Hummler E. Epithelial Sodium Channel-Mediated Sodium Transport Is Not Dependent on the Membrane-Bound Serine Protease CAP2/Tmprss4. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135224. [PMID: 26309024 PMCID: PMC4550455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-bound serine protease CAP2/Tmprss4 has been previously identified in vitro as a positive regulator of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). To study its in vivo implication in ENaC-mediated sodium absorption, we generated a knockout mouse model for CAP2/Tmprss4. Mice deficient in CAP2/Tmprss4 were viable, fertile, and did not show any obvious histological abnormalities. Unexpectedly, when challenged with sodium-deficient diet, these mice did not develop any impairment in renal sodium handling as evidenced by normal plasma and urinary sodium and potassium electrolytes, as well as normal aldosterone levels. Despite minor alterations in ENaC mRNA expression, we found no evidence for altered proteolytic cleavage of ENaC subunits. In consequence, ENaC activity, as monitored by the amiloride-sensitive rectal potential difference (ΔPD), was not altered even under dietary sodium restriction. In summary, ENaC-mediated sodium balance is not affected by lack of CAP2/Tmprss4 expression and thus, does not seem to directly control ENaC expression and activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Keppner
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ditte Andreasen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Mérillat
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Bapst
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Ansermet
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marc Maillard
- Department of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sumedha Malsure
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Nobile
- Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edith Hummler
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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88
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Waldera-Lupa DM, Kalfalah F, Florea AM, Sass S, Kruse F, Rieder V, Tigges J, Fritsche E, Krutmann J, Busch H, Boerries M, Meyer HE, Boege F, Theis F, Reifenberger G, Stühler K. Proteome-wide analysis reveals an age-associated cellular phenotype of in situ aged human fibroblasts. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:856-78. [PMID: 25411231 PMCID: PMC4247387 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed an ex vivo model of in situ aged human dermal fibroblasts, obtained from 15 adult healthy donors from three different age groups using an unbiased quantitative proteome-wide approach applying label-free mass spectrometry. Thereby, we identified 2409 proteins, including 43 proteins with an age-associated abundance change. Most of the differentially abundant proteins have not been described in the context of fibroblasts’ aging before, but the deduced biological processes confirmed known hallmarks of aging and led to a consistent picture of eight biological categories involved in fibroblast aging, namely proteostasis, cell cycle and proliferation, development and differentiation, cell death, cell organization and cytoskeleton, response to stress, cell communication and signal transduction, as well as RNA metabolism and translation. The exhaustive analysis of protein and mRNA data revealed that 77% of the age-associated proteins were not linked to expression changes of the corresponding transcripts. This is in line with an associated miRNA study and led us to the conclusion that most of the age-associated alterations detected at the proteome level are likely caused post-transcriptionally rather than by differential gene expression. In summary, our findings led to the characterization of novel proteins potentially associated with fibroblast aging and revealed that primary cultures of in situ aged fibroblasts are characterized by moderate age-related proteomic changes comprising the multifactorial process of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Waldera-Lupa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Faiza Kalfalah
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Med. Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Florea
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Sass
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Kruse
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Rieder
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helmut E Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Research, Leibniz-Institute for Analytical Science - ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Fritz Boege
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Med. Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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89
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a very prevalent disease that affects children as well as adults. The disease has a severe impact on quality of life for the patients and their families. The skin in atopic dermatitis patients is a site of both a severe inflammatory reaction dominated by lymphocytes and decreased skin barrier function. The treatment of the disease is mainly aimed at reducing the inflammation in the skin and/or restoring the skin barrier function. However, most of the treatments used today singularly aim at reducing the inflammation in the skin. Depending on the severity of the disease, the anti-inflammatory treatment may be topical or systemic, but basic treatment, no matter the severity, should always be emollients. In addition, new studies have shown good effects of psychosocial interventions, such as eczema schools, for patients and their families. This review covers the latest trends in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
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90
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Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 maintains the assembly of keratin into desmosomes in keratinocytes by regulating protease-activated receptor 2-dependent p38 signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1610-23. [PMID: 25842366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1; official symbol SPINT1) is a membrane-associated serine proteinase inhibitor abundantly expressed in epithelial tissues. Genetically engineered mouse models demonstrated that HAI-1 is critical for epidermal function, possibly through direct and indirect regulation of cell surface proteases, such as matriptase and prostasin. To obtain a better understanding of the role of HAI-1 in maintaining epidermal integrity, we performed ultrastructural analysis of Spint1-deleted mouse epidermis and organotypic culture of an HAI-1 knockdown (KD) human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. We found that the aggregation of tonofilaments to desmosomes was significantly reduced in HAI-1-deficient mouse epidermis with decreased desmosome number. Similar findings were observed in HAI-1 KD HaCaT organotypic cultures. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was activated in response to HAI-1 insufficiency. Treatment of HAI-1 KD HaCaT cells with a p38 inhibitor abrogated the above-observed ultrastructural abnormalities. The activation of p38 induced by the loss of HAI-1 likely resulted from enhanced signaling of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), because its silencing abrogated the enhanced activation of p38. Consequently, treatment of HAI-1 KD HaCaT cells with a serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin, or PAR-2 antagonist alleviated the abnormal ultrastructural phenotype in organotypic culture. These results suggest that HAI-1 may have a critical role in maintaining normal keratinocyte morphology through regulation of PAR-2-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.
