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Thacker EE, Timares L, Matthews QL. Strategies to overcome host immunity to adenovirus vectors in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:761-77. [PMID: 19485756 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first clinical evaluations of adenovirus (Ad)-based vectors for gene therapy were initiated in the mid-1990s and led to great anticipation for future utility. However, excitement surrounding gene therapy, particularly Ad-based therapy, was diminished upon the death of Jesse Gelsinger, and recent discouraging results from the HIV vaccine STEP trial have brought efficacy and safety issues to the forefront again. Even so, Ad vectors are still considered among the safest and most effective vaccine vectors. Innate and pre-existing immunity to Ad mediate much of the acute toxicities and reduced therapeutic efficacies observed following vaccination with this vector. Thus, innovative strategies must continue to be developed to reduce Ad-specific antigenicity and immune recognition. This review provides an overview and critique of the most promising strategies, including results from preclinical trials in mice and nonhuman primates, which aim to revive the future of Ad-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Thacker
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BMR2 470, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-32172, USA.
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Sharma A, Tandon M, Bangari DS, Mittal SK. Adenoviral vector-based strategies for cancer therapy. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2009; 4:117-138. [PMID: 20160875 DOI: 10.2174/157488509788185123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Definitive treatment of cancer has eluded scientists for decades. Current therapeutic modalities like surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and receptor-targeted antibodies have varied degree of success and generally have moderate to severe side effects. Gene therapy is one of the novel and promising approaches for therapeutic intervention of cancer. Viral vectors in general and adenoviral (Ad) vectors in particular are efficient natural gene delivery systems and are one of the obvious choices for cancer gene therapy. Clinical and preclinical findings with a wide variety of approaches like tumor suppressor and suicide gene therapy, oncolysis, immunotherapy, anti-angiogenesis and RNA interference using Ad vectors have been quite promising, but there are still many hurdles to overcome. Shortcomings like increased immunogenicity, prevalence of preexisting anti-Ad immunity in human population and lack of specific targeting limit the clinical usefulness of Ad vectors. In recent years, extensive research efforts have been made to overcome these limitations through a variety of approaches including the use of conditionally-replicating Ad and specific targeting of tumor cells. In this review, we discuss the potential strengths and limitations of Ad vectors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, and Bindley Bioscience Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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53
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Adenovirus activates complement by distinctly different mechanisms in vitro and in vivo: indirect complement activation by virions in vivo. J Virol 2009; 83:5648-58. [PMID: 19321608 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00082-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding innate immunity is key to improving the safety of adenovirus (Ad) vectors for systemic gene therapy. Ad has been shown to activate complement in vitro, but activation of complement after Ad injection in vivo has not been directly measured. Using complement protein C3a as a marker of complement activation, we show that types 2 and 5 human Ads cause rapid complement activation after intravenous injection in mice. Unexpectedly, the mechanisms in vivo were different than those in vitro. Antibodies were critical for the activation of complement by Ad in vitro, but antibodies were not required in vivo. The classical pathway was required in vitro, whereas complement activation in vivo involved both classical and nonclassical pathways as well as the reticuloendothelial system. Remarkably, the entry-deficient Ad mutant ts1 was completely unable to activate complement in vivo even though it was fully able to activate complement in vitro. This result demonstrates that the complement system senses intravenously injected Ad primarily by detecting the effects of Ad on cells rather than through direct interaction of complement with virions. Encouragingly, shielding Ad with polyethylene glycol was effective at reducing complement activation both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, intravenously injected Ad rapidly activates complement through multiple pathways, but these pathways are different than those identified by in vitro studies. In vitro studies are poorly predictive of in vivo mechanisms because Ad virions activate complement through indirect mechanisms in vivo.
