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Abstract
Death receptors are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily characterized by a cytoplasmic region known as the "death domain" that enables the receptors to initiate cytotoxic signals when engaged by cognate ligands. Binding to the ligand results in receptor aggregation and recruitment of adaptor proteins, which, in turn, initiates a proteolytic cascade by recruiting and activating initiator caspases 8 and 10. Death receptors were once thought to primarily induce cytotoxic signaling cascades. However, recent data indicate that they initiate multiple signaling pathways, unveiling a number of nonapoptosis-related functions, including regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, chemokine production, inflammatory responses, and tumor-promoting activities. These noncytotoxic cascades are not simply a manifestation of inhibiting proapoptotic pathways but are intrinsically regulated by adaptor protein and receptor internalization processes. Insights into these various death receptor signaling pathways provide new therapeutic strategies targeting these receptors in pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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52
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Schütze S, Schneider-Brachert W. Impact of TNF-R1 and CD95 internalization on apoptotic and antiapoptotic signaling. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 49:63-85. [PMID: 19132322 DOI: 10.1007/400_2008_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Internalization of cell surface receptors has long been regarded as a pure means to terminate signaling via receptor degradation. A growing body of information points to the fact that many internalized receptors are still in their active state and that signaling continues along the endocytic pathway. Thus endocytosis orchestrates cell signaling by coupling and integrating different cascades on the surface of endocytic vesicles to control the quality, duration, intensity, and distribution of signaling events. The death receptors tumor necrosis factor-receptor 1 (TNF-R1) and CD95 (Fas, APO-1) are known not only to signal for cell death via apoptosis but are also capable of inducing antiapoptotic signals via transcription factor NF-kappaB induction or activation of the proliferative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) protein kinase cascades, resulting in cell protection and tissue regeneration. A clue to the understanding of these contradictory biological phenomena may arise from recent findings which reveal a regulatory role of receptor internalization and intracellular receptor trafficking in selectively transmitting signals, which lead either to apoptosis or to the survival of the cell. In this chapter, we discuss the dichotomy of pro- and antiapoptotic signaling of the death receptors TNF-R1 and CD95. First, we will address the role of lipid rafts and post-translational modifications of death receptors in regulating the formation of receptor complexes. Then, we will discuss the role of internalization in determining the fate of the receptors and subsequently the specificity of signaling events. We propose that fusion of internalized TNF-receptosomes with trans-Golgi vesicles should be recognized as a novel mechanism to transduce death signals along the endocytic route. Finally, the lessons learnt from the strategy of adenovirus to escape apoptosis by targeting death receptor internalization demonstrate the biological significance of TNF receptor compartmentalization for immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
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53
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Voss M, Lettau M, Paulsen M, Janssen O. Posttranslational regulation of Fas ligand function. Cell Commun Signal 2008; 6:11. [PMID: 19114018 PMCID: PMC2647539 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNF superfamily member Fas ligand acts as a prototypic death factor. Due to its ability to induce apoptosis in Fas (APO-1, CD95) expressing cells, Fas ligand participates in essential effector functions of the immune system. It is involved in natural killer cell- and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the establishment of immune privilege, and in termination of immune responses by induction of activation-induced cell death. In addition, Fas ligand-positive tumours may evade immune surveillance by killing Fas-positive tumour-infiltrating cells. Given these strong cytotoxic capabilities of Fas ligand, it is obvious that its function has to be strictly regulated to avoid uncontrolled damage. In hematopoietic cells, the death factor is stored in secretory lysosomes and is mobilised to the immunological synapse only upon activation. The selective sorting to and the release from this specific lysosomal compartment requires interactions of the Fas ligand cytosolic moiety, which mediates binding to various adapter proteins involved in trafficking and cytoskeletal reorganisation. In addition, Fas ligand surface expression is further regulated by posttranslational ectodomain shedding and subsequent regulated intramembrane proteolysis, releasing a soluble ectodomain cytokine into the extracellular space and an N-terminal fragment with a potential role in intracellular signalling processes. Moreover, other posttranslational modifications of the cytosolic domain, including phosphorylation and ubiquitylation, have been described to affect various aspects of Fas ligand biology. Since FasL is regarded as a potential target for immunotherapy, the further characterisation of its biological regulation and function will be of great importance for the development and evaluation of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Voss
- Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str, 3, Bldg, 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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54
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Chadwick W, Magnus T, Martin B, Keselman A, Mattson MP, Maudsley S. Targeting TNF-alpha receptors for neurotherapeutics. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:504-11. [PMID: 18774186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Chadwick
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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55
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Abstract
Death receptors induce apoptosis through either the Type I or II pathway. In Type I cells, the initiator caspase-8 directly activates effector caspases such as caspase-3, whereas in Type II cells, the death signal is amplified through mitochondria thereby activating effector caspases causing cell death. Recently, there have been advances in elucidating the early events in the CD95 signaling pathways and how post-translational modifications regulate CD95 signaling. This review will focus on recent insights into the mechanisms of the two different types of CD95 signaling pathways, and will introduce miRNAs as regulators of death receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Park
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 924 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, Phone: 773-702-4728, FAX: 773-702-3701
| | - Marcus E. Peter
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 924 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, Phone: 773-702-4728, FAX: 773-702-3701
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56
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Koncz G, Kerekes K, Chakrabandhu K, Hueber AO. Regulating Vav1 phosphorylation by the SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase is a fine-tuning mechanism for the negative regulation of DISC formation and Fas-mediated cell death signaling. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:494-503. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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57
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Sharif-Askari E, Gaucher D, Halwani R, Ma J, Jao K, Abdallah A, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. p56Lck tyrosine kinase enhances the assembly of death-inducing signaling complex during Fas-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36048-56. [PMID: 17932036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706007200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) is rapidly assembled, several lines of evidence suggest that formation of this complex is not the first consequence of cell surface CD95 (Fas) stimulation but rather a later step in this process. Activation of Fas triggers a cascade of signaling events that culminate in cellular apoptosis. Tyrosine kinases are critical effectors in T cell activation. However, their functional involvement in death receptor-mediated apoptosis is unknown. Here, we used p56(Lck)-deficient cells to show that CD95-induced cell death is highly dependent on p56(Lck) activity and its localization within plasma membrane. We found that p56(Lck) acts upstream of the mitochondria; in the absence of p56(Lck), Bid cleavage and the release of cytochrome c were severely impaired. Moreover, p56(Lck)-deficient cells or cells expressing an inactive form of p56(Lck) displayed defective formation of the DISC post CD95 stimulation. In vivo reconstitution of thymocytes from p56(lck)-deficient mice, which are resistant to apoptosis, with p56(Lck) restored Fas-mediated cell death. Our results support a novel model whereby sensitivity to apoptosis is regulated through quantitative changes in the stoichiometry of DISC components triggered by p56(Lck) activation and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehssan Sharif-Askari
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche CHUM Saint-Luc, Montréal H2X 1P1, Canada
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58
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Dash PR, McCormick J, Thomson MJCB, Johnstone AP, Cartwright JE, Whitley GS. Fas ligand-induced apoptosis is regulated by nitric oxide through the inhibition of fas receptor clustering and the nitrosylation of protein kinase Cε. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:3421-31. [PMID: 17761163 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis induced by the death-inducing ligand FasL (CD95L) is a major mechanism of cell death. Trophoblast cells express the Fas receptor yet survive in an environment that is rich in the ligand. We report that basal nitric oxide (NO) production is responsible for the resistance of trophoblasts to FasL-induced apoptosis. In this study we demonstrate that basal NO production resulted in the inhibition of receptor clustering following ligand binding. In addition NO also protected cells through the selective nitrosylation, and inhibition, of protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCepsilon) but not PKCalpha. In the absence of NO production PKCepsilon interacted with, and phosphorylated, the anti-apoptotic protein cFLIP. The interaction is predominantly with the short form of cFLIP and its phosphorylation reduces its recruitment to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) that is formed following binding of a death-inducing ligand to its receptor. Inhibition of cFLIP recruitment to the DISC leads to increased activation of caspase 8 and subsequently to apoptosis. Inhibition of PKCepsilon using siRNA significantly reversed the sensitivity to apoptosis induced by inhibition of NO synthesis suggesting that NO-mediated inhibition of PKCepsilon plays an important role in the regulation of Fas-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Dash
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK.
