51
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Hall JE, Schaller MD. Phospholipid binding to the FAK catalytic domain impacts function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172136. [PMID: 28222177 PMCID: PMC5319746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase is an essential nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in development, in homeostasis and in the progression of human disease. Multiple stimuli activate FAK, which requires a change in structure from an autoinhibited to activated conformation. In the autoinhibited conformation the FERM domain associates with the catalytic domain of FAK and PI(4,5)P2 binding to the FERM domain plays a role in the release of autoinhibition, activating the enzyme. An in silico model of FAK/PI(4,5)P2 interaction suggests that residues on the catalytic domain interact with PI(4,5)P2, in addition to the known FERM domain PI(4,5)P2 binding site. This study was undertaken to test the significance of this in silico observation. Mutations designed to disrupt the putative PI(4,5)P2 binding site were engineered into FAK. These mutants exhibited defects in phosphorylation and failed to completely rescue the phenotype associated with fak-/- phenotype fibroblasts demonstrating the importance of these residues in FAK function. The catalytic domain of FAK exhibited PI(4,5)P2 binding in vitro and binding activity was lost upon mutation of putative PI(4,5)P2 binding site basic residues. However, binding was not selective for PI(4,5)P2, and the catalytic domain bound to several phosphatidylinositol phosphorylation variants. The mutant exhibiting the most severe biological defect was defective for phosphatidylinositol phosphate binding, supporting the model that catalytic domain phospholipid binding is important for biochemical and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Schaller
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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52
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Cheng F, Miao L, Wu Q, Gong X, Xiong J, Zhang J. Vinculin b deficiency causes epicardial hyperplasia and coronary vessel disorganization in zebrafish. Development 2016; 143:3522-3531. [PMID: 27578788 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronary vessel development is a highly coordinated process during heart formation. Abnormal development and dysfunction of the coronary network are contributory factors in the majority of heart disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate coronary vessel formation is crucial for preventing and treating the disease. We report a zebrafish gene-trap vinculin b (vclb) mutant that displays abnormal coronary vessel development among multiple cardiac defects. The mutant shows overproliferation of epicardium-derived cells and disorganization of coronary vessels, and they eventually die off at juvenile stages. Mechanistically, Vclb deficiency results in the release of another cytoskeletal protein, paxillin, from the Vclb complex and the upregulation of ERK and FAK phosphorylation in epicardium and endocardium, causing disorganization of endothelial cells and pericytes during coronary vessel development. By contrast, cardiac muscle development is relatively normal, probably owing to redundancy with Vcla, a vinculin paralog that is expressed in the myocardium but not epicardium. Together, our results reveal a previously unappreciated function of vinculin in epicardium and endocardium and reinforce the notion that well-balanced FAK activity is essential for coronary vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liyun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xia Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingwei Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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53
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Kim NH, Kang CW, Go HJ, Kim CH, Park NG, Kim GD. The novel model peptide, αAL14, regulates angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGFR 2-mediated signaling in HUVECs. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1457-68. [PMID: 27511296 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of angiogenesis has been focused on as a strategy for treating several diseases including cancer. In this study, a novel model peptide αAL14 was synthesized and used to identify its inhibitory effects on angiogenesis. The anti-angiogenic effects of αAL14 were investigated using vascular endothelial cells, HUVECs. αAL14 inhibited critical angiogenic processes including tubule formation, cell migration and cell invasion with no influence on cell proliferation in HUVECs. Activity of VEGFR2 was inhibited by αAL14 treatment in HUVECs. Additionally, activities of major subsequent downstream factors of VEGFR2 such as ERK, FAK and Akt were decreased. αAL14 affected expression of Rac1, Cdc42, Arp2 and WAVE2 which are involved in formation of lamellipodia. Moreover, αAL14 reduced NF-κB that can promote expression of several genes relating to cell invasion such as MMP2 and MMP9. Therefore, the results suggest that αAL14 has a potential to be developed as anti-angiogenic drug for treating diseases driven by abnormal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Go
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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54
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Peschke K, Achleitner M, Frenzel K, Gerbaulet A, Ada SR, Zeller N, Lienenklaus S, Lesche M, Poulet C, Naumann R, Dahl A, Ravens U, Günther C, Müller W, Knobeloch KP, Prinz M, Roers A, Behrendt R. Loss of Trex1 in Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Trigger Systemic Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2157-66. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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55
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Roy-Luzarraga M, Hodivala-Dilke K. Molecular Pathways: Endothelial Cell FAK-A Target for Cancer Treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3718-24. [PMID: 27262114 PMCID: PMC5386133 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2), is a key mediator of signal transduction downstream of integrins and growth factor receptors in a variety of cells, including endothelial cells. FAK is upregulated in several advanced-stage solid tumors and has been described to promote tumor progression and metastasis through effects on both tumor cells and stromal cells. This observation has led to the development of several FAK inhibitors, some of which have entered clinical trials (GSK2256098, VS-4718, VS-6062, VS-6063, and BI853520). Resistance to chemotherapy is a serious limitation of cancer treatment and, until recently, most studies were restricted to tumor cells, excluding the possible roles performed by the tumor microenvironment. A recent report identified endothelial cell FAK (EC-FAK) as a major regulator of chemosensitivity. By dysregulating endothelial cell-derived paracrine (also known as angiocrine) signals, loss of FAK solely in the endothelial cell compartment is able to induce chemosensitization to DNA-damaging therapies in the malignant cell compartment and thereby reduce tumor growth. Herein, we summarize the roles of EC-FAK in cancer and development and review the status of FAK-targeting anticancer strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3718-24. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Roy-Luzarraga
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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56
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Fatima A, Wang Y, Uchida Y, Norden P, Liu T, Culver A, Dietz WH, Culver F, Millay M, Mukouyama YS, Kume T. Foxc1 and Foxc2 deletion causes abnormal lymphangiogenesis and correlates with ERK hyperactivation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2437-51. [PMID: 27214551 PMCID: PMC4922698 DOI: 10.1172/jci80465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is essential for maintaining interstitial fluid homeostasis, and dysfunctional lymphangiogenesis contributes to various pathological processes, including inflammatory disease and tumor metastasis. Mutations in FOXC2 are dominantly associated with late-onset lymphedema; however, the precise role of FOXC2 and a closely related factor, FOXC1, in the lymphatic system remains largely unknown. Here we identified a molecular cascade by which FOXC1 and FOXC2 regulate ERK signaling in lymphatic vessel growth. In mice, lymphatic endothelial cell-specific (LEC-specific) deletion of Foxc1, Foxc2, or both resulted in increased LEC proliferation, enlarged lymphatic vessels, and abnormal lymphatic vessel morphogenesis. Compared with LECs from control animals, LECs from mice lacking both Foxc1 and Foxc2 exhibited aberrant expression of Ras regulators, and embryos with LEC-specific deletion of Foxc1 and Foxc2, alone or in combination, exhibited ERK hyperactivation. Pharmacological ERK inhibition in utero abolished the abnormally enlarged lymphatic vessels in FOXC-deficient embryos. Together, these results identify FOXC1 and FOXC2 as essential regulators of lymphangiogenesis and indicate a new potential mechanistic basis for lymphatic-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Fatima
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yutaka Uchida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pieter Norden
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Austin Culver
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William H. Dietz
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ford Culver
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meredith Millay
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yoh-suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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57
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Zhang X, Krier JD, Amador Carrascal C, Greenleaf JF, Ebrahimi B, Hedayat AF, Textor SC, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Low-Energy Shockwave Therapy Improves Ischemic Kidney Microcirculation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3715-3724. [PMID: 27297945 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015060704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular rarefaction distal to renal artery stenosis is linked to renal dysfunction and poor outcomes. Low-energy shockwave therapy stimulates angiogenesis, but the effect on the kidney microvasculature is unknown. We hypothesized that low-energy shockwave therapy would restore the microcirculation and alleviate renal dysfunction in renovascular disease. Normal pigs and pigs subjected to 3 weeks of renal artery stenosis were treated with six sessions of low-energy shockwave (biweekly for 3 consecutive weeks) or left untreated. We assessed BP, urinary protein, stenotic renal blood flow, GFR, microvascular structure, and oxygenation in vivo 4 weeks after completion of treatment, and then, we assessed expression of angiogenic factors and mechanotransducers (focal adhesion kinase and β1-integrin) ex vivo A 3-week low-energy shockwave regimen attenuated renovascular hypertension, normalized stenotic kidney microvascular density and oxygenation, stabilized function, and alleviated fibrosis in pigs subjected to renal artery stenosis. These effects associated with elevated renal expression of angiogenic factors and mechanotransducers, particularly in proximal tubular cells. In additional pigs with prolonged (6 weeks) renal artery stenosis, shockwave therapy also decreased BP and improved GFR, microvascular density, and oxygenation in the stenotic kidney. This shockwave regimen did not cause detectable kidney injury in normal pigs. In conclusion, low-energy shockwave therapy improves stenotic kidney function, likely in part by mechanotransduction-mediated expression of angiogenic factors in proximal tubular cells, and it may ameliorate renovascular hypertension. Low-energy shockwave therapy may serve as a novel noninvasive intervention in the management of renovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amir Lerman
- Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and .,Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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58
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Wang WQ, Wang FH, Qin WX, Liu HY, Lu B, Chung C, Zhu J, Gu Q, Shi W, Wen C, Wu F, Zhang K, Sun XD. Joint Antiangiogenic Effect of ATN-161 and Anti-VEGF Antibody in a Rat Model of Early Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2881-90. [PMID: 27089240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness among elderly Americans and is characterized by abnormal vessel growth, termed choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Integrin α5β1 is a transmembrane receptor that binds matrix macromolecules and proteinases to stimulate angiogenesis. We recently demonstrated that integrin α5β1 plays a critical role in the development of choroidal neovascularization. In this study, we determined the role and underlying mechanisms of integrin α5β1 in angiogenesis in human choroidal endothelial cells and evaluated the antiangiogenic effects of delivering a combination therapy of ATN-161, an integrin α5β1 inhibitor, and an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody to rats with laser-induced CNV. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a signaling protein that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis through a pathway that is distinct from the integrin α5β1 signaling pathway. Our results indicate that fibronectin binds to integrin α5β1 and synergizes VEGF-induced angiogenesis via two independent signaling pathways, FN/integrin α5β1/FAK/ERK1/2 and FN/integrin α5β1/FAK/AKT. Integrin α5 knockdown by shRNA inhibits endothelial cell migration, tube formation, and proliferation, while ATN-161 only partially decreases integrin α5 function. Treatment with ATN-161 combined with anti-VEGF antibody showed joint effects in attenuating angiogenesis. In summary, our results provide the first evidence for the mechanisms by which integrin α5β1 is involved in ocular pathological neovascularization in vivo, suggesting that dual inhibition of integrin α5β1 and VEGF may be a promising novel therapeutic strategy for CNV in wet AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Wen-Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hai-Yun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Christopher Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Qing Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease and Eye Research Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai 200080, China
| | - William Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Cindy Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Frances Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System , San Diego, California 92161, United States
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease and Eye Research Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai 200080, China
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59
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Col4a1 mutations cause progressive retinal neovascular defects and retinopathy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18602. [PMID: 26813606 PMCID: PMC4728690 DOI: 10.1038/srep18602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in collagen, type IV, alpha 1 (COL4A1), a major component of basement membranes, cause multisystem disorders in humans and mice. In the eye, these include anterior segment dysgenesis, optic nerve hypoplasia and retinal vascular tortuosity. Here we investigate the retinal pathology in mice carrying dominant-negative Col4a1 mutations. To this end, we examined retinas longitudinally in vivo using fluorescein angiography, funduscopy and optical coherence tomography. We assessed retinal function by electroretinography and studied the retinal ultrastructural pathology. Retinal examinations revealed serous chorioretinopathy, retinal hemorrhages, fibrosis or signs of pathogenic angiogenesis with chorioretinal anastomosis in up to approximately 90% of Col4a1 mutant eyes depending on age and the specific mutation. To identify the cell-type responsible for pathogenesis we generated a conditional Col4a1 mutation and determined that primary vascular defects underlie Col4a1-associated retinopathy. We also found focal activation of Müller cells and increased expression of pro-angiogenic factors in retinas from Col4a1(+/Δex41)mice. Together, our findings suggest that patients with COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations may be at elevated risk of retinal hemorrhages and that retinal examinations may be useful for identifying patients with COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations who are also at elevated risk of hemorrhagic strokes.
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60
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Dinsmore C, Reiter JF. Endothelial primary cilia inhibit atherosclerosis. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:156-66. [PMID: 26769565 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based structures present on most mammalian cells that are important for intercellular signaling. Cilia are present on a subset of endothelial cells where they project into the vessel lumen and are implicated as mechanical sensors of blood flow. To test the in vivo role of endothelial cilia, we conditionally deleted Ift88, a gene required for ciliogenesis, in endothelial cells of mice. We found that endothelial primary cilia were dispensable for mammalian vascular development. Cilia were not uniformly distributed in the mouse aorta, but were enriched at vascular branch points and sites of high curvature. These same sites are predisposed to the development of atherosclerotic plaques, prompting us to investigate whether cilia participate in atherosclerosis. Removing endothelial cilia increased atherosclerosis in Apoe(-/-) mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, indicating that cilia protect against atherosclerosis. Removing endothelial cilia increased inflammatory gene expression and decreased eNOS activity, indicating that endothelial cilia inhibit pro-atherosclerotic signaling in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Dinsmore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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61
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Park EJ, Grabińska KA, Guan Z, Sessa WC. NgBR is essential for endothelial cell glycosylation and vascular development. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:167-77. [PMID: 26755743 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
NgBR is a transmembrane protein identified as a Nogo-B-interacting protein and recently has been shown to be a subunit required for cis-prenyltransferase (cisPTase) activity. To investigate the integrated role of NgBR in vascular development, we have characterized endothelial-specific NgBR knockout embryos. Here, we show that endothelial-specific NgBR knockout results in embryonic lethality due to vascular development defects in yolk sac and embryo proper. Loss of NgBR in endothelial cells reduces proliferation and promotes apoptosis of the cells largely through defects in the glycosylation of key endothelial proteins including VEGFR2, VE-cadherin, and CD31, and defective glycosylation can be rescued by treatment with the end product of cisPTase activity, dolichol phosphate. Moreover, NgBR functions in endothelial cells during embryogenesis are Nogo-B independent. These data uniquely show the importance of NgBR and protein glycosylation during vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon Joo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kariona A Grabińska
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William C Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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62
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Okumura A, Takahashi E, Unoki-Kubota H, Kaburagi Y. A novel angiogenic peptide, ΔADT: A truncated adrenotensin peptide revealed by secretory peptidome analysis of human retinal pericytes. Biosci Trends 2016; 10:500-506. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Okumura
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Eri Takahashi
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Unoki-Kubota
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Yasushi Kaburagi
- Department of Diabetic Complications, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
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63
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Chojnacka K, Mruk DD. The Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase paradigm: New insights into mammalian Sertoli cell biology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:133-42. [PMID: 26296907 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Src kinases are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate diverse substrates, which control processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and survival; cell adhesion; and cell motility. c-Src, the prototypical member of this protein family, is widely expressed by several organs that include the testis. In the seminiferous epithelium of the adult rat testis, c-Src is highest at the tubule lumen during the release of mature spermatids. Other studies show that testosterone regulates spermatid adhesion to Sertoli cells via c-Src, indicating Src phosphorylates key substrates that prompt the disassembly of Sertoli cell-spermatid junctions. A more recent in vitro study reveals that c-Src participates in the internalization of proteins that constitute the blood-testis barrier, which is present between Sertoli cells, suggesting a similar mechanism of junction disassembly is at play during spermiation. In this review, we discuss recent findings on c-Src, with an emphasis on its role in spermatogenesis in the mammalian testis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA.
