51
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Moore RP, Fogerson SM, Tulu US, Yu JW, Cox AH, Sican MA, Li D, Legant WR, Weigel AV, Crawford JM, Betzig E, Kiehart DP. Super-resolution microscopy reveals actomyosin dynamics in medioapical arrays. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar94. [PMID: 35544300 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-11-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrays of actin filaments (F-actin) near the apical surface of epithelial cells (medioapical arrays) contribute to apical constriction and morphogenesis throughout phylogeny. Here, super-resolution approaches (grazing incidence structured illumination, GI-SIM and lattice light sheet, LLSM) microscopy resolve individual, fluorescently labeled F-actin and bipolar myosin filaments that drive amnioserosa cell shape changes during dorsal closure in Drosophila. In expanded cells, F-actin and myosin form loose, apically domed meshworks at the plasma membrane. The arrays condense as cells contract, drawing the domes into the plane of the junctional belts. As condensation continues, individual filaments are no longer uniformly apparent. As cells expand, arrays of actomyosin are again resolved - some F-actin turnover likely occurs, but a large fraction of existing filaments rearrange. In morphologically isotropic cells, actin filaments are randomly oriented and during contraction, are drawn together but remain essentially randomly oriented. In anisotropic cells, largely parallel actin filaments are drawn closer to one another. Our images offer unparalleled resolution of F-actin in embryonic tissue show that medioapical arrays are tightly apposed to the plasma membrane, are continuous with meshworks of lamellar F-actin and thereby constitute modified cell cortex. In concert with other tagged array components, super-resolution imaging of live specimens will offer new understanding of cortical architecture and function. [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan P Moore
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - U Serdar Tulu
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jason W Yu
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Amanda H Cox
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wesley R Legant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Aubrey V Weigel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | | | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA.,Departments of Physics and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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52
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Desai P, Rimal R, Florea A, Gumerov RA, Santi M, Sorokina AS, Sahnoun SEM, Fischer T, Mottaghy FM, Morgenroth A, Mourran A, Potemkin II, Möller M, Singh S. Tuning the Elasticity of Nanogels Improves Their Circulation Time by Evading Immune Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116653. [PMID: 35274425 PMCID: PMC9325431 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy is used to treat solid tumors by locally delivering radiation. However, due to nephro‐ and hepato‐toxicity, it is limited by its dosage. To amplify radiation damage to tumor cells, radiolabeled nanogels can be used. We show that by tuning the mechanical properties of nanogels significant enhancement in circulation half‐life of the gel could be achieved. We demonstrate why and how small changes in the mechanical properties of the nanogels influence its cellular fate. Nanogels with a storage modulus of 37 kPa were minimally phagocytosed by monocytes and macrophages compared to nanogels with 93 kPa modulus. Using PET/CT a significant difference in the blood circulation time of the nanogels was shown. Computer simulations affirmed the results and predicted the mechanism of cellular uptake of the nanogels. Altogether, this work emphasizes the important role of elasticity even for particles that are inherently soft such as nano‐ or microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Desai
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Rahul Rimal
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Alexandru Florea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital RWTH Aachen Pauwelstraße 30 52074 Aachen Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and School for Oncology (GROW) Maastricht University 6229 HX Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Rustam A. Gumerov
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Physics Department Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 1–2 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Marta Santi
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Anastasia S. Sorokina
- Physics Department Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 1–2 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Sabri E. M. Sahnoun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital RWTH Aachen Pauwelstraße 30 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Thorsten Fischer
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital RWTH Aachen Pauwelstraße 30 52074 Aachen Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and School for Oncology (GROW) Maastricht University 6229 HX Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Morgenroth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital RWTH Aachen Pauwelstraße 30 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Igor I. Potemkin
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Physics Department Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 1–2 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- National Research South Ural State University Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (MPImF) Jahnstrasse 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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53
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Asante-Asamani E, Grange D, Rawal D, Santiago Z, Loustau J, Brazill D. A role for myosin II clusters and membrane energy in cortex rupture for Dictyostelium discoideum. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265380. [PMID: 35468148 PMCID: PMC9037949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blebs, pressure driven protrusions of the cell membrane, facilitate the movement of eukaryotic cells such as the soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, white blood cells and cancer cells. Blebs initiate when the cell membrane separates from the underlying cortex. A local rupture of the cortex, has been suggested as a mechanism by which blebs are initiated. However, much clarity is still needed about how cells inherently regulate rupture of the cortex in locations where blebs are expected to form. In this work, we examine the role of membrane energy and the motor protein myosin II (myosin) in facilitating the cell driven rupture of the cortex. We perform under-agarose chemotaxis experiments, using Dictyostelium discoideum cells, to visualize the dynamics of myosin and calculate changes in membrane energy in the blebbing region. To facilitate a rapid detection of blebs and analysis of the energy and myosin distribution at the cell front, we introduce an autonomous bleb detection algorithm that takes in discrete cell boundaries and returns the coordinate location of blebs with its shape characteristics. We are able to identify by microscopy naturally occurring gaps in the cortex prior to membrane detachment at sites of bleb nucleation. These gaps form at positions calculated to have high membrane energy, and are associated with areas of myosin enrichment. Myosin is also shown to accumulate in the cortex prior to bleb initiation and just before the complete disassembly of the cortex. Together our findings provide direct spatial and temporal evidence to support cortex rupture as an intrinsic bleb initiation mechanism and suggests that myosin clusters are associated with regions of high membrane energy where its contractile activity leads to a rupture of the cortex at points of maximal energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Grange
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Stony Brook University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Devarshi Rawal
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, Hunter College, Manhattan, New York, United States of America
| | - Zully Santiago
- Department of Natural Science, Baruch College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John Loustau
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, Hunter College, Manhattan, New York, United States of America
| | - Derrick Brazill
- Biological Science Department, Hunter College, Manhattan, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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54
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Muñoz-López MJ, Kim H, Mori Y. A Reduced 1D Stochastic Model of Bleb-driven Cell Migration. Biophys J 2022; 121:1881-1896. [PMID: 35450826 PMCID: PMC9199100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Blebs are pressure-driven protrusions that have been observed in cells undergoing apoptosis, cytokinesis, or migration, including tumour cells that use blebs to escape their organs of origin. Here, we present a minimal 1D model of bleb-driven cell motion that combines a simple mechanical model with turnover kinetics of the actin cortex and adhesions between the membrane and the cortex. The deterministic version of this model is used to study the properties of individual blebbing events. We further introduce stochastic turnover of the adhesions, which allows for spontaneous initiation of repeated blebbing events, thus leading to sustained cell travel. We explore how the main parameters of the system control the properties of the blebbing events and the speed of cell travel. Finally, we derive a further simplification by deriving a Langevin approximation to this stochastic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Muñoz-López
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hyunjoong Kim
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yoichiro Mori
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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55
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Mastrogiovanni M, Vargas P, Rose T, Cuche C, Esposito E, Juzans M, Laude H, Schneider A, Bernard M, Goyard S, Renaudat C, Ungeheuer MN, Delon J, Alcover A, Di Bartolo V. The tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli regulates T lymphocyte migration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl5942. [PMID: 35417240 PMCID: PMC9007504 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a tumor suppressor whose mutations underlie familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and colorectal cancer. Although its role in intestinal epithelial cells is well characterized, APC importance in T cell biology is ill defined. APC regulates cytoskeleton organization, cell polarity, and migration in various cell types. Here, we address whether APC plays a role in T lymphocyte migration. Using a series of cell biology tools, we unveiled that T cells from FAP patients carrying APC mutations display impaired adhesion and motility in constrained environments. We further dissected the cellular mechanisms underpinning these defects in APC-depleted CEM T cell line that recapitulate the phenotype observed in FAP T cells. We found that APC affects T cell motility by modulating integrin-dependent adhesion and cytoskeleton reorganization. Hence, APC mutations in FAP patients not only drive intestinal neoplasms but also impair T cell migration, potentially contributing to inefficient antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mastrogiovanni
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM-U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, F-75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Rose
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM-U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Céline Cuche
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM-U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Elric Esposito
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, UTechS BioImagerie Photonique, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie Juzans
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM-U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Laude
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, ICAReB, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Amandine Schneider
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM-U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Bernard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM-U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Delon
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM-U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, F-75015 Paris, France
- Corresponding author. (A.A.); (V.D.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM-U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Équipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, F-75015 Paris, France
- Corresponding author. (A.A.); (V.D.B.)
