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Genetic diversity and immunogenicity analysis of 6-cysteine protein family members in Plasmodium ovale curtisi importess from Africa to China: P12, P38 and P41. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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52
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Hillringhaus S, Dasanna AK, Gompper G, Fedosov DA. Stochastic bond dynamics facilitates alignment of malaria parasite at erythrocyte membrane upon invasion. eLife 2020; 9:e56500. [PMID: 32420874 PMCID: PMC7269671 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites invade healthy red blood cells (RBCs) during the blood stage of the disease. Even though parasites initially adhere to RBCs with a random orientation, they need to align their apex toward the membrane in order to start the invasion process. Using hydrodynamic simulations of a RBC and parasite, where both interact through discrete stochastic bonds, we show that parasite alignment is governed by the combination of RBC membrane deformability and dynamics of adhesion bonds. The stochastic nature of bond-based interactions facilitates a diffusive-like re-orientation of the parasite at the RBC membrane, while RBC deformation aids in the establishment of apex-membrane contact through partial parasite wrapping by the membrane. This bond-based model for parasite adhesion quantitatively captures alignment times measured experimentally and demonstrates that alignment times increase drastically with increasing rigidity of the RBC membrane. Our results suggest that the alignment process is mediated simply by passive parasite adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hillringhaus
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Anil K Dasanna
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
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53
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Nagaoka H, Kanoi BN, Ntege EH, Aoki M, Fukushima A, Tsuboi T, Takashima E. Antibodies against a short region of PfRipr inhibit Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion and PfRipr interaction with Rh5 and SEMA7A. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6573. [PMID: 32313230 PMCID: PMC7171142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion into erythrocytes is an essential step of the blood-stage cycle, survival of parasites, and malaria pathogenesis. P. falciparum merozoite Rh5 interacting protein (PfRipr) forms a complex with Rh5 and CyRPA in sequential molecular events leading to erythrocyte invasion. Recently we described PfRipr as a conserved protein that induces strain-transcending growth inhibitory antibodies in in vitro assays. However, being a large and complex protein of 1086 amino acids (aa) with 87 cysteine residues, PfRipr is difficult to express in conventional expression systems towards vaccine development. In this study we sought to identify the most potent region of PfRipr that could be developed to overcome difficulties related to protein expression, as well as to elucidate the invasion inhibitory mechanism of anti-PfRipr antibodies. Using the wheat germ cell-free system, Ecto- PfRipr and truncates of approximately 200 aa were expressed as soluble proteins. We demonstrate that antibodies against PfRipr truncate 5 (PfRipr_5: C720-D934), a region within the PfRipr C-terminal EGF-like domains, potently inhibit merozoite invasion. Furthermore, the antibodies strongly block PfRipr/Rh5 interaction, as well as that between PfRipr and its erythrocyte-surface receptor, SEMA7A. Taken together, PfRipr_5 is a potential candidate for further development as a blood-stage malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Edward H Ntege
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of the Ryukyus, School of Medicine and Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Aoki
- Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 3-1-98, Kasugadenaka, Konohanaku, Osaka, 554-0022, Japan
| | - Akihisa Fukushima
- Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 3-1-98, Kasugadenaka, Konohanaku, Osaka, 554-0022, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Japan.
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54
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Abel S, Le Roch KG. The role of epigenetics and chromatin structure in transcriptional regulation in malaria parasites. Brief Funct Genomics 2020; 18:302-313. [PMID: 31220857 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unique selective pressures and extreme changes faced by the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum throughout its life cycle, the parasite has evolved distinct features to alter its gene expression patterns. Along with classical gene regulation by transcription factors (TFs), of which only one family, the AP2 TFs, has been described in the parasite genome, a large body of evidence points toward chromatin structure and epigenetic factors mediating the changes in gene expression associated with parasite life cycle stages. These attributes may be critically important for immune evasion, host cell invasion and development of the parasite in its two hosts, the human and the Anopheles vector. Thus, the factors involved in the maintenance and regulation of chromatin and epigenetic features represent potential targets for antimalarial drugs. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms in P. falciparum that regulate chromatin structure, nucleosome landscape, the 3-dimensional structure of the genome and additional distinctive features created by parasite-specific genes and gene families. We review conserved traits of chromatin in eukaryotes in order to highlight what is unique in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Abel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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55
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Aguilar JB, Gutierrez JB. An Epidemiological Model of Malaria Accounting for Asymptomatic Carriers. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:42. [PMID: 32172448 PMCID: PMC7072066 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asymptomatic individuals in the context of malarial disease are subjects who carry a parasite load, but do not show clinical symptoms. A correct understanding of the influence of asymptomatic individuals on transmission dynamics will provide a comprehensive description of the complex interplay between the definitive host (female Anopheles mosquito), intermediate host (human), and agent (Plasmodium parasite). The goal of this article is to conduct a rigorous mathematical analysis of a new compartmentalized malaria model accounting for asymptomatic human hosts for the purpose of calculating the basic reproductive number ([Formula: see text]) and determining the bifurcations that might occur at the onset of disease-free equilibrium. A point of departure of this model from others appearing in the literature is that the asymptomatic compartment is decomposed into two mutually disjoint sub-compartments by making use of the naturally acquired immunity of the population under consideration. After deriving the model, a qualitative analysis is carried out to classify the stability of the equilibria of the system. Our results show that the dynamical system is locally asymptotically stable provided that [Formula: see text]. However, this stability is not global, owning to the occurrence of a sub-critical bifurcation in which additional non-trivial sub-threshold equilibrium solutions appear in response to a specified parameter being perturbed. To ensure that the model does not undergo a backward bifurcation, we demand an auxiliary parameter denoted [Formula: see text] in addition to the threshold constraint [Formula: see text]. The authors hope that this qualitative analysis will fill in the gaps of what is currently known about asymptomatic malaria and aid in designing strategies that assist the further development of malaria control and eradication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Aguilar
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Saint Leo University, Saint Leo, FL, 33574, USA
| | - Juan B Gutierrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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56
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Dans MG, Weiss GE, Wilson DW, Sleebs BE, Crabb BS, de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR. Screening the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box for invasion and egress inhibitors of the blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum reveals several inhibitory compounds. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:235-252. [PMID: 32135179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With emerging resistance to frontline treatments, it is vital that new drugs are identified to target Plasmodium falciparum. One of the most critical processes during parasites asexual lifecycle is the invasion and subsequent egress of red blood cells (RBCs). Many unique parasite ligands, receptors and enzymes are employed during egress and invasion that are essential for parasite proliferation and survival, therefore making these processes druggable targets. To identify potential inhibitors of egress and invasion, we screened the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box, a 400 compound library against neglected tropical diseases, including 125 with antimalarial activity. For this screen, we utilised transgenic parasites expressing a bioluminescent reporter, nanoluciferase (Nluc), to measure inhibition of parasite egress and invasion in the presence of the Pathogen Box compounds. At a concentration of 2 µM, we found 15 compounds that inhibited parasite egress by >40% and 24 invasion-specific compounds that inhibited invasion by >90%. We further characterised 11 of these inhibitors through cell-based assays and live cell microscopy, and found two compounds that inhibited merozoite maturation in schizonts, one compound that inhibited merozoite egress, one compound that directly inhibited parasite invasion and one compound that slowed down invasion and arrested ring formation. The remaining compounds were general growth inhibitors that acted during the egress and invasion phase of the cell cycle. We found the sulfonylpiperazine, MMV020291, to be the most invasion-specific inhibitor, blocking successful merozoite internalisation within human RBCs and having no substantial effect on other stages of the cell cycle. This has significant implications for the possible development of an invasion-specific inhibitor as an antimalarial in a combination based therapy, in addition to being a useful tool for studying the biology of the invading parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Dans
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Greta E Weiss
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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57
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Old and Recent Advances in Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Malaria Including Perspectives in Ethiopia. ScientificWorldJournal 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/1295381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by apicomplexan parasite, is an old disease and continues to be a major public health threat in many countries. This article aims to present different aspects of malaria including causes, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment in an articulate and comprehensive manner. Six Plasmodium species are recognized as the etiology of human malaria, of which Plasmodium falciparum is popular in East and Southern Africa. Malaria is transmitted mainly through Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus, the two most effective malaria vectors in the world. Half of the world’s population is at risk for malaria infection. Globally, the morbidity and mortality rates of malaria have become decreased even though few reports in Ethiopia showed high prevalence of malaria. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle that takes place both inside the mosquito and human beings. Generally, diagnosis of malaria is classified into clinical and parasitological diagnoses. Lack of clear understanding on the overall biology of Plasmodium has created a challenge in an effort to develop new drugs, vaccines, and preventive methods against malaria. However, three types of vaccines and a lot of novel compounds are under perclinical and clinical studies that are triggered by the occurrence of resistance among commonly used drugs and insecticides. Antiadhesion adjunctive therapies are also under investigation in the laboratory. In addition to previously known targets for diagnostic tool, vaccine and drug discovery scientists from all corner of the world are in search of new targets and chemical entities.
