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Qiu Y, Chen J, Liao H, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li S, Luo Y, Fang D, Li G, Zhou B, Shen L, Chen CY, Huang D, Cai J, Cao K, Jiang L, Zeng G, Chen ZW. Tim-3-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in human tuberculosis (TB) exhibit polarized effector memory phenotypes and stronger anti-TB effector functions. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002984. [PMID: 23144609 PMCID: PMC3493466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immune responses modulated by T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans remain poorly understood. Here, we found that active TB patients exhibited increases in numbers of Tim-3-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which preferentially displayed polarized effector memory phenotypes. Consistent with effector phenotypes, Tim-3+CD4+ and Tim-3+CD8+ T-cell subsets showed greater effector functions for producing Th1/Th22 cytokines and CTL effector molecules than Tim-3− counterparts, and Tim-3-expressing T cells more apparently limited intracellular Mtb replication in macrophages. The increased effector functions for Tim-3-expressing T cells consisted with cellular activation signaling as Tim-3+CD4+ and Tim-3+CD8+ T-cell subsets expressed much higher levels of phosphorylated signaling molecules p38, stat3, stat5, and Erk1/2 than Tim-3- controls. Mechanistic experiments showed that siRNA silencing of Tim-3 or soluble Tim-3 treatment interfering with membrane Tim-3-ligand interaction reduced de novo production of IFN-γ and TNF-α by Tim-3-expressing T cells. Furthermore, stimulation of Tim-3 signaling pathways by antibody cross-linking of membrane Tim-3 augmented effector function of IFN-γ production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggesting that Tim-3 signaling helped to drive stronger effector functions in active TB patients. This study therefore uncovered a previously unknown mechanism for T-cell immune responses regulated by Tim-3, and findings may have implications for potential immune intervention in TB. Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell effector functions producing Th1 or cytotoxic cytokines are required to mount anti-mycobacterial immunity, insufficiency or failure to mount anti-mycobacterial effector functions by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells may lead to impaired immunity against TB. Therefore, it is important to elucidate functional characteristics and regulatory pathways for Mtb-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during immune responses to Mtb infection. It was postulated that T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) might represent a T-cell exhaustion marker, and expression of Tim-3 on T cells may be linked to progressive loss of secretion of cytokines. Thus, Tim-3 expression on T cells might correlate with T-cell dysfunction and disease pathogenic events. However, T-cell immune responses modulated by Tim-3 in human TB disease remain poorly understood. Here, we found that up-regulation of Tim-3 expression in active human TB disease allows CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to mount stronger, but not impaired, anti-mycobacterium effector functions. This study therefore uncovers a previously unknown mechanism for T-cell immune responses regulated by Tim-3, and has an important implication for TB diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department for Clinical Microbiological Assays, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongying Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomotology, Guanghua School of Stomotology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyun Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guobao Li
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Hepatology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jiye Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Lee J, Lee SY, Won DI, Cha SI, Park JY, Kim CH. Comparison of whole-blood interferon-γ assay and flow cytometry for the detection of tuberculosis infection. J Infect 2012; 66:338-45. [PMID: 23010554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited data exist about the performance of the intracellular cytokine flow cytometry (ICCFC) with respect to that of the commercial interferon-γ release assay for the detection of tuberculosis (TB) infection. Here, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of an ICCFC with that of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) test for the detection of TB in a clinical setting. METHODS Eighty-nine patients suspected of having TB were prospectively included. Both the QFT-IT test and ICCFC were performed for all subjects (TB [n = 65] and non-TB [n = 24]). Ten healthy controls who tested negative by QFT-IT were also assessed by ICCFC. RESULTS The sensitivity of the ICCFC was significantly superior to that of the QFT-IT test (91% vs. 78%, p = 0.021). The clinical characteristics of patients in whom the ICCFC exhibited superior sensitivity compared to the QFT-IT test included advanced age, lymphocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, increased C-reactive protein level, a positive acid-fast bacilli smear of respiratory specimens, and radiographically more extensive disease. CONCLUSIONS ICCFC might be a preferable technique for the detection of TB infection, particularly in patients with conditions associated with impaired performance of the QFT-IT test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea
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53