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91
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Matsui T, Amagai M. Dissecting the formation, structure and barrier function of the stratum corneum. Int Immunol 2015; 27:269-80. [PMID: 25813515 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the mammalian body. The outermost layer of mammalian skin, the stratum corneum (SC) of the epidermis, consists of piles of dead corneocytes that are the end-products of terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. The SC performs a crucial barrier function of epidermis. Langerhans cells, when activated, extend their dendrites through tight junctions just beneath the SC to capture external antigens. Recently, knowledge of the biology of corneocytes ('corneobiology') has progressed rapidly and many key factors that modulate its barrier function have been identified and characterized. In this review article on the SC, we summarize its evolution, formation, structure and function. Cornification is an important step of SC formation at the conversion of living epithelial cells to dead corneocytes, and consists of three major steps: formation of the intracellular keratin network, cornified envelopes and intercellular lipids. After cornification, the SC undergoes chemical reactions to form the mature SC with different functional layers. Finally, the SC is shed off at the surface ('desquamation'), mediated by a cascade of several proteases. This review will be helpful to understand our expanding knowledge of the biology of the SC, where immunity meets external antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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92
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Hereditary barrier-related diseases involving the tight junction: lessons from skin and intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:723-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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93
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Svenningsen P, Andersen H, Nielsen LH, Jensen BL. Urinary serine proteases and activation of ENaC in kidney--implications for physiological renal salt handling and hypertensive disorders with albuminuria. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:531-42. [PMID: 25482671 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases, both soluble and cell-attached, can activate the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) proteolytically through release of a putative 43-mer inhibitory tract from the ectodomain of the γ-subunit. ENaC controls renal Na(+) excretion and loss-of-function mutations lead to low blood pressure, while gain-of-function mutations lead to impaired Na(+) excretion, hypertension, and hypokalemia. We review an emerging pathophysiological concept that aberrant glomerular filtration of plasma proteases, e.g., plasmin, prostasin, and kallikrein, contributes to proteolytic activation of ENaC, both in acute conditions with proteinuria, like nephrotic syndrome and preeclampsia, and in chronic diseases, such as diabetes with microalbuminuria. A vast literature on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and volume homeostasis from the last four decades show a number of common characteristics for conditions with albuminuria compatible with impaired renal Na(+) excretion: hypertension and volume retention is secondary to proteinuria in, e.g., preeclampsia and nephrotic syndrome; plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone are frequently suppressed in proteinuric conditions, e.g., preeclampsia and diabetic nephropathy; blood pressure is salt-sensitive in conditions with microalbuminuria/proteinuria; and extracellular volume is expanded, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration is increased, and diuretics, like amiloride and spironolactone, are effective blood pressure-reducing add-ons. Active plasmin in urine has been demonstrated in diabetes, preeclampsia, and nephrosis. Urine from these patients activates, plasmin-dependently, amiloride-sensitive inward current in vitro. The concept predicts that patients with albuminuria may benefit particularly from reduced salt intake with RAS blockers; that distally acting diuretics, in particular amiloride, are warranted in low-renin/albuminuric conditions; and that urine serine proteases and their activators may be pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Svenningsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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94
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Kubo A. Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis: a common Asian type caused by SERPINB7 protease inhibitor deficiency. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2076-2079. [PMID: 25029323 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis (NPPK) is an autosomal recessive diffuse non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratosis caused by mutations in SERPINB7, a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily. Genetic studies suggest that NPPK is the most common palmoplantar keratosis in Japan, and probably Asia, but one that is extremely rare in Western countries. In this issue, Yin et al. report a founder effect of a SERPINB7 mutation in Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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95