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58
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Investigating a Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion phenotype switch at the whole transcriptome level. Sci Rep 2020; 10:245. [PMID: 31937828 PMCID: PMC6959351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The central role that erythrocyte invasion plays in Plasmodium falciparum survival and reproduction makes this process an attractive target for therapeutic or vaccine development. However, multiple invasion-related genes with complementary and overlapping functions afford the parasite the plasticity to vary ligands used for invasion, leading to phenotypic variation and immune evasion. Overcoming the challenge posed by redundant ligands requires a deeper understanding of conditions that select for variant phenotypes and the molecular mediators. While host factors including receptor heterogeneity and acquired immune responses may drive parasite phenotypic variation, we have previously shown that host-independent changes in invasion phenotype can be achieved by continuous culturing of the W2mef and Dd2 P. falciparum strains in moving suspension as opposed to static conditions. Here, we have used a highly biologically replicated whole transcriptome sequencing approach to identify the molecular signatures of variation associated with the phenotype switch. The data show increased expression of particular invasion-related genes in switched parasites, as well as a large number of genes encoding proteins that are either exported or form part of the export machinery. The genes with most markedly increased expression included members of the erythrocyte binding antigens (EBA), reticulocyte binding homologues (RH), surface associated interspersed proteins (SURFIN), exported protein family 1 (EPF1) and Plasmodium Helical Interspersed Sub-Telomeric (PHIST) gene families. The data indicate changes in expression of a repertoire of genes not previously associated with erythrocyte invasion phenotypes, suggesting the possibility that moving suspension culture may also select for other traits.
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59
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Kale S, Yadav CP, Rao PN, Shalini S, Eapen A, Srivasatava HC, Sharma SK, Pande V, Carlton JM, Singh OP, Mallick PK. Antibody responses within two leading Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate antigens in three geographically diverse malaria-endemic regions of India. Malar J 2019; 18:425. [PMID: 31842894 PMCID: PMC6916228 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying highly immunogenic blood stage antigens which can work as target for naturally acquired antibodies in different eco-epidemiological settings is an important step for designing malaria vaccine. Blood stage proteins of Plasmodium vivax, apical membrane antigen-1 (PvAMA-1) and 19 kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein (PvMSP-119) are such promising vaccine candidate antigens. This study determined the naturally-acquired antibody response to PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-119 antigens in individuals living in three geographically diverse malaria endemic regions of India. Methods A total of 234 blood samples were collected from individuals living in three different eco-epidemiological settings, Chennai, Nadiad, and Rourkela of India. Indirect ELISA was performed to measure human IgG antibodies against recombinant PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-119 antigens. The difference in seroprevalence and factors associated with antibody responses at each site was statistically analysed. Results The overall seroprevalence was 40.6% for PvAMA-1 and 62.4% for PvMSP-119. Seroprevalence to PvAMA-1 was higher in Chennai (47%) followed by Nadiad (46.7%) and Rourkela (27.6%). For PvMSP-119, seroprevalence was higher in Chennai (80.3%) as compared to Nadiad (53.3%) and Rourkela (57.9%). Seroprevalence for both the antigens were found to be higher in Chennai where P. vivax is the dominant malaria species. In addition, heterogeneous antibody response was observed for PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-119 antigens at each of the study sites. Two factors, age and malaria positivity were significantly associated with seropositivity for both the antigens PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-119. Conclusion These data suggest that natural acquired antibody response is higher for PvMSP-119 antigen as compared to PvAMA-1 antigen in individuals living in three geographically diverse malaria endemic regions in India. PvMSP-119 appears to be highly immunogenic in Indian population and has great potential as a malaria vaccine candidate. The differences in immune response against vaccine candidate antigens in different endemic settings should be taken into account for development of asexual stage based P. vivax malaria vaccine, which in turn can enhance malaria control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Kale
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Chander P Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Pavitra N Rao
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Sneh Shalini
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Alex Eapen
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Epidemiology Campus, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harish C Srivasatava
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Civil Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Surya K Sharma
- Jigyansha, International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Sector 1, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Om P Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
| | - Prashant K Mallick
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
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60
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Salamanca DR, Gómez M, Camargo A, Cuy-Chaparro L, Molina-Franky J, Reyes C, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Plasmodium falciparum Blood Stage Antimalarial Vaccines: An Analysis of Ongoing Clinical Trials and New Perspectives Related to Synthetic Vaccines. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2712. [PMID: 31849871 PMCID: PMC6901501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a disease causing high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Candidates have been identified for vaccines targeting the parasite's blood stage; this stage is important in the development of symptoms and clinical complications. However, no vaccine that can directly affect morbidity and mortality rates is currently available. This review analyzes the formulation, methodological design, and results of active clinical trials for merozoite-stage vaccines, regarding their safety profile, immunological response (phase Ia/Ib), and protective efficacy levels (phase II). Most vaccine candidates are in phase I trials and have had an acceptable safety profile. GMZ2 has made the greatest progress in clinical trials; its efficacy has been 14% in children aged less than 5 years in a phase IIb trial. Most of the available candidates that have shown strong immunogenicity and that have been tested for their protective efficacy have provided good results when challenged with a homologous parasite strain; however, their efficacy has dropped when they have been exposed to a heterologous strain. In view of these vaccines' unpromising results, an alternative approach for selecting new candidates is needed; such line of work should be focused on how to increase an immune response induced against the highly conserved (i.e., common to all strains), functionally relevant, protein regions that the parasite uses to invade target cells. Despite binding regions tending to be conserved, they are usually poorly antigenic and/or immunogenic, being frequently discarded as vaccine candidates when the conventional immunological approach is followed. The Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC) has developed a logical and rational methodology based on including conserved high-activity binding peptides (cHABPs) from the main P. falciparum biologically functional proteins involved in red blood cell (RBC) invasion. Once appropriately modified (mHABPs), these minimal, subunit-based, chemically synthesized peptides can be used in a system covering the human immune system's main genetic variables (the human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR isotype) inducing a suitable, immunogenic, and protective immune response in most of the world's populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ricardo Salamanca
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Marcela Gómez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Anny Camargo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Laura Cuy-Chaparro
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Jessica Molina-Franky
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - César Reyes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Boyacá, Colombia
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61
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Das D, Krishnan SR, Roy A, Bulusu G. A network-based approach reveals novel invasion and Maurer's clefts-related proteins in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Omics 2019; 15:431-441. [PMID: 31631203 DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00124g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a major concern in developing countries despite continuous efforts to find a cure for the disease. Understanding the pathogenesis mechanism is necessary to identify more effective drug targets against malaria. Many years of experimental research have generated a large amount of data for the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. These data are useful to understand the importance of certain parasite proteins, but it often remains unclear how these proteins come together, interact with other proteins and carry out their function. Identification of all proteins involved in pathogenesis is an important step towards understanding the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis. In this study, dynamic stage-specific protein-protein interaction networks were created based on gene expression data during the parasite's intra-erythrocytic stages and static protein-protein interaction data. Using previously known proteins of a biological event as seed proteins, the random walk with restart (RWR) method was used on the dynamic protein-protein interaction networks to identify novel proteins related to that event. Two screening procedures namely, permutation test and GO enrichment test were performed to increase the reliability of the RWR predictions. The proposed method was first validated on Plasmodium falciparum proteins related to invasion, where it could reproduce the existing knowledge from a small set of seed proteins. It was then used to identify novel Maurer's clefts resident proteins, where it could identify 152 parasite proteins. We show that the current approach can annotate conserved proteins with unknown function. The predicted proteins can help build a mechanistic model for disease pathogenesis, which will be useful in identifying new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Das
- TCS Innovation Labs - Hyderabad (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Hyderabad, India.
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62
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The effects of dyslipidaemia and cholesterol modulation on erythrocyte susceptibility to malaria parasite infection. Malar J 2019; 18:381. [PMID: 31783858 PMCID: PMC6884832 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria disease commences when blood-stage parasites, called merozoites, invade human erythrocytes. Whilst the process of invasion is traditionally seen as being entirely merozoite-driven, emerging data suggests erythrocyte biophysical properties markedly influence invasion. Cholesterol is a major determinant of cell membrane biophysical properties demanding its interrogation as a potential mediator of resistance to merozoite invasion of the erythrocyte. Methods Biophysical measurements of erythrocyte deformability by flicker spectroscopy were used to assess changes in erythrocyte bending modulus on forced integration of cholesterol and how these artificial changes affect invasion by human Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. To validate these observations in a natural context, either murine Plasmodium berghei or human Plasmodium falciparum merozoites were tested for their ability to invade erythrocytes from a hypercholesterolaemic mouse model or human clinical erythrocyte samples deriving from patients with a range of serum cholesterol concentrations, respectively. Results Erythrocyte bending modulus (a measure of deformability) was shown to be markedly affected by artificial modulation of cholesterol content and negatively correlated with merozoite invasion efficiency. In an in vitro infection context, however, erythrocytes taken from hypercholesterolaemic mice or from human clinical samples with varying serum cholesterol levels showed little difference in their susceptibility to merozoite invasion. Explaining this, membrane cholesterol levels in both mouse and human hypercholesterolaemia erythrocytes were subsequently found to be no different from matched normal serum controls. Conclusions Based on these observations, serum cholesterol does not appear to impact on erythrocyte susceptibility to merozoite entry. Indeed, no relationship between serum cholesterol and cholesterol content of the erythrocyte is apparent. This work, nonetheless, suggests that native polymorphisms which do affect membrane lipid composition would be expected to affect parasite entry. This supports investigation of erythrocyte biophysical properties in endemic settings, which may yet identify naturally protective lipid-related polymorphisms.