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Effect of vitamin D3 on chemokine expression in pulmonary tuberculosis. Cytokine 2012; 60:212-9. [PMID: 22800603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1,25 Dihydroxy vitamin D(3) (vitamin D(3)) is an immunomodulator and its deficiency has been associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis. We have studied the immunoregulatory role of vitamin D(3) on various chemokine expression in pulmonary tuberculosis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 21 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients and 24 healthy controls (HCs) were cultured for 48 h with culture filtrate antigen (CFA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with or without vitamin D(3) at a concentration 1 × 10(-7)M. The relative mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α, CCL3), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β, CCL4), and regulated upon-activation, normal T cell-expressed and secreted (RANTES, CCL5) and IFN-γ inducible protein-10 (IP-10, CXCL10) chemokines were estimated from 48 h old macrophages using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The culture supernatants were used to estimate the various chemokines including monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG, CXCL9) levels using cytometric bead array. In HCs, vitamin D(3) significantly suppressed the MCP-1 mRNA expression of CFA stimulated cells (p=0.0027), while no such effect was observed in PTB patients. Vitamin D(3) showed no significant effect on MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES in both the study groups. The CFA induced IP-10 mRNA and protein expression was significantly suppressed by vitamin D(3) in both the study groups (p<0.05). A similar suppressive effect of vitamin D(3) was observed with MIG protein in healthy controls (p=0.0029) and a trend towards a suppression was observed in PTB patients. The suppressive effect of vitamin D(3) is more prominent in CXC chemokines rather than CC chemokines. This suggests that vitamin D(3) may down regulate the recruitment and activation of T-cells through CXC chemokines at the site of infection and may act as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
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54
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Lee J, Lee SY, Yoo SS, Cha SI, Won DI, Park JY, Lee WK, Kim CH. Clinical value of whole-blood interferon-gamma assay in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis and AFB smear- and polymerase chain reaction-negative bronchial aspirates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 73:252-6. [PMID: 22541790 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Combining a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test with bronchoscopy is frequently performed to allow a rapid diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). However, limited data are available concerning clinical judgment in patients with suspected PTB and AFB smear- and PCR-negative bronchial aspirates (BA). The present study evaluated the usefulness of whole-blood QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) testing in these patients. Of 166 patients with suspected PTB who had undergone bronchoscopy because of smear-negative sputum or inadequate sputum production, 93 (56%) were diagnosed with culture-positive PTB. Seventy-four patients were either AFB smear- or PCR-positive. In the 75 patients whose BA AFB smear and PCR results were both negative, 19 were finally diagnosed with PTB by culture. The QFT test had a negative predictive value of 91% for PTB. The QFT test may be useful for excluding PTB in patients with suspected PTB whose BA AFB smear and PCR results are both negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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55
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Chen CY, Huang D, Yao S, Halliday L, Zeng G, Wang RC, Chen ZW. IL-2 simultaneously expands Foxp3+ T regulatory and T effector cells and confers resistance to severe tuberculosis (TB): implicative Treg-T effector cooperation in immunity to TB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4278-88. [PMID: 22474020 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The possibility that simultaneous expansion of T regulatory cells (Treg) and T effector cells early postinfection can confer some immunological benefits has not been studied. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that early, simultaneous cytokine expansion of Treg and T effector cells in a tissue infection site can allow these T cell populations to act in concert to control tissue inflammation/damage while containing infection. IL-2 treatments early after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of macaques induced simultaneous expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg, CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells, and CD4(+) T effector/CD8(+) T effector/Vγ2Vδ2 T effector populations producing anti-M. tuberculosis cytokines IFN-γ and perforin, and conferred resistance to severe TB inflammation and lesions. IL-2-expanded Foxp3(+) Treg readily accumulated in pulmonary compartment, but despite this, rapid pulmonary trafficking/accumulation of IL-2-activated T effector populations still occurred. Such simultaneous recruitments of IL-2-expanded Treg and T effector populations to pulmonary compartment during M. tuberculosis infection correlated with IL-2-induced resistance to TB lesions without causing Treg-associated increases in M. tuberculosis burdens. In vivo depletion of IL-2-expanded CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg and CD4(+) T effectors during IL-2 treatment of M. tuberculosis-infected macaques significantly reduced IL-2-induced resistance to TB lesions, suggesting that IL-2-expanded CD4(+) T effector cells and Treg contributed to anti-TB immunity. Thus, IL-2 can simultaneously activate and expand T effector cells and Foxp3(+) Treg populations and confer resistance to severe TB without enhancing M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Y Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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56
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Heparin-binding hemagglutinin induces IFN-γ(+) IL-2(+) IL-17(+) multifunctional CD4(+) T cells during latent but not active tuberculosis disease. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:746-51. [PMID: 22461525 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00047-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) protein induces a potent gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response in latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and is a candidate vaccine and diagnostic antigen. We have assessed HBHA-specific intracellular IFN-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-17 production by CD4(+) T cells in TB cases and household contacts (HHCs) as well as the level of secreted IFN-γ in whole-blood culture supernatant. HHCs were further classified as tuberculin skin test (TST) positive or negative, and the group was also divided as HIV positive or negative. Our study revealed that HBHA induces multifunctional IFN-γ-, IL-2-, and IL-17-coexpressing CD4(+) T cells in HHCs but not in active TB cases; however, IFN-γ levels in culture supernatant did not differ between participant groups. Further studies are needed to completely understand how HBHA induces immune responses in different disease groups.