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59
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Meza-Lamas E, Bollain-Y-Goytia JJ, Ramírez-Sandoval R, Sánchez-Rodríguez SH, López-Robles E, Avalos-Díaz E, Herrera-Esparza R. Camptothecin induces the transit of FasL trimers to the cell surface in apoptotic HEp-2 cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2007; 11:299-311. [PMID: 16847561 PMCID: PMC6472842 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand (L) is a membrane protein from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. It induces apoptosis upon contact with its Fas/CD95/APO1 receptor. Trimerization of FasL on the surface of effector cells is essential in the binding of the Fas trimer of the target cells. The receptor then recruits an adaptor and caspase-like proteins which lead apoptosis. This paper reports on the fate of FasL in HEp-2 cells committed to apoptosis by induction with campthotecin. Our main results demonstrated that in non-apoptotic cells, FasL aggregates in the cytoplasm forming trimers of 120 kDa. Apoptosis increases the trimeric FasL species, but also induces its dissociation into monomers of 35 kDa. In conclusion, camptothecin appears to perturb the Fas and FasL segregation in the cytoplasm by promoting the transit of FasL to the cell surface, thus fostering a process of autocrine or paracrine apoptosis. FasL is trimerized prior to Fas/FasL complex formation, and after apoptosis, FasL undergoes an intense turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Meza-Lamas
- Department of Molecular Biology, CBE, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalpue, Zacatecas Mexico
| | | | - Roxana Ramírez-Sandoval
- Department of Molecular Biology, CBE, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalpue, Zacatecas Mexico
| | | | - Erendira López-Robles
- Department of Molecular Biology, CBE, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalpue, Zacatecas Mexico
| | - Esperanza Avalos-Díaz
- Department of Molecular Biology, CBE, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalpue, Zacatecas Mexico
| | - Rafael Herrera-Esparza
- Department of Molecular Biology, CBE, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalpue, Zacatecas Mexico
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60
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Chen J, Chen L, Wang G, Tang H. Cholesterol-Dependent and -Independent CD40 Internalization and Signaling Activation in Cardiovascular Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2005-13. [PMID: 17626904 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.145961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
It remains elusive how CD40 endocytosis or clustering on the cell surface is induced by different forms of CD40 agonist. This study aims to investigate whether lipid rafts differentially regulate CD40 traffic and signaling in proinflammatory activation of cardiovascular endothelial cells (ECs).
Methods and Results—
Using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry, we demonstrated that soluble CD40L and agonistic antibody G28.5 induced CD40 internalization via clathrin-independent pathway. Furthermore, depletion of cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) or siRNA knockdown of caveolin-1 efficiently blocked CD40 internalization, suggesting that caveolae-rafts pathway regulates CD40 internalization. In contrast, a membrane-bound CD40L mimic (megamer) triggered aggregation of CD40 rafts outside of the conventional cholera toxin B subunit-positive lipid rafts resistant to cholesterol depletion. Finally, both G28.5 and megamer induced CD40 translocation to Brij58-insoluble, low buoyant density rafts, a movement insensitive to cholesterol depletion. However, MCD effectively inhibited G28.5 but not megamer-induced CD40 activation, and such inhibition could be alleviated by cholesterol reconstitution, suggesting that 2 different raft structures of CD40 induced by G28.5 or megamer possess differential sensitivity to cellular cholesterol levels in downstream signaling.
Conclusions—
Depending on different forms of agonist, CD40 uses either a cholesterol-dependent or -independent mode for trafficking and signaling in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100101
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61
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Berg D, Lehne M, Müller N, Siegmund D, Münkel S, Sebald W, Pfizenmaier K, Wajant H. Enforced covalent trimerization increases the activity of the TNF ligand family members TRAIL and CD95L. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:2021-34. [PMID: 17703232 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of human TRAIL (hTRAIL) and human CD95L (hCD95L), encompassing the TNF homology domain (THD), interact with the corresponding receptors and stimulate CD95 and TRAILR2 signaling after cross-linking. The murine counterparts (mTRAIL, mCD95L) showed no or only low receptor binding and were inactive/poorly active after cross-linking. The stalk region preceding the THD of mCD95L conferred secondary aggregation and restored CD95 activation in the absence of cross-linking. A corresponding variant of mTRAIL, however, was still not able to activate TRAIL death receptors, but gained good activity after cross-linking. Notably, disulfide-bonded fusion proteins of the THD of mTRAIL and mCD95L with a subdomain of the tenascin-C (TNC) oligomerization domain, which still assembled into trimers, efficiently interacted with their cognate cellular receptors and robustly stimulated CD95 and TRAILR2 signaling after secondary cross-linking. Introduction of the TNC domain also further enhanced the activity of THD encompassing variants of hTRAIL and hCD95L. Thus, spatial fixation of the N-terminus of the THD appears necessary in some TNF ligands to ensure proper receptor binding. This points to yet unanticipated functions of the stalk and/or transmembrane region of TNF ligands for the functionality of these molecules and offers a broadly applicable option to generate recombinant soluble ligands of the TNF family with superior activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berg