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63
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Edagha IA, Ekpo AJ, Edagha EI, Bassey JV, Nyong TP, Akpan AS, Obeten RF, Okon AS, Ating BA. Investigating the Comparative Effects of Six Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies on Plasmodium-induced Hepatorenal Toxicity. Niger Med J 2019; 60:211-218. [PMID: 31831942 PMCID: PMC6892336 DOI: 10.4103/nmj.nmj_152_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Too many artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are available, thus creating a dilemma on the most preferred for the treatment of malaria. Aim We compared the effect of six ACTs in mitigating Plasmodium-induced hepatorenal toxicity in experimental malaria. Materials and Methods Forty adult male Swiss mice allotted into eight groups: Group 1 (normal control [NC] uninfected and untreated), Group 2 (parasitized nontreated - [PNT]), and Groups 3-8 received Plasmodium berghei inoculum. After 72 h, the initial parasitemia was established. Groups 3-8 were administered oral therapeutic doses of artesunate-amodiaquine (AA), artesunate-mefloquine (AM), artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (ASP), artemisinin-piperaquine (AP), dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) per kg bodyweight, respectively, as standard regimen, and final parasitemia determined. Animals were euthanized via chloroform inhalation and blood collected for hepatorenal analysis. Liver and kidney were dissected out for histology. Results Parasitemia was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in tests compared to PNT, except in ASP group. Liver enzymes were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in PNT compared to tests and NC. Hyperplastic cells and portal tract inflammation were prominent in ASP group, but mild to moderate in other treated groups. Urea-creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in PNT compared to treated groups. The Na+ and Cl- were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in PNT, with significantly (P < 0.05) increased K+ compared to NC and treated groups. Glomerulonephritis and glomerulus splitting was observed in PNT, while moderate distortions were observed in treated groups. The AA and AM groups had good kidney histoarchitecture. Conclusion Parasitemia decreased in all the treatment groups except in PNT and ASP groups which had severe hepatorenal distortions. Hepatorenal histoarchitecture were mildly distorted in the AA, AM and AL-administered groups with lower hepatorenal indices comparable to NC. The least elevated liver enzymes were in AA and AM. In decreasing order ASP > DP > AL > AP > AM > AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent A Edagha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Arit J Ekpo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Edelungudi I Edagha
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Joy V Bassey
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Titus P Nyong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Anthony S Akpan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Rose F Obeten
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Anthony S Okon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Blessing A Ating
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
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Abstract
The shape and number of mitochondria respond to the metabolic needs during the cell cycle of the eukaryotic cell. In the best-studied model systems of animals and fungi, the cells contain many mitochondria, each carrying its own nucleoid. The organelles, however, mostly exist as a dynamic network, which undergoes constant cycles of division and fusion. These mitochondrial dynamics are driven by intricate protein machineries centered around dynamin-related proteins (DRPs). Here, we review recent advances on the dynamics of mitochondria and mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) of parasitic protists. In contrast to animals and fungi, many parasitic protists from groups of Apicomplexa or Kinetoplastida carry only a single mitochondrion with a single nucleoid. In these groups, mitochondrial division is strictly coupled to the cell cycle, and the morphology of the organelle responds to the cell differentiation during the parasite life cycle. On the other hand, anaerobic parasitic protists such as Giardia, Entamoeba, and Trichomonas contain multiple MROs that have lost their organellar genomes. We discuss the function of DRPs, the occurrence of mitochondrial fusion, and mitophagy in the parasitic protists from the perspective of eukaryote evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luboš Voleman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Doležal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Aguiar AC, de Sousa LR, Garcia CR, Oliva G, Guido RV. New Molecular Targets and Strategies for Antimalarial Discovery. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4380-4402. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170830103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major health problem, especially because of the emergence
of resistant P. falciparum strains to artemisinin derivatives. In this context, safe and affordable
antimalarial drugs are desperately needed. New proteins have been investigated
as molecular targets for research and development of innovative compounds with welldefined
mechanism of action. In this review, we highlight genetically and clinically validated
plasmodial proteins as drug targets for the next generation of therapeutics. The enzymes
described herein are involved in hemoglobin hydrolysis, the invasion process,
elongation factors for protein synthesis, pyrimidine biosynthesis, post-translational modifications
such as prenylation, phosphorylation and histone acetylation, generation of ATP
in mitochondrial metabolism and aminoacylation of RNAs. Significant advances on proteomics,
genetics, structural biology, computational and biophysical methods provided
invaluable molecular and structural information about these drug targets. Based on this,
several strategies and models have been applied to identify and improve lead compounds.
This review presents the recent progresses in the discovery of antimalarial drug candidates,
highlighting the approaches, challenges, and perspectives to deliver affordable, safe
and low single-dose medicines to treat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caroline Aguiar
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena R.F. de Sousa
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Celia R.S. Garcia
- Physiology Department, Bioscience Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucius Oliva
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael V.C. Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
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66
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Munsamy G, Soliman MES. Unveiling a New Era in Malaria Therapeutics: A Tailored Molecular Approach Towards the Design of Plasmepsin IX Inhibitors. Protein J 2019; 38:616-627. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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67
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Scully EJ, Shabani E, Rangel GW, Grüring C, Kanjee U, Clark MA, Chaand M, Kurita R, Nakamura Y, Ferreira MU, Duraisingh MT. Generation of an immortalized erythroid progenitor cell line from peripheral blood: A model system for the functional analysis of Plasmodium spp. invasion. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:963-974. [PMID: 31148215 PMCID: PMC6984401 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria pathogenesis is caused by the replication of Plasmodium parasites within the red blood cells (RBCs) of the vertebrate host. This selective pressure has favored the evolution of protective polymorphisms in erythrocyte proteins, a subset of which serve as cognate receptors for parasite invasion ligands. Recently, the generation of RBCs from immortalized hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has offered a more tractable system for genetic manipulation and long-term in vitro culture, enabling elucidation of the functional determinants of host susceptibility in vitro. Here we report the generation of an immortalized erythroid progenitor cell line (EJ cells) from as few as 100 000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It offers a robust method for the creation of customized model systems from small volumes of peripheral blood. The EJ cell differentiation mirrored erythropoiesis of primary HSCs, yielding orthochromatic erythroblasts and enucleated RBCs after eight days (ejRBCs). The ejRBCs supported invasion by both P. vivax and P. falciparum. To demonstrate the genetic tractability of this system, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt the Duffy Antigen/Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) gene, which encodes the canonical receptor of P. vivax in humans. Invasion of P. vivax into this DARC-knockout cell line was strongly inhibited providing direct genetic evidence that P. vivax requires DARC for RBC invasion. Further, genetic complementation of DARC restored P. vivax invasion. Taken together, the peripheral blood immortalization method presented here offers the capacity to generate biologically representative model systems for studies of blood-stage malaria invasion from the peripheral blood of donors harboring unique genetic backgrounds, or rare polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Scully
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Estela Shabani
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gabriel W. Rangel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Christof Grüring
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Martha A. Clark
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mudit Chaand
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Department of Research and Development, Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo 135-8521, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 05508-900
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
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68
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Hillringhaus S, Dasanna AK, Gompper G, Fedosov DA. Importance of Erythrocyte Deformability for the Alignment of Malaria Parasite upon Invasion. Biophys J 2019; 117:1202-1214. [PMID: 31540708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites is an essential step for the survival and progression of malaria parasites. To invade red blood cells (RBCs), apicomplexan parasites have to adhere with their apex to the RBC membrane. This necessary apex-membrane contact (or alignment) is not immediately established because the orientation of a free merozoite with respect to the RBC membrane is random when an adhesion contact first occurs. Therefore, it has been suggested that after the initial adhesion, merozoites facilitate their proper alignment by inducing considerable membrane deformations, frequently observed before the invasion process. This proposition is based on a positive correlation between RBC membrane deformation and successful invasion; however, the role of RBC mechanics and its deformation in the alignment process remains elusive. Using a mechanically realistic model of a deformable RBC, we investigate numerically the importance of RBC deformability for merozoite alignment. Adhesion between the parasite and RBC membrane is modeled by an attractive potential that might be inhomogeneous, mimicking possible adhesion gradients at the surface of a parasite. Our results show that RBC membrane deformations are crucial for successful merozoite alignment and require interaction strengths comparable to adhesion forces measured experimentally. Adhesion gradients along the parasite body further improve its alignment. Finally, an increased membrane rigidity is found to result in poor merozoite alignment, which can be a possible reason for a reduction in the invasion susceptibility of RBCs in several blood diseases associated with membrane stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hillringhaus
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anil K Dasanna
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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69