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Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are used to model human disease owing to their remarkably similar genomes, physiology, and immune systems. Recently, there has been an increased interest in modeling tuberculosis (TB) in NHPs. Macaques are susceptible to infection with different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), producing the full spectrum of disease conditions, including latent infection, chronic progressive infection, and acute TB, depending on the route and dose of infection. Clearly, NHPs are an excellent model of human TB. While the initial aim of the NHP model was to allow preclinical testing of candidate vaccines and drugs, it is now also being used to study pathogenesis and immune correlates of protection. Recent advances in this field are discussed in this review. Key questions such as the effect of hypoxia on the biology of Mtb and the basis of reactivation of latent TB can now be investigated through the use of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kaushal
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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58
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Aranday-Cortes E, Hogarth PJ, Kaveh DA, Whelan AO, Villarreal-Ramos B, Lalvani A, Vordermeier HM. Transcriptional profiling of disease-induced host responses in bovine tuberculosis and the identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30626. [PMID: 22359547 PMCID: PMC3281027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTb) remains a major and economically important disease of livestock. Improved ante-mortem diagnostic tools would help to underpin novel control strategies. The definition of biomarkers correlating with disease progression could have impact on the rational design of novel diagnostic approaches for bTb. We have used a murine bTb model to identify promising candidates in the host transcriptome post-infection. RNA from in vitro-stimulated splenocytes and lung cells from BALB/c mice infected aerogenically with Mycobacterium bovis were probed with high-density microarrays to identify possible biomarkers of disease. In antigen-stimulated splenocytes we found statistically significant differential regulation of 1109 genes early (3 days) after infection and 1134 at a later time-point post-infection (14 days). 618 of these genes were modulated at both time points. In lung cells, 282 genes were significantly modulated post-infection. Amongst the most strongly up-regulated genes were: granzyme A, granzyme B, cxcl9, interleukin-22, and ccr6. The expression of 14 out of the most up-regulated genes identified in the murine studies was evaluated using in vitro with antigen-stimulated PBMC from uninfected and naturally infected cattle. We show that the expression of cxcl9, cxcl10, granzyme A and interleukin-22 was significantly increased in PBMC from infected cattle compared to naïve animals following PPD stimulation in vitro. Thus, murine transcriptome analysis can be used to predict immunological responses in cattle allowing the prioritisation of CXCLl9, CXCL10, Granzyme A and IL-22 as potential additional readout systems for the ante-mortem diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elihu Aranday-Cortes
- TB Research Group, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Hogarth
- TB Research Group, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Daryan A. Kaveh
- TB Research Group, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Adam O. Whelan
- TB Research Group, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Research Group, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- Tuberculosis Immunology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - H. Martin Vordermeier
- TB Research Group, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Cowan J, Pandey S, Filion LG, Angel JB, Kumar A, Cameron DW. Comparison of interferon-γ-, interleukin (IL)-17- and IL-22-expressing CD4 T cells, IL-22-expressing granulocytes and proinflammatory cytokines during latent and active tuberculosis infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:317-29. [PMID: 22236009 PMCID: PMC3278699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role and expression of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and Th17 cytokines in human tuberculosis. We show that the basal proportion of interferon (IFN)-γ-, interleukin (IL)-17- and IL-22-expressing CD4(+) T cells and IL-22-expressing granulocytes in peripheral blood were significantly lower in latently infected healthy individuals and active tuberculosis patients compared to healthy controls. In contrast, CD4(+) T cells expressing IL-17, IL-22 and IFN-γ were increased significantly following mycobacterial antigens stimulation in both latent and actively infected patients. Interestingly, proinflammatory IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were increased following antigen stimulation in latent infection. Similarly, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, IL-22 and TNF-α were increased in the serum of latently infected individuals, whereas IL-6 and TNF-α were increased significantly in actively infected patients. Overall, we observed differential induction of IL-17-, IL-22- and IFN-γ-expressing CD4(+) T cells, IL-22-expressing granulocytes and proinflammatory cytokines in circulation and following antigenic stimulation in latent and active tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cowan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Huang D, Chen CY, Zhang M, Qiu L, Shen Y, Du G, Zhou K, Wang R, Chen ZW. Clonal immune responses of Mycobacterium-specific γδ T cells in tuberculous and non-tuberculous tissues during M. tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30631. [PMID: 22319574 PMCID: PMC3271047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that unvaccinated macaques infected with large-dose M.tuberculosis(Mtb) exhibited delays for pulmonary trafficking of Ag-specific αβ and γδ T effector cells, and developed severe lung tuberculosis(TB) and "secondary" Mtb infection in remote organs such as liver and kidney. Despite delays in lungs, local immunity in remote organs may accumulate since progressive immune activation after pulmonary Mtb infection may allow IFNγ-producing γδ T cells to adequately develop and traffic to lately-infected remote organs. As initial efforts to test this hypothesis, we comparatively examined TCR repertoire/clonality, tissue trafficking and effector function of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in lung with severe TB and in liver/kidney without apparent TB. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We utilized conventional infection-immunity approaches in macaque TB model, and employed our decades-long expertise for TCR repertoire analyses. TCR repertoires in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell subpopulation were broad during primary Mtb infection as most TCR clones found in lymphoid system, lung, kidney and liver were distinct. Polyclonally-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell clones from lymphoid tissues appeared to distribute and localize in lung TB granuloms at the endpoint after Mtb infection by aerosol. Interestingly, some TCR clones appeared to be more predominant than others in lymphocytes from liver or kidney without apparent TB lesions. TCR CDR3 spetratyping revealed such clonal dominance, and the clonal dominance of expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in kidney/liver tissues was associated with undetectable or low-level TB burdens. Furthermore, Vγ2Vδ2 T cells from tissue compartments could mount effector function for producing anti-mycobacterium cytokine. CONCLUSION We were the first to demonstrate clonal immune responses of mycobacterium-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in the lymphoid system, heavily-infected lungs and lately subtly-infected kidneys or livers during primary Mtb infection. While clonally-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells accumulated in lately-infected kidneys/livers without apparent TB lesions, TB burdens or lesions appeared to impact TCR repertoires and tissue trafficking patterns of activated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Meihong Zhang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Activity Research, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China
