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Zundler S, Neurath MF. Interleukin-12: Functional activities and implications for disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:559-68. [PMID: 26182974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) was the first member of the IL-12 family of cytokines to be identified and has therefore become its eponym. It is a heterodimeric protein of two subunits (p35, p40) secreted by phagocytic cells in response to pathogens and mainly acts through STAT4 to induce IFN-γ production in T and NK cells. IFN-γ in turn mediates proinflammatory functions and activates T-bet. As IL-12 engages in TH1 development, it is believed to represent an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. Following its identification and the finding of its association to TH1 commitment, great hopes were placed in IL-12 to become a target for therapeutic applications in multiple settings of autoimmunity and cancer. Though, the discovery of the related members of the IL-12 family and several rather disappointing attempts to translate experimental results into clinical practice, have relativized these hopes. Nevertheless, IL-12 remains a cytokine of outstanding importance with lots of unresolved questions. In this review, we will first briefly depict the biochemistry of the cytokine, its receptor and the related signal transduction, before summarizing the regulation of IL-12 production and its biological functions. We will then describe the current knowledge about the implication of IL-12 in different murine disease models as well as in the corresponding human conditions and comment on possible consequences for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Medical Clinic 1, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center, Medical Clinic 1, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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52
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Silva LM, Hirai KE, de Sousa JR, de Souza J, Fuzii HT, Dias LB, Carneiro FRO, de Souza Aarão TL, Quaresma JAS. Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of cellular transcription NFκB (p65), AP-1 (c-Fos and c-Jun), and JAK/STAT in leprosy. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:746-52. [PMID: 25771902 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease whose clinical spectrum depends on the cytokine patterns produced during the early stages of the immune response. The main objective of this study was to describe the activation pattern of cellular transcription factors and to correlate these factors with the clinical forms of leprosy. Skin samples were obtained from 16 patients with the tuberculoid (TT) form and 14 with the lepromatous (LL) form. The histologic sections were immunostained with anti-c-Fos and anti-c-Jun monoclonal antibodies for investigation of AP-1, anti-NFκB p65 for the study of NFκB, and anti-JAK2, STAT1, STAT3, and STAT4 for investigation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Cells expressing STAT1 were more frequent in the TT form than in LL lesions (P = .0096), in agreement with the protective immunity provided by IFN-γ. STAT4 was also more highly expressed in the TT form than in the LL form (P = .0098). This transcription factor is essential for the development of a Th1 response because it is associated with interleukin-12. NFκB (p65) and STAT4 expression in the TT form showed a strong and significant correlation (r = 0.7556 and P = .0007). A moderate and significant correlation was observed between JAK2 and STAT4 in the TT form (r = 0.6637 and P = .0051), with these factors responding to interleukin-12 in Th1 profiles. The results suggest that STAT1, JAK2, and NFκB, together with STAT4, contribute to the development of cell-mediated immunity, which is able to contain the proliferation of Mycobacterium leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mota Silva
- Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade do Estado do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil 66000-000
| | - Kelly Emi Hirai
- Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade do Estado do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil 66000-000
| | | | - Juarez de Souza
- Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade do Estado do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil 66000-000
| | - Hellen Thais Fuzii
- Nucleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil 66000-000
| | - Leonidas Braga Dias
- Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade do Estado do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil 66000-000
| | | | | | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade do Estado do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil 66000-000; Nucleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil 66000-000.
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Elavazhagan S, Fatehchand K, Santhanam V, Fang H, Ren L, Gautam S, Reader B, Mo X, Cheney C, Briercheck E, Vasilakos JP, Dietsch GN, Hershberg RM, Caligiuri M, Byrd JC, Butchar JP, Tridandapani S. Granzyme B expression is enhanced in human monocytes by TLR8 agonists and contributes to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2786-95. [PMID: 25667415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
FcγRs are critical mediators of mAb cancer therapies, because they drive cytotoxic processes upon binding of effector cells to opsonized targets. Along with NK cells, monocytes are also known to destroy Ab-coated targets via Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, the precise mechanisms by which monocytes carry out this function have remained elusive. In this article, we show that human monocytes produce the protease granzyme B upon both FcγR and TLR8 activation. Treatment with TLR8 agonists elicited granzyme B and also enhanced FcγR-mediated granzyme B production in an additive fashion. Furthermore, monocyte-mediated ADCC against cetuximab-coated tumor targets was enhanced by TLR8 agonist treatment, and this enhancement of ADCC required granzyme B. Hence we have identified granzyme B as an important mediator of FcγR function in human monocytes and have uncovered another mechanism by which TLR8 agonists may enhance FcγR-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Elavazhagan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kavin Fatehchand
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Vikram Santhanam
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Huiqing Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Brenda Reader
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Carolyn Cheney
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Edward Briercheck
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | | | | | - Michael Caligiuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - John C Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jonathan P Butchar
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
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New insights into IL-12-mediated tumor suppression. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:237-46. [PMID: 25190142 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, interleukin-12 (IL-12) has emerged as one of the most potent cytokines in mediating antitumor activity in a variety of preclinical models. Through pleiotropic effects on different immune cells that form the tumor microenvironment, IL-12 establishes a link between innate and adaptive immunity that involves different immune effector cells and cytokines depending on the type of tumor or the affected tissue. The robust antitumor response exerted by IL-12, however, has not yet been successfully translated into the clinics. The majority of clinical trials involving treatment with IL-12 failed to show sustained antitumor responses and were associated to toxic side effects. Here we discuss the therapeutic effects of IL-12 from preclinical to clinical studies, and will highlight promising strategies to take advantage of the antitumor activity of IL-12 while limiting adverse effects.
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Role of Tyk-2 in Th9 and Th17 cells in allergic asthma. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5865. [PMID: 25109392 PMCID: PMC4127519 DOI: 10.1038/srep05865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a murine model of allergic asthma, we found that Tyk-2(−/−) asthmatic mice have induced peribronchial collagen deposition, mucosal type mast cells in the lung, IRF4 and hyperproliferative lung Th2 CD4+ effector T cells over-expressing IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13. We also observed increased Th9 cells expressing IL-9 and IL-10 as well as T helper cells expressing IL-6, IL-10 and IL-21 with a defect in IL-17A and IL-17F production. This T helper phenotype was accompanied by increased SOCS3 in the lung of Tyk-2 deficient asthmatic mice. Finally, in vivo treatment with rIL-17A inhibited local CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells as well as Th2 cytokines without affecting IL-9 in the lung. These results suggest a role of Tyk-2 in different subsets of T helper cells mediated by SOCS3 regulation that is relevant for the treatment of asthma, cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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IL-12 is required for mTOR regulation of memory CTLs during viral infection. Genes Immun 2014; 15:413-23. [PMID: 24898389 PMCID: PMC4156562 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The induction of functional memory CTLs is a major goal of vaccination against
intracellular pathogens. IL-12 is critical for the generation of memory CTLs, and
inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin can effectively enhance the memory CTL response. Yet, the
role of IL-12 in mTOR’s regulation of memory CTL is unknown. Here, we hypothesized
that the immunostimulatory effects of mTOR on memory CTLs requires IL-12 signaling. Our
results revealed that rapamycin increased the generation of memory CTLs in vaccinia virus
infection, and this enhancement was dependent upon the IL-12 signal. Furthermore, IL-12
receptor deficiency diminished the secondary expansion of rapamycin-regulated memory, and
resultant secondary memory CTLs were abolished. Rapamycin enhanced IL-12 signaling by up
regulating IL-12 receptor β2 expression and STAT4 phosphorylation in CTLs during
early infection. In addition, rapamycin continually suppressed T-bet expression in both WT
and IL-12 receptor knockout CTLs. These results indicate an essential role for IL-12 in
the regulation of memory CTLs by mTOR, and highlight the importance of considering the
interplay between cytokines and adjuvants during vaccine design.
