51
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Bayesianism in Cognitive Science. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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52
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Object Perception and Folk Physics. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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53
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Glossary. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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54
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Strategies for Brain Mapping. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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55
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Modules and Architectures. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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56
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Introduction. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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57
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The Discipline Matures: Three Milestones. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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58
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Models of Language Learning. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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59
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Applying Dynamical Systems Theory to Model the Mind. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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60
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Exploring Mindreading. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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61
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Robotics: From GOFAI to Situated Cognition and Behavior-Based Robotics. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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62
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The Cognitive Science of Consciousness. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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63
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The Turn to the Brain. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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64
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Index for Cognitive Science (3rd edition). Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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65
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Mindreading: Advanced Topics. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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66
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Physical Symbol Systems and the Language of Thought. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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67
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Looking Ahead: Challenges and Opportunities. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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68
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Neural Networks and Distributed Information Processing. Cogn Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/9781108339216.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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69
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Elyahoodayan S, Jiang W, Xu H, Song D. A Multi-Channel Asynchronous Neurostimulator With Artifact Suppression for Neural Code-Based Stimulations. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1011. [PMID: 31611764 PMCID: PMC6776638 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel neurostimulator for generating neural code-based, precise, asynchronous electrical stimulation pulses is designed, fabricated, and characterized. Through multiplexing, this system can deliver constant current biphasic pulses, with arbitrary temporal patterns, and pulse parameters to 32 electrodes using one pulse generator. The design also features a stimulus artifact suppression (SAS) technique that can be integrated with commercial amplifiers. Using an array of CMOS switches, electrodes are disconnected from recording amplifiers during stimulation, while the input of the recording system is shorted to ground through another CMOS switch to suppress ringing in the recording system. The timing of the switches used to block and suppress the stimulus artifact are crucial and are determined by the electrochemical properties of the electrode. This system allows stimulation and recording from the same electrodes to monitor local field potentials with short latencies from the region of stimulation for achieving feedback control of neural stimulation. In this way, timing between each pulse is controlled by inputs from an external source and stimulus magnitude is controlled by feed-back from neural response from the stimulated tissue. The system was implemented with low-power and compact packaged microchips to constitute an effective, cost-efficient, and miniaturized neurostimulator. The device has been first evaluated in phantom preparations and then tested in hippocampi of behaving rats. Benchtop results demonstrate the capability of the stimulator to generate arbitrary spatio-temporal pattern of stimulation pulses dictated by random number generators (RNGs) to control magnitude and timing between each individual biphasic pulse. In vivo results show that evoked potentials elicited by the neurostimulator can be recorded ∼2 ms after the termination of stimulus pulses from the same electrodes where stimulation pulses are delivered, whereas commercial amplifiers without such an artifact suppression typically result in tens to hundreds of milliseconds recovery period. This neurostimulator design is desirable in a variety of neural interface applications, particularly hippocampal memory prosthesis aiming to restore cognitive functions by reinstating neural code transmissions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Elyahoodayan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neural Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neural Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Huijing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neural Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dong Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neural Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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70