| | - Liyou Qiu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - George Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Keyuan Zhou
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Activity Research, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China
| | - Richard Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Matthews K, Wilkinson KA, Kalsdorf B, Roberts T, Diacon A, Walzl G, Wolske J, Ntsekhe M, Syed F, Russell J, Mayosi BM, Dawson R, Dheda K, Wilkinson RJ, Hanekom WA, Scriba TJ. Predominance of interleukin-22 over interleukin-17 at the site of disease in human tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:587-93. [PMID: 21767990 PMCID: PMC3220762 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) at the site of disease is Th1 driven. Whether the Th17 cytokines, IL-17 and IL-22, contribute to this response in humans is unknown. We hypothesized that IL-17 and IL-22 contribute to the inflammatory response in pleural and pericardial disease sites of human tuberculosis (TB). We studied pleural and pericardial effusions, established TB disease sites, from HIV-uninfected TB patients. Levels of soluble cytokines were measured by ELISA and MMP-9 by luminex. Bronchoalveolar lavage or pericardial mycobacteria-specific T cell cytokine expression was analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining. IL-17 was not abundant in pleural or pericardial fluid. IL-17 expression by mycobacteria-specific disease site T cells was not detected in healthy, M.tb-infected persons, or patients with TB pericarditis. These data do not support a major role for IL-17 at established TB disease sites in humans. IL-22 was readily detected in fluid from both disease sites. These IL-22 levels exceeded matching peripheral blood levels. Further, IL-22 levels in pericardial fluid correlated positively with MMP-9, an enzyme known to degrade the pulmonary extracellular matrix. We propose that our findings support a role for IL-22 in TB-induced pathology or the resulting repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn Matthews
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Katalin A. Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Barbara Kalsdorf
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Teri Roberts
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Andreas Diacon
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Janine Wolske
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Mpiko Ntsekhe
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Faisal Syed
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - James Russell
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Bongani M. Mayosi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Rodney Dawson
- University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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62
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Mamtani M, Mummidi S, Ramsuran V, Pham MH, Maldonado R, Begum K, Valera MS, Sanchez R, Castiblanco J, Kulkarni H, Ndung'u T, He W, Anaya JM, Ahuja SK. Influence of variations in CCL3L1 and CCR5 on tuberculosis in a northwestern Colombian population. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1590-4. [PMID: 21592988 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the association of polymorphisms in CCR5, the major human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coreceptor, and copy number of its potent ligand CCL3L1 with tuberculosis in 298 individuals from Colombia. The CCR5-HHD haplotype, a known genetic determinant of increased susceptibility to HIV-AIDS, and a high copy number of CCL3L1, a known genetic determinant of enhanced CCL3/CCL3L1 chemokine expression, each associated with presence of tuberculosis. Furthermore, CCR5-HHD was associated with higher CCR5 gene and surface expression. These results substantiate the strong link between the pro-inflammatory effects of CCR5 and its ligands with active tuberculosis and suggest that chemokine-chemokine receptor genetic determinants may influence tuberculosis in addition to HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Mamtani
- The Veterans Administration Center for AIDS and HIV-1 infection and Center for Personalized Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
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63
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Caramori G, Lasagna L, Casalini AG, Adcock IM, Casolari P, Contoli M, Tafuro F, Padovani A, Chung KF, Barnes PJ, Papi A, Rindi G, Bertorelli G. Immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the parietal pleura of patients with tuberculous pleurisy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22637. [PMID: 21829471 PMCID: PMC3145659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The T lymphocyte-mediated immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the parietal pleura of patients with tuberculous pleurisy is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the immune response in the parietal pleura of tuberculous pleurisy compared with nonspecific pleuritis. We have measured the numbers of inflammatory cells particularly T-cell subsets (Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cells) in biopsies of parietal pleura obtained from 14 subjects with proven tuberculous pleurisy compared with a control group of 12 subjects with nonspecific pleuritis. The number of CD3+, CD4+ and CCR4+ cells and the expression of RORC2 mRNA were significantly increased in the tuberculous pleurisy patients compared with the nonspecific pleuritis subjects. The number of toluidine blue+ cells, tryptase+ cells and GATA-3+ cells was significantly decreased in the parietal pleura of patients with tuberculous pleurisy compared with the control group of nonspecific pleuritis subjects. Logistic regression with receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis for the three single markers was performed and showed a better performance for GATA-3 with a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 100% and an AUC of 0.88. There was no significant difference between the two groups of subjects in the number of CD8, CD68, neutrophil elastase, interferon (IFN)-γ, STAT4, T-bet, CCR5, CXCR3, CRTH2, STAT6 and FOXP3 positive cells. Elevated CD3, CD4, CCR4 and Th17 cells and decreased mast cells and GATA-3+ cells in the parietal pleura distinguish patients with untreated tuberculous pleurisy from those with nonspecific pleuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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64