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Sharma A, Li X, Bangari DS, Mittal SK. Adenovirus receptors and their implications in gene delivery. Virus Res 2009; 143:184-94. [PMID: 19647886 PMCID: PMC2903974 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) have gained popularity as gene delivery vectors for therapeutic and prophylactic applications. Ad entry into host cells involves specific interactions between cell surface receptors and viral capsid proteins. Several cell surface molecules have been identified as receptors for Ad attachment and entry. Tissue tropism of Ad vectors is greatly influenced by their receptor usage. A variety of strategies have been investigated to modify Ad vector tropism by manipulating the receptor-interacting moieties. Many such strategies are aimed at targeting and/or detargeting of Ad vectors. In this review, we discuss the various cell surface molecules that are implicated as receptors for virus attachment and internalization. Special emphasis is given to Ad types that are utilized as gene delivery vectors. Various strategies to modify Ad tropism using the knowledge of Ad receptors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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55
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Crowther C, Ely A, Hornby J, Mufamadi S, Salazar F, Marion P, Arbuthnot P. Efficient Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Replication In Vivo, Using Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Adenovirus Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:1325-31. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Crowther
- Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Judith Hornby
- Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Steven Mufamadi
- Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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56
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Croyle MA, Patel A, Tran KN, Gray M, Zhang Y, Strong JE, Feldmann H, Kobinger GP. Nasal delivery of an adenovirus-based vaccine bypasses pre-existing immunity to the vaccine carrier and improves the immune response in mice. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3548. [PMID: 18958172 PMCID: PMC2569416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity to human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is common in the general population. Bypassing pre-existing immunity could maximize Ad5 vaccine efficacy. Vaccination by the intramuscular (I.M.), nasal (I.N.) or oral (P.O.) route with Ad5 expressing Ebola Zaire glycoprotein (Ad5-ZGP) fully protected naïve mice against lethal challenge with Ebola. In the presence of pre-existing immunity, only mice vaccinated I.N. survived. The frequency of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells was reduced by 80% and by 15% in animals vaccinated by the I.M. and P.O. routes respectively. Neutralizing antibodies could not be detected in serum from either treatment group. Pre-existing immunity did not compromise the frequency of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells (3.9±1% naïve vs. 3.6±1% pre-existing immunity, PEI) nor anti-Ebola neutralizing antibody (NAB, 40±10 reciprocal dilution, both groups). The number of INF-γ+ CD8+ cells detected in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) after I.N. immunization was not compromised by pre-existing immunity to Ad5 (146±14, naïve vs. 120±16 SFC/million MNCs, PEI). However, pre-existing immunity reduced NAB levels in BAL by ∼25% in this group. To improve the immune response after oral vaccination, the Ad5-based vaccine was PEGylated. Mice given the modified vaccine did not survive challenge and had reduced levels of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells 10 days after administration (0.3±0.3% PEG vs. 1.7±0.5% unmodified). PEGylation did increase NAB levels 2-fold. These results provide some insight about the degree of T and B cell mediated immunity necessary for protection against Ebola virus and suggest that modification of the virus capsid can influence the type of immune response elicited by an Ad5-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Croyle
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ami Patel
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kaylie N. Tran
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Gray
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James E. Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Viruses can be engineered to efficiently deliver exogenous genes, but their natural gene delivery properties often fail to meet human therapeutic needs. Therefore, engineering viral vectors with new properties, including enhanced targeting abilities and resistance to immune responses, is a growing area of research. This review discusses protein engineering approaches to generate viral vectors with novel gene delivery capabilities. Rational design of viral vectors has yielded successful advances in vitro, and to an extent in vivo. However, there is often insufficient knowledge of viral structure-function relationships to reengineer existing functions or create new capabilities, such as virus-cell interactions, whose molecular basis is distributed throughout the primary sequence of the viral proteins. Therefore, high-throughput library and directed evolution methods offer alternative approaches to engineer viral vectors with desired properties. Parallel and integrated efforts in rational and library-based design promise to aid the translation of engineered viral vectors toward the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Schaffer
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, the Department of Bioengineering, and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220, USA.
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58
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Callahan SM, Wonganan P, Croyle MA. Molecular and macromolecular alterations of recombinant adenoviral vectors do not resolve changes in hepatic drug metabolism during infection. Virol J 2008; 5:111. [PMID: 18826641 PMCID: PMC2565663 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report we test the hypothesis that long-term virus-induced alterations in CYP occur from changes initiated by the virus that may not be related to the immune response. Enzyme activity, protein expression and mRNA of CYP3A2, a correlate of human CYP3A4, and CYP2C11, responsive to inflammatory mediators, were assessed 0.25, 1, 4, and 14 days after administration of several different recombinant adenoviruses at a dose of 5.7 × 1012 virus particles (vp)/kg to male Sprague Dawley rats. Wild type adenovirus, containing all viral genes, suppressed CYP3A2 and 2C11 activity by 37% and 39%, respectively within six hours. Levels fell to 67% (CYP3A2) and 79% (CYP2C11) of control by 14 days (p ≤ 0.01). Helper-dependent adenovirus, with all viral genes removed, suppressed CYP3A2 (43%) and CYP2C11 (55%) within six hours. CYP3A2 remained significantly suppressed (47%, 14 days, p ≤ 0.01) while CYP2C11 returned to baseline at this time. CYP3A2 and 2C11 were reduced by 45 and 42% respectively 6 hours after treatment with PEGylated adenovirus, which has a low immunological profile (p ≤ 0.05). CYP3A2 remained suppressed (34%, p ≤ 0.05) for 14 days while CYP2C11 recovered. Inactivated virus suppressed CYP3A2 activity by 25–50% for 14 days (p ≤ 0.05). CYP2C11 was affected similar manner but recovered by day 14. Microarray and in vitro studies suggest that changes in cellular signaling pathways initiated early in virus infection contribute to changes in CYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellie M Callahan