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64
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Assmann JC, Körbelin J, Schwaninger M. Genetic manipulation of brain endothelial cells in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:381-94. [PMID: 26454206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Assmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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Moen I, Gebre M, Alonso-Camino V, Chen D, Epstein D, McDonald DM. Anti-metastatic action of FAK inhibitor OXA-11 in combination with VEGFR-2 signaling blockade in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:799-817. [PMID: 26445848 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to determine the anti-tumor effects of OXA-11, a potent, novel small-molecule amino pyrimidine inhibitor (1.2 pM biochemical IC(50)) of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). In studies of cancer cell lines, OXA-11 inhibited FAK phosphorylation at phospho-tyrosine 397 with a mechanistic IC(50) of 1 nM in TOV21G tumor cells, which translated into functional suppression of proliferation in 3-dimensional culture with an EC(50) of 9 nM. Studies of OXA-11 activity in TOV21G tumor-cell xenografts in mice revealed a pharmacodynamic EC(50) of 1.8 nM, indicative of mechanistic inhibition of pFAK [Y397] in these tumors. OXA-11 inhibited TOV21G tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner and also potentiated effects of cisplatin on tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro and on tumor growth in mice. Studies of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in RIP-Tag2 transgenic mice revealed OXA-11 suppression of pFAK [Y397] and pFAK [Y861] in tumors and liver. OXA-11 given daily from age 14 to 17 weeks reduced tumor vascularity, invasion, and when given together with the anti-VEGFR-2 antibody DC101 reduced the incidence, abundance, and size of liver metastases. Liver micrometastases were found in 100 % of mice treated with vehicle, 84 % of mice treated with OXA-11, and 79 % of mice treated with DC101 (19-24 mice per group). In contrast, liver micrometastases were found in only 52 % of 21 mice treated with OXA-11 plus DC101, and those present were significantly smaller and less numerous. Together, these findings indicate that OXA-11 is a potent and selective inhibitor of FAK phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. OXA-11 slows tumor growth, potentiates the anti-tumor actions of cisplatin and--when combined with VEGFR-2 blockade--reduces metastasis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in RIP-Tag2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Moen
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Oxy Solutions, Parkveien 33B, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Gebre
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.,School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Vanesa Alonso-Camino
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Debbie Chen
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.,School of Medicine, University of California - Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David Epstein
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald M McDonald
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.
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66
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Lewis AE, Hwa J, Wang R, Soriano P, Bush JO. Neural crest defects in ephrin-B2 mutant mice are non-autonomous and originate from defects in the vasculature. Dev Biol 2015; 406:186-95. [PMID: 26385750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin-B2, a member of the Eph/ephrin family of cell signaling molecules, has been implicated in the guidance of cranial and trunk neural crest cells (NCC) and development of the branchial arches(BA), but detailed examination in mice has been hindered by embryonic lethality of Efnb2 null loss of function due to a requirement in angiogenic remodeling. To elucidate the developmental roles for Efnb2, we generated a conditional rescue knock-in allele that allows rescue of ephrin-B2 specifically in the vascular endothelium (VE), but is otherwise ephrin-B2 deficient. Restoration of ephrin-B2 expression specifically to the VE completely circumvents angiogenic phenotypes, indicating that the requirement of ephrin-B2 in angiogenesis is limited to the VE. Surprisingly, we find that expression of ephrin-B2 specifically in the VE is also sufficient for normal NCC migration and that conversely, embryos in which ephrin-B2 is absent specifically from the VE exhibit NCC migration and survival defects. Disruption of vascular development independent of loss of ephrin-B2 function also leads to defects in NCC and BA development. Together, these data indicate that direct ephrin-B2 signaling to NCCs is not required for NCC guidance, which instead depends on proper organization of the embryonic vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ace E Lewis
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Jennifer Hwa
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
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WU WENJUAN, ZHANG XIZHI, LV HOUNING, LIAO YUEXIA, ZHANG WEICHENG, CHENG HAICHAO, DENG ZIJING, SHEN JINGYUAN, YUAN QING, ZHANG YU, SHEN WEIGAN. Identification of immediate early response protein 2 as a regulator of angiogenesis through the modulation of endothelial cell motility and adhesion. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1104-10. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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68
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Ye L, Jia Y, Ji KE, Sanders AJ, Xue K, Ji J, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of cancer and cancer metastasis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1240-1250. [PMID: 26622657 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been a major part of healthcare in China, and has extensively affected medicine and healthcare in surrounding countries over a long period of time. In the fight against cancer, certain anticancer remedies using herbs or herbal formulas derived from TCM have been developed for the management of malignancies. Furthermore, there are clinical trials registered for the use of herbal remedies in cancer management. Herbal medicine has been used as part of combined therapies to reduce the side-effects of chemotherapy, including bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting. Herbal remedies have also been used as chemopreventive therapies to treat precancerous conditions in order to reduce the incidence of cancer in high-risk populations. Emerging evidence has revealed that herbal remedies can regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion and migration of cancer cells. In addition to this direct effect upon cancer cells, a number of herbal remedies have been identified to suppress angiogenesis and therefore reduce tumour growth. The inhibition of tumour growth may also be due to modifications of the host immune system by the herbal treatment. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of herbal remedies remain poorly understood and are yet to be fully elucidated. The present study aims to summarize the current literature and clinical trial results of herbal remedies for cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the recent findings and development of the Yangzheng Xiaoji capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Yongning Jia
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - K E Ji
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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69
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Emerging roles of focal adhesion kinase in cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:690690. [PMID: 25918719 PMCID: PMC4396139 DOI: 10.1155/2015/690690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that enables activation by growth factor receptors or integrins in various types of human cancers. The kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions of FAK modulate the authentic signaling and fundamental functions not only in cancer cells but also in tumor microenvironment to facilitate cancer progression and metastasis. The overexpression and activation of FAK are usually investigated in primary or metastatic cancers and correlated with the poor clinical outcome, highlighting FAK as a potential prognostic marker and anticancer target. Small molecule inhibitors targeting FAK kinase activity or FAK-scaffolding functions impair cancer development in preclinical or clinical trials. In this review, we give an overview for FAK signaling in cancer cells as well as tumor microenvironment that provides new strategies for the invention of cancer development and malignancy.
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70
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Emergence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells involves a Chd1-dependent increase in total nascent transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1734-43. [PMID: 25831528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424850112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage specification during development involves reprogramming of transcriptional states, but little is known about how this is regulated in vivo. The chromatin remodeler chomodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 1 (Chd1) promotes an elevated transcriptional output in mouse embryonic stem cells. Here we report that endothelial-specific deletion of Chd1 leads to loss of definitive hematopoietic progenitors, anemia, and lethality by embryonic day (E)15.5. Mutant embryos contain normal numbers of E10.5 intraaortic hematopoietic clusters that express Runx1 and Kit, but these clusters undergo apoptosis and fail to mature into blood lineages in vivo and in vitro. Hematopoietic progenitors emerging from the aorta have an elevated transcriptional output relative to structural endothelium, and this elevation is Chd1-dependent. In contrast, hematopoietic-specific deletion of Chd1 using Vav-Cre has no apparent phenotype. Our results reveal a new paradigm of regulation of a developmental transition by elevation of global transcriptional output that is critical for hemogenesis and may play roles in other contexts.