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Zeng G, Chen CY, Huang D, Yao S, Wang RC, Chen ZW. Membrane-bound IL-22 after de novo production in tuberculosis and anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effector function of IL-22+ CD4+ T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:190-9. [PMID: 21632708 PMCID: PMC3586328 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of IL-22-producing CD4(+) T cells in intracellular pathogen infections is poorly characterized. IL-22-producing CD4(+) T cells may express some effector molecules on the membrane, and therefore synergize or contribute to antimicrobial effector function. This hypothesis cannot be tested by conventional approaches manipulating a single IL-22 cytokine at genetic and protein levels, and IL-22(+) T cells cannot be purified for evaluation due to secretion nature of cytokines. In this study, we surprisingly found that upon activation, CD4(+) T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macaques or humans could evolve into T effector cells bearing membrane-bound IL-22 after de novo IL-22 production. Membrane-bound IL-22(+) CD4(+) T effector cells appeared to mature in vivo and sustain membrane distribution in highly inflammatory environments during active M. tuberculosis infection. Near-field scanning optical microscopy/quantum dot-based nanoscale molecular imaging revealed that membrane-bound IL-22, like CD3, distributed in membrane and engaged as ∼100-200 nm nanoclusters or ∼300-600 nm nanodomains for potential interaction with IL-22R. Importantly, purified membrane-bound IL-22(+) CD4(+) T cells inhibited intracellular M. tuberculosis replication in macrophages. Our findings suggest that IL-22-producing T cells can evolve to retain IL-22 on membrane for prolonged IL-22 t(1/2) and to exert efficient cell-cell interaction for anti-M. tuberculosis effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Shuyu Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
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65
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Zhang G, Chen X, Chan L, Zhang M, Zhu B, Wang L, Zhu X, Zhang J, Zhou B, Wang J. An SNP selection strategy identified IL-22 associating with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Chinese. Sci Rep 2011; 1:20. [PMID: 22355539 PMCID: PMC3216508 DOI: 10.1038/srep00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that IL-22 plays a protective role in the host defense. However, the contribution of polymorphisms of the IL-22 gene to human TB susceptibility remains untested. We have designed a computational approach to select functional SNPs in the IL-22 gene and genotyped them in a two-stage case-control study in Chinese (479 cases and 358 controls). We found that rs2227473, an SNP in the promoter region of IL-22, is associated with TB susceptibility at both stages of our study. The SNP shows associations with p-values of 0.028 and 0.034 respectively, and a combined p-value of 0.0086, with odds ratio at 0.65 (95% confidence interval 0.45-0.90). We further validated the association with an independent cohort (413 cases and 241 controls in Chinese). Our functional studies showed that patients with A allele have significantly higher IL-22 expression than those without A allele under both non-specific and specific stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- these authors equally contributed to this manuscript
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- these authors equally contributed to this manuscript
| | - Long Chan
- Department of Mathematics, Carleton College, 100 South College Str. Northfield, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Rd, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Baohua Zhu
- Surgical Department, The First Affiliated Clinical College, GuangDong Medical College, ZhanJiang 524023, China
| | - Lantian Wang
- Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhu
- Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jieyun Zhang
- Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Rd, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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66
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Wang Y, Zhou X, Lin J, Yin F, Xu L, Huang Y, Ding T, Zhao D. Effects of Mycobacterium bovis on monocyte-derived macrophages from bovine tuberculosis infection and healthy cattle. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 321:30-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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67
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Lee YJ, Lee J, Kim YY, Won DI, Cha SI, Park JY, Jung TH, Kim CH. Performance of whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay in patients admitted to the emergency department with pulmonary infiltrates. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:107. [PMID: 21513568 PMCID: PMC3107174 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay in inpatients who were admitted to the emergency department (ED) with pulmonary infiltrates who required a differential diagnosis with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). METHODS The patients with pulmonary infiltrates who received a QuantiFERON (QFT) test in the ED were included as an inpatient group and were divided into TB and non-TB group based on the final diagnosis. Patients with pulmonary TB who were tested in the outpatient department served as a control group. RESULTS In total, 377 QFT tests were analyzed. Of the 284 inpatient QFT tests, 29.6% had an indeterminate result (35.2% in the 196 patients with non-TB and 17.0% in the 88 patients with TB). In contrast, only 1.1% of the 93 outpatients with TB returned an indeterminate result (p<0.001). The indeterminate QFT results in the inpatient group were independently associated with lymphocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and high C-reactive protein levels. Non-positive QFT results in inpatients with TB were associated with lymphocytopenia and hypoalbuminemia, while non-positive QFT results in outpatients with TB were associated with high erythrocyte sedimentation rates and radiographically more severe diseases. CONCLUSIONS QFT tests in ED-based inpatients with pulmonary infiltrate return indeterminate results relatively frequently. In addition, inpatients and outpatients with pulmonary TB may differ in terms of the risk factors on non-positive QFT results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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68
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Stolberg VR, Chiu BC, Schmidt BM, Kunkel SL, Sandor M, Chensue SW. CC chemokine receptor 4 contributes to innate NK and chronic stage T helper cell recall responses during Mycobacterium bovis infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 178:233-44. [PMID: 21224060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-cysteinyl chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is expressed by a variety of T-cell subsets and leukocytes. This study examined the participation of CCR4 in response to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Constitutive and induced CCR4 agonist expression was detected among large mononuclear cells. The course of infection and mobilization of effector cell populations were then analyzed in CCR4 knockout (CCR4(-/-)) mice. Compared with controls, CCR4(-/-) mice displayed delayed innate stage (<2 weeks) bacterial clearance and reduced late stage inflammation. Innate impairment was associated with reduced natural killer cell activation. In the adaptive phase, CCR4(-/-) mice generated effector T cells in draining lymph nodes and accumulated effector T cells in lungs, which resulted in normal adaptive stage bacterial elimination at 2 to 4 weeks. However, during the late stage, CCR4(-/-) mice had reduced interferonγ+CD4(+)α/β+ (Th1) and interleukin (IL)-17+CD4(+)α/β+ (Th17) T helper cells in lungs. In contrast, IL-17+ γ/δ T cells in lungs were unaffected. When challenged with mycobacterial antigen- (Ag-) Ag-coated beads to elicit a recall granulomatous response, CCR4(-/-) mice displayed abrogated recall granuloma formation and reduced interferon γ+ Th1 cells. These findings indicate that CCR4 supports innate natural killer cell activation and sustains later CD4(+) Th effector/memory antimycobacterial responses in the lung but is redundant in the early adaptive elimination phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Stolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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69