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56
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Desai P, Rimal R, Florea A, Gumerov RA, Santi M, Sorokina AS, Sahnoun SEM, Fischer T, Mottaghy FM, Morgenroth A, Mourran A, Potemkin II, Möller M, Singh S. Tuning the Elasticity of Nanogels Improves their Circulation Time by Evading Immune Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Desai
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien Macromolecular Chemistry Aachen GERMANY
| | - Rahul Rimal
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien Macromolecular chemistry Aachen GERMANY
| | - Alexandru Florea
- Uniklinik RWTH Aachen: Universitatsklinikum Aachen Nuclear Medicine GERMANY
| | - Rustam A. Gumerov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University: Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj universitet imeni M V Lomonosova Physics RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Marta Santi
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Anastasia S. Sorokina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University: Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj universitet imeni M V Lomonosova Physics RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | - Thorsten Fischer
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- Uniklinik RWTH Aachen: Universitatsklinikum Aachen Nuclear Medicine GERMANY
| | | | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien Macromolecular chemistry GERMANY
| | - Igor I. Potemkin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University: Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj universitet imeni M V Lomonosova Physics RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Smriti Singh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research: Max-Planck-Institut fur medizinische Forschung Cellular Biophysics Jahnstr. 29 Heidelberg GERMANY
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O'Callaghan P, Engberg A, Eriksson O, Fatsis-Kavalopoulos N, Stelzl C, Sanchez G, Idevall-Hagren O, Kreuger J. Piezo1 activation attenuates thrombin-induced blebbing in breast cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274949. [PMID: 35274124 PMCID: PMC9016622 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exploit a variety of migration modes to leave primary tumors and establish metastases, including amoeboid cell migration, which is typically reliant on bleb formation. Here we demonstrate that thrombin induces dynamic blebbing in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and confirm that protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) activation is sufficient to induce this effect. Cell confinement has been implicated as a driving force in bleb-based migration. Unexpectedly, we found that gentle contact compression, exerted using a custom built ‘cell press’ to mechanically stimulate cells, reduced thrombin-induced blebbing. Thrombin-induced blebbing was similarly attenuated using the small molecule Yoda1, an agonist of the mechanosensitive Ca2+ channel Piezo1, and this attenuation was impaired in Piezo1-depleted cells. Additionally, Piezo1 activation suppressed thrombin-induced phosphorylation of ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM) proteins, which are implicated in the blebbing process. Our results provide mechanistic insights into Piezo1 activation as a suppressor of dynamic blebbing, specifically that which is induced by thrombin. Summary: Thrombin and protease-activated receptor agonists induce dynamic blebbing in breast cancer cells, which can be attenuated by contact-mediated compression, and activation of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Callaghan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Engberg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Christina Stelzl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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58
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Özgüç Ö, de Plater L, Kapoor V, Tortorelli AF, Clark AG, Maître JL. Cortical softening elicits zygotic contractility during mouse preimplantation development. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001593. [PMID: 35324889 PMCID: PMC8982894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin contractility is a major engine of preimplantation morphogenesis, which starts at the 8-cell stage during mouse embryonic development. Contractility becomes first visible with the appearance of periodic cortical waves of contraction (PeCoWaCo), which travel around blastomeres in an oscillatory fashion. How contractility of the mouse embryo becomes active remains unknown. We have taken advantage of PeCoWaCo to study the awakening of contractility during preimplantation development. We find that PeCoWaCo become detectable in most embryos only after the second cleavage and gradually increase their oscillation frequency with each successive cleavage. To test the influence of cell size reduction during cleavage divisions, we use cell fusion and fragmentation to manipulate cell size across a 20- to 60-μm range. We find that the stepwise reduction in cell size caused by cleavage divisions does not explain the presence of PeCoWaCo or their accelerating rhythm. Instead, we discover that blastomeres gradually decrease their surface tensions until the 8-cell stage and that artificially softening cells enhances PeCoWaCo prematurely. We further identify the programmed down-regulation of the formin Fmnl3 as a required event to soften the cortex and expose PeCoWaCo. Therefore, during cleavage stages, cortical softening, mediated by Fmnl3 down-regulation, awakens zygotic contractility before preimplantation morphogenesis. During preimplantation morphogenesis, the mouse embryo relies on forces generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton. This study uncovers how periodic actomyosin contractions increase in frequency during cleavage stages as blastomeres soften with each cleavage division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Özgüç
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Ludmilla de Plater
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Varun Kapoor
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Anna Francesca Tortorelli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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59
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Chatterjee M, Sain A. Dynamic surface patterns on cells. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:084117. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0077311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic pattern formations are commonly observed in multicellular systems, such as cardiac tissue and slime molds, and modeled using reaction–diffusion systems. Recent experiments have revealed dynamic patterns in the concentration profile of various cortical proteins at a much smaller scale, namely, embryos at their single-cell stage. Spiral waves of Rho and F-actin proteins have been reported in Xenopus frog and starfish oocytes [Bement et al., Nat. Cell Biol. 17, 1471 (2015)], while a pulsatile pattern of Rho and myosin proteins has been found in C. elegans embryo [Nishikawa et al., eLife 6, e30537 (2017)]. Here, we propose that these two seemingly distinct dynamic patterns are signatures of a single reaction–diffusion network involving active-Rho, inactive-Rho, actin, and myosin. We show that a small variation in the concentration of other ancillary proteins can give rise to different dynamical states from the same chemical network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Chatterjee
- Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anirban Sain
- Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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60
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Nishida K, Sekida S, Anada T, Tanaka M. Modulation of Biological Responses of Tumor Cells Adhered to Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) with Increasing Cell Viability under Serum-Free Conditions. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:672-681. [PMID: 35037460 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells in body fluids are important biomarkers in cancer diagnosis. The culture of tumor cells isolated from body fluids can provide intrinsic information about tumors and can be used to screen for the best anticancer drugs. However, the culture of primary tumor cells has been hindered by their low viability and difficulties in recapitulating the phenotype of primary tumors in in vitro culture. The culture of tumor cells under serum-free conditions is one of the methodologies to maintain the phenotype and genotype of primary tumors. Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA)-coated substrates have been investigated to prolong the proliferation of tumor cells under serum-free conditions. In this study, we investigated the detailed behavior and the mechanism of the increase in tumor cell viability after adherence to PMEA substrates. The blebbing formation of tumor cells on PMEA was attributed not to apoptosis but to the low adhesion strength of cells on PMEA. Moreover, blebbing tumor cells showed amoeboid movement and formed clusters with other cells via N-cadherin, leading to an increase in tumor cell viability. Furthermore, the behaviors of tumor cells adhered to PMEA under serum-free conditions were involved in the activation of the PI3K and Rho-associated protein kinase pathways. Thus, we propose that PMEA would be suitable for the development of devices to cultivate primary tumor cells under serum-free conditions for the label-free diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nishida
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shogo Sekida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahisa Anada
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Bommanavar S, Kanetkar SR, Datkhile KD, More AL. Membrane-organizing extension spike protein and its role as an emerging biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2022; 26:82-86. [PMID: 35571321 PMCID: PMC9106235 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_182_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most malignant tumor worldwide with a relatively poor prognosis. This can be due to lack of using new specific biomarkers as a mode of pristine interventional therapy for detecting the lesions at an early stage, thereby not allowing it to proceed to a severe advanced stage. Biomarkers, being the products of malignant cells, can prove to be promising prognostic factors in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of oral cancer. One such biomarker is membrane-organizing extension spike protein (MOESIN). Belonging to the family of ezrin/radixin/MOESIN proteins, MOESIN acts as a structural linker between plasma membrane and actin filament of the cell moiety and is involved in regulating many fundamental cellular processes such as cell morphology, adhesion and motility. This narrative review is a systematic compilation on MOESIN and its role as an emerging biomarker in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Bommanavar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sujata R Kanetkar
- Department of Pathology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kailas D Datkhile
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, KIMSDU, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashwini L More
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, KIMSDU, Karad, Maharashtra, India
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62
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Tymon-Rosario J, Adjei NN, Roque DM, Santin AD. Microtubule-Interfering Drugs: Current and Future Roles in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6239. [PMID: 34944858 PMCID: PMC8699494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxanes and epothilones are chemotherapeutic agents that ultimately lead to cell death through inhibition of normal microtubular function. This review summarizes the literature demonstrating their current use and potential promise as therapeutic agents in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), as well as putative mechanisms of resistance. Historically, taxanes have become the standard of care in the front-line and recurrent treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. In the past few years, epothilones (i.e., ixabepilone) have become of interest as they may retain activity in taxane-treated patients since they harbor several features that may overcome mechanisms of taxane resistance. Clinical data now support the use of ixabepilone in the treatment of platinum-resistant or refractory ovarian cancer. Clinical data strongly support the use of microtubule-interfering drugs alone or in combination in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Ongoing clinical trials will shed further light into the potential of making these drugs part of current standard practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Tymon-Rosario
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (J.T.-R.); (N.N.A.)
| | - Naomi N. Adjei
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (J.T.-R.); (N.N.A.)
| | - Dana M. Roque
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Alessandro D. Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (J.T.-R.); (N.N.A.)