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Shears MJ, Sekhar Nirujogi R, Swearingen KE, Renuse S, Mishra S, Jaipal Reddy P, Moritz RL, Pandey A, Sinnis P. Proteomic Analysis of Plasmodium Merosomes: The Link between Liver and Blood Stages in Malaria. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3404-3418. [PMID: 31335145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pre-erythrocytic liver stage of the malaria parasite, comprising sporozoites and the liver stages into which they develop, remains one of the least understood parts of the lifecycle, in part owing to the low numbers of parasites. Nonetheless, it is recognized as an important target for antimalarial drugs and vaccines. Here we provide the first proteomic analysis of merosomes, which define the final phase of the liver stage and are responsible for initiating the blood stage of infection. We identify a total of 1879 parasite proteins, and a core set of 1188 proteins quantitatively detected in every biological replicate, providing an extensive picture of the protein repertoire of this stage. This unique data set will allow us to explore key questions about the biology of merosomes and hepatic merozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Shears
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , 615 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- Department of Biological Chemistry , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 733 N. Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States.,Institute of Bioinformatics , International Tech Park , Bangalore 560 066 , India
| | - Kristian E Swearingen
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue , North Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Department of Biological Chemistry , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 733 N. Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Satish Mishra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , 615 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Panga Jaipal Reddy
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue , North Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue , North Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 733 N. Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , 615 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
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70
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Anderson HL, Brodsky IE, Mangalmurti NS. The Evolving Erythrocyte: Red Blood Cells as Modulators of Innate Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:1343-1351. [PMID: 30127064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The field of red cell biology is undergoing a quiet revolution. Long assumed to be inert oxygen carriers, RBCs are emerging as important modulators of the innate immune response. Erythrocytes bind and scavenge chemokines, nucleic acids, and pathogens in circulation. Depending on the conditions of the microenvironment, erythrocytes may either promote immune activation or maintain immune quiescence. We examine erythrocyte immune function through a comparative and evolutionary lens, as this framework may offer perspective into newly recognized roles of human RBCs. Next, we review the known immune roles of human RBCs and discuss their activity in the context of sepsis where erythrocyte function may prove important to disease pathogenesis. Given the limited success of immunomodulatory therapies in treating inflammatory diseases, we propose that the immunologic function of RBCs provides an understudied and potentially rich area of research that may yield novel insights into mechanisms of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Luke Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nilam S Mangalmurti
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; .,Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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71
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Puttappa N, Kumar RS, Kuppusamy G, Radhakrishnan A. Nano-facilitated drug delivery strategies in the treatment of plasmodium infection. Acta Trop 2019; 195:103-114. [PMID: 31039335 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, one of the major infectious disease-causing sizeable morbidity, mortality and economic loss worldwide. The main drawback for the failure to eradicate malaria is the spread of multiple drug resistance to the majority of currently available chemotherapy. At present nanotechnology offers an advanced opportunity in the delivery of drugs and vaccines to the desired targeted site in the body following oral and systemic administration. It confers the major advantages like improving drug pharmacokinetic profiles, reduce dose frequency and reduction in drug toxicity. Hence, Nano-based drug delivery system can provide a promising prospect in the way of malaria treatment. This paper is a review of recent researches highlighting includes nanocarriers loaded antimalarial drugs for better therapeutic efficacy and future perspective in the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethravathi Puttappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raman Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
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72
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Ventura PDS, Carvalho CPF, Barros NMT, Martins-Silva L, Dantas EO, Martinez C, Melo PMS, Pesquero JB, Carmona AK, Nagaoka MR, Gazarini ML. Malaria infection promotes a selective expression of kinin receptors in murine liver. Malar J 2019; 18:213. [PMID: 31234939 PMCID: PMC6591901 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria represents a worldwide medical emergency affecting mainly poor areas. Plasmodium parasites during blood stages can release kinins to the extracellular space after internalization of host kininogen inside erythrocytes and these released peptides could represent an important mechanism in liver pathophysiology by activation of calcium signaling pathway in endothelial cells of vertebrate host. Receptors (B1 and B2) activated by kinins peptides are important elements for the control of haemodynamics in liver and its physiology. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the liver host responses (i.e. kinin receptors expression and localization) and the effect of ACE inhibition during malaria infection using a murine model. METHODS Balb/C mice infected by Plasmodium chabaudi were treated with captopril, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used alone or in association with the anti-malarial chloroquine in order to study the effect of ACE inhibition on mice survival and the activation of liver responses involving B1R and B2R signaling pathways. The kinin receptors (B1R and B2R) expression and localization was analysed in liver by western blotting and immunolocalization in different conditions. RESULTS It was verified that captopril treatment caused host death during the peak of malaria infection (parasitaemia about 45%). B1R expression was stimulated in endothelial cells of sinusoids and other blood vessels of mice liver infected by P. chabaudi. At the same time, it was also demonstrated that B1R knockout mice infected presented a significant reduction of survival. However, the infection did not alter the B2R levels and localization in liver blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS Thus, it was observed through in vivo studies that the vasodilation induced by plasma ACE inhibition increases mice mortality during P. chabaudi infection. Besides, it was also seen that the anti-malarial chloroquine causes changes in B1R expression in liver, even after days of parasite clearance. The differential expression of B1R and B2R in liver during malaria infection may have an important role in the disease pathophysiology and represents an issue for clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla D S Ventura
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Carolina P F Carvalho
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Nilana M T Barros
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Edilson O Dantas
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Martinez
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Pollyana M S Melo
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João B Pesquero
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana K Carmona
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Nagaoka
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Marcos L Gazarini
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil.
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73
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Mensah-Brown HE, Aspeling-Jones H, Delimini RK, Asante KP, Amlabu E, Bah SY, Beeson JG, Wright GJ, Conway DJ, Awandare GA. Antibody Reactivity to Merozoite Antigens in Ghanaian Adults Correlates With Growth Inhibitory Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum in Culture. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz254. [PMID: 31294045 PMCID: PMC6611546 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum uses a repertoire of merozoite-stage proteins for invasion of erythrocytes. Antibodies against some of these proteins halt the replication cycle of the parasite by preventing erythrocyte invasion and are implicated as contributors to protective immunity against malaria. Methods We assayed antibody reactivity against a panel of 9 recombinant antigens based on erythrocyte-binding antigen (EBA) and reticulocyte-like homolog (Rh) proteins in plasma from children with malaria and healthy adults residing in 3 endemic areas in Ghana using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Purified immunoglobulin (Ig)G from adult plasma samples was also tested for invasion inhibition against 7 different P falciparum culture lines, including clinical isolates. Results Antibodies against the antigens increased in an age-dependent manner in children. Breadth of reactivity to the different antigens was strongly associated with in vitro parasite growth inhibitory activity of IgG purified from the adults. The strongest predictors of breadth of antibody reactivity were age and transmission intensity, and a combination of reactivities to Rh2, Rh4, and Rh5 correlated strongly with invasion inhibition. Conclusions Growth inhibitory activity was significantly associated with breadth of antibody reactivity to merozoite antigens, encouraging the prospect of a multicomponent blood-stage vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta E Mensah-Brown
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Rupert K Delimini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - Emmanuel Amlabu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
| | - Saikou Y Bah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - James G Beeson
- The Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Pathogens and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, United Kingdom
| | - David J Conway
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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74
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of different stages of Plasmodium falciparum to explore vaccine and drug candidates. Genomics 2019; 112:796-804. [PMID: 31128264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease causes huge burden on human health. Every year >200 million cases of malaria are reported globally. Researchers have carried out research on transcriptome of different stages of Plasmodium species to understand complex pathology of pathogens and to discover therapeutics. Researchers are targeting different stages of Plasmodium falciparum separately. Hence, to target all stages of Plasmodium simultaneously comparative transcriptome analysis of different stages was carried out and 44 commonly expressed proteins from different stages of Plasmodium were identified. These proteins were analyzed for their drug target and vaccine potential in different analysis. Conservation of these proteins in human infecting Plasmodium species was also studied. Current approach is also justified because few of these proteins were found to be known vaccine and drug target candidates in different infectious diseases. These proteins can be taken as drug targets and/or vaccine candidates in further experimentation against malaria.