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Xue Y, Jin L, Li AZ, Wang HJ, Li M, Zhang YX, Wang Y, Li JC. Microsatellite polymorphisms in intron 2 of the toll-like receptor 2 gene and their association with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Han Chinese. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:785-9. [PMID: 20298136 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is essential for the immune response to tuberculosis (TB). The goal of the present study was to investigate whether the guanine-thymine (GT) repeat microsatellite polymorphism in intron 2 of the TLR2 gene might be correlated with susceptibility to TB in Han Chinese. METHODS The number of (GT)n repeats was determined by gene scanning from 244 patients with TB and 233 control subjects. The expression of TLR2 on CD14+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS No association in allelic polymorphism between control subjects and patients with TB was found. However, the S/M genotype of the microsatellite polymorphism was more frequent in TB patients than in healthy controls (p=0.01). The S/L genotype was more popular in controls than in patients with TB (p=0.007). TLR2 expression was higher in subjects with the S/L genotype than in those with the S/M genotype (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the S/M genotype of the microsatellite (GT)n polymorphisms in intron 2 of the TLR2 gene may increase susceptibility to TB in Chinese, and the S/L genotype may act as a negative risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xue
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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70
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Wilson MS, Feng CG, Barber DL, Yarovinsky F, Cheever AW, Sher A, Grigg M, Collins M, Fouser L, Wynn TA. Redundant and pathogenic roles for IL-22 in mycobacterial, protozoan, and helminth infections. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:4378-90. [PMID: 20220096 PMCID: PMC3170015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-22 is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family and signals through a heterodimeric receptor composed of the common IL-10R2 subunit and the IL-22R subunit. IL-10 and IL-22 both activate the STAT3 signaling pathway; however, in contrast to IL-10, relatively little is known about IL-22 in the host response to infection. In this study, using IL-22(-/-) mice, neutralizing Abs to IL-22, or both, we show that IL-22 is dispensable for the development of immunity to the opportunistic pathogens Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium avium when administered via the i.p. or i.v. route, respectively. IL-22 also played little to no role in aerosol infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in granuloma formation and hepatic fibrosis following chronic percutaneous infections with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. A marked pathogenic role for IL-22 was, however, identified in toxoplasmosis when infections were established by the natural oral route. Anti-IL-22 Ab-treated mice developed significantly less intestinal pathology than control Ab-treated mice even though both groups displayed similar parasite burdens. The decreased gut pathology was associated with reduced IL-17A, IL-17F, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma expression. In contrast to the prior observations of IL-22 protective effects in the gut, these distinct findings with oral T. gondii infection demonstrate that IL-22 also has the potential to contribute to pathogenic inflammation in the intestine. The IL-22 pathway has emerged as a possible target for control of inflammation in certain autoimmune diseases. Our findings suggest that few if any infectious complications would be expected with the suppression of IL-22 signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Interleukins/deficiency
- Interleukins/physiology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Meningitis/genetics
- Meningitis/immunology
- Meningitis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/genetics
- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/immunology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/genetics
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/genetics
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Tuberculosis/genetics
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Wilson
- Immunopathogensis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Felix Yarovinsky
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mary Collins
- Wyeth Research-Inflammation, Cambridge, MA 02140
| | | | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Immunopathogensis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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71
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Yao S, Huang D, Chen CY, Halliday L, Zeng G, Wang RC, Chen ZW. Differentiation, distribution and gammadelta T cell-driven regulation of IL-22-producing T cells in tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000789. [PMID: 20195465 PMCID: PMC2829073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation, distribution and immune regulation of human IL-22-producing T cells in infections remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated in a nonhuman primate model that M. tuberculosis infection resulted in apparent increases in numbers of T cells capable of producing IL-22 de novo without in vitro Ag stimulation, and drove distribution of these cells more dramatically in lungs than in blood and lymphoid tissues. Consistently, IL-22-producing T cells were visualized in situ in lung tuberculosis (TB) granulomas by confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry, indicating that mature IL-22-producing T cells were present in TB granuloma. Surprisingly, phosphoantigen HMBPP activation of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells down-regulated the capability of T cells to produce IL-22 de novo in lymphocytes from blood, lung/BAL fluid, spleen and lymph node. Up-regulation of IFNgamma-producing Vgamma2Vdelta2 T effector cells after HMBPP stimulation coincided with the down-regulated capacity of these T cells to produce IL-22 de novo. Importantly, anti-IFNgamma neutralizing Ab treatment reversed the HMBPP-mediated down-regulation effect on IL-22-producing T cells, suggesting that Vgamma2Vdelta2 T-cell-driven IFNgamma-networking function was the mechanism underlying the HMBPP-mediated down-regulation of the capability of T cells to produce IL-22. These novel findings raise the possibility to ultimately investigate the function of IL-22 producing T cells and to target Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells for balancing potentially hyper-activating IL-22-producing T cells in severe TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lisa Halliday
- Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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72
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Kraynyak KA, Kutzler MA, Cisper NJ, Khan AS, Draghia-Akli R, Sardesal NY, Lewis MG, Yan J, Weiner DB. Systemic immunization with CCL27/CTACK modulates immune responses at mucosal sites in mice and macaques. Vaccine 2010; 28:1942-51. [PMID: 20188250 PMCID: PMC4396814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA is a promising vaccine platform that has been shown to be safe and able to be administered repeatedly without vector interference. Enhancing the potency of DNA vaccination through co-delivery of molecular adjuvants is one strategy currently under investigation. Here we describe the use of the novel chemokine adjuvant CCL27/CTACK to enhance immune responses to an HIV-1 or SIV antigen in mice and rhesus macaques. CCL27 has been shown to play a role in inflammatory responses through chemotaxis of CCR10+ cells, and we hypothesized that CCL27 may modulate adaptive immune responses. Immunizations in mice with HIV-1gag/CCL27 enhanced immune responses both at peripheral and, surprisingly, at mucosal sites. To confirm these findings in a large-animal model, we created optimized CCL27 and SIV antigenic plasmid constructs for rhesus macaques. 10 macaques (n=5/group) were immunized intramuscularly with 1mg/construct of antigenic plasmids+/-CCL27 with electroporation. We observed significant IFN-gamma secretion and CD8+ T-cell proliferation in peripheral blood. Interestingly, CCL27 co-immunized macaques exhibited a trend toward greater effector CD4+ T cells in the bronchiolar lavage (BAL). CCL27 co-delivery also elicited greater antigen-specific IgA at unique sites including BAL and fecal samples but not in the periphery. Future studies incorporating CCL27 as an adjuvant in vaccine or therapy models where eliciting immune responses in the lung are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Kraynyak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Neil J. Cisper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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73