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Widge AS, Heilbronner SR, Hayden BY. Prefrontal cortex and cognitive control: new insights from human electrophysiology. F1000Res 2019; 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-1696. [PMID: 31602292 PMCID: PMC6768099 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20044.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control, the ability to regulate one's cognition and actions on the basis of over-riding goals, is impaired in many psychiatric conditions. Although control requires the coordinated function of several prefrontal cortical regions, it has been challenging to determine how they work together, in part because doing so requires simultaneous recordings from multiple regions. Here, we provide a précis of cognitive control and describe the beneficial consequences of recent advances in neurosurgical practice that make large-scale prefrontal cortical network recordings possible in humans. Such recordings implicate inter-regional theta (5-8 Hz) local field potential (LFP) synchrony as a key element in cognitive control. Major open questions include how theta might influence other oscillations within these networks, the precise timing of information flow between these regions, and how perturbations such as brain stimulation might demonstrate the causal role of LFP phenomena. We propose that an increased focus on human electrophysiology is essential for an understanding of the neural basis of cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alik S. Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 3001 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sarah R. Heilbronner
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, and Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, and Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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71
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Geng K, Shin DC, Song D, Hampson RE, Deadwyler SA, Berger TW, Marmarelis VZ. Multi-Input, Multi-Output Neuronal Mode Network Approach to Modeling the Encoding Dynamics and Functional Connectivity of Neural Systems. Neural Comput 2019; 31:1327-1355. [PMID: 31113305 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This letter proposes a novel method, multi-input, multi-output neuronal mode network (MIMO-NMN), for modeling encoding dynamics and functional connectivity in neural ensembles such as the hippocampus. Compared with conventional approaches such as the Volterra-Wiener model, linear-nonlinear-cascade (LNC) model, and generalized linear model (GLM), the NMN has several advantages in terms of estimation accuracy, model interpretation, and functional connectivity analysis. We point out the limitations of current neural spike modeling methods, especially the estimation biases caused by the imbalanced class problem when the number of zeros is significantly larger than ones in the spike data. We use synthetic data to test the performance of NMN with a comparison of the traditional methods, and the results indicate the NMN approach could reduce the imbalanced class problem and achieve better predictions. Subsequently, we apply the MIMO-NMN method to analyze data from the human hippocampus. The results indicate that the MIMO-NMN method is a promising approach to modeling neural dynamics and analyzing functional connectivity of multi-neuronal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunling Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biomedical Simulations Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, U.S.A.
| | - Dae C Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biomedical Simulations Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, U.S.A.
| | - Dong Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biomedical Simulations Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, U.S.A.
| | - Robert E Hampson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, U.S.A.
| | - Samuel A Deadwyler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, U.S.A.
| | - Theodore W Berger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biomedical Simulations Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, U.S.A.
| | - Vasilis Z Marmarelis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biomedical Simulations Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, U.S.A.
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72
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Ahlgrim NS, Manns JR. Optogenetic Stimulation of the Basolateral Amygdala Increased Theta-Modulated Gamma Oscillations in the Hippocampus. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:87. [PMID: 31114488 PMCID: PMC6503755 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala can modulate declarative memory. For example, previous research in rats and humans showed that brief electrical stimulation to the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) prioritized specific objects to be consolidated into long term memory in the absence of emotional stimuli and without awareness of stimulation. The capacity of the BLA to influence memory depends on its substantial projections to many other brain regions, including the hippocampus. Nevertheless, how activation of the BLA influences ongoing neuronal activity in other regions is poorly understood. The current study used optogenetic stimulation of putative glutamatergic neurons in the BLA of freely exploring rats to determine whether brief activation of the BLA could increase in the hippocampus gamma oscillations for which the amplitude was modulated by the phase of theta oscillations, an oscillatory state previously reported to correlate with good memory. BLA neurons were stimulated in 1-s bouts with pulse frequencies that included the theta range (8 Hz), the gamma range (50 Hz), or a combination of both ranges (eight 50-Hz bursts). Local field potentials were recorded in the BLA and in the pyramidal layer of CA1 in the intermediate hippocampus. A key question was whether BLA stimulation at either theta or gamma frequencies could combine with ongoing hippocampal oscillations to result in theta-modulated gamma or whether BLA stimulation that included both theta and gamma frequencies would be necessary to increase theta–gamma comodulation in the hippocampus. All stimulation conditions elicited robust responses in BLA and CA1, but theta-modulated gamma oscillations increased in CA1 only when BLA stimulation included both theta and gamma frequencies. Longer bouts (5-s) of BLA stimulation resulted in hippocampal activity that evolved away from the initial oscillatory states and toward those characterized more by prominent low-frequency oscillations. The current results indicated that one mechanism by which the amygdala might influence declarative memory is by eliciting neuronal oscillatory states in the hippocampus that benefit memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Ahlgrim