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71
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Gao N, He H, Xiao L, Gao X, Shi H, Wu Q, Xu N, Lei Y, Song X, Hou Y. The effects of focal adhesion kinase on the motility, proliferation and apoptosis of Caco2 and SMMC-7721 cells. Med Oncol 2015; 32:125. [PMID: 25790781 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays important roles in cancer development. However, the significance of FAK expression in colorectal carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma has not been clarified. This study aims to explore the roles FAK played in the progression of colorectal carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. RNAi method was used to inhibit the expression of FAK in Caco2 and SMMC-7721 cells. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis and Western blot analysis were used to examine mRNA and protein expression of FAK. Then, the proliferation, motility and apoptosis of both types of cells were detected using MTT assay, wound healing/transwell assay and nuclear staining assay. The microstructure changes (F-actin, β-tubulin and lamin B1) of SMMC-7721 cells were visualized by immunofluorescence. FAK was overexpressed in both cell lines and down-regulation of FAK resulted in suppression of cell proliferation, inhibition of cell migration and invasion. The apoptosis of cells was increased significantly following the FAK expression inhibition. Moreover, actin polymerization, β-tubulin and lamin B1 expression of cells were significantly decreased. The results highlight the role of FAK in the progression of cancers. These findings suggest FAK serve as a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gao
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Region's Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
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72
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Requisite role for Nck adaptors in cardiovascular development, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and directed cell migration. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1573-87. [PMID: 25691664 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00072-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the cardiovascular system is critically dependent on the ability of endothelial cells (ECs) to reorganize their intracellular actin architecture to facilitate migration, adhesion, and morphogenesis. Nck family cytoskeletal adaptors function as key mediators of actin dynamics in numerous cell types, though their role in EC biology remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate an essential requirement for Nck within ECs. Mouse embryos lacking endothelial Nck1/2 expression develop extensive angiogenic defects that result in lethality at about embryonic day 10. Mutant embryos show immature vascular networks, with decreased vessel branching, aberrant perivascular cell recruitment, and reduced cardiac trabeculation. Strikingly, embryos deficient in endothelial Nck also fail to undergo the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EnMT) required for cardiac valve morphogenesis, with loss of Nck disrupting expression of major EnMT markers, as well as suppressing mesenchymal outgrowth. Furthermore, we show that Nck-null ECs are unable to migrate downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1, and they exhibit profound perturbations in cytoskeletal patterning, with disorganized cellular projections, impaired focal adhesion turnover, and disrupted actin-based signaling. Our collective findings thereby reveal a crucial role for Nck as a master regulator within the endothelium to control actin cytoskeleton organization, vascular network remodeling, and EnMT during cardiovascular development.
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73
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Dave JM, Bayless KJ. Vimentin as an integral regulator of cell adhesion and endothelial sprouting. Microcirculation 2015; 21:333-44. [PMID: 24387004 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a multistep process that requires intricate changes in cell shape to generate new blood vessels. IF are a large family of proteins that play an important structural and functional role in forming and regulating the cytoskeleton. Vimentin, a major type III intermediate filament protein is expressed in endothelial and other mesenchymal cells. The structure of vimentin is conserved in mammals and shows dynamic expression profiles in various cell types and different developmental stages. Although initial studies with vimentin-deficient mice demonstrated a virtually normal phenotype, subsequent studies have revealed several defects in cell attachment, migration, signaling, neurite extension, and vascularization. Regulation of vimentin is highly complex and is driven by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and cleavage by intracellular proteases. This review discusses various novel functions which are now known to be mediated by vimentin, summarizing structure, regulation and roles of vimentin in cell adhesion, migration, angiogenesis, neurite extension, and cancer. We specifically highlight a pathway involving growth factor-mediated calpain activation, vimentin cleavage, and MT1-MMP membrane translocation that is required for endothelial cell invasion in 3D environments. This pathway may also regulate the analogous processes of neurite extension and tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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74
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Yoon H, Dehart JP, Murphy JM, Lim STS. Understanding the roles of FAK in cancer: inhibitors, genetic models, and new insights. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 63:114-28. [PMID: 25380750 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414561498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein tyrosine kinase that regulates cellular adhesion, motility, proliferation and survival in various types of cells. Interestingly, FAK is activated and/or overexpressed in advanced cancers, and promotes cancer progression and metastasis. For this reason, FAK became a potential therapeutic target in cancer, and small molecule FAK inhibitors have been developed and are being tested in clinical phase trials. These inhibitors have demonstrated to be effective by inducing tumor cell apoptosis in addition to reducing metastasis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, several genetic FAK mouse models have made advancements in understanding the specific role of FAK both in tumors and in the tumor environment. In this review, we discuss FAK inhibitors as well as genetic mouse models to provide mechanistic insights into FAK signaling and its potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Joshua P Dehart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - James M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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75
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Dao P, Smith N, Tomkiewicz-Raulet C, Yen-Pon E, Camacho-Artacho M, Lietha D, Herbeuval JP, Coumoul X, Garbay C, Chen H. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel imidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazines and their derivatives as focal adhesion kinase inhibitors with antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2014; 58:237-51. [PMID: 25180654 DOI: 10.1021/jm500784e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of triazinic inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) have been recently shown to exert antiangiogenic activity against HUVEC cells and anticancer efficacy against several cancer cell lines. We report herein that we further explored the heterocyclic core of these inhibitors by a fused imidazole ring with the triazine to provide imidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazines. Importantly, these new compounds displayed 10(-7)-10(-8) M IC50 values, and the best inhibitor showed IC50 value of 50 nM against FAK enzymatic activity. Several inhibitors potently inhibited the proliferation of a panel of cancer cell lines expressing high levels of FAK. Apoptosis analysis in U87-MG and HCT-116 cell lines suggested that these compounds delayed cell cycle progression by arresting cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, retarding cell growth. Further investigation demonstrated that these compounds strongly inhibited cell-matrix adhesion, migration, and invasion of U87-MG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Dao
- Chemistry & Biology, Nucleo(s)tides & Immunology for Therapy (CBNIT), CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR Biomédicale , 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Cedex 06 Paris, France
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76
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Ni W, Watts SW, Ng M, Chen S, Glenn DJ, Gardner DG. Elimination of vitamin D receptor in vascular endothelial cells alters vascular function. Hypertension 2014; 64:1290-8. [PMID: 25201890 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with cardiovascular dysfunction. We evaluated the role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in vascular endothelial function, a marker of cardiovascular health, at baseline and in the presence of angiotensin II, using an endothelial-specific knockout of the murine VDR gene. In the absence of endothelial VDR, acetylcholine-induced aortic relaxation was significantly impaired (maximal relaxation, endothelial-specific VDR knockout=58% versus control=73%; P<0.05). This was accompanied by a reduction in endothelial NO synthase expression and phospho-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein levels in aortae from the endothelial-specific VDR knockout versus control mice. Although blood pressure levels at baseline were comparable at 12 and 24 weeks of age, the endothelial VDR knockout mice demonstrated increased sensitivity to the hypertensive effects of angiotensin II compared with control mice (after 1-week infusion: knockout=155±15 mm Hg versus control=133±7 mm Hg; P<0.01; after 2-week infusion: knockout=164±9 mm Hg versus control=152±13 mm Hg; P<0.05). By the end of 2 weeks, angiotensin II infusion-induced, hypertrophy-sensitive myocardial gene expression was higher in endothelial-specific VDR knockout mice (fold change compared with saline-infused control mice, type-A natriuretic peptide: knockout mice=3.12 versus control=1.7; P<0.05; type-B natriuretic peptide: knockout mice=4.72 versus control=2.68; P<0.05). These results suggest that endothelial VDR plays an important role in endothelial cell function and blood pressure control and imply a potential role for VDR agonists in the management of cardiovascular disease associated with endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ni
- From the Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco (W.N., M.N., S.C., D.J.G. and D.G.G); and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing (S.W.W.).
| | - Stephanie W Watts
- From the Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco (W.N., M.N., S.C., D.J.G. and D.G.G); and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing (S.W.W.)
| | - Michael Ng
- From the Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco (W.N., M.N., S.C., D.J.G. and D.G.G); and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing (S.W.W.)
| | - Songcang Chen
- From the Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco (W.N., M.N., S.C., D.J.G. and D.G.G); and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing (S.W.W.)
| | - Denis J Glenn
- From the Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco (W.N., M.N., S.C., D.J.G. and D.G.G); and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing (S.W.W.)
| | - David G Gardner
- From the Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco (W.N., M.N., S.C., D.J.G. and D.G.G); and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing (S.W.W.)