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Hasan Z, Cliff JM, Dockrell HM, Jamil B, Irfan M, Ashraf M, Hussain R. CCL2 responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are associated with disease severity in tuberculosis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8459. [PMID: 20041183 PMCID: PMC2793516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leucocyte activating chemokines such as CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL8 together with proinflammatory IFNγ, TNFα and downmodulatory IL10 play a central role in the restriction of M. tuberculosis infections, but is unclear whether these markers are indicative of tuberculosis disease severity. Methodology We investigated live M. tuberculosis- and M. bovis BCG- induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses in patients with tuberculosis (TB) and healthy endemic controls (ECs, n = 36). TB patients comprised pulmonary (PTB, n = 34) and extrapulmonary groups, subdivided into those with less severe localized extrapulmonary TB (L-ETB, n = 16) or severe disseminated ETB (D-ETB, n = 16). Secretion of CCL2, IFNγ, IL10 and CCL3, and mRNA expression of CCL2, TNFα, CCL3 and CXCL8 were determined. Results M. tuberculosis- and BCG- induced CCL2 secretion was significantly increased in both PTB and D-ETB (p<0.05, p<0.01) as compared with L-ETB patients. CCL2 secretion in response to M. tuberculosis was significantly greater than to BCG in the PTB and D-ETB groups. M. tuberculosis-induced CCL2 mRNA transcription was greater in PTB than L-ETB (p = 0.023), while CCL2 was reduced in L-ETB as compared with D-ETB (p = 0.005) patients. M. tuberculosis –induced IFNγ was greater in L-ETB than PTB (p = 0.04), while BCG-induced IFNγ was greater in L-ETB as compared with D-ETB patients (p = 0.036). TNFα mRNA expression was raised in PTB as compared with L-ETB group in response to M. tuberculosis (p = 0.02) and BCG (p = 0.03). Mycobacterium-induced CCL3 and CXCL8 was comparable between TB groups. Conclusions The increased CCL2 and TNFα in PTB patients may support effective leucocyte recruitment and M. tuberculosis localization. CCL2 alone is associated with severity of TB, possibly due to increased systemic inflammation found in severe disseminated TB or due to increased monocyte infiltration to lung parenchyma in pulmonary disease.
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Chen X, Zhang M, Liao M, Graner MW, Wu C, Yang Q, Liu H, Zhou B. Reduced Th17 response in patients with tuberculosis correlates with IL-6R expression on CD4+ T Cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:734-42. [PMID: 20019339 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200909-1463oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Although it is well recognized that CD4(+) T cells and T helper (Th) 1 cytokines are critical in the cell-mediated response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is also clear that this immunity alone is not enough. Understanding the roles of other T cell subsets and cytokines is essential for vaccine design and clinical immunotherapy against tuberculosis (TB). OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical significance and possible regulatory mechanism of Th17 responses in human TB. METHODS The frequencies of IFN-gamma-, IL-4-, IL-17-, FoxP3- and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)-expressing CD4(+) T cells in blood and/or pleural effusion samples of healthy donors, subjects with latent TB infection, and patients with active TB were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokines, transforming growth factor-beta and IL-6, in plasma and pleural fluid samples were determined by ELISA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The frequency of Th17 cells in patients with active TB is significantly lower than those in healthy donors and individuals with latent TB infection. Correlation analysis showed that reduced Th17 responses observed in patients with active TB was significantly correlated with the decreased expression of IL-6R on CD4(+) T cells, but did not correlate with the concentrations of the cytokines, transforming growth factor-beta and IL-6. Consistently; in vitro study showed that M. tuberculosis products inhibit the expression of IL-6R on CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that reduced Th17 responses were associated with the clinical outcome of M. tuberculosis infection. Suppression of Th17 response through down-regulation of IL-6R expression may be an important mechanism in the development of active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Chen
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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Association of reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon, and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) but increased IL-10 expression with improved chest radiography in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:223-31. [PMID: 20007364 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00381-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is a major world health issue. The early identification of patients at risk for a poor response to anti-M. tuberculosis therapy would help elucidate the key players in the anti-M. tuberculosis response. The objective of the present study was to correlate the modulation of cytokine expression (interleukin-1 [IL-1], IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], interferon-inducible protein [IP-10], and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 [MCP-1]) with the clinical response to 2 months of intensive therapy. From January to December 2007, 40 M. tuberculosis-infected patients and 40 healthy patients were recruited. After exclusion for diabetes, 32 patients and 36 controls were analyzed. The clinical responses of the M. tuberculosis-infected patients on the basis of the findings of chest radiography were compared to their plasma cytokine levels measured before and after 2 months of intensive anti-M. tuberculosis therapy and 6 months of therapy with human cytokine antibody arrays. Chest radiographs of 20 of 32 M. tuberculosis-infected patients showed improvement after 2 months of intensive therapy (early responders), while the M. tuberculosis infections in 12 of 32 of the patients resolved after a further 4 months (late responders). The levels of expression of TNF-alpha, MCP-1, IFN-gamma, and IL-1beta were decreased; and the level of IL-10 increased in early responders. After adjustment for age, gender, and the result of sputum culture for M. tuberculosis, significant differences in the levels of MCP-1 and IP-10 expression were observed between the early and the late responders after 2 months of intensive anti-M. tuberculosis therapy. Due to the interpatient variability in IP-10 levels, intrapatient monitoring of IP-10 levels may provide more insight into the M. tuberculosis responder status than comparison between patients. Plasma MCP-1 levels were normalized in patients who had resolved their M. tuberculosis infections. Further studies to evaluate the association of the modulation in MCP-1 levels with early and late responses are warranted.