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Phan TKT, Do TL, Tachibana K, Kihara T. Alpha-mangostin dephosphorylates ERM to induce adhesion and decrease surface stiffness in KG-1 cells. Hum Cell 2021; 35:189-198. [PMID: 34817798 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface stiffness is a unique indicator of various cellular states and events and needs to be tightly controlled. α-Mangostin, a natural compound with numerous bioactivities, reduces the mechanical stiffness of various cells; however, the mechanism by which it affects the actin cytoskeleton remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying α-mangostin activity on the surface stiffness of leukocytes. We treated spherical non-adherent myelomonocytic KG-1 cells with α-mangostin; it clearly reduced their surface stiffness and disrupted their microvilli. The α-mangostin-induced reduction in surface stiffness was inhibited by calyculin A, a protein phosphatase inhibitor. α-Mangostin also induced KG-1 cell adhesion to a fibronectin-coated surface. In KG-1 cells, a decrease in surface stiffness and the induction of cell adhesion are largely attributed to the dephosphorylation of ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins (ERMs); α-mangostin reduced the levels of phosphorylated ERMs. It further increased protein kinase C (PKC) activity. α-Mangostin-induced KG-1 cell adhesion and cell surface softness were inhibited by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X. The results of the present study suggest that α-mangostin decreases stiffness and induces adhesion of KG-1 cells via PKC activation and ERM dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kieu Trang Phan
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Health Care System, 458 Minh Khai, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ly Do
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tachibana
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takanori Kihara
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan.
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Brain and Breast Cancer Cells with PTEN Loss of Function Reveal Enhanced Durotaxis and RHOB Dependent Amoeboid Migration Utilizing 3D Scaffolds and Aligned Microfiber Tracts. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205144. [PMID: 34680293 PMCID: PMC8533830 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with PTEN mutations often lead to brain dissemination with poor patient outcome, thus new therapeutic targets are needed. To understand signaling, controlling the dynamics and mechanics of brain tumor cell migration, we implemented GBM and TNBC cell lines and designed 3D aligned microfibers and scaffolds mimicking brain structures. METHODS 3D microfibers and scaffolds were printed using melt electrowriting. GBM and TNBC cell lines with opposing PTEN genotypes were analyzed with RHO-ROCK-PTEN inhibitors and PTEN rescue using live-cell imaging. RNA-sequencing and qPCR of tumor cells in 3D with microfibers were performed, while scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy addressed cell morphology. RESULTS In contrast to the PTEN wildtype, GBM and TNBC cells with PTEN loss of function yielded enhanced durotaxis, topotaxis, adhesion, amoeboid migration on 3D microfibers and significant high RHOB expression. Functional studies concerning RHOB-ROCK-PTEN signaling confirmed the essential role for the above cellular processes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a significant role of the PTEN genotype and RHOB expression for durotaxis, adhesion and migration dependent on 3D. GBM and TNBC cells with PTEN loss of function have an affinity for stiff brain structures promoting metastasis. 3D microfibers represent an important tool to model brain metastasizing tumor cells, where RHO-inhibitors could play an essential role for improved therapy.
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Discovery of Lactoferrin as a Stimulant for hADSC-Derived EV Secretion and Proof of Enhancement of Resulting EVs through Skin Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010993. [PMID: 34681650 PMCID: PMC8541114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from hADSCs in low concentrations, which makes it difficult to utilize them for the development of therapeutic products. To overcome the problem associated with low concentration, we proposed human lactoferrin (hLF) as a stimulant for the secretion of hADSC-derived EVs. hLF has been reported to upregulate intracellular Ca2+, which is known to be capable of increasing EV secretion. We cultured hADSCs in hLF-supplemented media and analyzed the changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The characteristics of hADSC-derived EVs secreted by hLF stimulation were analyzed through their number, membrane protein markers, and the presence of hLFs to EVs. The function of hADSC-derived EVs was investigated through their effects on dermal fibroblasts. We found that hLF helped hADSCs effectively uptake Ca2+, resulting in an increase of EVs secretion by more than a factor of 4. The resulting EVs had enhanced proliferation and collagen synthesis effect on dermal fibroblasts when compared to the same number of hADSC-derived EVs secreted without hLF stimulation. The enhanced secretion of hADSC-derived EVs increased collagen synthesis through enhanced epidermal penetration, which resulted from increased EV numbers. In summary, we propose hLF to be a useful stimulant in increasing the secretion rate of hADSC-derived EVs.
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66
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Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Single-Cell Wound Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910886. [PMID: 34639226 PMCID: PMC8509258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane protects the eukaryotic cell from its surroundings and is essential for cell viability; thus, it is crucial that membrane disruptions are repaired quickly to prevent immediate dyshomeostasis and cell death. Accordingly, cells have developed efficient repair mechanisms to rapidly reseal ruptures and reestablish membrane integrity. The cortical actin cytoskeleton plays an instrumental role in both plasma membrane resealing and restructuring in response to damage. Actin directly aids membrane repair or indirectly assists auxiliary repair mechanisms. Studies investigating single-cell wound repair have often focused on the recruitment and activation of specialized repair machinery, despite the undeniable need for rapid and dynamic cortical actin modulation; thus, the role of the cortical actin cytoskeleton during wound repair has received limited attention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of membrane repair mechanisms directly or indirectly involving cortical actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
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67
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Halder D, Mallick D, Chatterjee A, Jana SS. Nonmuscle Myosin II in cancer cell migration and mechanotransduction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 139:106058. [PMID: 34400319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a key step of cancer metastasis, immune-cell navigation, homing of stem cells and development. What adds complexity to it is the heterogeneity of the tissue environment that gives rise to a vast diversity of migratory mechanisms utilized by cells. A majority of cell motility mechanisms reported elsewhere largely converge in depicting the importance of the activity and complexity of actomyosin networks in the cell. In this review, we highlight the less discussed functional diversity of these actomyosin complexes and describe in detail how the major cellular actin-binding molecular motor proteins, nonmuscle myosin IIs are regulated and how they participate and mechanically reciprocate to changes in the microenvironment during cancer cell migration and tumor progression. Understanding the role of nonmuscle myosin IIs in the cancer cell is important for designing efficient therapeutic strategies to prevent cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdatta Halder
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel(2)
| | - Ditipriya Mallick
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Ananya Chatterjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Siddhartha S Jana
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India.