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Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several advanced-stage solid cancers. FAK promotes tumour progression and metastasis through effects on cancer cells, as well as stromal cells of the tumour microenvironment. The kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of FAK control cell movement, invasion, survival, gene expression and cancer stem cell self-renewal. Small molecule FAK inhibitors decrease tumour growth and metastasis in several preclinical models and have initial clinical activity in patients with limited adverse events. In this Review, we discuss FAK signalling effects on both tumour and stromal cell biology that provide rationale and support for future therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J. Sulzmaier
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Jean
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David D. Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Address correspondence to: David D. Schlaepfer, Ph.D., University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., MC0803, La Jolla, CA 92093,
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Nakashima Y, Takahashi S. Induction of cysteine-rich motor neuron 1 mRNA expression in vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:235-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ali SR, Ranjbarvaziri S, Talkhabi M, Zhao P, Subat A, Hojjat A, Kamran P, Müller AMS, Volz KS, Tang Z, Red-Horse K, Ardehali R. Developmental heterogeneity of cardiac fibroblasts does not predict pathological proliferation and activation. Circ Res 2014; 115:625-35. [PMID: 25037571 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.303794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fibrosis is mediated partly by extracellular matrix-depositing fibroblasts in the heart. Although these mesenchymal cells are reported to have multiple embryonic origins, the functional consequence of this heterogeneity is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to validate a panel of surface markers to prospectively identify cardiac fibroblasts. We elucidated the developmental origins of cardiac fibroblasts and characterized their corresponding phenotypes. We also determined proliferation rates of each developmental subset of fibroblasts after pressure overload injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We showed that Thy1(+)CD45(-)CD31(-)CD11b(-)Ter119(-) cells constitute the majority of cardiac fibroblasts. We characterized these cells using flow cytometry, epifluorescence and confocal microscopy, and transcriptional profiling (using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and RNA-seq). We used lineage tracing, transplantation studies, and parabiosis to show that most adult cardiac fibroblasts derive from the epicardium, a minority arises from endothelial cells, and a small fraction from Pax3-expressing cells. We did not detect generation of cardiac fibroblasts by bone marrow or circulating cells. Interestingly, proliferation rates of fibroblast subsets on injury were identical, and the relative abundance of each lineage remained the same after injury. The anatomic distribution of fibroblast lineages also remained unchanged after pressure overload. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that Tie2-derived and Tbx18-derived fibroblasts within each operation group exhibit similar gene expression profiles. CONCLUSIONS The cellular expansion of cardiac fibroblasts after transaortic constriction surgery was not restricted to any single developmental subset. The parallel proliferation and activation of a heterogeneous population of fibroblasts on pressure overload could suggest that common signaling mechanisms stimulate their pathological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah R Ali
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Sara Ranjbarvaziri
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Mahmood Talkhabi
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Peng Zhao
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Ali Subat
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Armin Hojjat
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Paniz Kamran
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Antonia M S Müller
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Katharina S Volz
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Zhaoyi Tang
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- From the Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (S.R.A.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (S.R., M.T., P.Z., A.S., A.H., P.K., Z.T., R.A.); and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine (A.M. S.M.) and Department of Biology (K.S.V., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA.
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Sakhatskyy P, Gabino Miranda GA, Newton J, Lee CG, Choudhary G, Vang A, Rounds S, Lu Q. Cigarette smoke-induced lung endothelial apoptosis and emphysema are associated with impairment of FAK and eIF2α. Microvasc Res 2014; 94:80-9. [PMID: 24853558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema. However, the mechanism underlying cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung EC apoptosis and emphysema is not well defined. We have previously shown that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) decreased focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity via oxidative stress in cultured lung EC. In this study, we compared FAK activation in the lungs of highly susceptible AKR mice and mildly susceptible C57BL/6 mice after exposure to CS for three weeks. We found that three weeks of CS exposure caused mild emphysema and increased lung EC apoptosis in AKR mice (room air: 12.8±5.6%; CS: 30.7±3.7%), but not in C57BL/6 mice (room air: 0±0%; CS: 3.5±1.7%). Correlated with increased lung EC apoptosis and early onset of emphysema, FAK activity was reduced in the lungs of AKR mice, but not of C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, inhibition of FAK caused lung EC apoptosis, whereas over-expression of FAK prevented CSE-induced lung EC apoptosis. These results suggest that FAK inhibition may contribute to CS-induced lung EC apoptosis and emphysema. Unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy have been shown to be activated by CS exposure in lung epithelial cells. In this study, we noted that CSE activated UPR and autophagy in cultured lung EC, as indicated by enhanced eIF2α phosphorylation and elevated levels of GRP78 and LC3B-II. However, eIF2α phosphorylation was significantly reduced by three-weeks of CS exposure in the lungs of AKR mice, but not of C57BL/6 mice. Markers for autophagy activation were not significantly altered in the lungs of either AKR or C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that CS-induced impairment of eIF2α signaling may increase the susceptibility to lung EC apoptosis and emphysema. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of eIF2α and FAK signaling may play an important role in CS-induced lung EC apoptosis and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Sakhatskyy
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Gustavo Andres Gabino Miranda
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Julie Newton
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gaurav Choudhary
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Alexander Vang
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Sharon Rounds
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA.
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81
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Lindskog H, Kim YH, Jelin EB, Kong Y, Guevara-Gallardo S, Kim TN, Wang RA. Molecular identification of venous progenitors in the dorsal aorta reveals an aortic origin for the cardinal vein in mammals. Development 2014; 141:1120-8. [PMID: 24550118 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated arterial-venous differentiation is crucial for vascular development and function. The origin of the cardinal vein (CV) in mammals is unknown, while conflicting theories have been reported in chick and zebrafish. Here, we provide the first molecular characterization of endothelial cells (ECs) expressing venous molecular markers, or venous-fated ECs, within the emergent dorsal aorta (DA). These ECs, expressing the venous molecular markers Coup-TFII and EphB4, cohabited the early DA with ECs expressing the arterial molecular markers ephrin B2, Notch and connexin 40. These mixed ECs in the early DA expressed either the arterial or venous molecular marker, but rarely both. Subsequently, the DA exhibited uniform arterial markers. Real-time imaging of mouse embryos revealed EC movement from the DA to the CV during the stage when venous-fated ECs occupied the DA. We analyzed mutants for EphB4, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase for the ephrin B2 ligand, as we hypothesized that ephrin B2/EphB4 signaling may mediate the repulsion of venous-fated ECs from the DA to the CV. Using an EC quantification approach, we discovered that venous-fated ECs increased in the DA and decreased in the CV in the mutants, whereas the rest of the ECs in each vessel were unaffected. This result suggests that the venous-fated ECs were retained in the DA and missing in the CV in the EphB4 mutant, and thus that ephrin B2/EphB4 signaling normally functions to clear venous-fated ECs from the DA to the CV by cell repulsion. Therefore, our cellular and molecular evidence suggests that the DA harbors venous progenitors that move to participate in CV formation, and that ephrin B2/EphB4 signaling regulates this aortic contribution to the mammalian CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Lindskog
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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82
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Alexopoulou AN, Ho-Yen CM, Papalazarou V, Elia G, Jones JL, Hodivala-Dilke K. Tumour-associated endothelial-FAK correlated with molecular sub-type and prognostic factors in invasive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:237. [PMID: 24693876 PMCID: PMC3997837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be classified into one of 4 main molecular sub-types: luminal A, luminal B, Her2 over-expressing and basal-like (BL). These tumour sub-types require different treatments and have different risks of disease progression. BL cancers can be considered a sub-group of Triple negative (TN) cancers since they lack estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and Her2 expression. No targeted treatment currently exists for TN/BL cancers. Thus it is important to identify potential therapeutic targets and describe their relationship with established prognostic factors. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is upregulated in several human cancers and also plays a functional role in tumour angiogenesis. However, the association between breast cancer sub-types and tumour endothelial-FAK expression is unknown. METHODS Using immunofluorescence, we quantified FAK expression in tumour endothelial and tumour cell compartments in 149 invasive breast carcinomas and correlated expression with clinical, pathological and molecular parameters. RESULTS Low endothelial-FAK expression was independently associated with luminal A tumours at univariate (p < 0.001) and multivariate (p = 0.001) analysis. There was a positive correlation between FAK expression in the vascular and tumour cell compartments (Spearman's correlation co-efficient = 0.394, p < 0.001). Additionally, endothelial and tumour cell FAK expression were significantly increased in TN tumours (p = 0.043 and p = 0.033 respectively), in tumours with negative ER and PR status, and in high grade tumours at univariate analysis. CONCLUSION Our findings establish a relationship between endothelial-FAK expression levels and the molecular sub-type of invasive breast cancer, and suggest that endothelial-FAK expression is potentially more clinically relevant than tumour cell FAK expression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika N Alexopoulou
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Colan M Ho-Yen
- Breast Group, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Vassilis Papalazarou
- Vascular Adhesion Lab, BSRC Al. Fleming, 34 Fleming str., 166 72 Vari Athens, Greece
| | - George Elia
- Breast Group, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J Louise Jones
- Breast Group, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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83
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Inhibition of both focal adhesion kinase and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 pathways induces anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activities. Cancer Lett 2014; 348:88-99. [PMID: 24657306 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FAK and FGFR2 signaling pathways play important roles in cancer development, progression and tumor angiogenesis. PHM16 is a novel ATP competitive inhibitor of FAK and FGFR2. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of this agent, we examined its anti-angiogenic effect in HUVEC and its anti-tumor effect in different cancer cell lines. We showed PHM16 inhibited endothelial cell viability, adherence and tube formation along with the added ability to induce endothelial cell apoptosis. This compound significantly delayed tumor cell growth. Together, these data showed that inhibition of both FAK and FGFR2 signaling pathways can enhance anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activities.