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Vani J, Bansal K, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV, Bayry J. Immunointervention for patients with HIV and tuberculosis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2009; 9:332-3. [PMID: 19467470 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen CY, Huang D, Wang RC, Shen L, Zeng G, Yao S, Shen Y, Halliday L, Fortman J, McAllister M, Estep J, Hunt R, Vasconcelos D, Du G, Porcelli SA, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Haynes BF, Letvin NL, Chen ZW. A critical role for CD8 T cells in a nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000392. [PMID: 19381260 PMCID: PMC2663842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CD8 T cells in anti-tuberculosis immunity in humans remains unknown, and studies of CD8 T cell–mediated protection against tuberculosis in mice have yielded controversial results. Unlike mice, humans and nonhuman primates share a number of important features of the immune system that relate directly to the specificity and functions of CD8 T cells, such as the expression of group 1 CD1 proteins that are capable of presenting Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids antigens and the cytotoxic/bactericidal protein granulysin. Employing a more relevant nonhuman primate model of human tuberculosis, we examined the contribution of BCG- or M. tuberculosis-elicited CD8 T cells to vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis. CD8 depletion compromised BCG vaccine-induced immune control of M. tuberculosis replication in the vaccinated rhesus macaques. Depletion of CD8 T cells in BCG-vaccinated rhesus macaques led to a significant decrease in the vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis. Consistently, depletion of CD8 T cells in rhesus macaques that had been previously infected with M. tuberculosis and cured by antibiotic therapy also resulted in a loss of anti-tuberculosis immunity upon M. tuberculosis re-infection. The current study demonstrates a major role for CD8 T cells in anti-tuberculosis immunity, and supports the view that CD8 T cells should be included in strategies for development of new tuberculosis vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria remain top killers worldwide. Cell-mediated immune responses play a crucial role in immunity against tuberculosis. While CD4 T cells are well described for their protection against tuberculosis, little is known about the role of human CD8 T cells in anti-tuberculosis immunity. Studies done to date in mice have yielded conflicting results regarding the role of mouse CD8 T cells in tuberculosis. Since there are considerable differences in CD8 T cell biology between mice and primates including humans and macaques, studies in humans or macaques are crucial for clarifying human CD8 T cell–mediated immunity against tuberculosis. Thus, we used a macaque tuberculosis model to examine the contribution of CD8 T cells to vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis. We found that CD8 T cells play a role in BCG vaccine-induced immune control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis replication and in the vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis. Consistently, memory CD8 T cells also play a crucial role in anti-tuberculosis immunity upon M. tuberculosis re-infection. The findings in the current study provide evidence that human CD8 T cells are of importance for anti-tuberculosis immunity, and support the view that CD8 T cells should be targeted for development of new tuberculosis vaccines and immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ling Shen
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shuyun Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lisa Halliday
- BRL, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeff Fortman
- BRL, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Milton McAllister
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jim Estep
- Battelle Medical Research Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert Hunt
- Battelle Medical Research Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daphne Vasconcelos
- Battelle Medical Research Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - George Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle H. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yuan Z, Wang R, Lee Y, Chen CY, Yu X, Wu Z, Huang D, Shen L, Chen ZW. Tuberculosis-induced variant IL-4 mRNA encodes a cytokine functioning as growth factor for (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:811-9. [PMID: 19124724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that mycobacterial infections induce variant cytokine mRNA encoding a functionally distinct protein for immune regulation has not been addressed. In this study, we reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis and bacillus Calmette-Guérin infections of macaques induced expression of variant IL-4 (VIL-4) mRNA encoding a protein comprised of N-terminal 97 aa identical with IL-4, and unique C-terminal 96 aa including a signaling-related proline-rich motif. While VIL-4 could be stably produced as intact protein, the purified VIL-4 induced apparent expansion of phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP)-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. The unique C-terminal 96 aa bearing the proline-rich motif (PPPCPP) of VIL-4 appeared to confer the ability to expand Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, since simultaneously produced IL-4 had only a subtle effect on these gammadelta T cells. Moreover, VIL-4 seemed to use IL-4R alpha for signaling and activation, as the VIL-4-induced expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells was blocked by anti-IL-4R alpha mAb but not anti-IL-4 mAb. Surprisingly, VIL-4-expanded Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells after HMBPP stimulation appeared to be heterologous effector cells capable of producing IL-4, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. Thus, mycobacterial infections of macaques induced variant mRNA encoding VIL-4 that functions as growth factor promoting expansion of HMBPP-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhuQing Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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