- Department of Molecular Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
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62
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Abstract
Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin, is one of the most extensively studied natural products, with wide ranging biological activity and tremendous clinical potential. First identified from fruits and plants, in particular grapes and wines, its positive effects on a variety of disease states have been unraveled over the past decade or so. Most noticeable are its anti-thrombogenic, anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective, neuro-protective, anti-aging, and cancer preventive and therapeutic activities. Recent data also indicate that depending upon the concentration/dose, resveratrol can trigger or block cell death signaling in tumor cells. Considering the heightened interest in this compound, here we present a short review on the biological activity of this remarkable compound, with a specific focus on its effects on cell survival and death signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lisa Holme
- ROS Biology and Apoptosis Group, National University Medical Institutes, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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63
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Malorni W, Giammarioli AM, Garofalo T, Sorice M. Dynamics of lipid raft components during lymphocyte apoptosis: The paradigmatic role of GD3. Apoptosis 2007; 12:941-9. [PMID: 17453161 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations have been carried out since many years in order to precisely address the function of lipid rafts in cell life and death. On the basis of the biochemical nature of lipid rafts, composed by sphingolipids, including gangliosides, sphingomyelin, cholesterol and signaling proteins, a plethora of possible interactions with various subcellular structures has been suggested. Their structural and functional role at the plasma membrane as well as in cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus has been analyzed in detail in several studies. In particular, a specific activity of lipid rafts has been hypothesized to contribute to cell death by apoptosis. Although detected in various cell types, the role of lipid rafts in apoptosis has however been mostly studied in lymphocytes where the physiological apoptotic program occurs after CD95/Fas triggering. In this review, the possible contribution of lipid rafts to the cascade of events leading to T cell apoptosis after CD95/Fas ligation are summarized. Particular attention has been given to the mitochondrial raft-like microdomains, which may represent preferential sites where some key reactions can take place and can be catalyzed, leading to either survival or death of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Malorni
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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64
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García-Fuster MJ, Miralles A, García-Sevilla JA. Effects of opiate drugs on Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and effector caspases in the rat brain: regulation by the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:399-411. [PMID: 16482086 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effects of opiate treatment on the expression of Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) in the rat brain. FADD is involved in the transmission of Fas-death signals that have been suggested to contribute to the development of opiate tolerance and addiction. Acute treatments with high doses of sufentanil and morphine (mu-agonists), SNC-80 (delta-agonist), and U50488H (kappa-agonist) induced significant decreases (30-60%) in FADD immunodensity in the cerebral cortex, through specific opioid receptor mechanisms (effects antagonized by naloxone, naltrindole, or nor-binaltorphimine). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 did not alter FADD content in the brain. Chronic (5 days) morphine (10-100 mg/kg), SNC-80 (10 mg/kg), or U50488H (10 mg/kg) was associated with the induction of tachyphylaxis to the acute effects. In morphine- and SNC-80-tolerant rats, antagonist-precipitated (2 h) or spontaneous withdrawal (24-48 h) induced a new and sustained inhibition of FADD (13-50%). None of these treatments altered the densities of caspases 8/3 (including the active cleaved forms) in the brain. Pretreatment of rats with SL 327 (a selective MEK1/2 inhibitor that blocks ERK activation) fully prevented the reduction of FADD content induced by SNC-80 in the cerebral cortex (43%) and corpus striatum (29%), demonstrating the direct involvement of ERK1/2 signaling in the regulation of FADD by the opiate agonist. The results indicate that mu- and delta-opioid receptors have a prominent role in the modulation of FADD (opposite to that of Fas) shortly after initiating treatment. Opiate drugs (and specifically the delta-agonists) could promote survival signals in the brain through inhibition of FADD, which in turn is dependent on the activation of the antiapoptotic ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Caspases, Effector/drug effects
- Caspases, Effector/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Corpus Striatum/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Tolerance/physiology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/drug effects
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Male
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Opioid-Related Disorders/metabolism
- Opioid-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/metabolism