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Miller CP, Thorpe JD, Kortum AN, Coy CM, Cheng WY, Ou Yang TH, Anastassiou D, Beatty JD, Urban ND, Blau CA. JAK2 expression is associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and improved breast cancer outcomes: implications for evaluating JAK2 inhibitors. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:301-6. [PMID: 24764577 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase-2 (JAK2) supports breast cancer growth, and clinical trials testing JAK2 inhibitors are under way. In addition to the tumor epithelium, JAK2 is also expressed in other tissues including immune cells; whether the JAK2 mRNA levels in breast tumors correlate with outcomes has not been evaluated. Using a case-control design, JAK2 mRNA was measured in 223 archived breast tumors and associations with distant recurrence were evaluated by logistic regression. The frequency of correct pairwise comparisons of patient rankings based on JAK2 levels versus survival outcomes, the concordance index (CI), was evaluated using data from 2,460 patients in three cohorts. In the case-control study, increased JAK2 was associated with a decreasing risk of recurrence (multivariate P = 0.003, n = 223). Similarly, JAK2 was associated with a protective CI (<0.5) in the public cohorts: NETHERLANDS CI = 0.376, n = 295; METABRIC CI = 0.462, n = 1,981; OSLOVAL CI = 0.452, n = 184. Furthermore, JAK2 was strongly correlated with the favorable prognosis LYM metagene signature for infiltrating T cells (r = 0.5; P < 2 × 10(-16); n = 1,981) and with severe lymphocyte infiltration (P = 0.00003, n = 156). Moreover, the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib potently inhibited the anti-CD3-dependent production of IFN-γ, a marker of the differentiation of Th cells along the tumor-inhibitory Th1 pathway. The potential for JAK2 inhibitors to interfere with the antitumor capacities of T cells should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P Miller
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Marçais A, Viel S, Grau M, Henry T, Marvel J, Walzer T. Regulation of mouse NK cell development and function by cytokines. Front Immunol 2013; 4:450. [PMID: 24376448 PMCID: PMC3859915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with an important role in the early defense against intracellular pathogens and against tumors. Like other immune cells, almost every aspects of their biology are regulated by cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-15 is pivotal for their development, homeostasis, and activation. Moreover, numerous other activating or inhibitory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-21, Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and type I interferons regulate their activation and their effector functions at different stages of the immune response. In this review we summarize the current understanding on the effect of these different cytokines on NK cell development, homeostasis, and functions during steady-state or upon infection by different pathogens. We try to delineate the cellular sources of these cytokines, the intracellular pathways they trigger and the transcription factors they regulate. We describe the known synergies or antagonisms between different cytokines and highlight outstanding questions in this field of investigation. Finally, we discuss how a better knowledge of cytokine action on NK cells could help improve strategies to manipulate NK cells in different clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marçais
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
| | - Sébastien Viel
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France ; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud , Lyon , France
| | - Morgan Grau
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
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Magee MS, Snook AE, Marszalowicz GP, Waldman SA. Immunotherapeutic strategies to target prognostic and predictive markers of cancer. Biomark Med 2013; 7:23-35. [PMID: 23387482 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the last century medical advances in cancer treatment in the fields of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy have greatly impacted patients' survival rates. Nevertheless, cancer remains a significant cause of mortality, with an estimated 7.6 million deaths worldwide in 2008, reflecting the inability of existing therapies to effectively cure disease. The emergence of vaccines and their successes in preventing the spread of infectious diseases has demonstrated the unique specificity and therapeutic potential of the immune system. This potential has driven the development of novel cancer immunotherapeutics. This review focuses on the current status of the use of immunologic effectors to target known biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Magee
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 132 South 10th Street, 1170 Main, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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60
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Sohn SJ, Barrett K, Van Abbema A, Chang C, Kohli PB, Kanda H, Smith J, Lai Y, Zhou A, Zhang B, Yang W, Williams K, Macleod C, Hurley CA, Kulagowski JJ, Lewin-Koh N, Dengler HS, Johnson AR, Ghilardi N, Zak M, Liang J, Blair WS, Magnuson S, Wu LC. A restricted role for TYK2 catalytic activity in human cytokine responses revealed by novel TYK2-selective inhibitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2205-16. [PMID: 23894201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
TYK2 is a JAK family protein tyrosine kinase activated in response to multiple cytokines, including type I IFNs, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23. Extensive studies of mice that lack TYK2 expression indicate that the IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-23 pathways, but not the IL-6 or IL-10 pathways, are compromised. In contrast, there have been few studies of the role of TYK2 in primary human cells. A genetic mutation at the tyk2 locus that results in a lack of TYK2 protein in a single human patient has been linked to defects in the IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 pathways, suggesting a broad role for TYK2 protein in human cytokine responses. In this article, we have used a panel of novel potent TYK2 small-molecule inhibitors with varying degrees of selectivity against other JAK kinases to address the requirement for TYK2 catalytic activity in cytokine pathways in primary human cells. Our results indicate that the biological processes that require TYK2 catalytic function in humans are restricted to the IL-12 and IL-23 pathways, and suggest that inhibition of TYK2 catalytic activity may be an efficacious approach for the treatment of select autoimmune diseases without broad immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue J Sohn
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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61
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Székely JI, Pataki Á. Effects of vitamin D on immune disorders with special regard to asthma, COPD and autoimmune diseases: a short review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013; 6:683-704. [PMID: 23234453 DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the recent data on the role of vitamin D (VD) in the genesis of various immunological disorders. It inhibits immune reactions in general, but it enhances the transcription of 'endogenous antibiotics' such as cathelicidin and defensins. VD inhibits the genesis of both Th1- and Th2-cell mediated diseases. The pleiotropic character VD-induced effects are due to the altered transcription of hundreds of genes. VD supplementation in most related studies reduced the prevalence of asthma. Th1-dependent autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and so on) are also inhibited by VD due to inhibition of antigen presentation, reduced polarization of Th0 cells to Th1 cells and reduced production of cytokines from the latter cells. VD seems to also be a useful adjunct in the prevention of allograft rejection. Last but not least, VD supplementation may be useful in the prevention or adjunct treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Székely
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, School of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 37 - 47 Tüzoltó u., Budapest, H-1094, Hungary.