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PfMSA180 is a novel Plasmodium falciparum vaccine antigen that interacts with human erythrocyte integrin associated protein (CD47). Sci Rep 2019; 9:5923. [PMID: 30976034 PMCID: PMC6459815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria symptoms and pathology are initiated by invasion of host erythrocytes by Plasmodium merozoites in a complex process that involves interactions between parasite and host erythrocyte proteins. Erythrocyte invasion presents attractive targets for malaria vaccine and drug development. Recently it was observed that antibodies against PfMSA180 (PF3D7_1014100) are associated with protection from symptomatic malaria, suggesting that this protein is a target of naturally acquired protective antibodies. Here we characterize PfMSA180, a ~170 kDa merozoite surface antigen that is potentially involved in erythrocyte invasion. PfMSA180 synthesized by the wheat germ cell-free system was used to raise antibodies in rabbits. Growth inhibition assays revealed that parasite invasion is inhibited by antibodies to the PfMSA180 C-terminal region, which contains an erythrocyte-binding domain. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that PfMSA180 specifically interacts with human erythrocyte integrin associated protein (CD47), suggesting that PfMSA180 plays a role during merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. Polymorphism analysis revealed that pfmsa180 is highly conserved among field isolates. We show that naturally acquired PfMSA180-specific antibodies responses are associated with protective immunity in a malaria-exposed Thai population. In sum, the data presented here supports further evaluation of the conserved erythrocyte-binding C-terminal region of PfMSA180 as an asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate.
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76
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Abdel-Ghaffar F, Sobhy HM, Metwaly KS, AbdEl-Monem S, Mehlhorn H. Nile River, Impact on Human Health in Egypt from Pharaohs Until Now. PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29061-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Quintana MDP, Ch’ng JH, Zandian A, Imam M, Hultenby K, Theisen M, Nilsson P, Qundos U, Moll K, Chan S, Wahlgren M. SURGE complex of Plasmodium falciparum in the rhoptry-neck (SURFIN4.2-RON4-GLURP) contributes to merozoite invasion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201669. [PMID: 30092030 PMCID: PMC6084945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum invasion into red blood cells (RBCs) is a complex process engaging proteins on the merozoite surface and those contained and sequentially released from the apical organelles (micronemes and rhoptries). Fundamental to invasion is the formation of a moving junction (MJ), a region of close apposition of the merozoite and the RBC plasma membranes, through which the merozoite draws itself before settling into a newly formed parasitophorous vacuole (PV). SURFIN4.2 was identified at the surface of the parasitized RBCs (pRBCs) but was also found apically associated with the merozoite. Using antibodies against the N-terminus of the protein we show the presence of SURFIN4.2 in the neck of the rhoptries, its secretion into the PV and shedding into the culture supernatant upon schizont rupture. Using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry we describe here a novel protein complex we have named SURGE where SURFIN4.2 forms interacts with the rhoptry neck protein 4 (RON4) and the Glutamate Rich Protein (GLURP). The N-terminal cysteine-rich-domain (CRD) of SURFIN4.2 mediates binding to the RBC membrane and its interaction with RON4 suggests its involvement in the contact between the merozoite apex and the RBC at the MJ. Supporting this suggestion, we also found that polyclonal antibodies to the extracellular domain (including the CRD) of SURFIN4.2 partially inhibit merozoite invasion. We propose that the formation of the SURGE complex participates in the establishment of parasite infection within the PV and the RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Pilar Quintana
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun-Hong Ch’ng
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arash Zandian
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institutet of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maryam Imam
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institutet of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Qundos
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institutet of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsten Moll
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sherwin Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bennink S, von Bohl A, Ngwa CJ, Henschel L, Kuehn A, Pilch N, Weißbach T, Rosinski AN, Scheuermayer M, Repnik U, Przyborski JM, Minns AM, Orchard LM, Griffiths G, Lindner SE, Llinás M, Pradel G. A seven-helix protein constitutes stress granules crucial for regulating translation during human-to-mosquito transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007249. [PMID: 30133543 PMCID: PMC6122839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex life-cycle of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum requires a high degree of tight coordination allowing the parasite to adapt to changing environments. One of the major challenges for the parasite is the human-to-mosquito transmission, which starts with the differentiation of blood stage parasites into the transmissible gametocytes, followed by the rapid conversion of the gametocytes into gametes, once they are taken up by the blood-feeding Anopheles vector. In order to pre-adapt to this change of host, the gametocytes store transcripts in stress granules that encode proteins needed for parasite development in the mosquito. Here we report on a novel stress granule component, the seven-helix protein 7-Helix-1. The protein, a homolog of the human stress response regulator LanC-like 2, accumulates in stress granules of female gametocytes and interacts with ribonucleoproteins, such as CITH, DOZI, and PABP1. Malaria parasites lacking 7-Helix-1 are significantly impaired in female gametogenesis and thus transmission to the mosquito. Lack of 7-Helix-1 further leads to a deregulation of components required for protein synthesis. Consistently, inhibitors of translation could mimic the 7-Helix-1 loss-of-function phenotype. 7-Helix-1 forms a complex with the RNA-binding protein Puf2, a translational regulator of the female-specific antigen Pfs25, as well as with pfs25-coding mRNA. In accord, gametocytes deficient of 7-Helix-1 exhibit impaired Pfs25 synthesis. Our data demonstrate that 7-Helix-1 constitutes stress granules crucial for regulating the synthesis of proteins needed for life-cycle progression of Plasmodium in the mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bennink
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Bohl
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Che J. Ngwa
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leonie Henschel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Pilch
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Weißbach
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alina N. Rosinski
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Allen M. Minns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Lindsey M. Orchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | | | - Scott E. Lindner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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79
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Kegawa Y, Asada M, Ishizaki T, Yahata K, Kaneko O. Critical role of Erythrocyte Binding-Like protein of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii to establish an irreversible connection with the erythrocyte during invasion. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:706-714. [PMID: 30025976 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium malaria parasites multiply within erythrocytes and possess a repertoire of proteins whose function is to recognize and invade these vertebrate host cells. One such protein involved in erythrocyte invasion is the micronemal protein, Erythrocyte Binding-Like (EBL), which has been studied as a potential target of vaccine development in Plasmodium vivax (PvDBP) and Plasmodium falciparum (EBA-175). In the rodent malaria parasite model Plasmodium yoelii, specific substitutions in the EBL regions responsible for intracellular trafficking (17XL parasite line) or receptor recognition (17X1.1pp. parasite line), paradoxically increase invasion ability and virulence rather than abolish EBL function. Attempts to disrupt the ebl gene locus in the 17XL and 17XNL lines were unsuccessful, suggesting EBL essentiality. To understand the mechanisms behind these potentially conflicting outcomes, we generated 17XL-based transfectants in which ebl expression is suppressed with anhydrotetracycline (ATc) and investigated merozoite behavior during erythrocyte invasion. In the absence of ATc, EBL was secreted to the merozoite surface, whereas following ATc administration parasitemia was negligible in vivo. Merozoites lacking EBL were unable to invade erythrocytes in vitro, indicating that EBL has a critical role for erythrocyte invasion. Quantitative time-lapse imaging revealed that with ATc administration a significant number of merozoites were detached from the erythrocyte after the erythrocyte deformation event and no echinocytosis was observed, indicating that EBL is required for merozoites to establish an irreversible connection with erythrocytes during invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kegawa
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Masahito Asada
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ishizaki
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Yahata
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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80
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Biere N, Ghaffar M, Doebbe A, Jäger D, Rothe N, Friedrich BM, Hofestädt R, Schreiber F, Kruse O, Sommer B. Heuristic Modeling and 3D Stereoscopic Visualization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cell. J Integr Bioinform 2018; 15:/j/jib.2018.15.issue-2/jib-2018-0003/jib-2018-0003.xml. [PMID: 30001212 PMCID: PMC6167046 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural modeling and representation of cells is a complex task as different microscopic, spectroscopic and other information resources have to be combined to achieve a three-dimensional representation with high accuracy. Moreover, to provide an appropriate spatial representation of the cell, a stereoscopic 3D (S3D) visualization is favorable. In this work, a structural cell model is created by combining information from various light microscopic and electron microscopic images as well as from publication-related data. At the mesoscopic level each cell component is presented with special structural and visual properties; at the molecular level a cell membrane composition and the underlying modeling method are discussed; and structural information is correlated with those at the functional level (represented by simplified energy-producing metabolic pathways). The organism used as an example is the unicellular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which might be important in future alternative energy production processes. Based on the 3D model, an educative S3D animation was created which was shown at conferences. The complete workflow was accomplished by using the open source 3D modeling software Blender. The discussed project including the animation is available from: http://Cm5.CELLmicrocosmos.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Biere
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mehmood Ghaffar
- Bio-/Medical Informatics Department, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anja Doebbe
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Jäger
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nils Rothe
- Bio-/Medical Informatics Department, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benjamin M. Friedrich
- Biological Algorithms Group, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Hofestädt
- Bio-/Medical Informatics Department, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Falk Schreiber
- Computational Life Sciences, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Björn Sommer
- Computational Life Sciences, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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81
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Lyth O, Vizcay-Barrena G, Wright KE, Haase S, Mohring F, Najer A, Henshall IG, Ashdown GW, Bannister LH, Drew DR, Beeson JG, Fleck RA, Moon RW, Wilson DW, Baum J. Cellular dissection of malaria parasite invasion of human erythrocytes using viable Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10165. [PMID: 29976932 PMCID: PMC6033891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi, a zoonotic parasite causing severe-to-lethal malaria disease in humans, has only recently been adapted to continuous culture with human red blood cells (RBCs). In comparison with the most virulent human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, there are, however, few cellular tools available to study its biology, in particular direct investigation of RBC invasion by blood-stage P. knowlesi merozoites. This leaves our current understanding of biological differences across pathogenic Plasmodium spp. incomplete. Here, we report a robust method for isolating viable and invasive P. knowlesi merozoites to high purity and yield. Using this approach, we present detailed comparative dissection of merozoite invasion (using a variety of microscopy platforms) and direct assessment of kinetic differences between knowlesi and falciparum merozoites. We go on to assess the inhibitory potential of molecules targeting discrete steps of invasion in either species via a quantitative invasion inhibition assay, identifying a class of polysulfonate polymer able to efficiently inhibit invasion in both, providing a foundation for pan-Plasmodium merozoite inhibitor development. Given the close evolutionary relationship between P. knowlesi and P. vivax, the second leading cause of malaria-related morbidity, this study paves the way for inter-specific dissection of invasion by all three major pathogenic malaria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lyth
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Silvia Haase
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Franziska Mohring
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adrian Najer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Isabelle G Henshall
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - George W Ashdown
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Lawrence H Bannister
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Damien R Drew
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roland A Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert W Moon
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK.