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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59
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of viral vectors capable of providing efficient gene transfer in diseased tissues without causing any pathogenic effects is pivotal for overcoming the many challenges facing gene therapy. OBJECTIVE Immune responses against viral vectors, inadequate gene expression and inefficient targeting to specific cells in vivo are some of the major problems limiting the clinical utility of viral gene therapy. METHODS This review will focus on recent progress in strategic polymer-based modifications to improve the performance and biocompatibility of a variety of viral vectors. We will discuss the preclinical development of four approaches involving injectable polymers, polyelectrolytes, polymer microspheres and polymer-virus conjugates. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Much progress has been made in creating 'hybrid' gene delivery vectors that combine the strengths of polymers and viruses. With further optimization, these hybrid vectors, which may be safer and more effective, are likely to succeed in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 7-105 Hasselmo Hall, 312 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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60
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Green NK, Morrison J, Hale S, Briggs SS, Stevenson M, Subr V, Ulbrich K, Chandler L, Mautner V, Seymour LW, Fisher KD. Retargeting polymer-coated adenovirus to the FGF receptor allows productive infection and mediates efficacy in a peritoneal model of human ovarian cancer. J Gene Med 2008; 10:280-9. [PMID: 18214996 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transductional targeting of adenovirus following systemic or regional delivery remains one of the most difficult challenges for cancer gene medicine. The numerical excess and anatomical advantage of normal (non-cancer) cells in vivo demand far greater detargeting than is necessary for studies using single cell populations in vitro, and this must be coupled with efficient retargeting to cancer cells. METHODS Adenovirus (Ad5) particles were coated with reactive poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] copolymers, to achieve detargeting, and retargeting ligands were attached to the coating. Receptor-mediated infection was characterised in vitro and anticancer efficacy was studied in vivo. RESULTS Polymer coating prevented the virus binding any cellular receptors and mediated complete detargeting in vitro and in vivo. These fully detargeted vectors were efficiently retargeted with the model ligand FGF2 to infect FGFR-positive cells. Specific transduction activity was the same as parental virus, and intracellular routing appeared unaffected. Levels of transduction were up to 100-fold greater than parental virus on CAR negative cells. This level of specificity permitted good efficacy in intraperitoneal cancer virotherapy, simultaneously decreasing peritoneal adhesions seen with parental virus. Following intravenous delivery FGF2 mediated unexpected binding to erythrocytes, improving circulation kinetics, but preventing the targeted virus from leaving the blood stream. CONCLUSIONS Polymer cloaking enables complete adenovirus detargeting, providing a versatile platform for receptor-specific retargeting. This approach can efficiently retarget cancer virotherapy in vivo. Ligands should be selected carefully, as non-specific interactions with non-target cells (e.g. blood cells) can deplete the pool of therapeutic virus available for targeting disseminated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K Green
- Hybrid Systems Ltd., Cherwell Innovation Centre, Upper Heyford, Oxfordshire OX25 5HD, UK
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Haisma HJ, Kamps JAAM, Kamps GK, Plantinga JA, Rots MG, Bellu AR. Polyinosinic acid enhances delivery of adenovirus vectors in vivo by preventing sequestration in liver macrophages. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1097-1105. [PMID: 18420786 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus is among the preferred vectors for gene therapy because of its superior in vivo gene-transfer efficiency. However, upon systemic administration, adenovirus is preferentially sequestered by the liver, resulting in reduced adenovirus-mediated transgene expression in targeted tissues. In the liver, Kupffer cells are responsible for adenovirus degradation and contribute to the inflammatory response. As scavenger receptors present on Kupffer cells are responsible for the elimination of blood-borne pathogens, we investigated the possible implication of these receptors in the clearance of the adenovirus vector. Polyinosinic acid [poly(I)], a scavenger receptor A ligand, was analysed for its capability to inhibit adenovirus uptake specifically in macrophages. In in vitro studies, the addition of poly(I) before virus infection resulted in a specific inhibition of adenovirus-induced gene expression in a J774 macrophage cell line and in primary Kupffer cells. In in vivo experiments, pre-administration of poly(I) caused a 10-fold transient increase in the number of adenovirus particles circulating in the blood. As a consequence, transgene expression levels measured in different tissues were enhanced (by 5- to 15-fold) compared with those in animals that did not receive poly(I). Finally, necrosis of Kupffer cells, which normally occurs as a consequence of systemic adenovirus administration, was prevented by the use of poly(I). No toxicity, as measured by liver-enzyme levels, was observed after poly(I) treatment. From our data, we conclude that poly(I) can prevent adenovirus sequestration by liver macrophages. These results imply that, by inhibiting adenovirus uptake by Kupffer cells, it is possible to reduce the dose of the viral vector to diminish the liver-toxicity effect and to improve the level of transgene expression in target tissues. In systemic gene-therapy applications, this will have great impact on the development of targeted adenoviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidde J Haisma
- Department of Therapeutic Gene Modulation, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A A M Kamps
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gera K Kamps
- Department of Therapeutic Gene Modulation, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Josee A Plantinga