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Agrawal A, Su H, Chen J, Osann K, Agrawal S, Gupta S. Increased IL-21 secretion by aged CD4+T cells is associated with prolonged STAT-4 activation and CMV seropositivity. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:648-59. [PMID: 23064011 PMCID: PMC3492228 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Advancing age leads to significant decline in immune functions. IL-21 is produced primarily by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and is required for effective immune cell functions. Here we compared the induction of IL-21 in aged and young subjects. Our investigation demonstrates that CD4+T cells from healthy elderly individuals (age ≥ 65) secreted significantly higher levels of IL-21 on priming with aged and young dendritic cells (DC). Though the aged and young DCs secreted comparable levels of IL-12 on stimulation with anti-CD40 antibody and LPS, culture of DCs with aged CD4+ T cells resulted in increased production of IL-21 as compared to that with young CD4+ T cells. Further examination revealed that the response of aged naïve CD4+ T cells to IL-12 was altered, resulting in increased differentiation of aged Th cells towards Tfh cells. Investigation into the signaling mechanism suggested that phosphorylation of STAT-4 in response to IL-12 was sustained for a longer duration in aged CD4+ T cells as compared to CD4+ T cells from young subjects. Additional analysis demonstrated that increased IL-21 secretion correlated with chronic CMV infection in aged subjects. These findings indicate that chronic CMV infection alters the response of aged CD4+ T cells to IL-12 resulting in an increased secretion of IL-21 and that aging affects Tfh cell responses in humans which may contribute to age-associated inflammation and immune dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
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63
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Ye S, Wu J, Zhou L, Lv Z, Xie H, Zheng S. Interleukin-35: the future of hyperimmune-related diseases? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:285-91. [PMID: 23472662 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-35) is a newly identified heterodimeric cytokine belonging to the IL-12 family. It contains Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 subunit and IL-27 p35 subunit. Although its receptor and signaling pathway are not clear, we presumed that its receptor is composed by two chains that might be similar to those receptors of IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. We also believe that the signal transducer activator of transcription family members is involved in its signaling pathway. It was reported that IL-35 could suppress Teff cell proliferation and Th17 development. It was considered to have a potential therapeutic effect against immune diseases. In our perspective, the finding of IL-35 is of great significance, since it can regulate T cells, which is an important therapeutic target of immunological disorders. IL-35 would promote the development of different kinds of vaccines, even vaccine for special cancer, and be promising to cure autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyi Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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64
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Impact of microbes on autoimmune diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:175-86. [PMID: 23417246 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases arise as a consequence of complex interactions of environmental factors with genetic traits. Although specific allelic variations cluster in predisposed individuals and promote the generation and/or expansion of autoreactive T and B lymphocytes, autoimmunity appears in various disease phenotypes and localizes to diverging tissues. Furthermore, the discovery that allelic variations within genes encoding components of the innate immune system drive self-reactive immune responses as well, led to the distinction of immune responses against host tissues into autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In both categories of disorders, different pathogenic mechanisms and/or subsequent orders of tissue assaults may underlie the target cell specificity of the respective autoimmune attack. Furthermore, the transition from the initial tissue assault to the development of full-blown disease is likely driven by several factors. Thus, the development of specific forms of autoimmunity and autoinflammation reflects a multi-factorial process. The delineation of the specific factors involved in the pathogenic process is hampered by the fact that certain symptoms are assembled under the umbrella of a specific disease, although they might originate from diverging pathogenic pathways. These multi-factorial triggers and pathogenic pathways may also explain the inter-individual divergent courses and outcomes of diseases among humans. Here, we will discuss the impact of different environmental factors in general and microbial pathogens in particular on the regulation/expression of genes encoded within susceptibility alleles, and its consequences on subsequent autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory tissue damage utilizing primarily the chronic cholestatic liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis as model.
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65
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Okamoto A, Fujio K, Okamura T, Iwasaki Y, Yamamoto K. JAK inhibition and modulation of T cell function. Inflamm Regen 2013. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.33.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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66
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Sancho-Shimizu V, Perez de Diego R, Jouanguy E, Zhang SY, Casanova JL. Inborn errors of anti-viral interferon immunity in humans. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 1:487-96. [PMID: 22347990 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The three types of interferon (IFNs) are essential for immunity against at least some viruses in the mouse model of experimental infections, type I IFNs displaying the broadest and strongest anti-viral activity. Consistently, human genetic studies have shown that type II IFN is largely redundant for immunity against viruses in the course of natural infections. The precise contributions of human type I and III IFNs remain undefined. However, various inborn errors of anti-viral IFN immunity have been described, which can result in either broad or narrow immunological and viral phenotypes. The broad disorders impair the response to (STAT1, TYK2) or the production of at least type I and type III IFNs following multiple stimuli (NEMO), resulting in multiple viral infections at various sites, including herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). The narrow disorders impair exclusively (TLR3) or mostly (UNC-93B, TRIF, TRAF3) the TLR3-dependent induction of type I and III IFNs, leading to HSE in apparently otherwise healthy individuals. These recent discoveries highlight the importance of human type I and III IFNs in protective immunity against viruses, including the TLR3-IFN pathway in protection against HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U980, Necker Medical School, Paris 75015, France
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67
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Minogue AM, Barrett JP, Lynch MA. LPS-induced release of IL-6 from glia modulates production of IL-1β in a JAK2-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:126. [PMID: 22697788 PMCID: PMC3418561 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compelling evidence has implicated neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative conditions. Chronic activation of both astrocytes and microglia leads to excessive secretion of proinflammatory molecules such as TNF α, IL-6 and IL-1 β with potentially deleterious consequences for neuronal viability. Many signaling pathways involving the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor κ B (NF κ B) complex and the Janus kinases (JAKs)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)-1 have been implicated in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from glia. We sought to identify signaling kinases responsible for cytokine production and to delineate the complex interactions which govern time-related responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS We examined the time-related changes in certain signaling events and the release of proinflammatory cytokines from LPS-stimulated co-cultures of astrocytes and microglia isolated from neonatal rats. RESULTS TNF α was detected in the supernatant approximately 1 to 2 hours after LPS treatment while IL-1 β and IL-6 were detected after 2 to 3 and 4 to 6 hours, respectively. Interestingly, activation of NF κ B signaling preceded release of all cytokines while phosphorylation of STAT1 was evident only after 2 hours, indicating that activation of JAK/STAT may be important in the up-regulation of IL-6 production. Additionally, incubation of glia with TNF α induced both phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT1 and the interaction of JAK2 with the TNF α receptor (TNFR1). Co-treatment of glia with LPS and recombinant IL-6 protein attenuated the LPS-induced release of both TNF α and IL-1 β while potentiating the effect of LPS on suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3 expression and IL-10 release. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that TNF α may regulate IL-6 production through activation of JAK/STAT signaling and that the subsequent production of IL-6 may impact on the release of TNF α, IL-1 β and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aedín M Minogue
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Lloyd building, University of Dublin, Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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68
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Functional STAT3 deficiency compromises the generation of human T follicular helper cells. Blood 2012; 119:3997-4008. [PMID: 22403255 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-392985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical for providing the necessary signals to induce differentiation of B cells into memory and Ab-secreting cells. Accordingly, it is important to identify the molecular requirements for Tfh cell development and function. We previously found that IL-12 mediates the differentiation of human CD4(+) T cells to the Tfh lineage, because IL-12 induces naive human CD4(+) T cells to acquire expression of IL-21, BCL6, ICOS, and CXCR5, which typify Tfh cells. We have now examined CD4(+) T cells from patients deficient in IL-12Rβ1, TYK2, STAT1, and STAT3 to further explore the pathways involved in human Tfh cell differentiation. Although STAT1 was dispensable, mutations in IL12RB1, TYK2, or STAT3 compromised IL-12-induced expression of IL-21 by human CD4(+) T cells. Defective expression of IL-21 by STAT3-deficient CD4(+) T cells resulted in diminished B-cell helper activity in vitro. Importantly, mutations in STAT3, but not IL12RB1 or TYK2, also reduced Tfh cell generation in vivo, evidenced by decreased circulating CD4(+)CXCR5(+) T cells. These results highlight the nonredundant role of STAT3 in human Tfh cell differentiation and suggest that defective Tfh cell development and/or function contributes to the humoral defects observed in STAT3-deficient patients.