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82
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Claessens A, Harris LM, Stanojcic S, Chappell L, Stanton A, Kuk N, Veneziano-Broccia P, Sterkers Y, Rayner JC, Merrick CJ. RecQ helicases in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum affect genome stability, gene expression patterns and DNA replication dynamics. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007490. [PMID: 29965959 PMCID: PMC6044543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has evolved an unusual genome structure. The majority of the genome is relatively stable, with mutation rates similar to most eukaryotic species. However, some regions are very unstable with high recombination rates, driving the generation of new immune evasion-associated var genes. The molecular factors controlling the inconsistent stability of this genome are not known. Here we studied the roles of the two putative RecQ helicases in P. falciparum, PfBLM and PfWRN. When PfWRN was knocked down, recombination rates increased four-fold, generating chromosomal abnormalities, a high rate of chimeric var genes and many microindels, particularly in known ‘fragile sites’. This is the first identification of a gene involved in suppressing recombination and maintaining genome stability in Plasmodium. By contrast, no change in mutation rate appeared when the second RecQ helicase, PfBLM, was mutated. At the transcriptional level, however, both helicases evidently modulate the transcription of large cohorts of genes, with several hundred genes—including a large proportion of vars—showing deregulated expression in each RecQ mutant. Aberrant processing of stalled replication forks is a possible mechanism underlying elevated mutation rates and this was assessed by measuring DNA replication dynamics in the RecQ mutant lines. Replication forks moved slowly and stalled at elevated rates in both mutants, confirming that RecQ helicases are required for efficient DNA replication. Overall, this work identifies the Plasmodium RecQ helicases as major players in DNA replication, antigenic diversification and genome stability in the most lethal human malaria parasite, with important implications for genome evolution in this pathogen. Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, with most of the mortality (almost half a million deaths each year) being caused by one species, Plasmodium falciparum. This parasite has an unusual genome: it is exceptionally biased towards A and T nucleotides rather than G and C, and it contains specific areas rich in hypervariable virulence-associated genes which evolve very rapidly to produce new variants. This evolution is probably vital for the parasite to evade the human immune system and maintain chronic infections, but how it is controlled at a molecular level remains unknown. We have identified a helicase in the parasite with a huge influence on genome stability and the rate of genome evolution. It appears to function by unwinding various unusual DNA structures, and if this fails then the genome becomes unstable. In addition, the transcription of many genes whose DNA tends to form secondary structures is affected, and DNA replication is impeded. If this helicase was expressed variably in different parasite strains infecting humans, it could influence the parasites’ ability to grow and replicate efficiently, and also, crucially, its ability to evolve and thus evade the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Claessens
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Lynne M. Harris
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Slavica Stanojcic
- University of Montpellier, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Montpellier, France
| | - Lia Chappell
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Stanton
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nada Kuk
- University of Montpellier, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Montpellier, France
| | - Pamela Veneziano-Broccia
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- University of Montpellier, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Montpellier, France
- CNRS 5290 - IRD 224 - University of Montpellier (UMR “MiVEGEC”), Montpellier, France
- University Hospital Centre (CHU), Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Montpellier, France
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Merrick
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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83
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The Impact of Recruitment on the Dynamics of an Immune-Suppressed Within-Human–Host Model of the Plasmodium falciparum Parasite. Bull Math Biol 2018; 81:4564-4619. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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84
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Erythrocytes lacking the Langereis blood group protein ABCB6 are resistant to the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Commun Biol 2018; 1:45. [PMID: 30271928 PMCID: PMC6123700 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB6 was recently discovered to encode the Langereis (Lan) blood group antigen. Lan null individuals are asymptomatic, and the function of ABCB6 in mature erythrocytes is not understood. Here, we assessed ABCB6 as a host factor for Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites during erythrocyte invasion. We show that Lan null erythrocytes are highly resistant to invasion by P. falciparum, in a strain-transcendent manner. Although both Lan null and Jr(a-) erythrocytes harbor excess porphyrin, only Lan null erythrocytes exhibit a P. falciparum invasion defect. Further, the zoonotic parasite P. knowlesi invades Lan null and control cells with similar efficiency, suggesting that ABCB6 may mediate P. falciparum invasion through species-specific molecular interactions. Using tandem mass tag-based proteomics, we find that the only consistent difference in membrane proteins between Lan null and control cells is absence of ABCB6. Our results demonstrate that a newly identified naturally occurring blood group variant is associated with resistance to Plasmodium falciparum. Elizabeth Egan and colleagues demonstrate that host ATP binding cassette transporter ABCB6, which encodes the Langereis blood group antigen, promotes erythrocyte invasion by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This study suggests that asymptomatic Langereis null individuals may be better protected from malaria.
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85
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Ragavan K, Kumar S, Swaraj S, Neethirajan S. Advances in biosensors and optical assays for diagnosis and detection of malaria. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 105:188-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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86
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Lehmann C, Tan MSY, de Vries LE, Russo I, Sanchez MI, Goldberg DE, Deu E. Plasmodium falciparum dipeptidyl aminopeptidase 3 activity is important for efficient erythrocyte invasion by the malaria parasite. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007031. [PMID: 29768491 PMCID: PMC5973627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite egress from infected erythrocytes and invasion of new red blood cells are essential processes for the exponential asexual replication of the malaria parasite. These two tightly coordinated events take place in less than a minute and are in part regulated and mediated by proteases. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidases (DPAPs) are papain-fold cysteine proteases that cleave dipeptides from the N-terminus of protein substrates. DPAP3 was previously suggested to play an essential role in parasite egress. However, little is known about its enzymatic activity, intracellular localization, or biological function. In this study, we recombinantly expressed DPAP3 and demonstrate that it has indeed dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity, but contrary to previously studied DPAPs, removal of its internal prodomain is not required for activation. By combining super resolution microscopy, time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy, we show that Plasmodium falciparum DPAP3 localizes to apical organelles that are closely associated with the neck of the rhoptries, and from which DPAP3 is secreted immediately before parasite egress. Using a conditional knockout approach coupled to complementation studies with wild type or mutant DPAP3, we show that DPAP3 activity is important for parasite proliferation and critical for efficient red blood cell invasion. We also demonstrate that DPAP3 does not play a role in parasite egress, and that the block in egress phenotype previously reported for DPAP3 inhibitors is due to off target or toxicity effects. Finally, using a flow cytometry assay to differentiate intracellular parasites from extracellular parasites attached to the erythrocyte surface, we show that DPAP3 is involved in the initial attachment of parasites to the red blood cell surface. Overall, this study establishes the presence of a DPAP3-dependent invasion pathway in malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehmann
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Ser Ying Tan
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mateo I. Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Edgar Deu
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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87
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Hallée S, Counihan NA, Matthews K, Koning‐Ward TF, Richard D. The malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
Sortilin is essential for merozoite formation and apical complex biogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12844. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Hallée
- Centre de recherche en infectiologieCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Quebec City QC Canada
| | | | - Kathryn Matthews
- School of MedicineDeakin University Waurn Ponds 3216 VIC Australia
| | | | - Dave Richard
- Centre de recherche en infectiologieCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Quebec City QC Canada
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88
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Protein-protein interaction studies reveal the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 region involved in a complex formation that binds to human erythrocytes. Biochem J 2018; 475:1197-1209. [PMID: 29511044 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (PfMSP) 1 has been studied extensively as a vaccine candidate antigen. PfMSP-1 undergoes proteolytic processing into four major products, such as p83, p30, p38, and p42, that are associated in the form of non-covalent complex(s) with other MSPs. To delineate MSP1 regions involved in the interaction with other MSPs, here we expressed recombinant proteins (PfMSP-165) encompassing part of p38 and p42 regions and PfMSP-119 PfMSP-165 interacted strongly with PfMSP-3, PfMSP-6, PfMSP-7, and PfMSP-9, whereas PfMSP-119 did not interact with any of these proteins. Since MSP-1 complex binds human erythrocytes, we examined the ability of these proteins to bind human erythrocyte. Among the proteins of MSP-1 complex, PfMSP-6 and PfMSP-9 bound to human erythrocytes. Serological studies showed that PfMSP-165 was frequently recognized by sera from malaria endemic regions, whereas this was not the case for PfMSP-119 In contrast, antibodies against PfMSP-119 showed much higher inhibition of merozoite invasion compared with antibodies against the larger PfMSP-165 fragment. Importantly, anti-PfMSP-119 antibodies recognized both recombinant proteins, PfMSP-119 and PfMSP-165; however, anti-PfMSP-165 antibody failed to recognize the PfMSP-119 protein. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PfMSP-1 sequences upstream of the 19 kDa C-terminal region are involved in molecular interactions with other MSPs, and these sequences may probably serve as a smoke screen to evade antibody response to the membrane-bound C-terminal 19 kDa region.