- Department of Therapeutic Gene Modulation, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne G Rots
- Department of Therapeutic Gene Modulation, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Rita Bellu
- Department of Therapeutic Gene Modulation, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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62
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Fishbein I, Alferiev I, Bakay M, Stachelek SJ, Sobolewski P, Lai M, Choi H, Chen IW, Levy RJ. Local delivery of gene vectors from bare-metal stents by use of a biodegradable synthetic complex inhibits in-stent restenosis in rat carotid arteries. Circulation 2008; 117:2096-103. [PMID: 18413497 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.746412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local drug delivery from polymer-coated stents has demonstrated efficacy for preventing in-stent restenosis; however, both the inflammatory effects of polymer coatings and concerns about late outcomes of drug-eluting stent use indicate the need to investigate innovative approaches, such as combining localized gene therapy with stent angioplasty. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that adenoviral vectors (Ad) could be delivered from the bare-metal surfaces of stents with a synthetic complex for reversible vector binding. METHODS AND RESULTS We synthesized the 3 components of a gene vector binding complex: (1) A polyallylamine bisphosphonate with latent thiol groups (PABT), (2) a polyethyleneimine (PEI) with pyridyldithio groups for amplification of attachment sites [PEI(PDT)], and (3) a bifunctional (amine- and thiol-reactive) cross-linker with a labile ester bond (HL). HL-modified Ad attached to PABT/PEI(PDT)-treated steel surfaces demonstrated both sustained release in vitro over 30 days and localized green fluorescent protein expression in rat arterial smooth muscle cell cultures, which were not sensitive to either inhibition by neutralizing anti-Ad antibodies or inactivation after storage at 37 degrees C. In rat carotid studies, deployment of steel stents configured with PABT/PEI(PDT)/HL-tethered adenoviral vectors demonstrated both site-specific arterial Ad(GFP) expression and adenovirus-luciferase transgene activity per optical imaging. Rat carotid stent delivery of adenovirus encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase resulted in significant inhibition of restenosis. CONCLUSIONS Reversible immobilization of adenovirus vectors on the bare-metal surfaces of endovascular stents via a synthetic complex represents an efficient, tunable method for sustained release of gene vectors to the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Fishbein
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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63
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Park JW, Mok H, Park TG. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor targeted delivery of PEGylated adenovirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 366:769-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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64
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Prasuhn DE, Singh P, Strable E, Brown S, Manchester M, Finn M. Plasma clearance of bacteriophage Qbeta particles as a function of surface charge. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1328-34. [PMID: 18177041 PMCID: PMC2657921 DOI: 10.1021/ja075937f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled protein capsids have gained attention as a promising class of nanoparticles for biomedical applications due to their monodisperse nature and versatile genetic and chemical tailorability. To determine the plasma clearance and tissue distribution in mice of the versatile capsid of bacteriophage Qbeta, the particles were decorated with gadolinium complexes using the CuI-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Interior surface labeling was engineered by the introduction of an azide-containing unnatural amino acid into the coat protein for the first time. Clearance rates were conveniently monitored by quantitative detection of Gd using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and were found to be inversely proportional to the number of complexes attached to the exterior surface of the particle. This phenomenon was correlated to changes in exterior surface charge brought about by acylation of surface-exposed amine groups in the initial step of the bioconjugation protocol. When primary amine groups were reintroduced by azide-alkyne coupling, the circulation time increased accordingly. These results show that nanoparticle trafficking may be tailored in predictable ways by chemical and genetic modifications that modulate surface charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane E. Prasuhn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Pratik Singh
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Erica Strable
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Steven Brown
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - M.G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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65
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Wortmann A, Vöhringer S, Engler T, Corjon S, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J, Kochanek S, Kreppel F. Fully Detargeted Polyethylene Glycol-coated Adenovirus Vectors Are Potent Genetic Vaccines and Escape from Pre-existing Anti-adenovirus Antibodies. Mol Ther 2008; 16:154-62. [PMID: 17848961 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic vaccination with adenoviral (Ad) gene transfer vectors requires transduction of professional antigen-presenting cells. However, because the natural Ad receptors are expressed on many cell types, the Ad vectors currently in use are characterized by high promiscuity. In fact, the majority of injected Ad vector particles are likely to transduce non-target cells. We have analyzed various sizes of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules for vector particle detargeting, and our data provide evidence that the size of the PEG determines detargeting efficiency. With the use of appropriately large PEG molecules, vector particles were detargeted from muscle after local delivery and from liver after systemic delivery in mouse models. Surprisingly, fully detargeted PEGylated Ad vectors still induced strong cellular and humoral immune responses to vector-encoded transgene products. Also, injection of PEGylated and non-PEGylated vector particles resulted in similar kinetics of transgene product-specific cytotoxic immune responses, thereby suggesting that the same cell types were involved in their induction. Furthermore, we showed that PEGylated vectors evade neutralizing anti-Ad antibodies in vivo. This feature might help circumvent the recognized limitation imposed by the widespread occurrence of anti-Ad immunity in the human population. We suggest that PEGylated Ad particles with significantly reduced promiscuity may qualify as a novel and safe vector format for genetic vaccination.