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68
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Taneja N, Baillargeon SM, Burnette DT. Myosin light chain kinase-driven myosin II turnover regulates actin cortex contractility during mitosis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:br3. [PMID: 34319762 PMCID: PMC8684764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-09-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Force generation by the molecular motor myosin II (MII) at the actin cortex is a universal feature of animal cells. Despite its central role in driving cell shape changes, the mechanisms underlying MII regulation at the actin cortex remain incompletely understood. Here we show that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) promotes MII turnover at the mitotic cortex. Inhibition of MLCK resulted in an alteration of the relative levels of phosphorylated regulatory light chain (RLC), with MLCK preferentially creating a short-lived pRLC species and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) preferentially creating a stable ppRLC species during metaphase. Slower turnover of MII and altered RLC homeostasis on MLCK inhibition correlated with increased cortex tension, driving increased membrane bleb initiation and growth, but reduced bleb retraction during mitosis. Taken together, we show that ROCK and MLCK play distinct roles at the actin cortex during mitosis; ROCK activity is required for recruitment of MII to the cortex, while MLCK activity promotes MII turnover. Our findings support the growing evidence that MII turnover is an essential dynamic process influencing the mechanical output of the actin cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Taneja
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Sophie M. Baillargeon
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Dylan T. Burnette
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212
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69
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Wang X, Li L, Shao Y, Wei J, Song R, Zheng S, Li Y, Song F. Effects of the Laplace pressure on the cells during cytokinesis. iScience 2021; 24:102945. [PMID: 34458697 PMCID: PMC8377492 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Laplace pressure is one of the most fundamental regulators that determine cell shape and function, and thus has been receiving widespread attention. Here, we systemically investigate the effect of the Laplace pressure on the shape and function of the cells during cytokinesis. We find that the Laplace pressure during cytokinesis can directly control the distribution and size of cell blebbing and adjust the symmetry of cell division by virtue of changing the characteristics of cell blebbing. Further, we demonstrate that the Laplace pressure changes the structural uniformity of cell boundary to regulate the symmetry of cell division. Our findings provide further insights as to the important role of the Laplace pressure in regulating the symmetry of cell division during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yingfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiachen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruopu Song
- School of Life Science and Health, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Songjie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Crosas-Molist E, Samain R, Kohlhammer L, Orgaz J, George S, Maiques O, Barcelo J, Sanz-Moreno V. RhoGTPase Signalling in Cancer Progression and Dissemination. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:455-510. [PMID: 34541899 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are a family of small G proteins that regulate a wide array of cellular processes related to their key roles controlling the cytoskeleton. On the other hand, cancer is a multi-step disease caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations, from the initial stages of cancer development when cells in normal tissues undergo transformation, to the acquisition of invasive and metastatic traits, responsible for a large number of cancer related deaths. In this review, we discuss the role of Rho GTPase signalling in cancer in every step of disease progression. Rho GTPases contribute to tumour initiation and progression, by regulating proliferation and apoptosis, but also metabolism, senescence and cell stemness. Rho GTPases play a major role in cell migration, and in the metastatic process. They are also involved in interactions with the tumour microenvironment and regulate inflammation, contributing to cancer progression. After years of intensive research, we highlight the importance of relevant models in the Rho GTPase field, and we reflect on the therapeutic opportunities arising for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remi Samain
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie Kohlhammer
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Orgaz
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samantha George
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaume Barcelo
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Bleb-driven cell migration plays important roles in diverse biological processes. Here, we present the mechanism for polarity establishment and maintenance in blebbing cells in vivo. We show that actin polymerization defines the leading edge, the position where blebs form. We show that the cell front can direct the formation of the rear by facilitating retrograde flow of proteins that limit the generation of blebs at the opposite aspect of the cell. Conversely, localization of bleb-inhibiting proteins at one aspect of the cell results in the establishment of the cell front at the opposite side. These antagonistic interactions result in robust polarity that can be initiated in a random direction, or oriented by a chemokine gradient. To study the mechanisms controlling front-rear polarity in migrating cells, we used zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) as an in vivo model. We find that polarity of bleb-driven migrating cells can be initiated at the cell front, as manifested by actin accumulation at the future leading edge and myosin-dependent retrograde actin flow toward the other side of the cell. In such cases, the definition of the cell front, from which bleb-inhibiting proteins such as Ezrin are depleted, precedes the establishment of the cell rear, where those proteins accumulate. Conversely, following cell division, the accumulation of Ezrin at the cleavage plane is the first sign for cell polarity and this aspect of the cell becomes the cell back. Together, the antagonistic interactions between the cell front and back lead to a robust polarization of the cell. Furthermore, we show that chemokine signaling can bias the establishment of the front-rear axis of the cell, thereby guiding the migrating cells toward sites of higher levels of the attractant. We compare these results to a theoretical model according to which a critical value of actin treadmilling flow can initiate a positive feedback loop that leads to the generation of the front-rear axis and to stable cell polarization. Together, our in vivo findings and the mathematical model, provide an explanation for the observed nonoriented migration of primordial germ cells in the absence of the guidance cue, as well as for the directed migration toward the region where the gonad develops.
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Claisened Hexafluoro Inhibits Metastatic Spreading of Amoeboid Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143551. [PMID: 34298765 PMCID: PMC8305480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is characterized by poor prognosis and a low free-survival rate. Thanks to their high plasticity, melanoma cells are able to migrate exploiting different cell motility strategies, such as the rounded/amoeboid-type motility and the elongated/mesenchymal-type motility. In particular, the amoeboid motility strongly contributes to the dissemination of highly invasive melanoma cells and no treatment targeting this process is currently available for clinical application. Here, we tested Claisened Hexafluoro as a novel inhibitor of the amoeboid motility. Reported data demonstrate that Claisened Hexafluoro specifically inhibits melanoma cells moving through amoeboid motility by deregulating mitochondrial activity and activating the AMPK signaling. Moreover, Claisened Hexafluoro is able to interfere with the adhesion abilities and the stemness features of melanoma cells, thus decreasing the in vivo metastatic process. This evidence may contribute to pave the way for future possible therapeutic applications of Claisened Hexafluoro to counteract metastatic melanoma dissemination.
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73
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Firmin J, Maître JL. Morphogenesis of the human preimplantation embryo: bringing mechanics to the clinics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:22-31. [PMID: 34253437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During preimplantation development, the human embryo forms the blastocyst, the structure enabling uterine implantation. The blastocyst consists of an epithelial envelope, the trophectoderm, encompassing a fluid-filled lumen, the blastocoel, and a cluster of pluripotent stem cells, the inner cell mass. This specific architecture is crucial for the implantation and further development of the human embryo. Furthermore, the morphology of the human embryo is a prime determinant for clinicians to assess the implantation potential of in vitro fertilized human embryos, which constitutes a key aspect of assisted reproduction technology. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how the human embryo builds the blastocyst. As any material, the human embryo changes shape under the action of forces. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanical forces shaping the blastocyst. We discuss the cellular processes responsible for generating morphogenetic forces that were studied mostly in the mouse and review the literature on human embryos to see which of them may be conserved. Based on the specific morphological defects commonly observed in clinics during human preimplantation development, we discuss how mechanical forces and their underlying cellular processes may be affected. Together, we propose that bringing tissue mechanics to the clinics will advance our understanding of human preimplantation development, as well as our ability to help infertile couples to have babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Firmin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM, U934 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM, U934 Paris, France.
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74
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Shiomi A, Nagao K, Yokota N, Tsuchiya M, Kato U, Juni N, Hara Y, Mori MX, Mori Y, Ui-Tei K, Murate M, Kobayashi T, Nishino Y, Miyazawa A, Yamamoto A, Suzuki R, Kaufmann S, Tanaka M, Tatsumi K, Nakabe K, Shintaku H, Yesylevsky S, Bogdanov M, Umeda M. Extreme deformability of insect cell membranes is governed by phospholipid scrambling. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109219. [PMID: 34107250 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organization of dynamic cellular structure is crucial for a variety of cellular functions. In this study, we report that Drosophila and Aedes have highly elastic cell membranes with extremely low membrane tension and high resistance to mechanical stress. In contrast to other eukaryotic cells, phospholipids are symmetrically distributed between the bilayer leaflets of the insect plasma membrane, where phospholipid scramblase (XKR) that disrupts the lipid asymmetry is constitutively active. We also demonstrate that XKR-facilitated phospholipid scrambling promotes the deformability of cell membranes by regulating both actin cortex dynamics and mechanical properties of the phospholipid bilayer. Moreover, XKR-mediated construction of elastic cell membranes is essential for hemocyte circulation in the Drosophila cardiovascular system. Deformation of mammalian cells is also enhanced by the expression of Aedes XKR, and thus phospholipid scrambling may contribute to formation of highly deformable cell membranes in a variety of living eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Shiomi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Yokota
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masaki Tsuchiya
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Utako Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Naoto Juni
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Hara
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki X Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ui-Tei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motohide Murate
- UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Yuri Nishino
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Atsuo Miyazawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Akihisa Yamamoto
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Stefan Kaufmann
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kazuya Tatsumi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Nakabe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shintaku
- Microfluidics RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Semen Yesylevsky
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France; Department of Physics of Biological Systems, Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mikhail Bogdanov
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masato Umeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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75
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Nourreddine S, Lavoie G, Paradis J, Ben El Kadhi K, Méant A, Aubert L, Grondin B, Gendron P, Chabot B, Bouvier M, Carreno S, Roux PP. NF45 and NF90 Regulate Mitotic Gene Expression by Competing with Staufen-Mediated mRNA Decay. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107660. [PMID: 32433969 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cells, the expression of ∼1,000 genes is modulated throughout the cell cycle. Although some of these genes are controlled by specific transcriptional programs, very little is known about their post-transcriptional regulation. Here, we analyze the expression signature associated with all 687 RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and identify 39 that significantly correlate with cell cycle mRNAs. We find that NF45 and NF90 play essential roles in mitosis, and transcriptome analysis reveals that they are necessary for the expression of a subset of mitotic mRNAs. Using proteomics, we identify protein clusters associated with the NF45-NF90 complex, including components of Staufen-mediated mRNA decay (SMD). We show that depletion of SMD components increases the binding of mitotic mRNAs to the NF45-NF90 complex and rescues cells from mitotic defects. Together, our results indicate that the NF45-NF90 complex plays essential roles in mitosis by competing with the SMD machinery for a common set of mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Nourreddine
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Geneviève Lavoie
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Justine Paradis
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Antoine Méant
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Léo Aubert
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Benoit Grondin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Patrick Gendron
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Benoit Chabot
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sébastien Carreno
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Philippe P Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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76
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Engineering T cells to enhance 3D migration through structurally and mechanically complex tumor microenvironments. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2815. [PMID: 33990566 PMCID: PMC8121808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the principles of T cell migration in structurally and mechanically complex tumor microenvironments is critical to understanding escape from antitumor immunity and optimizing T cell-related therapeutic strategies. Here, we engineered nanotextured elastic platforms to study and enhance T cell migration through complex microenvironments and define how the balance between contractility localization-dependent T cell phenotypes influences migration in response to tumor-mimetic structural and mechanical cues. Using these platforms, we characterize a mechanical optimum for migration that can be perturbed by manipulating an axis between microtubule stability and force generation. In 3D environments and live tumors, we demonstrate that microtubule instability, leading to increased Rho pathway-dependent cortical contractility, promotes migration whereas clinically used microtubule-stabilizing chemotherapies profoundly decrease effective migration. We show that rational manipulation of the microtubule-contractility axis, either pharmacologically or through genome engineering, results in engineered T cells that more effectively move through and interrogate 3D matrix and tumor volumes. Thus, engineering cells to better navigate through 3D microenvironments could be part of an effective strategy to enhance efficacy of immune therapeutics. The mechanics of the migration of T cells into tumours is an important aspect of tumour immunity. Here the authors engineer complex 3D environments to explore functions of microtubules and cell contractility as strategies to enhance T cell migration in tumour microenvironments.