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89
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Guo J, Hu J, Sun Y, Yu L, He J, He P, Nie Z, Li M, Zhan X, Zhao Y, Luo X, Liu J, He L, Zhao J. A novel Babesia orientalis 135-kilodalton spherical body protein like: identification of its secretion into cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:205. [PMID: 29580261 PMCID: PMC5870374 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spherical body is a distinct organelle only existing in Babesia and Theileria. Spherical body proteins (SBPs) are secreted from spherical bodies and incorporated into the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes during invasion and post-invasion stages. Four different SBP homologues (SBP1, SBP2, SBP3 and SBP4) have been identified in Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. So far, there has been no report available about the identification of SBPs in Babesia orientalis. Methods The SBP3-like in B. orientalis (BoSBP3-like) was cloned, sequenced, characterized and compared to the SBP3 sequences of B. bovis and B. bigemina by bioinformatics analyses. The BoSBP3-like gene was truncated into three fragments: BoSBP3-like-1 (915 bp), BoSBP3-like-2 (1311 bp) and BoSBP3-like-3 (1011 bp), which were amplified and cloned into the expression vector pET-28a and expressed as three truncated recombinant (His-fusion) proteins. The immunogenicity, native forms and localization of BoSBP3-like were identified by western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Results The BoSBP3-like gene was intronless with an open reading frame (ORF) of 3237 bp, encoded a 1079 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted size of 135 kDa, and contained a cysteine-rich region, three dispersing FAINT domains and a signal peptide (1–16 aa) at the N-terminus. The amino acid sequence of BoSBP3-like was 61.6 and 35.0% identical to that of B. bovis and B. bigemina, respectively. BoSBP3-like was identified as 135 kDa in the parasite lysate by rabbit antiserum against the truncated recombinant BoSBP3-like-1 (rBoSBP3-like-1). Three specific bands corresponding to rBoSBP3-like-1 (1–305 aa, 43 kDa), rBoSBP3-like-2 (306–742 aa, 58 kDa) and rBoSBP3-like-3 (743–1079 aa, 52 kDa) were detected by reaction with serum from B. orientalis-infected buffalo. The BoSBP3-like was not only localized in the spherical body of B. orientalis but also in the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes of buffalo as puncta-like protein specks at both single and paired parasite development stages. Conclusions Through secretion into the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes, BoSBP3-like may play a significant role in adaptation, interaction, and modification related to the host environment to benefit the growth and survival of Babesia. BoSBP3-like could react with the serum from B. orientalis-infected buffalo, but not healthy buffalo, implicating that BoSBP3-like is highly antigenic and may serve as a candidate diagnostic antigen for the detection of B. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jinfang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510663, Guangdong, China
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Junwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Pei He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Muxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xueyan Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yangnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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90
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Immunomolecular Characterization of MIC-1, a Novel Antigen in Babesia bigemina, Which Contains Conserved and Immunodominant B-Cell Epitopes that Induce Neutralizing Antibodies. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5020032. [PMID: 29570654 PMCID: PMC6024600 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia bigemina is one of the most prevalent species causing bovine babesiosis around the world. Antigens involved in host cell invasion are vaccine targets for this disease but are largely unknown in this species. The invasion process of Babesia spp. into erythrocytes involves membrane proteins from the apical complex. A protein stored in the micronemes, called Micronemal Protein 1 (MIC-1), contains a sialic acid binding domain that participates in the invasion process of host cells and is a vaccine candidate in other apicomplexan parasites. It is not known if there is a homologous gene for mic-1 in B. bigemina. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the mic-1 gene homologue in Babesia bigemina. A gene was found with a microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domain in the predicted amino acid sequence. Transcription was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Subsequently, antibodies against peptides containing conserved B-cell epitopes were used to confirm the expression of MIC-1 in intraerythrocytic merozoites. The presence of anti MIC-1 antibodies in cattle naturally infected with B. bigemina was determined and up to 97.4% of the cattle sera (113 out of 116) identified MIC-1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Finally, antibodies against MIC-1 were able to block 70% merozoite invasion in-vitro.
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91
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Ghosh S, Chisholm SA, Dans M, Lakkavaram A, Kennedy K, Ralph SA, Counihan NA, de Koning-Ward TF. The cysteine protease dipeptidyl aminopeptidase 3 does not contribute to egress of Plasmodium falciparum from host red blood cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193538. [PMID: 29509772 PMCID: PMC5839547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of Plasmodium parasites to egress from their host red blood cell is critical for the amplification of these parasites in the blood. Previous forward chemical genetic approaches have implicated the subtilisin-like protease (SUB1) and the cysteine protease dipeptidyl aminopeptidase 3 (DPAP3) as key players in egress, with the final step of SUB1 maturation thought to be due to the activity of DPAP3. In this study, we have utilized a reverse genetics approach to engineer transgenic Plasmodium falciparum parasites in which dpap3 expression can be conditionally regulated using the glmS ribozyme based RNA-degrading system. We show that DPAP3, which is expressed in schizont stages and merozoites and localizes to organelles distinct from the micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules, is not required for the trafficking of apical proteins or processing of SUB1 substrates, nor for parasite maturation and egress from red blood cells. Thus, our findings argue against a role for DPAP3 in parasite egress and indicate that the phenotypes observed with DPAP3 inhibitors are due to off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejoyee Ghosh
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott A. Chisholm
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Madeline Dans
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asha Lakkavaram
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kit Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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92
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Kusuma AV, Mustopa AZ, Mustafawi WZ, Suharsono S. The production of SPusp45-MSP-1<sub>19</sub> gene construct and its recombinant protein in <em>Lactococcus lactis</em> to be used as a malaria vaccine. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2018. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v26i4.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) is a major protein used by the Plasmodium during red blood cells invasion in malaria. MSP-119, one of MSP-1 is highly conserved, and it is a potential malaria vaccine candidate because the monoclonal antibodies are capable blocking erythrocyte invasion in vitro. The aim of this study was to produce MSP-119 gene construct and the recombinant protein in Lactococcus lactis.Methods: Usp45-MSP-119, derived from codon optimization and the synthetic gene, was inserted into the pMAT cloning vector. A vector expressing MSP-119 included usp45 has been constructed by the manipulation of recombinant DNA using restriction enzymes. The MSP-119 protein was expressed to 45% ammonium sulfate precipitation and purified using Sephadex-G50 gel filtration chromatography. The expressed protein was characterized by SDS-PAGE and dot blot.Results: usp45-MSP-119 gene was amplified using specific primers and inserted into the multiple cloning sites in the expression vector pNZ8148 with size 3,538 bp as a recombinant vector. The protein of MSP-119 was successfully expressed in L. lactis with molecular weight of 10.45 kDa. The dot blot was tested in 3 different comparisons between the host cells, non-induced cells, and induced cells with 10 ng/ml nisin. The results showed that 10 ng/ml nisin gave a positive reaction as detected by dot blot assay.Conclusion: This study confirmed that the usp45-MSP-119 gene was successfully inserted into the multiple cloning sites of the pNZ8148 expression vector and the MSP-119 protein expressed in the NICE system of the L. lactis host cell.
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93
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Evidence that the Plasmodium falciparum Protein Sortilin Potentially Acts as an Escorter for the Trafficking of the Rhoptry-Associated Membrane Antigen to the Rhoptries. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00551-17. [PMID: 29299530 PMCID: PMC5750388 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00551-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhoptry organelle is critical for the invasion of an erythrocyte by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Despite their critical roles, the mechanisms behind their biogenesis are still poorly defined. Our earlier work had suggested that the interaction between the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored rhoptry-associated membrane antigen (RAMA) and the soluble rhoptry-associated protein 1 was involved in the transport of the latter from the Golgi apparatus to the rhoptry. However, how this protein complex could interact with the intracellular trafficking machinery was unknown at this stage. Here we show that the P. falciparum homologue of the transmembrane protein sortilin-VPS10 interacts with regions of RAMA that are sufficient to target a fluorescent reporter to the rhoptries. These results suggest that P. falciparum sortilin (PfSortilin) could potentially act as the escorter for the transport of rhoptry-destined cargo. IMPORTANCE The malaria parasite is a massive burden in several parts of the world. Worryingly, the parasite has become resistant to several of the drugs commonly used to treat the disease, and at this time, there is no commercial vaccine. It is therefore critical to identify new targets for the development of antimalarials. To survive in the human body, the malaria parasite needs to invade red blood cells. For this, it uses a variety of effectors stored in organelles forming a structure called the apical complex. The mechanisms behind how the parasite generates the apical complex are poorly understood. In this study, we present evidence that a transmembrane protein called sortilin potentially acts as an escorter to transport proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the rhoptries, a component of the apical complex. Our study provides new insight into the biogenesis of a critical structure of the malaria parasite.