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69
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Orman MA, Ierapetritou MG, Berthiaume F, Androulakis IP. Long-term dynamic profiling of inflammatory mediators in double-hit burn and sepsis animal models. Cytokine 2012; 58:307-15. [PMID: 22402033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Burn injuries together with its subsequent complications, mainly bacterial infections originating from gastrointestinal tract, activate the host immune system through stimulation of a series of local and systemic responses, including the release of inflammatory mediators. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of these complex physiological changes and to propose therapeutic approaches to combat the deleterious consequences of burn and septic shocks, it is essential to analyze animal models of burn and sepsis. In this study, we analyzed the long term profiles of cytokines and chemokines in rat models which received burn injury followed 2 days later by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis and were sacrificed at different time points within 10 days (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 10 days). It was observed that MCP-1 concentrations were elevated in all animal models following the burn injury or CLP treatment. IP-10 concentration was persistently decreased after CLP or sham-CLP treatments. GRO/KC concentration was also increased following the burn injury and CLP. It was elucidated that, in more severe injury model which received both burn and CLP treatments, GMCSF and MIP-1α (chemokines), IL-1α (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) and IL-6 (exhibiting both pro- and anti-inflammatory behaviors) were upregulated on the 7th and 10th days, which might be to protect the host system from the subsequent complications caused by burn and sepsis. In order to elucidate critical regulatory interactions, putative transcription factors of the inflammatory mediators which have been significantly changed following the injuries were further identified by analyzing the conserved regions of the promoters of cytokines and chemokines. In conclusion, the long term profiles of the inflammatory mediators were profoundly characterized in this study to gain a comprehensive understanding of inflammatory mediators' behaviors in various injury models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Orman
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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70
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Evans JD, Crown RA, Sohn JA, Seeger C. West Nile virus infection induces depletion of IFNAR1 protein levels. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:253-63. [PMID: 21830897 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Productive virus infection requires evasion, inhibition, or subversion of innate immune responses. West Nile virus (WNV), a human pathogen that can cause symptomatic infections associated with meningitis and encephalitis, inhibits the interferon (IFN) signal transduction pathway by preventing phosphorylation of Janus kinases and STAT transcription factors. Inhibition of the IFN signal cascade abrogates activation of IFN-induced genes, thus attenuating an antiviral response. We investigated the mechanism responsible for this inhibition and found that WNV infection prevents accumulation of the IFN-α receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1). The WNV-induced depletion of IFNAR1 was conserved across multiple cell types. Our results indicated that expression of WNV nonstructural proteins resulted in activated lysosomal and proteasomal protein degradation pathways independent of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, WNV infection did not induce serine phosphorylation, a modification on IFNAR1 that precedes its natural turnover. These data demonstrate that WNV infection results in a reduction of IFNAR1 protein through a non-canonical protein degradation pathway, and may participate in the inhibition of the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Evans
- Institute for Cancer Research , Fox Chase Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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71
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Bossini-Castillo L, Martin JE, Broen J, Gorlova O, Simeón CP, Beretta L, Vonk MC, Callejas JL, Castellví I, Carreira P, García-Hernández FJ, Fernández Castro M, Coenen MJH, Riemekasten G, Witte T, Hunzelmann N, Kreuter A, Distler JHW, Koeleman BP, Voskuyl AE, Schuerwegh AJ, Palm Ø, Hesselstrand R, Nordin A, Airó P, Lunardi C, Scorza R, Shiels P, van Laar JM, Herrick A, Worthington J, Denton C, Tan FK, Arnett FC, Agarwal SK, Assassi S, Fonseca C, Mayes MD, Radstake TRDJ, Martin J. A GWAS follow-up study reveals the association of the IL12RB2 gene with systemic sclerosis in Caucasian populations. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:926-33. [PMID: 22076442 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the IL12RB2 locus showed a suggestive association signal in a previously published genome-wide association study (GWAS) in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Aiming to reveal the possible implication of the IL12RB2 gene in SSc, we conducted a follow-up study of this locus in different Caucasian cohorts. We analyzed 10 GWAS-genotyped SNPs in the IL12RB2 region (2309 SSc patients and 5161 controls). We then selected three SNPs (rs3790567, rs3790566 and rs924080) based on their significance level in the GWAS, for follow-up in an independent European cohort comprising 3344 SSc and 3848 controls. The most-associated SNP (rs3790567) was further tested in an independent cohort comprising 597 SSc patients and 1139 controls from the USA. After conditional logistic regression analysis of the GWAS data, we selected rs3790567 [P(MH)= 1.92 × 10(-5) odds ratio (OR) = 1.19] as the genetic variant with the firmest independent association observed in the analyzed GWAS peak of association. After the first follow-up phase, only the association of rs3790567 was consistent (P(MH)= 4.84 × 10(-3) OR = 1.12). The second follow-up phase confirmed this finding (P(χ2) = 2.82 × 10(-4) OR = 1.34). After performing overall pooled-analysis of all the cohorts included in the present study, the association found for the rs3790567 SNP in the IL12RB2 gene region reached GWAS-level significant association (P(MH)= 2.82 × 10(-9) OR = 1.17). Our data clearly support the IL12RB2 genetic association with SSc, and suggest a relevant role of the interleukin 12 signaling pathway in SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bossini-Castillo
- Instituto de ParasitologÍa y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Granada 18100, Spain.