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77
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Taneja N, Bersi MR, Baillargeon SM, Fenix AM, Cooper JA, Ohi R, Gama V, Merryman WD, Burnette DT. Precise Tuning of Cortical Contractility Regulates Cell Shape during Cytokinesis. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107477. [PMID: 32268086 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the actin cortex regulate shape changes during cell division, cell migration, and tissue morphogenesis. We show that modulation of myosin II (MII) filament composition allows tuning of surface tension at the cortex to maintain cell shape during cytokinesis. Our results reveal that MIIA generates cortex tension, while MIIB acts as a stabilizing motor and its inclusion in MII hetero-filaments reduces cortex tension. Tension generation by MIIA drives faster cleavage furrow ingression and bleb formation. We also show distinct roles for the motor and tail domains of MIIB in maintaining cytokinetic fidelity. Maintenance of cortical stability by the motor domain of MIIB safeguards against shape instability-induced chromosome missegregation, while its tail domain mediates cortical localization at the terminal stages of cytokinesis to mediate cell abscission. Because most non-muscle contractile systems are cortical, this tuning mechanism will likely be applicable to numerous processes driven by myosin-II contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Taneja
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew R Bersi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sophie M Baillargeon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Aidan M Fenix
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James A Cooper
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dylan T Burnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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78
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Molecular basis of functional exchangeability between ezrin and other actin-membrane associated proteins during cytokinesis. Exp Cell Res 2021; 403:112600. [PMID: 33862101 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism that mediates the interaction between the contractile ring and the plasma membrane during cytokinesis remains elusive. We previously found that ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) proteins, which usually mediate cellular pole contraction, become over-accumulated at the cell equator and support furrow ingression upon the loss of other actin-membrane associated proteins, anillin and supervillin. In this study, we addressed the molecular basis of the exchangeability between ezrin and other actin-membrane associated proteins in mediating cortical contraction during cytokinesis. We found that depletion of anillin and supervillin caused over-accumulation of the membrane-associated FERM domain and actin-binding C-terminal domain (C-term) of ezrin at the cleavage furrow, respectively. This finding suggests that ezrin differentially shares its binding sites with these proteins on the actin cytoskeleton or inner membrane surface. Using chimeric mutants, we found that ezrin C-term, but not the FERM domain, can substitute for the corresponding anillin domains in cytokinesis and cell proliferation. On the other hand, either the membrane-associated or the actin/myosin-binding domains of anillin could not substitute for the corresponding ezrin domains in controlling cortical blebbing at the cell poles. Our results highlight specific designs of actin- or membrane-associated moieties of different actin-membrane associated proteins with limited exchangeability, which enables them to support diverse cortical activities on the shared actin-membrane interface during cytokinesis.
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79
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Kajiwara K, Beharier O, Chng CP, Goff JP, Ouyang Y, St Croix CM, Huang C, Kagan VE, Hsia KJ, Sadovsky Y. Ferroptosis induces membrane blebbing in placental trophoblasts. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:jcs.255737. [PMID: 33414166 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a regulated, non-apoptotic form of cell death, characterized by hydroxy-peroxidation of discrete phospholipid hydroperoxides, particularly hydroperoxyl (Hp) forms of arachidonoyl- and adrenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, with a downstream cascade of oxidative damage to membrane lipids, proteins and DNA, culminating in cell death. We recently showed that human trophoblasts are particularly sensitive to ferroptosis caused by depletion or inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) or the lipase PLA2G6. Here, we show that trophoblastic ferroptosis is accompanied by a dramatic change in the trophoblast plasma membrane, with macro-blebbing and vesiculation. Immunofluorescence revealed that ferroptotic cell-derived blebs stained positive for F-actin, but negative for cytoplasmic organelle markers. Transfer of conditioned medium that contained detached macrovesicles or co-culture of wild-type target cells with blebbing cells did not stimulate ferroptosis in target cells. Molecular modeling showed that the presence of Hp-phosphatidylethanolamine in the cell membrane promoted its cell ability to be stretched. Together, our data establish that membrane macro-blebbing is characteristic of trophoblast ferroptosis and can serve as a useful marker of this process. Whether or not these blebs are physiologically functional remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kajiwara
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan105-8461
| | - Ofer Beharier
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Choon-Peng Chng
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Julie P Goff
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Republic of Singapore
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - K Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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80
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Abe-Fukasawa N, Watanabe R, Gen Y, Nishino T, Itasaki N. A liquid culture cancer spheroid model reveals low PI3K/Akt pathway activity and low adhesiveness to the extracellular matrix. FEBS J 2021; 288:5650-5667. [PMID: 33837641 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells in liquid without extracellular matrix (ECM) offer in vitro models for metastasising conditions such as those in vessels and effusion. However, liquid culturing is often hindered by cell adhesiveness, which causes large cell clumps. We previously described a liquid culture material, LA717, which prevents nonclonal cell adhesion and subsequent clumping, thus allowing clonal growth of spheroids in an anchorage-independent manner. Here, we examined such liquid culture cancer spheroids for the acquisition of apical-basal polarity, sensitivity to an Akt inhibitor (anticancer drug MK-2206) and interaction with ECM. The spheroids present apical plasma membrane on the surface, which originated from the failure of polarisation at the single-cell stage and subsequent defects in phosphorylated ezrin accumulation at the cell boundary during the first cleavage, failing internal lumen formation. At the multicellular stage, liquid culture spheroids presented bleb-like protrusion on the surface, which was enhanced by the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and reduced by PI3K/Akt inhibitors. Liquid culture spheroids exhibited slow proliferation speed and low endogenous pAkt levels compared with gel-cultured spheroids and 2D-cultured cells, explaining the susceptibility to the Akt-inhibiting anticancer drug. Subcutaneous xenografting and in vitro analysis demonstrated low viability and adhesive property of liquid culture spheroids to ECM, while migratory and invasive capacities were comparable with gel-cultured spheroids. These features agree with the low efficacy of circulating tumour spheroids in the settling step of metastasis. This study demonstrates the feature of anchorage-independent spheroids and validates liquid cultures as a useful method in cancer spheroid research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rina Watanabe
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Gen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Taito Nishino
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobue Itasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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81
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Robertson TF, Chengappa P, Gomez Atria D, Wu CF, Avery L, Roy NH, Maillard I, Petrie RJ, Burkhardt JK. Lymphocyte egress signal sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes ERM-guided, bleb-based migration. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211919. [PMID: 33764397 PMCID: PMC8006814 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) family proteins regulate cytoskeletal responses by tethering the plasma membrane to the underlying actin cortex. Mutations in ERM proteins lead to severe combined immunodeficiency, but the function of these proteins in T cells remains poorly defined. Using mice in which T cells lack all ERM proteins, we demonstrate a selective role for these proteins in facilitating S1P-dependent egress from lymphoid organs. ERM-deficient T cells display defective S1P-induced migration in vitro, despite normal responses to standard protein chemokines. Analysis of these defects revealed that S1P promotes a fundamentally different mode of migration than chemokines, characterized by intracellular pressurization and bleb-based motility. ERM proteins facilitate this process, controlling directional migration by limiting blebbing to the leading edge. We propose that the distinct modes of motility induced by S1P and chemokines are specialized to allow T cell migration across lymphatic barriers and through tissue stroma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner F Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Daniela Gomez Atria
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christine F Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ryan J Petrie
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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82
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Ferroptosis, trophoblast lipotoxic damage, and adverse pregnancy outcome. Placenta 2021; 108:32-38. [PMID: 33812183 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a central process in the control of tissue development, organismal physiology, and disease. Ferroptosis is a recently identified form of programmed cell death that is uniquely defined by redox-active iron-dependent hydroxy-peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing phospholipids and a loss of lipid peroxidation repair capacity. This distinctive form of lipotoxic cell death has been recently implicated in multiple human diseases, spanning ischemia-reperfusion heart injury, brain damage, acute kidney injury, cancer, and asthma. Intriguingly, settings that have been associated with ferroptosis are linked to placental physiology and trophoblast injury. Such circumstances include hypoxia-reperfusion during placental development, physiological uterine contractions or pathological changes in placental bed perfusion, the abundance of trophoblastic iron, evidence for lipotoxicity during the pathophysiology of major placental disorders such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth, and reduced glutathione peroxidation capacity and lipid peroxidation repair during placental injury. We recently interrogated placental ferroptosis in placental dysfunction in human and mouse pregnancy, dissected its relevance to placental injury, and validated the role of glutathione peroxidase-4 in guarding placental trophoblasts against ferroptotic injury. We also uncovered a role for the phospholipase PLA2G6 (PNPLA9) in attenuating trophoblast ferroptosis. Here, we summarize current data on trophoblast ferroptosis, and the role of several proteins and microRNAs as regulators of this process. Our text offers insights into new opportunities for regulating ferroptosis as a means for protecting placental trophoblasts against lipotoxic injury.