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Julia García-Fuster
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
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65
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Larbi A, Muti E, Giacconi R, Mocchegiani E, Fülöp T. Role of lipid rafts in activation-induced cell death: the fas pathway in aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 584:137-55. [PMID: 16802605 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34132-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Larbi
- Research Center on Aging, Immunological Graduate Programme, Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Québec, Canada
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66
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Lizama C, Alfaro I, Reyes JG, Moreno RD. Up-regulation of CD95 (Apo-1/Fas) is associated with spermatocyte apoptosis during the first round of spermatogenesis in the rat. Apoptosis 2006; 12:499-512. [PMID: 17195944 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a major role in controlling both the rate of sperm production and chromosomal abnormalities in adult male testes. However, little is known on the mechanisms controlling induction and execution of apoptosis under physiological conditions. In this work we have uncovered a major role for the cell death receptor Fas in both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in normal germ cell apoptosis. We show here that Fas levels increased significantly in a group of germ cell in 25 d old rats, which were identified as spermatocytes and only a few spermatogonia. In addition, we show that isolated spermatocytes expressing high levels of Fas display activation of caspase-8, -9, -3, -6 and -2, as well as increased levels of intracellular calcium and decreased pH, which coincides with stabilization of p53, and transcriptional activation of PUMA and Fas. Therefore, our data strongly suggests that transcriptional up regulation of Fas could predispose a group of spermatocytes to Fas ligand triggering apoptosis by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lizama
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda, 340, Santiago, Chile
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67
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Chakrabandhu K, Hérincs Z, Huault S, Dost B, Peng L, Conchonaud F, Marguet D, He HT, Hueber AO. Palmitoylation is required for efficient Fas cell death signaling. EMBO J 2006; 26:209-20. [PMID: 17159908 PMCID: PMC1782379 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Localization of the death receptor Fas to specialized membrane microdomains is crucial to Fas-mediated cell death signaling. Here, we report that the post-translational modification of Fas by palmitoylation at the membrane proximal cysteine residue in the cytoplasmic region is the targeting signal for Fas localization to lipid rafts, as demonstrated in both cell-free and living cell systems. Palmitoylation is required for the redistribution of Fas to actin cytoskeleton-linked rafts upon Fas stimulation and for the raft-dependent, ezrin-mediated cytoskeleton association, which is necessary for the efficient Fas receptor internalization, death-inducing signaling complex assembly and subsequent caspase cascade leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittalak Chakrabandhu
- Equipe labelisée La Ligue, Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, Nice, France
| | - Zoltán Hérincs
- Equipe labelisée La Ligue, Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, Nice, France
| | - Sébastien Huault
- Equipe labelisée La Ligue, Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, Nice, France
| | - Britta Dost
- Equipe labelisée La Ligue, Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, Nice, France
| | - Ling Peng
- CNRS UMR 6114, Département de Chimie, Marseille, France
| | - Fabien Conchonaud
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Marguet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, UMR 631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 6102, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Odile Hueber
- Equipe labelisée La Ligue, Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, Nice, France
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, Centre A Lacassagne, 33, Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France. Tel.: +33 492 031241; Fax: +33 492 031245; E-mail:
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68
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Feig C, Tchikov V, Schütze S, Peter ME. Palmitoylation of CD95 facilitates formation of SDS-stable receptor aggregates that initiate apoptosis signaling. EMBO J 2006; 26:221-31. [PMID: 17159907 PMCID: PMC1782382 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis signaling through CD95 (Fas/APO-1) involves aggregation and clustering of the receptor followed by its actin-dependent internalization. Internalization is required for efficient formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) with maximal recruitment of FADD, caspase-8/10 and c-FLIP occurring when the receptor has reached an endosomal compartment. The first detectable event during CD95 signaling is the formation of SDS-stable aggregates likely reflecting intense oligomerization of the receptor. We now demonstrate that these SDS-stable forms of CD95 correspond to very high molecular weight DISC complexes (hiDISC) and are the sites of caspase-8 activation. hiDISCs are found both inside and outside of detergent-resistant membranes. The formation of SDS-stable CD95 aggregates involves palmitoylation of the membrane proximal cysteine 199 in CD95. Cysteine 199 mutants no longer form SDS-stable aggregates, and inhibition of palmitoylation reduces internalization of CD95 and activation of caspase-8. Our data demonstrate that SDS-stable forms of CD95 are the sites of apoptosis initiation and represent an important early step in apoptosis signaling through CD95 before activation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Feig