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84
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Pelargonidin attenuates PDGF-BB-induced aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by direct inhibition of focal adhesion kinase. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:236-45. [PMID: 24582770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pelargonidin is a natural red pigment found in fruits and vegetables, and has been reported to exhibit various effects potentially beneficial for human health. However, the possible preventive effects of pelargonidin toward atherosclerosis and mechanisms involved have not been investigated to date. Here, we compared the effects of pelargonidin and its glucoside-conjugated form, pelargonidin-3-glucoside (P3G), on proliferation and migration induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Pelargonidin, but not P3G, exhibited strong inhibitory effects against PDGF-BB-induced HASMC proliferation and migration, while suppressing PDGF-BB-induced ex vivo rat aortic ring sprouting. Immunoblot analysis revealed that pelargonidin inhibited PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as well as F-actin reduction, whereas Src, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt phosphorylation status were not altered. We also observed that the anti-proliferative and migratory effects of both pelargonidin and P3G corresponded with the extent of FAK inhibition. Both in vitro and ex vivo pull-down assays revealed that pelargonidin binds directly with FAK in an adenosine triphosphate-competitive manner, suggesting that FAK could be a molecular target of pelargonidin. Interestingly, pelargonidin did not exhibit inhibitory effects on the proliferation, migration or FAK phosphorylation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Taken together, our results suggest that pelargonidin exhibits potential preventive effects toward atherosclerosis through the attenuation of HASMC proliferation and migration, as well as aortic sprouting via the direct inhibition of FAK activity.
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85
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Gungor-Ordueri NE, Mruk DD, Wan HT, Wong EWP, Celik-Ozenci C, Lie PPY, Cheng CY. New insights into FAK function and regulation during spermatogenesis. Histol Histopathol 2014; 29:977-89. [PMID: 24578181 DOI: 10.14670/hh-29.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell transport across the seminiferous epithelium during the epithelial cycle is crucial to spermatogenesis, although molecular mechanism(s) that regulate these events remain unknown. Studies have shown that spatiotemporal expression of crucial regulatory proteins during the epithelial cycle represents an efficient and physiologically important mechanism to regulate spermatogenesis without involving de novo synthesis of proteins and/or expression of genes. Herein, we critically review the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in coordinating the transport of spermatids and preleptotene spermatocytes across the epithelium and the BTB, respectively, along the apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES) - blood-testis barrier - basement membrane (BM) functional axis during spermatogenesis. In the testis, p-FAK-Tyr³⁸⁷ and p-FAK-Tyr⁴⁰⁷ are spatiotemporally expressed during the epithelial cycle at the actin-rich anchoring junction known as ES, regulating cell adhesion at the Sertoli-spermatid (apical ES) and Sertoli cell-cell (basal ES) interface. Phosphorylated forms of FAK exert their effects by regulating the homeostasis of F-actin at the ES, mediated via their effects on actin polymerization so that microfilaments are efficiently re-organized, such as from their "bundled" to "de-bundled/branched" configuration and vice versa during the epithelial cycle to facilitate the transport of: (i) spermatids across the epithelium, and (ii) preleptotene spermatocytes across the BTB. In summary, p-FAK-Tyr⁴⁰⁷ and p-FAK-Tyr³⁸⁷ are important regulators of spermatogenesis which serve as molecular switches that turn "on" and "off" adhesion function at the apical ES and the basal ES/BTB, mediated via their spatiotemporal expression during the epithelial cycle. A hypothetical model depicting the role of these two molecular switches is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ece Gungor-Ordueri
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Dolores D Mruk
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Hin-ting Wan
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Elissa W P Wong
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Ciler Celik-Ozenci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Pearl P Y Lie
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA. OR
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86
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Brami-Cherrier K, Gervasi N, Arsenieva D, Walkiewicz K, Boutterin MC, Ortega A, Leonard PG, Seantier B, Gasmi L, Bouceba T, Kadaré G, Girault JA, Arold ST. FAK dimerization controls its kinase-dependent functions at focal adhesions. EMBO J 2014; 33:356-70. [PMID: 24480479 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) controls adhesion-dependent cell motility, survival, and proliferation. FAK has kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions, both of which play major roles in embryogenesis and tumor invasiveness. The precise mechanisms of FAK activation are not known. Using x-ray crystallography, small angle x-ray scattering, and biochemical and functional analyses, we show that the key step for activation of FAK's kinase-dependent functions--autophosphorylation of tyrosine-397--requires site-specific dimerization of FAK. The dimers form via the association of the N-terminal FERM domain of FAK and are stabilized by an interaction between FERM and the C-terminal FAT domain. FAT binds to a basic motif on FERM that regulates co-activation and nuclear localization. FAK dimerization requires local enrichment, which occurs specifically at focal adhesions. Paxillin plays a dual role, by recruiting FAK to focal adhesions and by reinforcing the FAT:FERM interaction. Our results provide a structural and mechanistic framework to explain how FAK combines multiple stimuli into a site-specific function. The dimer interfaces we describe are promising targets for blocking FAK activation.
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87
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FAK-heterozygous mice display enhanced tumour angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2020. [PMID: 23799510 PMCID: PMC3712492 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic ablation of endothelial focal adhesion kinase (FAK) can inhibit pathological angiogenesis, suggesting that loss of endothelial FAK is sufficient to reduce neovascularization. Here we show that reduced stromal FAK expression in FAK-heterozygous mice unexpectedly enhances both B16F0 and CMT19T tumour growth and angiogenesis. We further demonstrate that cell proliferation and microvessel sprouting, but not migration, are increased in serum-stimulated FAK-heterozygous endothelial cells. FAK-heterozygous endothelial cells display an imbalance in FAK phosphorylation at pY397 and pY861 without changes in Pyk2 or Erk1/2 activity. By contrast, serum-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt is enhanced in FAK-heterozygous endothelial cells and these cells are more sensitive to Akt inhibition. Additionally, low doses of a pharmacological FAK inhibitor, although too low to affect FAK autophosphorylation in vitro, can enhance angiogenesis ex vivo and tumour growth in vivo. Our results highlight a potential novel role for FAK as a nonlinear, dose-dependent regulator of angiogenesis where heterozygous levels of FAK enhance angiogenesis.