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83
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Jia C, Shi J, Han T, Yu ACH, Qin P. Plasma Membrane Blebbing Dynamics Involved in the Reversibly Perforated Cell by Ultrasound-Driven Microbubbles. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:733-750. [PMID: 33358511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The perforation of plasma membrane by ultrasound-driven microbubbles (i.e., sonoporation) provides a temporary window for transporting macromolecules into the cytoplasm that is promising with respect to drug delivery and gene therapy. To improve the efficacy of delivery while ensuring biosafety, membrane resealing and cell recovery are required to help sonoporated cells defy membrane injury and regain their normal function. Blebs are found to accompany the recovery of sonoporated cells. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics of blebs and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. With a customized platform for ultrasound exposure and 2-D/3-D live single-cell imaging, localized membrane perforation was induced with ultrasound-driven microbubbles, and the cellular responses were monitored using multiple fluorescent probes. The results indicated that localized blebs undergoing four phases (nucleation, expansion, pausing and retraction) on a time scale of tens of seconds to minutes were specifically involved in the reversibly sonoporated cells. The blebs spatially correlated with the membrane perforation site and temporally lagged (about tens of seconds to minutes) the resealing of perforated membrane. Their diameter (about several microns) and lifetime (about tens of seconds to minutes) positively correlated with the degree of sonoporation. Further studies revealed that intracellular calcium transients might be an upstream signal for triggering blebbing nucleation; exocytotic lysosomes not only contributed to resealing of the perforated membrane, but also to the increasing bleb volume during expansion; and actin components accumulation facilitated bleb retraction. These results provide new insight into the short-term strategies that the sonoporated cell employs to recover on membrane perforation and to remodel membrane structure and a biophysical foundation for sonoporation-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Jia
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Shi
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Peng Qin
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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84
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Mageswaran SK, Yang WY, Chakrabarty Y, Oikonomou CM, Jensen GJ. A cryo-electron tomography workflow reveals protrusion-mediated shedding on injured plasma membrane. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabc6345. [PMID: 33771860 PMCID: PMC7997517 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) provides structural context to molecular mechanisms underlying biological processes. Although straightforward to implement for studying stable macromolecular complexes, using it to locate short-lived structures and events can be impractical. A combination of live-cell microscopy, correlative light and electron microscopy, and cryo-ET will alleviate this issue. We developed a workflow combining the three to study the ubiquitous and dynamic process of shedding in response to plasma membrane damage in HeLa cells. We found filopodia-like protrusions enriched at damage sites and acting as scaffolds for shedding, which involves F-actin dynamics, myosin-1a, and vacuolar protein sorting 4B (a component of the 'endosomal sorting complex required for transport' machinery). Overall, shedding is more complex than current models of vesiculation from flat membranes. Its similarities to constitutive shedding in enterocytes argue for a conserved mechanism. Our workflow can also be adapted to study other damage response pathways and dynamic cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrawan Kumar Mageswaran
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei Yuan Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Yogaditya Chakrabarty
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Catherine M Oikonomou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA
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85
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Graybill PM, Jana A, Kapania RK, Nain AS, Davalos RV. Single Cell Forces after Electroporation. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2554-2568. [PMID: 33236888 PMCID: PMC10949415 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous high-voltage pulses increase cell membrane permeability through a phenomenon known as electroporation. This process may also disrupt the cell cytoskeleton causing changes in cell contractility; however, the contractile signature of cell force after electroporation remains unknown. Here, single-cell forces post-electroporation are measured using suspended extracellular matrix-mimicking nanofibers that act as force sensors. Ten, 100 μs pulses are delivered at three voltage magnitudes (500, 1000, and 1500 V) and two directions (parallel and perpendicular to cell orientation), exposing glioblastoma cells to electric fields between 441 V cm-1 and 1366 V cm-1. Cytoskeletal-driven force loss and recovery post-electroporation involves three distinct stages. Low electric field magnitudes do not cause disruption, but higher fields nearly eliminate contractility 2-10 min post-electroporation as cells round following calcium-mediated retraction (stage 1). Following rounding, a majority of analyzed cells enter an unusual and unexpected biphasic stage (stage 2) characterized by increased contractility tens of minutes post-electroporation, followed by force relaxation. The biphasic stage is concurrent with actin disruption-driven blebbing. Finally, cells elongate and regain their pre-electroporation morphology and contractility in 1-3 h (stage 3). With increasing voltages applied perpendicular to cell orientation, we observe a significant drop in cell viability. Experiments with multiple healthy and cancerous cell lines demonstrate that contractile force is a more dynamic and sensitive metric than cell shape to electroporation. A mechanobiological understanding of cell contractility post-electroporation will deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that drive recovery and may have implications for molecular medicine, genetic engineering, and cellular biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Graybill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aniket Jana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rakesh K Kapania
- Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amrinder S Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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86
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Smoothelin-like 2 Inhibits Coronin-1B to Stabilize the Apical Actin Cortex during Epithelial Morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2021; 31:696-706.e9. [PMID: 33275893 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The actin cortex is involved in many biological processes and needs to be significantly remodeled during cell differentiation. Developing epithelial cells construct a dense apical actin cortex to carry out their barrier and exchange functions. The apical cortex assembles in response to three-dimensional (3D) extracellular cues, but the regulation of this process during epithelial morphogenesis remains unknown. Here, we describe the function of Smoothelin-like 2 (SMTNL2), a member of the smooth-muscle-related Smoothelin protein family, in apical cortex maturation. SMTNL2 is induced during development in multiple epithelial tissues and localizes to the apical and junctional actin cortex in intestinal and kidney epithelial cells. SMTNL2 deficiency leads to membrane herniations in the apical domain of epithelial cells, indicative of cortex abnormalities. We find that SMTNL2 binds to actin filaments and is required to slow down the turnover of apical actin. We also characterize the SMTNL2 proximal interactome and find that SMTNL2 executes its functions partly through inhibition of coronin-1B. Although coronin-1B-mediated actin dynamics are required for early morphogenesis, its sustained activity is detrimental for the mature apical shape. SMTNL2 binds to coronin-1B through its N-terminal coiled-coil region and negates its function to stabilize the apical cortex. In sum, our results unveil a mechanism for regulating actin dynamics during epithelial morphogenesis, providing critical insights on the developmental control of the cellular cortex.
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87
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Phenotypic Plasticity of Cancer Cells Based on Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton and Adhesive Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041821. [PMID: 33673054 PMCID: PMC7918886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that, instead of a binary switch, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer results in a flexible array of phenotypes, each one uniquely suited to a stage in the invasion-metastasis cascade. The phenotypic plasticity of epithelium-derived cancer cells gives them an edge in surviving and thriving in alien environments. This review describes in detail the actin cytoskeleton and E-cadherin-based adherens junction rearrangements that cancer cells need to implement in order to achieve the advantageous epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype and plasticity of migratory phenotypes that can arise from partial EMT.