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vladimir Tchikov
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus E Peter
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Tel.: +1 773 702 4728; Fax: +1 773 702 3701; E-mail:
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69
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Sandu C, Morisawa G, Wegorzewska I, Huang T, Arechiga AF, Hill JM, Kim T, Walsh CM, Werner MH. FADD self-association is required for stable interaction with an activated death receptor. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:2052-61. [PMID: 16710361 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated programmed cell death proceeds through an activated receptor to which the death adaptor FADD and the initiator procaspases 8 and/or 10 are recruited following receptor stimulation. The adaptor FADD is responsible for both receptor binding and recruitment of the procaspases into the death-inducing signaling complex. Biochemical dissection of the FADD death effector domain and functional replacement with a coiled-coil motif demonstrates that there is an obligatory FADD self-association via the DED during assembly of the death-inducing signaling complex. Using engineered oligomerization motifs with defined stoichiometries, the requirement for FADD self-association through the DED can be separated from the caspase-recruitment function of the domain. Disruption of FADD self-association precludes formation of a competent signaling complex. On this basis, we propose an alternative architecture for the FADD signaling complex in which FADD acts as a molecular bridge to stitch together an array of activated death receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sandu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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70
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Nachbur U, Kassahn D, Yousefi S, Legler DF, Brunner T. Posttranscriptional regulation of Fas (CD95) ligand killing activity by lipid rafts. Blood 2006; 107:2790-6. [PMID: 16332972 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFas (CD95/Apo-1) ligand-mediated apoptosis induction of target cells is one of the major effector mechanisms by which cytotoxic lymphocytes (T cells and natural killer cells) kill their target cells. In T cells, Fas ligand expression is tightly regulated at a transcriptional level through the activation of a distinct set of transcription factors. Increasing evidence, however, supports an important role for posttranscriptional regulation of Fas ligand expression and activity. Lipid rafts are cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane microdomains, critically involved in the regulation of membrane receptor signaling complexes through the clustering and concentration of signaling molecules. Here, we now provide evidence that Fas ligand is constitutively localized in lipid rafts of FasL transfectants and primary T cells. Importantly, disruption of lipid rafts strongly reduces the apoptosis-inducing activity of Fas ligand. Localization to lipid rafts appears to be predominantly mediated by the characteristic cytoplasmic proline-rich domain of Fas ligand because mutations of this domain result in reduced recruitment to lipid rafts and attenuated Fas ligand killing activity. We conclude that Fas ligand clustering in lipid rafts represents an important control mechanism in the regulation of T cell–mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Nachbur
- Division of Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstr 31, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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71
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Cahuzac N, Baum W, Kirkin V, Conchonaud F, Wawrezinieck L, Marguet D, Janssen O, Zörnig M, Hueber AO. Fas ligand is localized to membrane rafts, where it displays increased cell death–inducing activity. Blood 2006; 107:2384-91. [PMID: 16282344 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFas ligand (FasL), a member of the TNF protein family, potently induces cell death by activating its matching receptor Fas. Fas-mediated killing plays a critical role in naturally and pathologically occurring cell death, including development and homeostasis of the immune system. In addition to its receptor-interacting and cell death–inducing extracellular domain, FasL has a well-conserved intracellular portion with a proline-rich SH3 domain–binding site probably involved in non-apoptotic functions. We report here that, as with the Fas receptor, a fraction of FasL is constitutively localized in rafts. These dynamic membrane microdomains, enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol, are important for cell signaling and trafficking processes. We show that FasL is partially localized in rafts and that increased amounts of FasL are found in rafts after efficient FasL/Fas receptor interactions. Raft disorganization after cholesterol oxidase treatment and deletions within the intracellular FasL domain diminish raft partitioning and, most important, lead to decreased FasL killing. We conclude that FasL is recruited into lipid rafts for maximum Fas receptor contact and cell death–inducing potency. These findings raise the possibility that certain pathologic conditions may be treated by altering the cell death–inducing capability of FasL with drugs affecting its raft localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Cahuzac
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, 06189 Nice, France
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72