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TMPRSS13 deficiency impairs stratum corneum formation and epidermal barrier acquisition. Biochem J 2014; 461:487-95. [PMID: 24832573 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-anchored serine proteases serve as important regulators of multiple developmental and homoeostatic processes in mammals. TMPRSS13 (transmembrane protease, serine 13; also known as mosaic serine protease large-form, MSPL) is a membrane-anchored serine protease with unknown biological functions. In the present study, we used mice with the Tmprss13 gene disrupted by a β-galactosidase-neomycin fusion gene insertion to study the expression and function of the membrane-anchored serine protease. High levels of Tmprss13 expression were found in the epithelia of the oral cavity, upper digestive tract and skin. Compatible with this expression pattern, Tmprss13-deficient mice displayed abnormal skin development, leading to a compromised barrier function, as measured by the transepidermal fluid loss rate of newborn mice. The present study provides the first biological function for the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS13.
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96
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PSP94, an upstream signaling mediator of prostasin found highly elevated in ovarian cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1407. [PMID: 25188517 PMCID: PMC4540204 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer death as diagnosis is frequently delayed to an advanced stage. Effective biomarkers and screening strategies for early detection are urgently needed. In the current study, we identify PSP94 as a key upstream factor in mediating prostasin (a protein previously reported to be overexpressed in ovarian cancer) signaling that regulates prostasin expression and action in ovarian cancer cells. PSP94 is overexpressed in ovarian cancer cell lines and patients, and is significantly correlated with prostasin levels. Signaling pathway analysis demonstrated that both PSP94 and prostasin, as potential upstream regulators of the Lin28b/Let-7 pathway, regulate Lin28b and its downstream partner Let-7 in ovarian cancer cells. Expression of PSP94 and prostasin show a strong correlation with the expression levels of Lin28b/Let-7 in ovarian cancer patients. Thus, PSP94/prostasin axis appears to be linked to the Lin28b/Let-7 loop, a well-known signaling mechanism in oncogenesis in general that is also altered in ovarian cancer. The findings suggest that PSP94 and PSP94/prostasin axis are key factors and potential therapeutic targets or early biomarkers for ovarian cancer.
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97
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Rymen D, Jaeken J. Skin manifestations in CDG. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:699-708. [PMID: 24554337 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The group of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) has expanded tremendously since its first description in 1980, with around 70 distinct disorders described to date. A great phenotypic variability exists, ranging from multisystem disease to single organ involvement. Skin manifestations, although inconsistently present, are part of this broad clinical spectrum. Indeed, the presence of inverted nipples, fat pads and orange peel skin in a patient with developmental delay are considered as a hallmark of CDG, particularly seen in PMM2 deficiency. However, over the years many more dermatological findings have been observed (e.g., ichthyosis, cutis laxa, tumoral calcinosis…). In this review we will discuss the variety of skin manifestations reported in CDG. Moreover, we will explore the possible mechanisms that link a certain glycosylation deficiency to its skin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rymen
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
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98
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The Cap1-claudin-4 regulatory pathway is important for renal chloride reabsorption and blood pressure regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3766-74. [PMID: 25157135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406741111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The paracellular pathway through the tight junction provides an important route for transepithelial chloride reabsorption in the kidney, which regulates extracellular salt content and blood pressure. Defects in paracellular chloride reabsorption may in theory cause deregulation of blood pressure. However, there is no evidence to prove this theory or to demonstrate the in vivo role of the paracellular pathway in renal chloride handling. Here, using a tissue-specific KO approach, we have revealed a chloride transport pathway in the kidney that requires the tight junction molecule claudin-4. The collecting duct-specific claudin-4 KO animals developed hypotension, hypochloremia, and metabolic alkalosis due to profound renal wasting of chloride. The claudin-4-mediated chloride conductance can be regulated endogenously by a protease-channel-activating protease 1 (cap1). Mechanistically, cap1 regulates claudin-4 intercellular interaction and membrane stability. A putative cap1 cleavage site has been identified in the second extracellular loop of claudin-4, mutation of which abolished its regulation by cap1. The cap1 effects on paracellular chloride permeation can be extended to other proteases such as trypsin, suggesting a general mechanism may also exist for proteases to regulate the tight junction permeabilities. Together, we have discovered a theory that paracellular chloride permeability is physiologically regulated and essential to renal salt homeostasis and blood pressure control.