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66
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Jung Y, Park HJ, Kim PH, Lee J, Hyung W, Yang J, Ko H, Sohn JH, Kim JH, Huh YM, Yun CO, Haam S. Retargeting of adenoviral gene delivery via Herceptin–PEG–adenovirus conjugates to breast cancer cells. J Control Release 2007; 123:164-71. [PMID: 17854941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted adenoviral gene delivery using human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) is one of the promising strategies for enhancing the transduction efficacy of PEGylated adenovirus (PEG-ADV). The viral capsid of adenovirus carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was conjugated with bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG). The surface of PEG-ADV was then further conjugated with anti-HER2/neu monoclonal antibody (MAb), Herceptin (Trastuzumab; HER) to grant HER2/neu over-expressed breast cancer cells specific targeting. The PEG-ADV and Herceptin immobilized PEG-ADV (HER-PEG-ADV) extents of retargeting were evaluated, as compared to those of naked ADV. In summary, HER-PEG-ADV exhibited more enhanced level of GFP expression than PEG-ADV did for MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-468 cells (a HER2/neu positive cell line), but not for a HER2/neu deficient U251N cells. PEGylated ADV significantly reduced innate immune response likewise, as judged from the amount of interleukin 6 released from macrophage cells. Consequently, this study suggests that HER-PEG-ADV conjugates enable ADV to become more potential therapeutic tools through overcoming the limitation of ADV against immune system and non-specificity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Feasibility Studies
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Light
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Scattering, Radiation
- Transduction, Genetic
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukyung Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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67
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Microencapsulation of PEGylated Adenovirus within PLGA Microspheres for Enhanced Stability and Gene Transfection Efficiency. Pharm Res 2007; 24:2263-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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68
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Kreppel F, Kochanek S. Modification of adenovirus gene transfer vectors with synthetic polymers: a scientific review and technical guide. Mol Ther 2007; 16:16-29. [PMID: 17912234 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical modification of adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vectors with synthetic polymers is a promising strategy for overcoming typical in vivo hurdles associated with Ad-mediated gene delivery. Polymer-modified Ad vectors induce significantly reduced innate immune responses, can evade pre-existing anti-Ad antibodies, allow for repeated vector delivery, and have been used for developing novel retargeting strategies. The most widely used polymers for covalent chemical capsid surface modification are poly-N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (poly-HPMA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the latter is in wide clinical use for modifying protein biopharmaceuticals. In this review, we critically compare the properties of various polymers with respect to Ad vector shielding and retargeting, and identify areas for future research on polymer-modified viral vectors. We describe the potential technical pitfalls of polymer modification of Ad vectors and provide a technical guide for avoiding these while establishing polymer modification techniques in the laboratory.
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69
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Kwon I, Schaffer DV. Designer gene delivery vectors: molecular engineering and evolution of adeno-associated viral vectors for enhanced gene transfer. Pharm Res 2007; 25:489-99. [PMID: 17763830 PMCID: PMC2265771 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) are highly promising due to several desirable features of this parent virus, including a lack of pathogenicity, efficient infection of dividing and non-dividing cells, and sustained maintenance of the viral genome. However, several problems should be addressed to enhance the utility of AAV vectors, particularly those based on AAV2, the best characterized AAV serotype. First, altering viral tropism would be advantageous for broadening its utility in various tissue or cell types. In response to this need, vector pseudotyping, mosaic capsids, and targeting ligand insertion into the capsid have shown promise for altering AAV specificity. In addition, library selection and directed evolution have recently emerged as promising approaches to modulate AAV tropism despite limited knowledge of viral structure-function relationships. Second, pre-existing immunity to AAV must be addressed for successful clinical application of AAV vectors. "Shielding" polymers, site-directed mutagenesis, and alternative AAV serotypes have shown success in avoiding immune neutralization. Furthermore, directed evolution of the AAV capsid is a high throughput approach that has yielded vectors with substantial resistance to neutralizing antibodies. Molecular engineering and directed evolution of AAV vectors therefore offer promise for generating 'designer' gene delivery vectors with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-1462 USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-1462 USA
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70
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Eto Y, Yoshioka Y, Mukai Y, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Development of PEGylated adenovirus vector with targeting ligand. Int J Pharm 2007; 354:3-8. [PMID: 17904316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For effective gene therapy, a vector system that transduces the therapeutic gene into target cells efficiently and safely is essential. Adenovirus (Ad) vectors frequently are used for gene therapy research, especially cancer gene therapy, because of their high transduction efficiency. However, broad clinical utility of Ad vectors have not yet been achieved owing to problems related to several properties inherent to Ads. Systemic administration of Ad vectors leads to acute virus accumulation and undesirable transgene expression in the liver, with subsequent inefficient systemic cancer-targeted therapy and pronounced hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, most people have Ad-neutralizing antibodies, which hamper gene expression efficiency. Chemical conjugation of Ad surface with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PEGylation) is one of the promising strategies to overcome these problems. Furthermore, PEGylation of Ad vectors with targeting ligands on the tip of PEG, which alter the transfection range of Ad vectors will improve the safety and efficiency of Ad gene-delivery vectors. In this review, we describe the molecular biology of Ads and outline this PEGylation approach including our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Eto