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72
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Orman MA, Ierapetritou MG, Berthiaume F, Androulakis IP. The dynamics of the early inflammatory response in double-hit burn and sepsis animal models. Cytokine 2011; 56:494-502. [PMID: 21824784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe burn trauma is generally associated with bacterial infections, which causes a more persistent inflammatory response with an ongoing hypermetabolic and catabolic state. This complex biological response, mediated by chemokines and cytokines, can be more severe when excessive interactions between the mediators take place. In this study, the early inflammatory response following the cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) or its corresponding control treatment (sham-CLP or SCLP) in burn (B) male rats was analyzed by measuring 23 different cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines and chemokines, including MCP-1, IP-10, leptin, TNF-α, MIP-1α, IL-18, GMCSF, RANTES and GCSF were significantly altered in both B+CLP and B+SCLP groups. IL-10 and IL-6 were significantly up-regulated in the B+CLP group when compared to the B+SCLP group. Down regulation of leptin and IP-10 concentrations were found to be related to surgery and/or infection. IL-18 and MCP-1 were elevated in all groups including previously published single injury models receiving similar treatments. In this study, insult-specific mediators with their characteristic temporal patterns were elucidated in double hit models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Orman
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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73
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Kawabe K, Lindsay D, Braitch M, Fahey AJ, Showe L, Constantinescu CS. IL-12 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced T cell apoptosis by inducing GMEB1 and activating PI3K/Akt pathway. Immunobiology 2011; 217:118-23. [PMID: 21840619 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play a role in T cell survival, at least in part by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Glucocorticoid modulatory element binding protein (GMEB)1 and 2 are closely related proteins that modify the glucocorticoid receptor binding locus and thus modulate glucocorticoid-mediated gene induction effects, including apoptosis. GMEB1 associates with caspases and prevents apoptosis of cells in the nervous system. We have observed, in preliminary studies, that IL-12 up-regulates GMEB mRNA in human T cells, and postulated that this may contribute to the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-12 on T cells, in particular with regard to glucocorticoid induced apoptosis. Here, we confirm that IL-12 rescue of dexamethasone induced T cell apoptosis involves the PI3K/Akt pathway and that IL-12 induces GMEB1 and GMEB2. A siRNA knockdown of GMEB1 reverses the protective effect of IL-12 on dexamethasone induced T cell apoptosis. Thus, IL-12 protects T cells from glucocorticoid induced apoptosis via PI3K/Akt pathway and via induction of GMEB1, which is likely to reduce transactivation of the glucocorticoid receptor and induction of apoptotic genes. As glucocorticoid induced apoptosis occurs both in physiological and pathological/therapeutic situations, and IL-12 is actively involved in a variety of inflammatory and immune responses, the ability of IL-12 to inhibit steroid responses and increase T cell survival through GMEB1 has wide ranging implications. Manipulating GMEB may be used therapeutically to enhance the resistance or the sensitivity to steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyokazu Kawabe
- Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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74
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Ishizaki M, Muromoto R, Akimoto T, Ohshiro Y, Takahashi M, Sekine Y, Maeda H, Shimoda K, Oritani K, Matsuda T. Tyk2 deficiency protects joints against destruction in anti-type II collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice. Int Immunol 2011; 23:575-82. [PMID: 21765170 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase-2 (Tyk2) participates in the signaling pathways of multiple cytokines in innate and acquired immunity. In the present study, we investigated the in vivo involvement of Tyk2 in anti-type II collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) using Tyk2-deficient mice. Hind paws of wild-type mice showed massive swelling and erythema by arthritogenic antibody injection, whereas Tyk2-deficient mice did not show any signs of arthritis. Indeed, neither the infiltration of inflammatory cells nor the fibrillation of articular cartilages was observed in Tyk2-deficient mice. Tyk2 deficiency also reduced the production of T(h)1/T(h)17-related cytokines, the other proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteases, which are induced in the CAIA paw. Our results demonstrate a critical contribution of Tyk2 in the development of arthritis, and we propose that Tyk2 might be an important candidate for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ishizaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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75
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Akdis M, Burgler S, Crameri R, Eiwegger T, Fujita H, Gomez E, Klunker S, Meyer N, O'Mahony L, Palomares O, Rhyner C, Ouaked N, Quaked N, Schaffartzik A, Van De Veen W, Zeller S, Zimmermann M, Akdis CA. Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon-γ: receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:701-21.e1-70. [PMID: 21377040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advancing our understanding of mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections could lead to effective and targeted therapies. Subsets of immune and inflammatory cells interact via ILs and IFNs; reciprocal regulation and counter balance among T(h) and regulatory T cells, as well as subsets of B cells, offer opportunities for immune interventions. Here, we review current knowledge about ILs 1 to 37 and IFN-γ. Our understanding of the effects of ILs has greatly increased since the discoveries of monocyte IL (called IL-1) and lymphocyte IL (called IL-2); more than 40 cytokines are now designated as ILs. Studies of transgenic or knockout mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided important information about IL and IFN functions. We discuss their signaling pathways, cellular sources, targets, roles in immune regulation and cellular networks, roles in allergy and asthma, and roles in defense against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
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76
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Ishizaki M, Akimoto T, Muromoto R, Yokoyama M, Ohshiro Y, Sekine Y, Maeda H, Shimoda K, Oritani K, Matsuda T. Involvement of tyrosine kinase-2 in both the IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 axes in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:181-9. [PMID: 21606247 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase-2 (Tyk2), a member of the Jak family of kinases, mediates the signals triggered by various cytokines, including type I IFNs, IL-12, and IL-23. In the current study, we investigated the in vivo involvement of Tyk2 in several IL-12/Th1- and IL-23/Th17-mediated models of experimental diseases, including methylated BSA injection-induced footpad thickness, imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation, and dextran sulfate sodium- or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. In these disease models, Tyk2 deficiency influenced the phenotypes in immunity and/or inflammation. Our findings demonstrate a somewhat broader contribution of Tyk2 to immune systems than previously expected and suggest that Tyk2 may represent an important candidate for drug development by targeting both the IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ishizaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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77
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Huber JP, Farrar JD. Regulation of effector and memory T-cell functions by type I interferon. Immunology 2011; 132:466-74. [PMID: 21320124 PMCID: PMC3075500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) is comprised of a family of highly related molecules that exert potent antiviral activity by interfering with virus replication and spread. IFN-α/β secretion is tightly regulated through pathogen sensing pathways that are operative in most somatic cells. However, specialized antigen-presenting plasmacytoid dendritic cells are uniquely equipped with the capacity to secrete extremely high levels of IFN-α/β, suggesting a key role for this cytokine in priming adaptive T-cell responses. Recent studies in both mice and humans have demonstrated a role for IFN-α/β in directly influencing the fate of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during the initial phases of antigen recognition. As such, IFN-α/β, among other innate cytokines, is considered an important 'third signal' that shapes the effector and memory T-cell pool. Moreover, IFN-α/β also serves as a counter-regulator of T helper type 2 and type 17 responses, which may be important in the treatment of atopy and autoimmunity, and in the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Huber
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093, USA
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Hodge LS, Ansell SM. Jak/Stat Pathway in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2011; 11:112-4. [DOI: 10.3816/clml.2011.n.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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79
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Smit LS, Meyer DJ, Argetsinger LS, Schwartz J, Carter‐Su C. Molecular Events in Growth Hormone–Receptor Interaction and Signaling. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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80
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Pulecio J, Petrovic J, Prete F, Chiaruttini G, Lennon-Dumenil AM, Desdouets C, Gasman S, Burrone OR, Benvenuti F. Cdc42-mediated MTOC polarization in dendritic cells controls targeted delivery of cytokines at the immune synapse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2719-32. [PMID: 21059854 PMCID: PMC2989776 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The immune synapse (IS) forms as dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells interact in lymph nodes during initiation of adaptive immunity. Factors that contribute to the formation and maintenance of IS stability and function have been mostly studied in T cells, whereas little is known about events occurring during synapse formation in DCs. Here, we show that DCs activated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists reorient the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) toward the interacting T cell during antigen-specific synapse formation through a mechanism that depends on the Rho GTPase Cdc42. IL-12, a pivotal cytokine produced by DCs, is found enriched around the MTOC at early time points after TLR ligation and is dragged to the DC-T cell interface in antigen-specific synapses. Synaptic delivery of IL-12 induces activation of pSTAT4 and IFN-γ neosynthesis in CD8(+) naive T cells engaged in antigen-specific conjugates and promotes the survival of antigen-primed T cells. We propose that DC polarization increases the local concentration of proinflammatory mediators at the IS and that this represents a new mechanism by which T cell priming is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Pulecio