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph R Manns
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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73
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Slutzky MW. Brain-Machine Interfaces: Powerful Tools for Clinical Treatment and Neuroscientific Investigations. Neuroscientist 2019; 25:139-154. [PMID: 29772957 PMCID: PMC6611552 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418775355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have exploded in popularity in the past decade. BMIs, also called brain-computer interfaces, provide a direct link between the brain and a computer, usually to control an external device. BMIs have a wide array of potential clinical applications, ranging from restoring communication to people unable to speak due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or a stroke, to restoring movement to people with paralysis from spinal cord injury or motor neuron disease, to restoring memory to people with cognitive impairment. Because BMIs are controlled directly by the activity of prespecified neurons or cortical areas, they also provide a powerful paradigm with which to investigate fundamental questions about brain physiology, including neuronal behavior, learning, and the role of oscillations. This article reviews the clinical and neuroscientific applications of BMIs, with a primary focus on motor BMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W Slutzky
- 1 Departments of Neurology, Physiology, and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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74
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Dresler M, Sandberg A, Bublitz C, Ohla K, Trenado C, Mroczko-Wąsowicz A, Kühn S, Repantis D. Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1137-1148. [PMID: 30550256 PMCID: PMC6429408 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In an increasingly complex information society, demands for cognitive functioning are growing steadily. In recent years, numerous strategies to augment brain function have been proposed. Evidence for their efficacy (or lack thereof) and side effects has prompted discussions about ethical, societal, and medical implications. In the public debate, cognitive enhancement is often seen as a monolithic phenomenon. On a closer look, however, cognitive enhancement turns out to be a multifaceted concept: There is not one cognitive enhancer that augments brain function per se, but a great variety of interventions that can be clustered into biochemical, physical, and behavioral enhancement strategies. These cognitive enhancers differ in their mode of action, the cognitive domain they target, the time scale they work on, their availability and side effects, and how they differentially affect different groups of subjects. Here we disentangle the dimensions of cognitive enhancement, review prominent examples of cognitive enhancers that differ across these dimensions, and thereby provide a framework for both theoretical discussions and empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen 6525 EN , The Netherlands
| | - Anders Sandberg
- Future of Humanity Institute , Oxford University , Oxford OX1 1PT , United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathrin Ohla
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich 52428 , Germany
| | - Carlos Trenado
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf 40225 , Germany
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors , TU Dortmund , Dortmund 44139 , Germany
| | | | - Simone Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development , Berlin 14195 , Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Clinic Hamburg Eppendorf , Hamburg 20246 , Germany
| | - Dimitris Repantis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin 12203 , Germany
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75
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Transcranial alternating current stimulation entrains single-neuron activity in the primate brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5747-5755. [PMID: 30833389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815958116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spike timing is thought to play a critical role in neural computation and communication. Methods for adjusting spike timing are therefore of great interest to researchers and clinicians alike. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a noninvasive technique that uses weak electric fields to manipulate brain activity. Early results have suggested that this technique can improve subjects' behavioral performance on a wide range of tasks and ameliorate some clinical conditions. Nevertheless, considerable skepticism remains about its efficacy, especially because the electric fields reaching the brain during tES are small, whereas the likelihood of indirect effects is large. Our understanding of its effects in humans is largely based on extrapolations from simple model systems and indirect measures of neural activity. As a result, fundamental questions remain about whether and how tES can influence neuronal activity in the human brain. Here, we demonstrate that tES, as typically applied to humans, affects the firing patterns of individual neurons in alert nonhuman primates, which are the best available animal model for the human brain. Specifically, tES consistently influences the timing, but not the rate, of spiking activity within the targeted brain region. Such effects are frequency- and location-specific and can reach deep brain structures; control experiments show that they cannot be explained by sensory stimulation or other indirect influences. These data thus provide a strong mechanistic rationale for the use of tES in humans and will help guide the development of future tES applications.