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99
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Crisante G, Battista L, Iwaszkiewicz J, Nesca V, Mérillat AM, Sergi C, Zoete V, Frateschi S, Hummler E. The CAP1/Prss8 catalytic triad is not involved in PAR2 activation and protease nexin-1 (PN-1) inhibition. FASEB J 2014; 28:4792-805. [PMID: 25138159 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-253781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases, serine protease inhibitors, and protease-activated receptors (PARs) are responsible for several human skin disorders characterized by impaired epidermal permeability barrier function, desquamation, and inflammation. In this study, we addressed the consequences of a catalytically dead serine protease on epidermal homeostasis, the activation of PAR2 and the inhibition by the serine protease inhibitor nexin-1. The catalytically inactive serine protease CAP1/Prss8, when ectopically expressed in the mouse, retained the ability to induce skin disorders as well as its catalytically active counterpart (75%, n=81). Moreover, this phenotype was completely normalized in a PAR2-null background, indicating that the effects mediated by the catalytically inactive CAP1/Prss8 depend on PAR2 (95%, n=131). Finally, nexin-1 displayed analogous inhibitory capacity on both wild-type and inactive mutant CAP1/Prss8 in vitro and in vivo (64% n=151 vs. 89% n=109, respectively), indicating that the catalytic site of CAP1/Prss8 is dispensable for nexin-1 inhibition. Our results demonstrate a novel inhibitory interaction between CAP1/Prss8 and nexin-1, opening the search for specific CAP1/Prss8 antagonists that are independent of its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Chloé Sergi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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100
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Leclerc EA, Huchenq A, Kezic S, Serre G, Jonca N. Mice deficient for the epidermal dermokine β and γ isoforms display transient cornification defects. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2862-72. [PMID: 24794495 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.144808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the human dermokine gene (DMKN) leads to the production of four dermokine isoform families. The secreted α, β and γ isoforms have an epidermis-restricted expression pattern, with Dmkn β and γ being specifically expressed by the granular keratinocytes. The δ isoforms are intracellular and ubiquitous. Here, we performed an in-depth characterization of Dmkn expression in mouse skin and found an expression pattern that was less complex than in humans. In particular, mRNA coding for the δ family were absent. Homozygous mice null for the Dmkn β and γ isoforms had no obvious phenotype but only a temporary scaly skin during the first week of life. The pups null for the Dmkn β and γ isoforms had smaller keratohyalin granules and their cornified envelopes were more sensitive to mechanical stress. At the molecular level, amounts of profilaggrin and filaggrin monomers were reduced whereas amino acid components of the natural moisturizing factor were increased. In addition, the electrophoretic mobility of involucrin was modified, suggesting post-translational modifications. Finally, the mice null for the Dmkn β and γ isoforms strongly overexpressed Dmkn α. These data are evocative of compensatory mechanisms relevant to the temporary phenotype. Overall, we improved the knowledge of Dmkn expression in mouse and highlighted a role for Dmkn β and γ in cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie A Leclerc
- UMR 5165 / U1056 'Différenciation Epidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde' (CNRS - INSERM - Université Toulouse III - CHU de Toulouse), Hôpital Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Anne Huchenq
- UMR 5165 / U1056 'Différenciation Epidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde' (CNRS - INSERM - Université Toulouse III - CHU de Toulouse), Hôpital Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Serre
- UMR 5165 / U1056 'Différenciation Epidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde' (CNRS - INSERM - Université Toulouse III - CHU de Toulouse), Hôpital Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Jonca
- UMR 5165 / U1056 'Différenciation Epidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde' (CNRS - INSERM - Université Toulouse III - CHU de Toulouse), Hôpital Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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