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
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81
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Oyamada A, Ikebe H, Itsumi M, Saiwai H, Okada S, Shimoda K, Iwakura Y, Nakayama KI, Iwamoto Y, Yoshikai Y, Yamada H. Tyrosine Kinase 2 Plays Critical Roles in the Pathogenic CD4 T Cell Responses for the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7539-46. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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82
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Yoshida K, Yang GX, Zhang W, Tsuda M, Tsuneyama K, Moritoki Y, Ansari AA, Okazaki K, Lian ZX, Coppel RL, Mackay IR, Gershwin ME. Deletion of interleukin-12p40 suppresses autoimmune cholangitis in dominant negative transforming growth factor beta receptor type II mice. Hepatology 2009; 50:1494-500. [PMID: 19676134 PMCID: PMC2783300 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our laboratory has reported that mice that express a dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor restricted to T cells (dnTGFbetaRII) develop an inflammatory biliary ductular disease with elevated serum levels of interleukin (IL)-12p40 and other proinflammatory cytokines and antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) closely resembling human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We have used this mouse model to address the potential mechanisms of immunomodulation of liver disease by creating two unique genetic strains: IL-12p40 knockout (KO)-dnTGFbetaRII mice and IFN-gamma KO-dnTGFbetaRII mice. The two colonies of genetically modified mice-and, for purposes of controls, the dnTGFbetaRII mice-were monitored for liver immunopathology, AMAs, and intrahepatic cytokine production. Disease expression in the IFN-gamma KO-dnTGFbetaRII mice, including liver immunopathology, were similar to those of dnTGFbetaRII mice, whereas the IL-12p40 KO-dnTGFbetaRII mice had a dramatic reduction in histological autoimmune cholangitis and significant decreases in levels of intrahepatic proinflammatory cytokines, but similar levels of AMAs compared with dnTGFbetaRII controls. CONCLUSION These data indicate that in this mouse model of PBC, signaling by way of IL-12p40 is an essential requirement for the development of autoimmune cholangitis. The results of these studies will play an important role in identifying pathways and reagents that will selectively inhibit IL-12 signaling for the outlining of future therapeutic strategies for human PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshida
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Masanobu Tsuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology (I), University of Toyama School of Medicine, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian R. Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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83
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Zhuang Y, Huang Z, Nishida J, Zhang L, Huang H. Signaling pathways that lead to the silencing of the interleukin-4-producing potential in Th1 cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 29:399-406. [PMID: 19450151 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to develop the most effective Th1 immunity, naïve CD4(+) T cells must acquire the capacity to induce the expression of IFN-gamma and to silence Th2 cytokine-producing potential. Although the IFN-gamma-STAT1 and the IL-12-STAT4 pathways have been demonstrated to be important in inducing the IFN-gamma-producing capacity in Th1 cells, their respective roles in silencing the IL-4-producing potential in Th1 cells remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the IFN-gamma and the IL-12 pathways in silencing the IL-4-producing potential in Th1 cells. We found that IFN-gamma was essential to silence the IL-4-producing potential in Th1 cells, while IL-12 only partially suppressed the IL-4-producing potential. IFN-gamma depended on STAT1 and IL-12 depended on STAT4 to suppress the IL-4-producing potential. We showed that the IL-12-STAT4 pathway and the IFN-gamma-STAT1 pathway converge at the point of T-bet. Our study demonstrates that the IFN-gamma-STAT1-T-bet signaling pathway is the major pathway that leads to silencing the IL-4-producing potential of Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Zhuang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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84
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Garcia CA, Wang H, Benakanakere MR, Barrett E, Kinane DF, Martin M. c-jun controls the ability of IL-12 to induce IL-10 production from human memory CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4475-82. [PMID: 19734233 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IL-12p70 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has been shown to induce IL-10 production from CD4+ T cells, yet the underlying cellular mechanisms controlling this process are poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that IL-12p70 induces IL-10 production from human memory CD4+ T cells via a PI3K-dependent signaling mechanism. Specifically, stimulation of human memory CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-12p70 lead to increased PI3K activity and the subsequent phosphorylation and inactivation of the downstream constitutively active serine/threonine kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta). Inhibition of PI3K prevented the inactivation of GSK3beta by IL-12p70, as well as the subsequent ability of IL-12p70 to augment IL-10 levels by memory CD4+ T cells. Moreover, ectopic expression of a constitutively active form of GSK3beta abrogated the ability of IL-12p70 to increase IL-10 production by TCR-stimulated CD4+ T cells. In contrast, direct inhibition of GSK3 mimicked the effect of IL-12p70 on IL-10 production by memory CD4+ T cells. Analysis of downstream transcription factors identified that the ability of IL-12p70 to inactivate GSK3beta lead to increased levels of c-jun. The ability of IL-12p70 to inactivate GSK3beta and induce c-jun levels was required for IL-12 to augment IL-10 production by human memory CD4+ T cells, since small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing of c-jun abrogated this process. These studies identify the cellular mechanism by which IL-12 induces IL-10 production from human memory CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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85
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Abstract
As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing natural killer (NK) cell activity increases, their potential in cancer immunotherapy is growing increasingly prominent. This review analyses the currently available preclinical and clinical data regarding NK cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches in cancer starting from a historical background and an overview of molecular mechanisms taking part in NK cell responses. The status of NK cells in cancer patients, currently investigated clinical applications such as in vivo modulation of NK cell activity, ex vivo purification/expansion and adoptive transfer as well as future possibilities such as genetic modifications are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sutlu
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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86
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Spach KM, Noubade R, McElvany B, Hickey WF, Blankenhorn EP, Teuscher C. A single nucleotide polymorphism in Tyk2 controls susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7776-83. [PMID: 19494301 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genes controlling immunopathologic diseases of differing etiopathology may also influence susceptibility to autoimmune disease. B10.D1-H2(q)/SgJ mice with a 2538 G-->A missense mutation in the tyrosine kinase-2 gene (Tyk2) are susceptible to Toxoplasma gondii yet resistant to autoimmune arthritis, unlike the wild-type B10.Q/Ai substrain. To understand whether Tyk2 is also important in a second autoimmune model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in B10.D1-H2(q)/SgJ (Tyk2(A)) and B10.Q/Ai (Tyk2(G)) mice with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 79-96. B10.D1-H2(q)/SgJ mice were resistant to EAE whereas B10.Q/Ai mice were susceptible, and a single copy of the Tyk2(G) allele conferred EAE susceptibility in F(1) hybrids. Furthermore, EAE resistance in B10.D1-H2(q)/SgJ mice was overridden when pertussis toxin (PTX) was used to mimic the effects of environmental factors derived from infectious agents. Numerous cytokines and chemokines were increased when PTX was included in the immunization protocol. However, only RANTES, IL-6, and IFN-gamma increased significantly with both genetic compensation and PTX treatment. These data indicate that Tyk2 is a shared autoimmune disease susceptibility gene whose genetic contribution to disease susceptibility can be modified by environmental factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms like the one that distinguishes Tyk2 alleles are of considerable significance given the potential role of gene-by-environment interactions in autoimmune disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Spach
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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87
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Abstract