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76
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Bilder RM, Reise SP. Neuropsychological tests of the future: How do we get there from here? Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:220-245. [PMID: 30422045 PMCID: PMC6422683 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1521993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews current approaches to neuropsychological assessment, identifies opportunities for development of new methods using modern psychometric theory and advances in technology, and suggests a transition path that promotes application of novel methods without sacrificing validity. METHODS Theoretical/state-of-the-art review. CONCLUSIONS Clinical neuropsychological assessment today does not reflect advances in neuroscience, modern psychometrics, or technology. Major opportunities for improving practice include both psychometric and technological strategies. Modern psychometric approaches including item response theory (IRT) enable linking procedures that can place different measures on common scales; adaptive testing algorithms that can dramatically increase efficiency of assessment; examination of differential item functioning (DIF) to detect measures that behave differently in different groups; and person fit statistics to detect aberrant patterns of responding of high value for performance validity testing. Opportunities to introduce novel technologies include computerized adaptive testing, Web-based assessment, healthcare- and bio-informatics strategies, mobile platforms, wearables, and the 'internet-of-things'. To overcome inertia in current practices, new methods must satisfy requirements for back-compatibility with legacy instrumentation, enabling us to leverage the wealth of validity data already accrued for classic procedures. A path to achieve these goals involves creation of a global network to aggregate item-level data into a shared repository that will enable modern psychometric analyses to refine existing methods, and serve as a platform to evolve novel assessment strategies, which over time can revolutionize neuropsychological assessment practices world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Bilder
- a Departments of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Science, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA
- b Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Science , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Steven P Reise
- b Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Science , Los Angeles , California , USA
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77
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Cinel C, Valeriani D, Poli R. Neurotechnologies for Human Cognitive Augmentation: Current State of the Art and Future Prospects. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:13. [PMID: 30766483 PMCID: PMC6365771 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience have paved the way to innovative applications that cognitively augment and enhance humans in a variety of contexts. This paper aims at providing a snapshot of the current state of the art and a motivated forecast of the most likely developments in the next two decades. Firstly, we survey the main neuroscience technologies for both observing and influencing brain activity, which are necessary ingredients for human cognitive augmentation. We also compare and contrast such technologies, as their individual characteristics (e.g., spatio-temporal resolution, invasiveness, portability, energy requirements, and cost) influence their current and future role in human cognitive augmentation. Secondly, we chart the state of the art on neurotechnologies for human cognitive augmentation, keeping an eye both on the applications that already exist and those that are emerging or are likely to emerge in the next two decades. Particularly, we consider applications in the areas of communication, cognitive enhancement, memory, attention monitoring/enhancement, situation awareness and complex problem solving, and we look at what fraction of the population might benefit from such technologies and at the demands they impose in terms of user training. Thirdly, we briefly review the ethical issues associated with current neuroscience technologies. These are important because they may differentially influence both present and future research on (and adoption of) neurotechnologies for human cognitive augmentation: an inferior technology with no significant ethical issues may thrive while a superior technology causing widespread ethical concerns may end up being outlawed. Finally, based on the lessons learned in our analysis, using past trends and considering other related forecasts, we attempt to forecast the most likely future developments of neuroscience technology for human cognitive augmentation and provide informed recommendations for promising future research and exploitation avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cinel
- Brain Computer Interfaces and Neural Engineering Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Valeriani
- Brain Computer Interfaces and Neural Engineering Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Riccardo Poli
- Brain Computer Interfaces and Neural Engineering Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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78
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El-Kalliny MM, Wittig JH, Sheehan TC, Sreekumar V, Inati SK, Zaghloul KA. Changing temporal context in human temporal lobe promotes memory of distinct episodes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:203. [PMID: 30643130 PMCID: PMC6331638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Memories of experiences that occur around the same time are linked together by a shared temporal context, represented by shared patterns of neural activity. However, shared temporal context may be problematic for selective retrieval of specific memories. Here, we examine intracranial EEG (iEEG) in the human temporal lobe as participants perform a verbal paired associates memory task that requires the encoding of distinct word pairs in memory. We find that the rate of change in patterns of low frequency (3–12 Hz) power distributed across the temporal lobe is significantly related to memory performance. We also find that exogenous electrical stimulation affects how quickly these neural representations of temporal context change with time, which directly affects the ability to successfully form memories for distinct items. Our results indicate that the ability to retrieve distinct episodic memories is related to how quickly neural representations of temporal context change over time during encoding. Memories formed around the same time are linked together by a shared temporal context. Here, the authors show that the ability to selectively retrieve distinct episodic memories formed close together in time is related to how quickly neural representations of temporal context change over time during encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M El-Kalliny