- Department of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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71
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Niu G, Xiong Z, Cheng Z, Cai W, Gambhir SS, Xing L, Chen X. In vivo bioluminescence tumor imaging of RGD peptide-modified adenoviral vector encoding firefly luciferase reporter gene. Mol Imaging Biol 2007; 9:126-34. [PMID: 17297551 PMCID: PMC4165526 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-007-0079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of chemically modified human adenovirus (Ad) vectors for tumor retargeting. PROCEDURES E1- and E3-deleted Ad vectors carrying firefly luciferase reporter gene under cytomegalovirus promoter (AdLuc) was surface-modified with cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides through a bifunctional poly(ethyleneglycol) linker (RGD-PEG-AdLuc) for integrin alpha(v)beta(3) specific delivery. The Coxsackie and adenovirus viral receptor (CAR) and integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in various tumor cell lines was determined by reverse transcriptase PCR and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Bioluminescence imaging was performed in vitro and in vivo to evaluate RGD-modified AdLuc infectivity. RESULTS RGD-PEG-AdLuc abrogated the native CAR tropism and exhibited significantly enhanced transduction efficiency of integrin-positive tumors than AdLuc through intravenous administration. CONCLUSION This approach provides a robust platform for site-specific gene delivery and noninvasive monitoring of the transgene delivery efficacy and homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Zhengming Xiong
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
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72
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Koizumi N, Yamaguchi T, Kawabata K, Sakurai F, Sasaki T, Watanabe Y, Hayakawa T, Mizuguchi H. Fiber-modified adenovirus vectors decrease liver toxicity through reduced IL-6 production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1767-73. [PMID: 17237426 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are one of the most commonly used viral vectors in gene therapy clinical trials. However, they elicit a robust innate immune response and inflammatory responses. Improvement of the therapeutic index of Ad vector gene therapy requires elucidation of the mechanism of Ad vector-induced inflammation and cytokine/chemokine production as well as development of the safer vector. In the present study, we found that the fiber-modified Ad vector containing poly-lysine peptides in the fiber knob showed much lower serum IL-6 and aspartate aminotransferase levels (as a maker of liver toxicity) than the conventional Ad vector after i.v. administration, although the modified Ad vector showed higher transgene production in the liver than the conventional Ad vector. RT-PCR analysis showed that spleen, not liver, is the major site of cytokine, chemokine, and IFN expression. Splenic CD11c(+) cells were found to secret cytokines. The tissue distribution of Ad vector DNA showed that spleen distribution was much reduced in this modified Ad vector, reflecting reduced IL-6 levels in serum. Liver toxicity by the conventional Ad vector was reduced by anti-IL-6R Ab, suggesting that IL-6 signaling is involved in liver toxicity and that decreased liver toxicity of the modified Ad vector was due in part to the reduced IL-6 production. This study contributes to an understanding of the biological mechanism in innate immune host responses and liver toxicity toward systemically administered Ad vectors and will help in designing safer gene therapy methods that can reduce robust innate immunity and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Koizumi
- Laboratory of Gene Transfer and Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
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73
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Lee S, Ravindran S, Vellekamp G. Investigations of PEGylated Recombinant Adenovirus, Using Fluorescein-Labeled Polyethylene Glycol. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:286-300. [PMID: 17378767 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As with certain successful protein drug treatments, the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules to recombinant adenovirus (rAd) can augment their therapeutic potential. Unlike these proteins, the rAd particle has thousands of target sites for PEG conjugation. The reliable measurement of the average number of PEG molecules attached to the virion, or the degree of PEGylation (DP), is crucial not only for the characterization of PEGylated virus but also for optimization of the PEGylation reaction. Using a fluorescein-labeled PEG-SPA linker (SPA, succinimidyl ester of PEG propionic acid) with a 5-kDa linear PEG moiety, multiple preparations of fluoro-PEG-rAds were produced under various reaction conditions, purified, and analyzed by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence quantification of the virus peak. The DP was strongly dependent on the percent linker concentration in the reaction. For example, under one set of conditions, fluoro-PEG-rAd samples prepared at 1.3, 2.5, 5.0, 7.4, and 10.0% linker concentration had DPs of approximately 540, 1,000, 1,590, 1,990, and 2,170, respectively. The fluoro-PEG-rAds were compared with a set of nonfluorescent PEG-rAds. Analytical ultracentrifugation in CsCl density gradients showed distinct peaks at decreased buoyant density corresponding to the increased DP of the rAd samples; sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/scanning densitometry showed decreased hexon monomer and penton base. Both techniques were used to estimate the DP of nonfluorescent PEG-rAds versus fluoro-PEG-rAds, and anion-exchange HPLC revealed the different surface chemistries of the two vector types. In summary, these studies should provide investigators with the ability to reproducibly prepare and characterize PEGylated rAds or other large viral or nonviral particles for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoju Lee
- Biological and Sterile Product Development, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Union, NJ 07083, USA
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74
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Abstract
A number of human diseases stem from defective genes. One approach to treating such diseases is to replace, or override, the defective genes with normal genes, an approach called 'gene therapy'. However, the introduction of correctly functioning DNA into cells is a non-trivial matter, and cells must be coaxed to internalize, and then use, the DNA in the desired manner. A number of polymer-based synthetic systems, or 'vectors', have been developed to entice cells to use exogenous DNA. These systems work across the nano, micro and macro length scales, and have been under continuous development for two decades, with varying degrees of success. The design criteria for the construction of more-effective delivery vectors at each length scale are continually evolving. This review focuses on the most recent developments in polymer-based vector design at each length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 270 Olin Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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75