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94
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Najer A, Palivan CG, Beck HP, Meier W. Challenges in Malaria Management and a Glimpse at Some Nanotechnological Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1052:103-112. [PMID: 29785484 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7572-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes, affecting millions of people and killing about half a million children each year. Despite tremendous progress in the control and elimination of malaria within the past years, there are still considerable challenges to be solved. To name a few, drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes and the difficulty to formulate a potent malaria vaccine need to be addressed with new strategies to achieve the final goal of malaria eradication. Nanotechnology-researching and designing innovative structures at the nanoscale-is a promising contemporary technology that is being applied to a vast number of biomedical problems. In the case of malaria, nanotechnology provides tools to design strategies to target drug molecules to specific stages of the parasite, treat drug-resistant parasites, resolve severe malaria, increase vaccine efficacies and combinations thereof. This chapter introduces malaria, discusses current challenges of malaria control and relates these challenges to some potential solutions provided by the nanotechnology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Najer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans-Peter Beck
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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95
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Plasmodium falciparum. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:517-523. [PMID: 33525841 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite that causes the most severe form of human malaria. Five other Plasmodium species can also infect humans - P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi, P. ovale wallikeri and P. knowlesi - but P. falciparum is the most prevalent Plasmodium species in the African region, where 90% of all malaria occurs, and it is this species that causes the great majority of malaria deaths. These were reported by the WHO at 438 000 in 2015 from an estimated 214 million cases; importantly, however, figures for the global burden of malaria tend to have wide margins of error due to poor and inaccurate reporting. In this Perspective, features of P. falciparum that are unique among human malaria parasites are highlighted, and current issues surrounding the control and treatment of this major human pathogen are discussed.
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96
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Kumar K, Srinivasan P, Nold MJ, Moch JK, Reiter K, Sturdevant D, Otto TD, Squires RB, Herrera R, Nagarajan V, Rayner JC, Porcella SF, Geromanos SJ, Haynes JD, Narum DL. Profiling invasive Plasmodium falciparum merozoites using an integrated omics approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17146. [PMID: 29215067 PMCID: PMC5719419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of malaria are brought about by blood-stage parasites, which are established when merozoites invade human erythrocytes. Our understanding of the molecular events that underpin erythrocyte invasion remains hampered by the short-period of time that merozoites are invasive. To address this challenge, a Plasmodium falciparum gamma-irradiated long-lived merozoite (LLM) line was developed and investigated. Purified LLMs invaded erythrocytes by an increase of 10–300 fold compared to wild-type (WT) merozoites. Using an integrated omics approach, we investigated the basis for the phenotypic difference. Only a few single nucleotide polymorphisms within the P. falciparum genome were identified and only marginal differences were observed in the merozoite transcriptomes. By contrast, using label-free quantitative mass-spectrometry, a significant change in protein abundance was noted, of which 200 were proteins of unknown function. We determined the relative molar abundance of over 1100 proteins in LLMs and further characterized the major merozoite surface protein complex. A unique processed MSP1 intermediate was identified in LLM but not observed in WT suggesting that delayed processing may be important for the observed phenotype. This integrated approach has demonstrated the significant role of the merozoite proteome during erythrocyte invasion, while identifying numerous unknown proteins likely to be involved in invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Prakash Srinivasan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - J Kathleen Moch
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Karine Reiter
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Dan Sturdevant
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - R Burke Squires
- Computational Biology Section, Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raul Herrera
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Computational Biology Section, Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen F Porcella
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - J David Haynes
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA.
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97
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Lim C, Dankwa S, Paul AS, Duraisingh MT. Host Cell Tropism and Adaptation of Blood-Stage Malaria Parasites: Challenges for Malaria Elimination. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a025494. [PMID: 28213436 PMCID: PMC5666624 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax account for most of the mortality and morbidity associated with malaria in humans. Research and control efforts have focused on infections caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax, but have neglected other malaria parasite species that infect humans. Additionally, many related malaria parasite species infect nonhuman primates (NHPs), and have the potential for transmission to humans. For malaria elimination, the varied and specific challenges of all of these Plasmodium species will need to be considered. Recent advances in molecular genetics and genomics have increased our knowledge of the prevalence and existing diversity of the human and NHP Plasmodium species. We are beginning to identify the extent of the reservoirs of each parasite species in humans and NHPs, revealing their origins as well as potential for adaptation in humans. Here, we focus on the red blood cell stage of human infection and the host cell tropism of each human Plasmodium species. Determinants of tropism are unique among malaria parasite species, presenting a complex challenge for malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caeul Lim
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Selasi Dankwa
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Aditya S Paul
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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98
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Scully EJ, Kanjee U, Duraisingh MT. Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:21-31. [PMID: 29096194 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates harbor diverse species of malaria parasites, including the progenitors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Cross-species transmission of some malaria parasites-most notably the macaque parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi-continues to this day, compelling the scientific community to ask whether these zoonoses could impede malaria control efforts by acting as a source of recurrent human infection. Host-restriction varies considerably among parasite species and is governed by both ecological and molecular variables. In particular, the efficiency of red blood cell invasion constitutes a prominent barrier to zoonotic emergence. Although proteins expressed upon the erythrocyte surface exhibit considerable diversity both within and among hosts, malaria parasites have adapted to this heterogeneity via the expansion of protein families associated with invasion, offering redundant mechanisms of host cell entry. This molecular toolkit may enable some parasites to circumvent host barriers, potentially yielding host shifts upon subsequent adaptation. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the molecular determinants of host-specificity, as well as the mechanisms that malaria parasites use to overcome these restrictions. We review recent studies concerning host tropism in the context of erythrocyte invasion by focusing on three malaria parasites that span the zoonotic spectrum: P. falciparum, P. knowlesi, and P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Scully
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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99
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Singh S, Chitnis CE. Molecular Signaling Involved in Entry and Exit of Malaria Parasites from Host Erythrocytes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026815. [PMID: 28507195 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During the blood stage, Plasmodium spp. merozoites invade host red blood cells (RBCs), multiply, exit, and reinvade uninfected RBCs in a continuing cycle that is responsible for all the clinical symptoms associated with malaria. Entry into (invasion) and exit from (egress) RBCs are highly regulated processes that are mediated by an array of parasite proteins with specific functional roles. Many of these parasite proteins are stored in specialized apical secretory vesicles, and their timely release is critical for successful invasion and egress. For example, the discharge of parasite protein ligands to the apical surface of merozoites is required for interaction with host receptors to mediate invasion, and the timely discharge of proteases and pore-forming proteins helps in permeabilization and dismantling of limiting membranes during egress. This review focuses on our understanding of the signaling mechanisms that regulate apical organelle secretion during host cell invasion and egress by malaria parasites. The review also explores how understanding key signaling mechanisms in the parasite can open opportunities to develop novel strategies to target Plasmodium parasites and eliminate malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Singh
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India
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100
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Lim YB, Nai MH, Cao J, Loh KP, Lim CT. Graphene oxide inhibits malaria parasite invasion and delays parasitic growth in vitro. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14065-14073. [PMID: 28901366 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06007f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between graphene oxide (GO) and various biological entities have been actively investigated in recent years, resulting in numerous potential bioapplications of these nanomaterials. Despite this, the biological interactions between GO and disease-causing protozoan parasites have not been well elucidated and remain relatively unexplored. Here, we investigate the in vitro interactions between GO nanosheets and a particular species of malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum). We hypothesize that GO nanosheets may exhibit antimalarial characteristic via action mechanisms of physical obstruction of P. falciparum parasites as well as nutrient depletion. To ascertain this, we characterize the physical interactions between GO nanosheets, red blood cells (RBCs), and malarial parasites as well as the adsorption of several biomolecules necessary for parasitic survival and growth on GO nanosheets. Subsequent to establishing the origin of this antimalarial behavior of GO nanosheets, their efficiency in inhibiting parasite invasion is evaluated. We observe that GO nanosheets at various tested concentrations significantly inhibit the invasion of malaria parasites into RBCs. Furthermore, GO nanosheets delay parasite progression from the ring to the trophozoite stage. Overall, this study may further shed light on the graphene-parasite interactions and potentially facilitate the development of nanomaterial-based strategies for combating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bena Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576. and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Infectious Diseases IRG, Singapore 138602
| | - Mui Hoon Nai
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Jianshu Cao
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Infectious Diseases IRG, Singapore 138602 and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA 02139
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456 and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543 and Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456 and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543 and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576. and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Infectious Diseases IRG, Singapore 138602 and Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
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