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88
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Son JE, Lee E, Jung SK, Kim JE, Oak MH, Lee KW, Lee HJ. Anthocyanidins, novel FAK inhibitors, attenuate PDGF-BB-induced aortic smooth muscle cell migration and neointima formation. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:503-12. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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89
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de la Roche M, Ritter AT, Angus KL, Dinsmore C, Earnshaw CH, Reiter JF, Griffiths GM. Hedgehog signaling controls T cell killing at the immunological synapse. Science 2013; 342:1247-50. [PMID: 24311692 PMCID: PMC4022134 DOI: 10.1126/science.1244689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome is essential for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function, contacting the plasma membrane and directing cytotoxic granules for secretion at the immunological synapse. Centrosome docking at the plasma membrane also occurs during cilia formation. The primary cilium, formed in nonhematopoietic cells, is essential for vertebrate Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Lymphocytes do not form primary cilia, but we found and describe here that Hh signaling played an important role in CTL killing. T cell receptor activation, which "prearms" CTLs with cytotoxic granules, also initiated Hh signaling. Hh pathway activation occurred intracellularly and triggered Rac1 synthesis. These events "prearmed" CTLs for action by promoting the actin remodeling required for centrosome polarization and granule release. Thus, Hh signaling plays a role in CTL function, and the immunological synapse may represent a modified cilium.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Polarity
- Cells, Cultured
- Centrosome/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Immunological Synapses
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Patched Receptors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smoothened Receptor
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike de la Roche
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Alex T. Ritter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karen L. Angus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Colin Dinsmore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Charles H. Earnshaw
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gillian M. Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Reynolds AB, Kanner SB, Bouton AH, Schaller MD, Weed SA, Flynn DC, Parsons JT. SRChing for the substrates of Src. Oncogene 2013; 33:4537-47. [PMID: 24121272 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By the mid 1980's, it was clear that the transforming activity of oncogenic Src was linked to the activity of its tyrosine kinase domain and attention turned to identifying substrates, the putative next level of control in the pathway to transformation. Among the first to recognize the potential of phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies, Parsons and colleagues launched a risky shotgun-based approach that led ultimately to the cDNA cloning and functional characterization of many of today's best-known Src substrates (for example, p85-Cortactin, p110-AFAP1, p130Cas, p125FAK and p120-catenin). Two decades and over 6000 citations later, the original goals of the project may be seen as secondary to the enormous impact of these protein substrates in many areas of biology. At the request of the editors, this review is not restricted to the current status of the substrates, but reflects also on the anatomy of the project itself and some of the challenges and decisions encountered along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S B Kanner
- Arrowhead Research Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A H Bouton
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M D Schaller
- Department of Biochemistry, 3124 HSN, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S A Weed
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1833 Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D C Flynn
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - J T Parsons
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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91
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Arnold KM, Goeckeler ZM, Wysolmerski RB. Loss of Focal Adhesion Kinase Enhances Endothelial Barrier Function and Increases Focal Adhesions. Microcirculation 2013; 20:637-49. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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EGFR/MEK/ERK/CDK5-dependent integrin-independent FAK phosphorylated on serine 732 contributes to microtubule depolymerization and mitosis in tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e815. [PMID: 24091658 PMCID: PMC3824663 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
FAK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase contributing to migration and proliferation downstream of integrin and/or growth factor receptor signaling of normal and malignant cells. In addition to well-characterized tyrosine phosphorylations, FAK is phosphorylated on several serines, whose role is not yet clarified. We observed that phosphorylated FAK on serine 732 (P-FAKSer732) is present at variable levels in vitro, in several melanoma, ovarian and thyroid tumor cell lines and in vivo, in tumor cells present in fresh ovarian cancer ascites. In vitro P-FAKSer732 was barely detectable during interphase while its levels strongly increased in mitotic cells upon activation of the EGFR/MEK/ERK axis in an integrin-independent manner. P-FAKSer732 presence was crucial for the maintenance of the proliferation rate and its levels were inversely related to the levels of acetylated α-tubulin. P-FAKSer732 localized at the microtubules (MTs) of the spindle, biochemically associated with MTs and contributed to MT depolymerization. The lack of the phosphorylation on Ser732 as well as the inhibition of CDK5 activity by roscovitine impaired mitotic spindle assembly and correct chromosome alignment during mitosis. We also identified, for the first time, that the EGF-dependent EGFR activation led to increased P-FAKSer732 and polymerized MTs. Our data shed light on the multifunctional roles of FAK in neoplastic cells, being involved not only in integrin-dependent migratory signaling but also in integrin-independent MT dynamics and mitosis control. These findings provide a new potential target for inhibiting the growth of tumor cells in which the EGFR/MEK/ERK/CDK5 pathway is active.
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93
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Perricone AJ, Bivona BJ, Jackson FR, Vander Heide RS. Conditional knockout of myocyte focal adhesion kinase abrogates ischemic preconditioning in adult murine hearts. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000457. [PMID: 24080910 PMCID: PMC3835261 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Our laboratory has previously demonstrated the importance of a cytoskeletal‐based survival signaling pathway using in vitro models of ischemia/reperfusion (IR). However, the importance of this pathway in mediating stress‐elicited survival signaling in vivo is unknown. Methods and Results The essential cytoskeletal signaling pathway member focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was selectively deleted in adult cardiac myocytes using a tamoxifen‐inducible Cre‐Lox system (α‐MHC‐MerCreMer). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot were performed to confirm FAK knockout (KO). All mice were subjected to a 40‐minute coronary occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning (IP) was performed using a standard protocol. Control groups included wild‐type (WT) and tamoxifen‐treated α‐MHC‐MerCreMer+/−/FAKWT/WT (experimental control) mice. Infarct size was expressed as a percentage of the risk region. In WT mice IP significantly enhanced the expression of activated/phosphorylated FAK by 36.3% compared to WT mice subjected to a sham experimental protocol (P≤0.05; n=6 hearts [sham], n=4 hearts [IP]). IP significantly reduced infarct size in both WT and experimental control mice (43.7% versus 19.8%; P≤0.001; 44.7% versus 17.5%; P≤0.001, respectively). No difference in infarct size was observed between preconditioned FAK KO and nonpreconditioned controls (37.1% versus 43.7% versus 44.7%; FAK KO versus WT versus experimental control; P=NS). IP elicited a 67.2%/88.8% increase in activated phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K) p85/activated Akt expression in WT mice, but failed to enhance the expression of either in preconditioned FAK KO mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that FAK is an essential mediator of IP‐elicited cardioprotection and provide further support for the hypothesis that cytoskeletal‐based signaling is an important component of stress‐elicited survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Perricone
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA (A.J.P., B.J.B., F.R.J., R.S.V.H.)
| | - Benjamin J. Bivona
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA (A.J.P., B.J.B., F.R.J., R.S.V.H.)
| | - Fannie R. Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA (A.J.P., B.J.B., F.R.J., R.S.V.H.)
| | - Richard S. Vander Heide
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA (A.J.P., B.J.B., F.R.J., R.S.V.H.)
- Correspondence to: Richard S. Vander Heide, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112. E‐mail:
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94
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Dave JM, Kang H, Abbey CA, Maxwell SA, Bayless KJ. Proteomic profiling of endothelial invasion revealed receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) complexed with vimentin to regulate focal adhesion kinase (FAK). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30720-30733. [PMID: 24005669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.512467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical for many physiological and pathological processes. To identify molecules relevant to angiogenesis, we performed a proteomic screen comparing invading versus non-invading endothelial cells in three-dimensional collagen matrices. We found up-regulated levels of receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) and the intermediate filament protein vimentin that correlated with increased endothelial cell invasion. Because both RACK1 and vimentin have been linked to focal adhesion kinase (FAK), we investigated whether this pathway regulated invasion. RACK1 depletion reduced invasion responses, and this was associated with attenuated activation of FAK. Knockdown of vimentin significantly decreased levels of phosphorylated and total FAK. Treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of FAK dose-dependently reduced invasion, indicating a crucial role for FAK activity during invasion. Because RACK1 and vimentin were both up-regulated with sphingosine 1-phosphate treatment, required for invasion, and regulated FAK, we tested whether they complexed together. RACK1 complexed with vimentin, and growth factors enhanced this interaction. In addition, RACK1, vimentin, and FAK formed an intermolecular complex in invading endothelial cultures in three dimensions in response to stimulation by sphingosine 1-phosphate and growth factors. Moreover, depletion of RACK1 decreased the association of vimentin and FAK, suggesting that RACK1 was required for stabilizing vimentin-FAK interactions during sprouting. Silencing of vimentin and RACK1 decreased cell adhesion and focal contact formation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that proangiogenic signals converge to enhance expression and association of RACK1 and vimentin, which regulated FAK, resulting in successful endothelial sprout formation in three-dimensional collagen matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui M Dave
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Hojin Kang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Colette A Abbey
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Steve A Maxwell
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843.