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88
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Scheffler K, Uraji J, Jentoft I, Cavazza T, Mönnich E, Mogessie B, Schuh M. Two mechanisms drive pronuclear migration in mouse zygotes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:841. [PMID: 33547291 PMCID: PMC7864974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new life begins with the unification of the maternal and paternal chromosomes upon fertilization. The parental chromosomes first become enclosed in two separate pronuclei near the surface of the fertilized egg. The mechanisms that then move the pronuclei inwards for their unification are only poorly understood in mammals. Here, we report two mechanisms that act in concert to unite the parental genomes in fertilized mouse eggs. The male pronucleus assembles within the fertilization cone and is rapidly moved inwards by the flattening cone. Rab11a recruits the actin nucleation factors Spire and Formin-2 into the fertilization cone, where they locally nucleate actin and further accelerate the pronucleus inwards. In parallel, a dynamic network of microtubules assembles that slowly moves the male and female pronuclei towards the cell centre in a dynein-dependent manner. Both mechanisms are partially redundant and act in concert to unite the parental pronuclei in the zygote's centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Scheffler
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julia Uraji
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ida Jentoft
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tommaso Cavazza
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eike Mönnich
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Melina Schuh
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
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89
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STIM-Orai1 signaling regulates fluidity of cytoplasm during membrane blebbing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:480. [PMID: 33473127 PMCID: PMC7817837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasm in mammalian cells is considered homogeneous. In this study, we report that the cytoplasmic fluidity is regulated in the blebbing cells; the cytoplasm of rapidly expanding membrane blebs is more disordered than the cytoplasm of retracting blebs. The increase of cytoplasmic fluidity in the expanding bleb is caused by a sharp rise in the calcium concentration. The STIM-Orai1 pathway regulates this rapid and restricted increase of calcium in the expanding blebs. Conversely, activated ERM protein binds to Orai1 to inhibit the store-operated calcium entry in retracting blebs, which results in decreased in cytoplasmic calcium, rapid reassembly of the actin cortex. The cytoplasm in mammalian cells is considered homogeneous. Here authors report that the cytoplasmic fluidity is regulated in the blebbing cells, which is regulated by calcium concentration in the expanding blebs and involves the STIM-Orai1 pathway.
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90
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Brunet T, Albert M, Roman W, Coyle MC, Spitzer DC, King N. A flagellate-to-amoeboid switch in the closest living relatives of animals. eLife 2021; 10:e61037. [PMID: 33448265 PMCID: PMC7895527 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoeboid cell types are fundamental to animal biology and broadly distributed across animal diversity, but their evolutionary origin is unclear. The closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellates, display a polarized cell architecture (with an apical flagellum encircled by microvilli) that resembles that of epithelial cells and suggests homology, but this architecture differs strikingly from the deformable phenotype of animal amoeboid cells, which instead evoke more distantly related eukaryotes, such as diverse amoebae. Here, we show that choanoflagellates subjected to confinement become amoeboid by retracting their flagella and activating myosin-based motility. This switch allows escape from confinement and is conserved across choanoflagellate diversity. The conservation of the amoeboid cell phenotype across animals and choanoflagellates, together with the conserved role of myosin, is consistent with homology of amoeboid motility in both lineages. We hypothesize that the differentiation between animal epithelial and crawling cells might have evolved from a stress-induced switch between flagellate and amoeboid forms in their single-celled ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Brunet
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Marvin Albert
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - William Roman
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBERNEDBarcelonaSpain
| | - Maxwell C Coyle
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Danielle C Spitzer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Nicole King
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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91
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Ghosh I, Singh RK, Mishra M, Kapoor S, Jana SS. Switching between blebbing and lamellipodia depends on the degree of non-muscle myosin II activity. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.248732. [PMID: 33298514 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells can adopt both mesenchymal and amoeboid modes of migration through membrane protrusive activities, namely formation of lamellipodia and blebbing. How the molecular players control the transition between lamellipodia and blebs is yet to be explored. Here, we show that addition of the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 or low doses of blebbistatin, an inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II (NMII) ATPase activity and filament partitioning, induces blebbing to lamellipodia conversion (BLC), whereas addition of low doses of ML7, an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), induces lamellipodia to blebbing conversion (LBC) in human MDA-MB-231 cells. Similarly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ROCK and MLCK induces BLC and LBC, respectively. Interestingly, both blebs and lamellipodia membrane protrusions are able to maintain the ratio of phosphorylated to unphosphorylated regulatory light chain at cortices when MLCK and ROCK, respectively, are inhibited either pharmacologically or genetically, suggesting that MLCK and ROCK activities are interlinked in BLC and LBC. Such BLCs and LBCs are also inducible in other cell lines, including MCF7 and MCF10A. These studies reveal that the relative activity of ROCK and MLCK, which controls both the ATPase activity and filament-forming property of NMII, is a determining factor in whether a cell exhibits blebbing or lamellipodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Raman K Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.,Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Manjari Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Siddhartha S Jana
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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92
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Wang J, Zhuang X, Greene KS, Si H, Antonyak MA, Druso JE, Wilson KF, Cerione RA, Feng Q, Wang H. Cdc42 functions as a regulatory node for tumour-derived microvesicle biogenesis. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12051. [PMID: 33473262 PMCID: PMC7804048 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-derived microvesicles (MVs) serve as critical mediators of cell-to-cell communication in the tumour microenvironment. So far, the underlying mechanisms of MV biogenesis, especially how key tumorigenesis signals such as abnormal EGF signalling regulates MV release, remain unclear. Here, we set out to establish reliable readouts for MV biogenesis and then explore the molecular mechanisms that regulate MV generation. We found that Rho family small G protein Cdc42 is a convergent node of multiple regulatory signals that occur in MV biogenesis. The binding of activated GTP-bound Cdc42 and its downstream effector, Ras GTPase-activating-like protein 1 (IQGAP1), is required for MV shedding. Activated Cdc42 maintains sustained EGF signalling by inhibiting the internalization of cell surface receptors, including EGFR and the VEGF oligomer, VEGF90K, and then facilitates MV release. Subsequently, we further demonstrated that blocking these signalling pathways using the corresponding mutants effectively reduced MV shedding and significantly inhibited MV-promoted in vivo tumour angiogenesis. These findings reveal a complex regulation of MV shedding by tumour cells, shedding light on the regulatory mechanism of MV biogenesis, and potentially contributing to strategies that target MVs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cancer Research Center The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China.,National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Xiangjin Zhuang
- Cancer Research Center The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China.,National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Kai Su Greene
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Ha Si
- National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China.,Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities Tongliao Inner Mongolia China
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Joseph E Druso
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Kristin F Wilson
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Qiyu Feng
- Cancer Research Center The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China.,National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Cancer Research Center The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China.,National Center for Liver Cancer Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute the Second Military Medical University Shanghai China
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93
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Božič B, Zemljič Jokhadar Š, Kristanc L, Gomišček G. Cell Volume Changes and Membrane Ruptures Induced by Hypotonic Electrolyte and Sugar Solutions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:582781. [PMID: 33364974 PMCID: PMC7750460 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.582781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell volume changes induced by hypotonic electrolyte and sucrose solutions were studied in Chinese-hamster-ovary epithelial cells. The effects in the solutions with osmolarities between 32 and 315 mosM/L and distilled water were analyzed using bright-field and fluorescence confocal microscopy. The changes of the cell volume, accompanied by the detachment of cells, the formation of blebs, and the occurrence of almost spherical vesicle-like cells (“cell-vesicles”), showed significant differences in the long-time responses of the cells in the electrolyte solutions compared with the sucrose-containing solutions. A theoretical model based on different permeabilities of ions and sucrose molecules and on the action of Na+/K+-ATPase pumps is applied. It is consistent with the observed temporal behavior of the cells’ volume and the occurrence of tension-induced membrane ruptures and explains lower long-time responses of the cells in the sucrose solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Božič
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Zemljič Jokhadar
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Kristanc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Gomišček
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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94
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Welf ES, Miles CE, Huh J, Sapoznik E, Chi J, Driscoll MK, Isogai T, Noh J, Weems AD, Pohlkamp T, Dean K, Fiolka R, Mogilner A, Danuser G. Actin-Membrane Release Initiates Cell Protrusions. Dev Cell 2020; 55:723-736.e8. [PMID: 33308479 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the well-established role of actin polymerization as a driving mechanism for cell protrusion, upregulated actin polymerization alone does not initiate protrusions. Using a combination of theoretical modeling and quantitative live-cell imaging experiments, we show that local depletion of actin-membrane links is needed for protrusion initiation. Specifically, we show that the actin-membrane linker ezrin is depleted prior to protrusion onset and that perturbation of ezrin's affinity for actin modulates protrusion frequency and efficiency. We also show how actin-membrane release works in concert with actin polymerization, leading to a comprehensive model for actin-driven shape changes. Actin-membrane release plays a similar role in protrusions driven by intracellular pressure. Thus, our findings suggest that protrusion initiation might be governed by a universal regulatory mechanism, whereas the mechanism of force generation determines the shape and expansion properties of the protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Welf
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Christopher E Miles
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Jaewon Huh
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Etai Sapoznik
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph Chi
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Meghan K Driscoll
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tadamoto Isogai
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jungsik Noh
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andrew D Weems
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin Dean
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Reto Fiolka
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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95
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Marcksl1 modulates endothelial cell mechanoresponse to haemodynamic forces to control blood vessel shape and size. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5476. [PMID: 33127887 PMCID: PMC7603353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of vascular tubes is driven by extensive changes in endothelial cell (EC) shape. Here, we have identified a role of the actin-binding protein, Marcksl1, in modulating the mechanical properties of EC cortex to regulate cell shape and vessel structure during angiogenesis. Increasing and depleting Marcksl1 expression level in vivo results in an increase and decrease, respectively, in EC size and the diameter of microvessels. Furthermore, endothelial overexpression of Marcksl1 induces ectopic blebbing on both apical and basal membranes, during and after lumen formation, that is suppressed by reduced blood flow. High resolution imaging reveals that Marcksl1 promotes the formation of linear actin bundles and decreases actin density at the EC cortex. Our findings demonstrate that a balanced network of linear and branched actin at the EC cortex is essential in conferring cortical integrity to resist the deforming forces of blood flow to regulate vessel structure. During lumen formation in blood vessels, endothelial cells become exposed to hemodynamic forces that induce membrane blebbing and changes in cell shape. Here, the authors show endothelial cells develop an actin-based protective mechanism in the cell cortex that prevents excessive blebbing to control cell shape and vessel diameter.