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Barton KN, Stricker H, Kolozsvary A, Kohl R, Heisey G, Nagaraja TN, Zhu G, Lu M, Kim JH, Freytag SO, Brown SL. Polyethylene Glycol (Molecular Weight 400 DA) Vehicle Improves Gene Expression of Adenovirus Mediated Gene Therapy. J Urol 2006; 175:1921-5. [PMID: 16600799 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A significant limitation of adenoviral mediated suicide gene therapy is poor gene distribution in vivo. The choice of vehicle has been demonstrated to affect the level of adenoviral delivered gene transduction. We examined the hypotheses that 1) adenovirus suspended in PEG400 improves gene expression in the naïve canine prostate model, 2) improved transgene expression with PEG400 results in improved tumor control and 3) vehicle affects the initial adenoviral spread from a single intratumor injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The magnitude and volume of gene expression were measured 24 hours following intraprostatic injection of adenovirus suspended in PEG400 (12.5% weight per volume) or saline as vehicle. Tumor growth delay was measured in mice bearing human tumor xenografts following the injection of adenovirus in PEG400 and saline. The initial spread of adenovirus was measured by confocal microscopy following a single injection of fluorescently labeled adenoviral particles in human tumor xenografts using each vehicle. RESULTS Adenovirus suspended in PEG400 provided an average of twice the level of gene expression in the canine prostate and significantly better tumor control relative to saline in preclinical tumor models (p = 0.046 and 0.036, respectively). The initial spread of adenovirus with PEG400 was superior to that of adenovirus in saline and the latter was largely limited to the needle tract. CONCLUSIONS Adenoviral gene therapy vectors suspended in PEG400 results in improved tumor control because of greater initial adenoviral spread, and the increased volume and magnitude of gene expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Barton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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76
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Abstract
Leiomyomas (fibroids) are common estrogen-dependent uterine tumours that cause significant morbidity for women and a substantial economic impact on health delivery systems. Currently, there is no effective medical treatment option for this condition-hysterectomy is the mainstay of management. This is not an attractive choice for many women, especially patients desiring to preserve their fertility potential. Gene therapy is becoming a clinical reality, with more than 600 clinical trials worldwide. Researchers have recently attempted to develop a gene-therapy-based approach for the ablation of uterine fibroids. The localized nature of this condition and its accessibility using different imaging or endoscopic techniques make it an attractive target for direct delivery of gene-based vectors. Recent work from our laboratory suggests the potential use of a dominant-negative form of estrogen receptor (ER) to inactivate estrogen signalling in leiomyoma cells and induce apoptosis. Our in vivo data in a mouse model demonstrate the ability of an adenovirus-expressing dominant-negative ER to arrest leiomyoma growth. We and others also have described the utility of the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) plus ganciclovir (GCV) suicide gene-therapy system to effectively eradicate leiomyoma cells by utilizing the bystandard effect phenomena and the high expression of gap-junction protein in these tumours. Further work on rat models will pave the way for future leiomyoma gene-therapy clinical trials and allow the realization of gene therapy as a viable non-surgical option for this common problem in women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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77
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Kim YK, Park IK, Jiang HL, Choi JY, Je YH, Jin H, Kim HW, Cho MH, Cho CS. Regulation of transduction efficiency by pegylation of baculovirus vector in vitro and in vivo. J Biotechnol 2006; 125:104-9. [PMID: 16584798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was coupled to baculovirus to regulate transduction efficiency of baculovirus in vitro and in vivo. The degree of pegylation in virions was measured by the loss of free amines via a fluorescamine-based assay. The efficiency of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was used to monitor transduction efficiency. As the results, the transduction efficiency in pegylated baculovirus was decreased with an increase of pegylation in baculovirus in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the transduction efficiency of the pegylated baculovirus for the lung and brain was increased compared with baculovirus itself possibly owing to increased stability of baculovirus by pegylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Kyoung Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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78
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Young LS, Searle PF, Onion D, Mautner V. Viral gene therapy strategies: from basic science to clinical application. J Pathol 2006; 208:299-318. [PMID: 16362990 DOI: 10.1002/path.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major impediment to the successful application of gene therapy for the treatment of a range of diseases is not a paucity of therapeutic genes, but the lack of an efficient non-toxic gene delivery system. Having evolved to deliver their genes to target cells, viruses are currently the most effective means of gene delivery and can be manipulated to express therapeutic genes or to replicate specifically in certain cells. Gene therapy is being developed for a range of diseases including inherited monogenic disorders and cardiovascular disease, but it is in the treatment of cancer that this approach has been most evident, resulting in the recent licensing of a gene therapy for the routine treatment of head and neck cancer in China. A variety of virus vectors have been employed to deliver genes to cells to provide either transient (eg adenovirus, vaccinia virus) or permanent (eg retrovirus, adeno-associated virus) transgene expression and each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. Paramount is the safety of these virus vectors and a greater understanding of the virus-host interaction is key to optimizing the use of these vectors for routine clinical use. Recent developments in the modification of the virus coat allow more targeted approaches and herald the advent of systemic delivery of therapeutic viruses. In the context of cancer, the ability of attenuated viruses to replicate specifically in tumour cells has already yielded some impressive results in clinical trials and bodes well for the future of this approach, particularly when combined with more traditional anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Young
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham Medical School, UK.