The Janus family kinases (Jaks), Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Tyk2, form one subgroup of the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases. They are involved in cell growth, survival, development, and differentiation of a variety of cells but are critically important for immune cells and hematopoietic cells. Data from experimental mice and clinical observations have unraveled multiple signaling events mediated by Jaks in innate and adaptive immunity. Deficiency of Jak3 or Tyk2 results in defined clinical disorders, which are also evident in mouse models. A striking phenotype associated with inactivating Jak3 mutations is severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, whereas mutation of Tyk2 results in another primary immunodeficiency termed autosomal recessive hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. By contrast, complete deletion of Jak1 or Jak2 in the mouse are not compatible with life and, unsurprisingly, do not have counterparts in human disease. However, activating mutations of each of the Jaks are found in association with malignant transformation, the most common being gain-of-function mutations of Jak2 in polycythemia vera and other myeloproliferative disorders. Our existing knowledge on Jak signaling pathways and fundamental work on their biochemical structure and intracellular interactions allow us to develop new strategies for controlling autoimmune diseases or malignancies by developing selective Jak inhibitors, which are now coming into clinical use. Despite the fact that Jaks were discovered only a little more than a decade ago, at the time of writing there are 20 clinical trials underway testing the safety and efficacy of Jak inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Ghoreschi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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88
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Alcón VL, Luther C, Balce D, Takei F. B-cell co-receptor CD72 is expressed on NK cells and inhibits IFN-gamma production but not cytotoxicity. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:826-32. [PMID: 19197938 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
NK cells have two main functions, namely cell-mediated cytotoxicity and production of cytokines. Multiple inhibitory receptors that regulate NK-cell cytotoxicity have been characterized whereas little is known about receptors regulating cytokine production. Here we report that CD72, which is considered to be an important co-receptor regulating B-cell activation, is also expressed on mouse NK cells. NK cells expressing high levels of CD72, upon stimulation with IL-12 and IL-18 or target cells, produce significantly less IFN-gamma than those expressing low levels of CD72, whereas both subsets are equally cytotoxic. Ectopic expression of CD72 in the murine NK-cell line KY2 inhibits cytokine-induced IFN-gamma production, and the inhibitory effect is diminished by mutations in the inhibitory motifs in the intracellular domain or replacement of the extracellular domain of CD72. Thus, CD72 is an inhibitory receptor on NK cells regulating cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria L Alcón
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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89
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Zhang SY, Boisson-Dupuis S, Chapgier A, Yang K, Bustamante J, Puel A, Picard C, Abel L, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL. Inborn errors of interferon (IFN)-mediated immunity in humans: insights into the respective roles of IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, and IFN-lambda in host defense. Immunol Rev 2009; 226:29-40. [PMID: 19161414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) was originally identified as a substance 'interfering' with viral replication in vitro. The first IFNs to be identified were classified as type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta and related molecules), two other types have since been identified: type II IFN (IFN-gamma) and type III IFNs (IFN-lambda). Each IFN binds to one of three type-specific receptors. In the mouse model of experimental infections in vivo, IFN-alpha/beta are essential for immunity to most viruses tested, whereas IFN-gamma is important for immunity to a smaller number of viruses, together with bacteria, fungi, and parasites, consistent with IFN-gamma acting as the 'macrophage activating factor.' The precise role of IFN-lambda remains unclear. In recent years, inborn errors affecting the production of, or the response to, IFNs have been reported in human patients, shedding light onto the function of IFNs in natura. Disorders of IFN-gamma production, caused by IL12B, IL12RB1, and specific NEMO mutations, or of IFN-gamma responses, caused by IFNGR1, IFNGR2, and dominant STAT1 mutations, confer predisposition to mycobacterial disease in patients resistant to most viruses. By contrast, disorders of IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda production, caused by UNC93B1 and TLR3 mutations, confer predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in otherwise healthy patients. Consistently, patients with impaired responses to IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, and presumably IFN-lambda (carrying recessive mutations in STAT1), or with impaired responses to IFN-alpha/beta and impaired IFN-gamma production (carrying mutations in TYK2), or with impaired production of IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, and IFN-lambda (carrying specific mutations in NEMO), are vulnerable to mycobacterial and viral infections, including HSE. These experiments of nature suggest that the three types of IFNs play at least two different roles in host defense. IFN-gamma is essential for anti-mycobacterial immunity, whereas IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda are essential for anti-viral immunity. Future studies in humans aim to define the specific roles of IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda types and individual molecules in host defense in natura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, U550, Paris, France, EU
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90
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Jiang JK, Ghoreschi K, Deflorian F, Chen Z, Perreira M, Pesu M, Smith J, Nguyen DT, Liu EH, Leister W, Costanzi S, O'Shea JJ, Thomas CJ. Examining the chirality, conformation and selective kinase inhibition of 3-((3R,4R)-4-methyl-3-(methyl(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile (CP-690,550). J Med Chem 2009; 51:8012-8. [PMID: 19053756 DOI: 10.1021/jm801142b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we examine the significance that stereochemistry plays within the clinically relevant Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) inhibitor 1 (CP-690,550). A synthesis of all four enantiopure stereoisomers of the drug was carried out and an examination of each compound revealed that only the enantiopure 3R,4R isomer was capable of blocking Stat5 phosphorylation (Jak3 dependent). Each compound was profiled across a panel of over 350 kinases, which revealed a high level of selectivity for the Jak family kinases for these related compounds. Each stereoisomer retained a degree of binding to Jak3 and Jak2 and the 3R,4S and 3S,4R stereoisomers were further revealed to have binding affinity for selected members of the STE7 and STE20 subfamily of kinases. Finally, an appraisal of the minimum energy conformation of each stereoisomer and molecular docking at Jak3 was performed in an effort to better understand each compounds selectivity and potency profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-kang Jiang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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91
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines provide important intercellular signals in inflammation, immunity and tumor and endothelial cell biology. Several cytokines have therapeutic potential when delivered exogenously alone or in combinations with chemotherapy or other biological agents. OBJECTIVES To summarize current data on the biology and therapeutic use of human cytokines in malignancy. METHODS The review focuses on the most important physiological and pathological functions of each cytokine and a unifying concept for its potential role in human malignancy based on preclinical models and current published literature. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-2 is the model cytokine for the study of other cytokines that have similar or distinct properties with potential for superior therapeutic uses. Ongoing studies of cytokine networks involved in normal and pathological processes, along with enhanced knowledge of mechanisms of counterregulation and resistance, will guide future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Margolin
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Division of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91001, USA.
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92
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Abstract
Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a complex primary immunodeficiency characterized by high serum IgE, chronic eczematoid dermatitis, and recurrent extracellular bacterial infections. Two types of HIES have been reported: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 HIES displays abnormalities in multiple systems, including the skeletal, dental, and immune systems, whereas type 2 shows abnormalities confined to the immune system. We recently identified hypomorphic mutations in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene in type 1 HIES and a null mutation in the tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) gene, accompanied by susceptibility to intracellular bacteria in type 2 HIES. Analyses of cytokine responses in both types of HIES revealed that severe defects in the signal transduction for multiple cytokines, including interleukin-6 and interleukin-23, are leading to impaired T-helper type 17 function. These findings suggest that HIES is caused by the defects in multiple cytokine signals and that the susceptibility to various infections in HIES is associated with the T-helper type 17 defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Minegishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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93
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Goebel J, Forrest K, Wills-Karp M, Roszman TL. Tubulin Polymerization Modulates Interleukin-2 Receptor Signal Transduction in Human T Cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 26:87-106. [PMID: 16595340 DOI: 10.1080/10799890600567372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Few data exist on the modulation of cytokine receptor signaling by the actin or tubulin cytoskeleton. Therefore, we studied interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) signaling in phytohemagglutinine (PHA)-pretreated human T cells in the context of alterations in the cytoskeletal system induced by cytochalasin D (CyD), jasplaklinolide (Jas), taxol (Tax), or colchicine (Col). We found that changes in cytoskeletal tubulin polymerization altered the strength of several IL-2-triggered signals. Moreover, Tax-induced tubulin hyperpolymerization augmented the surface expression of the IL-2R ss -chain and enhanced the association of the IL-2R beta -chain with cytoskeletal tubulin. The IL-2R beta-chain, in turn, was constitutively associated with tubulin and, more weakly, actin. To exclude the possibility that these associations are artifacts caused by PHA, we confirmed them in T cells from TCR-transgenic DO 11.10 mice stimulated with their nominal antigen. We conclude that altered polymerization of cytoskeletal components, especially tubulin, is accompanied by modulation of IL-2 signaling at the receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Goebel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Jens.Goebel@cchmc