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96
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Complementary mesoscale dynamics of spectrin and acto-myosin shape membrane territories during mechanoresponse. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5108. [PMID: 33037189 PMCID: PMC7547731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrin-based membrane skeleton is a major component of the cell cortex. While expressed by all metazoans, its dynamic interactions with the other cortex components, including the plasma membrane or the acto-myosin cytoskeleton, are poorly understood. Here, we investigate how spectrin re-organizes spatially and dynamically under the membrane during changes in cell mechanics. We find spectrin and acto-myosin to be spatially distinct but cooperating during mechanical challenges, such as cell adhesion and contraction, or compression, stretch and osmolarity fluctuations, creating a cohesive cortex supporting the plasma membrane. Actin territories control protrusions and contractile structures while spectrin territories concentrate in retractile zones and low-actin density/inter-contractile regions, acting as a fence that organize membrane trafficking events. We unveil here the existence of a dynamic interplay between acto-myosin and spectrin necessary to support a mesoscale organization of the lipid bilayer into spatially-confined cortical territories during cell mechanoresponse.
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97
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Schwager SC, Reinhart-King CA. Mechanobiology of microvesicle release, uptake, and microvesicle-mediated activation. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:255-278. [PMID: 33837695 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microvesicles are small, membrane-bound vesicles that are shed from the plasma membrane of cells into the extracellular space. Microvesicles contain a variety of cargo not typically thought to be released from cells, including receptor tyrosine kinases, cytosolic signaling proteins, and microRNAs, which are transferred from donor cells to recipient cells. The transfer of microvesicle cargo can result in the transformation of recipient cells thereby supporting disease progression, including modified fibroblast metabolism, epithelial cell contractility, vascular remodeling, and immune cell inflammatory signaling. Additionally, microvesicles are believed to play prominent roles in cell-cell communication and disease progression as they are detected at elevated concentrations in diseased tissues. As microvesicle uptake by recipient cells can modulate cell function to promote disease progression, understanding the mechanisms and mechanosensitivity of microvesicle release, internalization, and the resulting signaling is crucial to fully comprehend their functions in disease. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of actomyosin-regulated microvesicle biogenesis, microvesicle uptake via pinocytosis, and the resulting cellular transformation. We discuss the effects of altered cell contractility, mode of cell migration, and extracellular matrix compliance on microvesicle signaling, with direct implications in disease progression and identifying future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Schwager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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98
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Xia S, Lim YB, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang S, Lim CT, Yim EKF, Kanchanawong P. Nanoscale Architecture of the Cortical Actin Cytoskeleton in Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1251-1267.e7. [PMID: 31365868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues influence pluripotent stem cell differentiation, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) exhibit unusual cytomechanical properties, including low cell stiffness and attenuated responses to substrate rigidity, but the underlying structural basis remains obscure. Using super-resolution microscopy to investigate the actin cytoskeleton in mESCs, we observed that the actin cortex consists of a distinctively sparse and isotropic network. Surprisingly, the architecture and mechanics of the mESC actin cortex appear to be largely myosin II-independent. The network density can be modulated by perturbing Arp2/3 and formin, whereas capping protein (CP) negatively regulates cell stiffness. Transient Arp2/3-containing aster-like structures are implicated in the organization and mechanical homeostasis of the cortical network. By generating a low-density network that physically excludes myosin II, the interplay between Arp2/3, formin, and CP governs the nanoscale architecture of the actin cortex and prescribes the cytomechanical properties of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xia
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Ying Bena Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pakorn Kanchanawong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.
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99
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Cordes A, Witt H, Gallemí-Pérez A, Brückner B, Grimm F, Vache M, Oswald T, Bodenschatz J, Flormann D, Lautenschläger F, Tarantola M, Janshoff A. Prestress and Area Compressibility of Actin Cortices Determine the Viscoelastic Response of Living Cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:068101. [PMID: 32845697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.068101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shape, dynamics, and viscoelastic properties of eukaryotic cells are primarily governed by a thin, reversibly cross-linked actomyosin cortex located directly beneath the plasma membrane. We obtain time-dependent rheological responses of fibroblasts and MDCK II cells from deformation-relaxation curves using an atomic force microscope to access the dependence of cortex fluidity on prestress. We introduce a viscoelastic model that treats the cell as a composite shell and assumes that relaxation of the cortex follows a power law giving access to cortical prestress, area-compressibility modulus, and the power law exponent (fluidity). Cortex fluidity is modulated by interfering with myosin activity. We find that the power law exponent of the cell cortex decreases with increasing intrinsic prestress and area-compressibility modulus, in accordance with previous finding for isolated actin networks subject to external stress. Extrapolation to zero tension returns the theoretically predicted power law exponent for transiently cross-linked polymer networks. In contrast to the widely used Hertzian mechanics, our model provides viscoelastic parameters independent of indenter geometry and compression velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cordes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Witt
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aina Gallemí-Pérez
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Brückner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Grimm
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Abberior GmbH, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marian Vache
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tabea Oswald
- Institute of Org. and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Bodenschatz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Flormann
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- NT faculty, Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marco Tarantola
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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100
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Ramalho JJ, Sepers JJ, Nicolle O, Schmidt R, Cravo J, Michaux G, Boxem M. C-terminal phosphorylation modulates ERM-1 localization and dynamics to control cortical actin organization and support lumen formation during Caenorhabditiselegans development. Development 2020; 147:dev188011. [PMID: 32586975 PMCID: PMC10755404 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
ERM proteins are conserved regulators of cortical membrane specialization that function as membrane-actin linkers and molecular hubs. The activity of ERM proteins requires a conformational switch from an inactive cytoplasmic form into an active membrane- and actin-bound form, which is thought to be mediated by sequential PIP2 binding and phosphorylation of a conserved C-terminal threonine residue. Here, we use the single Caenorhabditiselegans ERM ortholog, ERM-1, to study the contribution of these regulatory events to ERM activity and tissue formation in vivo Using CRISPR/Cas9-generated erm-1 mutant alleles, we demonstrate that a PIP2-binding site is crucially required for ERM-1 function. By contrast, dynamic regulation of C-terminal T544 phosphorylation is not essential but modulates ERM-1 apical localization and dynamics in a tissue-specific manner, to control cortical actin organization and support lumen formation in epithelial tubes. Our work highlights the dynamic nature of ERM protein regulation during tissue morphogenesis and the importance of C-terminal phosphorylation in fine-tuning ERM activity in a tissue-specific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- João J Ramalho
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorian J Sepers
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ophélie Nicolle
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ruben Schmidt
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Cravo
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Grégoire Michaux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et de Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mike Boxem
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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