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John H Wittig
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Timothy C Sheehan
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vishnu Sreekumar
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sara K Inati
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kareem A Zaghloul
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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79
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Ezzyat Y, Rizzuto DS. Direct brain stimulation during episodic memory. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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80
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Ciliberti D, Michon F, Kloosterman F. Real-time classification of experience-related ensemble spiking patterns for closed-loop applications. eLife 2018; 7:36275. [PMID: 30373716 PMCID: PMC6207426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication in neural circuits across the cortex is thought to be mediated by spontaneous temporally organized patterns of population activity lasting ~50 –200 ms. Closed-loop manipulations have the unique power to reveal direct and causal links between such patterns and their contribution to cognition. Current brain–computer interfaces, however, are not designed to interpret multi-neuronal spiking patterns at the millisecond timescale. To bridge this gap, we developed a system for classifying ensemble patterns in a closed-loop setting and demonstrated its application in the online identification of hippocampal neuronal replay sequences in the rat. Our system decodes multi-neuronal patterns at 10 ms resolution, identifies within 50 ms experience-related patterns with over 70% sensitivity and specificity, and classifies their content with 95% accuracy. This technology scales to high-count electrode arrays and will help to shed new light on the contribution of internally generated neural activity to coordinated neural assembly interactions and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ciliberti
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Michon
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Kloosterman
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,imec, Leuven, Belgium
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81
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Solomon EA, Kragel JE, Gross R, Lega B, Sperling MR, Worrell G, Sheth SA, Zaghloul KA, Jobst BC, Stein JM, Das S, Gorniak R, Inman CS, Seger S, Rizzuto DS, Kahana MJ. Medial temporal lobe functional connectivity predicts stimulation-induced theta power. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4437. [PMID: 30361627 PMCID: PMC6202342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal electrical stimulation of the brain incites a cascade of neural activity that propagates from the stimulated region to both nearby and remote areas, offering the potential to control the activity of brain networks. Understanding how exogenous electrical signals perturb such networks in humans is key to its clinical translation. To investigate this, we applied electrical stimulation to subregions of the medial temporal lobe in 26 neurosurgical patients fitted with indwelling electrodes. Networks of low-frequency (5–13 Hz) spectral coherence predicted stimulation-evoked increases in theta (5–8 Hz) power, particularly when stimulation was applied in or adjacent to white matter. Stimulation tended to decrease power in the high-frequency broadband (HFB; 50–200 Hz) range, and these modulations were correlated with HFB-based networks in a subset of subjects. Our results demonstrate that functional connectivity is predictive of causal changes in the brain, capturing evoked activity across brain regions and frequency bands. Direct electrical brain stimulation can induce widespread changes in neural activity, offering a means to modulate network-wide activity and treat disease. Here, the authors show that the low-frequency functional connectivity profile of a stimulation target predicts where induced theta activity occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Solomon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
| | - J E Kragel
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - R Gross
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - B Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - M R Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - G Worrell
- Department of Neurology, Department of Physiology and Bioengineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - S A Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - K A Zaghloul
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - B C Jobst
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - J M Stein
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - S Das
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - R Gorniak
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - C S Inman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - S Seger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - D S Rizzuto
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - M J Kahana
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
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82
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Cyborgs, Robots and Society: Implications for the Future of Society from Human Enhancement with In-The-Body Technologies. TECHNOLOGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies6020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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