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Lim STS. Nuclear FAK: a new mode of gene regulation from cellular adhesions. Mol Cells 2013; 36:1-6. [PMID: 23686429 PMCID: PMC3887928 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) crucial in regulation of cell migration and proliferation. In addition to its canonical roles as a cytoplasmic kinase downstream of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling, recent studies revealed new aspects of FAK action in the nucleus. Nuclear FAK promotes p53 and GATA4 degradation via ubiquitination, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation and reduced inflammatory responses. FAK can also serve as a co-transcriptional regulator that alters a gene transcriptional activity. These findings established a new paradigm of FAK signaling from cellular adhesions to the nucleus. Although physiological stimuli for controlling FAK nuclear localization have not been completely characterized, FAK shuttles from focal adhesions to the nucleus to directly convey extracellular signals. Interestingly, nuclear translocation of FAK becomes prominent in kinase-inhibited conditions such as in de-adhesion and pharmacological FAK inhibition, while a small fraction of nuclear FAK is observed a normal growth condition. In this review, roles of nuclear FAK in regulating transcription factors will be discussed. Furthermore, a potential use of a pharmacological FAK inhibitor to target nuclear FAK function in diseases such as inflammation will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, USA.
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96
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Dao P, Jarray R, Le Coq J, Lietha D, Loukaci A, Lepelletier Y, Hadj-Slimane R, Garbay C, Raynaud F, Chen H. Synthesis of novel diarylamino-1,3,5-triazine derivatives as FAK inhibitors with anti-angiogenic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4552-6. [PMID: 23845217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis of novel diarylamino-1,3,5-triazine derivatives as FAK (focal adhesion kinase) inhibitors and the evaluation of their anti-angiogenic activity on HUVEC cells. Generally, the effects of these compounds on endothelial cells could be correlated with their kinase inhibitory activity. The most efficient compounds displayed inhibition of viability against HUVEC cells in the micromolar range, as observed with TAE-226, which was designed by Novartis Pharma AG. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the co-crystal structure for compound 34 revealed that the mode of interaction with the FAK kinase domain is highly similar to that observed in the complex of TAE-226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Dao
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR8601, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR Biomédicale, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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97
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Schmidt TT, Tauseef M, Yue L, Bonini MG, Gothert J, Shen TL, Guan JL, Predescu S, Sadikot R, Mehta D. Conditional deletion of FAK in mice endothelium disrupts lung vascular barrier function due to destabilization of RhoA and Rac1 activities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L291-300. [PMID: 23771883 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00094.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of lung-fluid homeostasis is the hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI). Association of catenins and actin cytoskeleton with vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is generally considered the main mechanism for stabilizing adherens junctions (AJs), thereby preventing disruption of lung vascular barrier function. The present study identifies endothelial focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that canonically regulates focal adhesion turnover, as a novel AJ-stabilizing mechanism. In wild-type mice, induction of ALI by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide or cecal ligation and puncture markedly decreased FAK expression in lungs. Using a mouse model in which FAK was conditionally deleted only in endothelial cells (ECs), we show that loss of EC-FAK mimicked key features of ALI (diffuse lung hemorrhage, increased transvascular albumin influx, edema, and neutrophil accumulation in the lung). EC-FAK deletion disrupted AJs due to impairment of the fine balance between the activities of RhoA and Rac1 GTPases. Deletion of EC-FAK facilitated RhoA's interaction with p115-RhoA guanine exchange factor, leading to activation of RhoA. Activated RhoA antagonized Rac1 activity, destabilizing AJs. Inhibition of Rho kinase, a downstream effector of RhoA, reinstated normal endothelial barrier function in FAK-/- ECs and lung vascular integrity in EC-FAK-/- mice. Our findings demonstrate that EC-FAK plays an essential role in maintaining AJs and thereby lung vascular barrier function by establishing the normal balance between RhoA and Rac1 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Thennes Schmidt
- Dept. of Pharmacology, The Univ. of Illinois, College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612.
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98
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Costa MJ, Wu X, Cuervo H, Srinivasan R, Bechis SK, Cheang E, Marjanovic O, Gridley T, Cvetic CA, Wang RA. Notch4 is required for tumor onset and perfusion. Vasc Cell 2013; 5:7. [PMID: 23601498 PMCID: PMC3644271 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch4 is a member of the Notch family of receptors that is primarily expressed in the vascular endothelial cells. Genetic deletion of Notch4 does not result in an overt phenotype in mice, thus the function of Notch4 remains poorly understood. METHODS We examined the requirement for Notch4 in the development of breast cancer vasculature. Orthotopic transplantation of mouse mammary tumor cells wild type for Notch4 into Notch4 deficient hosts enabled us to delineate the contribution of host Notch4 independent of its function in the tumor cell compartment. RESULTS Here, we show that Notch4 expression is required for tumor onset and early tumor perfusion in a mouse model of breast cancer. We found that Notch4 expression is upregulated in mouse and human mammary tumor vasculature. Moreover, host Notch4 deficiency delayed the onset of MMTV-PyMT tumors, wild type for Notch4, after transplantation. Vessel perfusion was decreased in tumors established in Notch4-deficient hosts. Unlike in inhibition of Notch1 or Dll4, vessel density and branching in tumors developed in Notch4-deficient mice were unchanged. However, final tumor size was similar between tumors grown in wild type and Notch4 null hosts. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a novel role for Notch4 in the establishment of tumor colonies and vessel perfusion of transplanted mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Costa
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Department of Pediatrics and Program in Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Tech Data Services, LLC, King of Prussia, PA19406, USA
| | - Henar Cuervo
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ruchika Srinivasan
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Novartis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Seth K Bechis
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ellen Cheang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Department of Radiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Olivera Marjanovic
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: School of Public; Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Thomas Gridley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Christin A Cvetic
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rong A Wang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Transcriptional corepressors HIPK1 and HIPK2 control angiogenesis via TGF-β-TAK1-dependent mechanism. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001527. [PMID: 23565059 PMCID: PMC3614511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several critical events dictate the successful establishment of nascent vasculature in yolk sac and in the developing embryos. These include aggregation of angioblasts to form the primitive vascular plexus, followed by the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and coalescence of endothelial cells. Although transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is known to regulate various aspects of vascular development, the signaling mechanism of TGF-β remains unclear. Here we show that homeodomain interacting protein kinases, HIPK1 and HIPK2, are transcriptional corepressors that regulate TGF-β-dependent angiogenesis during embryonic development. Loss of HIPK1 and HIPK2 leads to marked up-regulations of several potent angiogenic genes, including Mmp10 and Vegf, which result in excessive endothelial proliferation and poor adherens junction formation. This robust phenotype can be recapitulated by siRNA knockdown of Hipk1 and Hipk2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as well as in endothelial cell-specific TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII) conditional mutants. The effects of HIPK proteins are mediated through its interaction with MEF2C, and this interaction can be further enhanced by TGF-β in a TAK1-dependent manner. Remarkably, TGF-β-TAK1 signaling activates HIPK2 by phosphorylating a highly conserved tyrosine residue Y-361 within the kinase domain. Point mutation in this tyrosine completely eliminates the effect of HIPK2 as a transcriptional corepressor in luciferase assays. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized role of HIPK proteins in connecting TGF-β signaling pathway with the transcriptional programs critical for angiogenesis in early embryonic development.
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100
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Abstract
In this review we summarize the current understanding of signal transduction downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and its receptor VEGFR2, and the relationship between these signal transduction pathways and the hallmark responses of VEGFA, angiogenesis and vascular permeability. These physiological responses involve a number of effectors, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), Src, phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Rho family GTPases, endothelial NO and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Several of these factors are involved in the regulation of both angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Tumour angiogenesis primarily relies on VEGFA-driven responses, which to a large extent result in a dysfunctional vasculature. The reason for this remains unclear, although it appears that certain aspects of the VEGFA-stimulated angiogenic milieu (high level of microvascular density and permeability) promote tumour expansion. The high degree of redundancy and complexity of VEGFA-driven tumour angiogenesis may explain why tumours commonly develop resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy targeting VEGFA signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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