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Mandal D, Mazumder A, Das P, Kundu M, Basu J. Fas-, caspase 8-, and caspase 3-dependent signaling regulates the activity of the aminophospholipid translocase and phosphatidylserine externalization in human erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:39460-7. [PMID: 16179347 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506928200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and erythrocyte senescence share the common feature of exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet of the cells. Western analysis showed that mature red cells contain Fas, FasL, Fas-associated death domain (FADD), caspase 8, and caspase 3. Circulating, aged cells showed colocalization of Fas with the raft marker proteins Galpha(s) and CD59; the existence of Fas-associated FasL, FADD and caspase 8; and caspase 8 and caspase 3 activity. Aged red cells had significantly lower aminophospholipid translocase activity and higher levels of PS externalization in comparison with young cells. In support of our contention that caspases play a functional role in the mature red cell, the oxidatively stressed red cell recapitulated apoptotic events, including translocation of Fas into rafts, formation of a Fas-associated complex, and activation of caspases 8 and 3. These events were independent of calpain but dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) as evident from the effects of the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine. Caspase activation was associated with loss of aminophospholipid translocase activity and with PS externalization. ROS was not generated by treatment of cells with t-butyl hydroperoxide at 10 degrees C, and Fas did not translocate into rafts. Concomitantly, neither formation of a Fas-associated signaling complex nor caspase activation could be observed, supporting the view that translocation of Fas into rafts was the trigger for the chain of events leading to caspase 3 activation. Our data demonstrate for the first time the novel involvement of Fas/caspase 8/caspase 3-dependent signaling in an enucleated cell leading to PS externalization, a central feature of erythrophagocytosis and erythrocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700009, India
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73
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Siegmund D, Wicovsky A, Schmitz I, Schulze-Osthoff K, Kreuz S, Leverkus M, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Kracht M, Wajant H. Death receptor-induced signaling pathways are differentially regulated by gamma interferon upstream of caspase 8 processing. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6363-79. [PMID: 16024776 PMCID: PMC1190324 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.15.6363-6379.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
FasL and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) are produced by activated T cells and NK cells and synergistically induce apoptosis. Although both cytokines can also elicit proinflammatory responses, a possible cross talk of these ligands with respect to nonapoptotic signaling has been poorly addressed. Here, we show that IFN-gamma sensitizes KB cells for apoptosis induction by facilitating death-inducing signaling complex (DISC)-mediated caspase 8 processing. Moreover, after protection against death receptor-induced apoptosis by caspase inhibition or Bcl2 overexpression, IFN-gamma also sensitized for Fas- and TRAIL death receptor-mediated NF-kappaB activation leading to synergistic upregulation of a variety of proinflammatory genes. In contrast, Fas-mediated activation of JNK, p38, and p42/44 occurred essentially independent from IFN-gamma sensitization, indicating that the apoptosis- and NF-kappaB-related FasL-IFN-gamma cross talk was not due to a simple global enhancement of Fas signaling. Overexpression of FLIP(L) and FLIP(S) inhibited Fas- as well as TRAIL-mediated NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis induction in IFN-gamma-primed cells suggesting that both responses are coregulated at the level of the DISC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Siegmund
- Department of Molecular Internal Medicine, Medical Polyclinic, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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74
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Gerspach J, Müller D, Münkel S, Selchow O, Nemeth J, Noack M, Petrul H, Menrad A, Wajant H, Pfizenmaier K. Restoration of membrane TNF-like activity by cell surface targeting and matrix metalloproteinase-mediated processing of a TNF prodrug. Cell Death Differ 2005; 13:273-84. [PMID: 16052236 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) prodrugs are fusion proteins comprised of an N-terminal single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) targeting a TNF effector and a C-terminal TNF receptor (TNFR)1-derived inhibitor module. Introduction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 recognition motifs between TNF and the TNFR1 fragment allowed activation by recombinant MMP-2 and MMP-expressing HT1080 cells. Processing by endogeneous MMPs required specific membrane binding of the TNF prodrug via the targeting scFv, ensuring strictly antigen-dependent activation. Interestingly, TNF bioactivity of the processed prodrug was approximately 1000-fold higher upon scFv-mediated targeting, and signaled juxtatropic cell death also to antigen-negative cells. Microscopical analyses of TNFR2 clustering and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 recruitment at contact sites to adjacent cells revealed the formation of stable TNFR complexes by target-bound, processed prodrug, resembling the increased signal capacity of natural, membrane-expressed TNF. MMP-2-sensitive TNF prodrugs represent novel cytokine-based reagents for targeted cancer therapy, which should be exploitable for MMP-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerspach
- 1Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
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