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94
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Chini CC, Leibson PJ. Signal transduction during natural killer cell activation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2008; Chapter 9:Unit 9.16. [PMID: 18770753 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0916s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of transmembrane signaling during NK-cell activation has greatly expanded during the past few years. The discovery and characterization of novel triggering and inhibitory receptors have revealed the complexity of these processes. This unit focuses on receptor-initiated signaling pathways that modulate NK functions. Establishing the roles of different signaling pathways in NK cells is a crucial step in the design of therapeutic approaches for selective enhancement or suppression of NK-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chini
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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95
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Ebert EC, Jabri B. Massive interleukin-12-induced interferon-gamma production by interleukin-15-stimulated lamina propria lymphocytes followed by down-regulation of the interleukin-12 receptor. Immunology 2008; 124:453-60. [PMID: 18540964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal immune response must differentiate between harmless foreign antigens and pathogens, a distinction that may depend upon changes in the cytokine milieu. A key cytokine in the adaptive immune response is interleukin-12 (IL-12), secreted by antigen-presenting cells (APC) immediately after encounter with a pathogen. IL-12 is important in the priming and polarization of naïve T cells. Here, we show that IL-12 and IL-15 direct human intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) in the absence of T-cell receptor engagement to secrete extremely high amounts of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), greater than with any other stimulus. The functional synergy of IL-12 with IL-15 surprisingly operates independently of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT3, STAT4, or STAT5 phosphorylation and occurs during transcription. Four-colour immunofluorescence showed that IL-12 receptor beta1 is found on the CD4+ T cells expressing intracytoplasmic IFN-gamma. Importantly, IL-12 receptors beta1 and beta2 are not up-regulated by IL-12, unlike findings using antigen-specific T cells, and are lost over time. This study demonstrates the early and massive IFN-gamma response of LPL to IL-12 and IL-15, providing the tools to deal with a pathogen. The down-regulation of IL-12 receptors may curtail any excess damaging inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Ebert
- UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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96
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Xu H, An H, Hou J, Han C, Wang P, Yu Y, Cao X. Phosphatase PTP1B negatively regulates MyD88- and TRIF-dependent proinflammatory cytokine and type I interferon production in TLR-triggered macrophages. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3545-52. [PMID: 18571728 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary sensors to detect conserved patterns on microorganisms, thus acting as the important components of innate immunity against invading pathogens. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) has been shown to be a critical negative regulator of insulin pathway and other cellular signaling, however, whether and how PTP1B regulates TLR-triggered innate response remain to be investigated. We report here that PTP1B can markedly decrease TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-beta production by macrophages stimulated with LPS, CpG ODN, or Poly I:C. Accordingly, knockdown of endogenous PTP1B expression increases production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-beta in macrophages stimulated with TLR ligands. Phosphatase activity-disrupted mutant PTP1B cannot inhibit TLR-triggered production of proinflammatory cytokines and IFN-beta, indicating PTP1B exerts its suppressive activity in phosphatase-dependent manner. PTP1B inhibits TLR ligands-induced activation of MAPKs, NF-kappaB, and IRF3, furthermore, co-transfection of PTP1B inhibits both MyD88- and TRIF-induced transcription of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta reporter genes in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, PTP1B inhibits LPS-induced Tyk2 and STAT1 activation. Therefore, we demonstrate that phosphatase PTP1B is a physiological negative regulator of TLR signaling via suppression of both MyD88- and TRIF-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokine and IFN-beta in macrophages. Our results provide new mechanistic explanation for negative regulation TLR response and suggest PTP1B as a potential target for the intervention of the inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Xu
- Institute of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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97
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Bessoles S, Fouret F, Dudal S, Besra GS, Sanchez F, Lafont V. IL-2 triggers specific signaling pathways in human NKT cells leading to the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:224-33. [PMID: 18456817 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1007669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
NKT cells belong to a conserved T lymphocyte subgroup that has been implicated in the regulation of various immune responses, including responses to viruses, bacteria, and parasites. They express a semi-invariant TCR that recognizes glycolipids presented by the nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like molecule CD1d, and upon activation, they produce various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have shed light on the nature of glycolipids and the environmental signals that may influence the production of cytokines by NKT cells and thus, modulate the immune response. To better understand the regulation mechanisms of NKT cells, we explored their behavior following activation by IL-2 and investigated the signaling pathways and biological responses triggered. We demonstrated that IL-2 activates not only STAT3 and -5 and the PI-3K and ERK-2 pathways as in all IL-2 responder cells but also STAT4 as in NK cells and the p38 MAPK pathway as in alphabeta T cells. We also showed that STAT6 is activated by IL-2 in NKT cells. Moreover, IL-2 induces the production of IFN-gamma and IL-4. The ability of IL-2 to induce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, in addition to proliferation, could open new therapeutic approaches for use in combination with molecules that activate NKT cells through TCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bessoles
- Université Montpellier I, Centre d'étude d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, CNRS UMR 5236, Montpellier, France
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98
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Chini CC, Leibson PJ. Signal transduction during natural killer cell activation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2008; Chapter 11:Unit 11.9B. [PMID: 18432709 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1109bs35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes that can mediate cytotoxicity of certain tumor cells, virus-infected cells, and normal cells. In addition to their cytotoxic potential, NK cells secrete a variety of cytokines and chemokines that can modulate the function, growth, and differentiation of other immune cells. These different responses are initiated by the interaction of specific NK surface receptors with defined soluble or cell-associated ligands. There are several different types of receptors on the NK cell surface including "triggering" receptors, adhesion molecules, cytokine receptors, and MHC-recognizing killer-cell inhibitory receptors. The functional response of an NK cell is the result of the integration of signals transduced by these different types of receptors. Some of these signaling pathways are similar to other lymphoid cells, but there are also unique features employed by NK cells. This overview focuses on receptor-initiated signaling pathways that modulate NK functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chini
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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99
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Marquet S, Doumbo O, Cabantous S, Poudiougou B, Argiro L, Safeukui I, Konate S, Sissoko S, Chevereau E, Traore A, Keita MM, Chevillard C, Abel L, Dessein AJ. A functional promoter variant in IL12B predisposes to cerebral malaria. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2190-2195. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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100
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Brahmachari S, Pahan K. Role of cytokine p40 family in multiple sclerosis. Minerva Med 2008; 99:105-118. [PMID: 18431321 PMCID: PMC2570259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades of neuro-immunological research, the p40 family of cytokines has emerged out as one of the most intriguing areas of interest because of multi-faceted roles of these cytokine in immune-modulation and inflammation. The IL-12, the most widely studied cytokine of this family, is well-characterized for its Th1-favoring activity, and therefore plays a key role in the pathophysiology of Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). On the other hand, the IL-23, another member of the p40 family with shared p40 subunit, drives polarization of Th17, a subset of T cell suspected to have a key role in the pathophysiology of MS and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), poses a challenge to our current understanding of Th1/Th2 hypotheses in autoimmune diseases. However, the more puzzling issues, the researchers are currently confronted with, are the biological roles of other two members of this family, the p40 monomer and the p40(2), the homodimer. Predominance of the mRNA level of p40 over p35 in the central nervous system of EAE and MS suggests a possible involvement of p40 in the pathogenesis of MS. However, the distinctive biological role of monomeric and dimeric form of p40 is not clearly understood yet. Initially, it was thought that p402 does not have any biological activity and only involved in antagonizing bioactive IL-12 but according to recent evidences, both p402 and p40 appear to have a proinflammatory role, therefore might be a crucial molecule in the pathogenesis of MS. The current review focuses on biological function of p40 family of cytokines with particular emphasis on MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brahmachari
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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