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79
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Liu WH, Lin YL, Wang JP, Liou W, Hou RF, Wu YC, Liao CL. Restriction of vaccinia virus replication by a ced-3 and ced-4-dependent pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4174-9. [PMID: 16537504 PMCID: PMC1389701 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506442103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic tractability and easy manipulation make Caenorhabditis elegans a good model to study host-pathogen interactions. Dozens of different bacterial species can pathogenically infect C. elegans under laboratory conditions, and all of these microbes are extracellular pathogens to nematodes. Viruses, on the other hand, are obligate intracellular parasites, and yet no viral infections have been reported for C. elegans. We established a procedure allowing vaccinia virus to enter and subsequently replicate in C. elegans. Virus replication was significantly enhanced in ced-3, ced-4, ced-9(gf), and egl-1(lf) mutants, demonstrating that the core programmed cell death (PCD) genes ced-3, ced-4, ced-9, and egl-1 control vaccinia virus replication in C. elegans. The ability of ced-3 and ced-4 alleles to restrict virus replication is correlated with their cell-killing activities. Moreover, the increase in vaccinia virus replication levels in the PCD-defective mutants was not likely to be caused by the extra live cells, as neither the inhibition of PCD by icd-1 overexpression nor the presence of extra cells after extra cell divisions in cul-1 or lin-23 mutants had any significant effect on vaccinia virus replication. Therefore, the core PCD genes possess a unique function in controlling vaccinia virus replication in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Liu
- *Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 40227, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Republic of China
| | - Jia-Pey Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 114, Republic of China
| | - Willisa Liou
- Department of Anatomy, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China; and
| | - Roger F. Hou
- *Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 40227, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, Republic of China
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 114, Republic of China
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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80
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Menezes KM, Mok HS, Barry MA. Increased Transduction of Skeletal Muscle Cells by Fibroblast Growth Factor-Modified Adenoviral Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:314-20. [PMID: 16544980 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy will likely require that the corrective dystrophin gene be delivered to a high fraction of muscle fibers in vivo. Because of the large size of the dystrophin cDNA, adenoviral (Ad) vectors have been developed for this application. However, Ad vectors transduce mature muscle inefficiently in part due to downregulation of Ad receptors on these cells. To circumvent this problem, we have tested fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) as ligands for their ability to enhance Ad transduction of muscle cells. In this work, we demonstrate that covalent conjugation of FGF, but not IGF, to Ad5 vectors mediates substantial increases in transduction of skeletal muscle cells in vitro and dystrophic in vivo. Ad5 vectors expressing reporter genes were cross-linked to the ligands, using bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules. Ad-PEG-FGF mediated 1000- and 200-fold increases in transduction on C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes in vitro when compared with Ad5, Ad-PEG, or Ad-PEG-IGF. When tested in vivo in mdx mice, Ad-PEG-FGF mediated 6-fold higher transduction in skeletal muscle than unmodified Ad5. Similar results were seen when using lacZ as a reporter gene to observe transduction qualitatively. These data suggest that FGF may be a useful cell-binding ligand to enhance gene delivery by Ad and other vectors into skeletal muscle for the gene therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and other muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareena M Menezes
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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81
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Menezes KM, Mok HS, Barry MA. Increased Transduction of Skeletal Muscle Cells by Fibroblast Growth Factor-Modified Adenoviral Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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82
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Lee GK, Maheshri N, Kaspar B, Schaffer DV. PEG conjugation moderately protects adeno-associated viral vectors against antibody neutralization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 92:24-34. [PMID: 15937953 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AAV gene therapy vectors have significant clinical promise, but serum neutralization poses a challenge that must be overcome. We have examined the potential of conjugating the AAV surface with activated polyethylene glycol chains to protect the vector from neutralizing antibodies. Two key parameters were investigated: the polymer chain size and the PEG:lysine conjugation ratio. Transduction data revealed that the vector is fully infectious until a critical PEG conjugation reaction ratio was exceeded, and this critical level was found to vary with polymer chain size. At this key conjugation ratio, however, particles were moderately protected from serum neutralization, 2.3-fold over unmodified vector, demonstrating that there is a small window of PEGylation for which particles are still fully infective and benefit from antibody protection. TEM results and structural analysis indicate that the drop of infectivity as the PEG concentration is increased beyond the critical conjugation ratio may be due to a combination of steric interference with viral regions necessary for infection as well as reaction at important lysine residues. However, this first study analyzing the potential of PEG to protect AAV from serum neutralization shows that the approach has promise, which can be further enhanced if the locations of PEG attachment can be more finely controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Lee
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and, The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, The University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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83
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Le HT, Yu QC, Wilson JM, Croyle MA. Utility of PEGylated recombinant adeno-associated viruses for gene transfer. J Control Release 2005; 108:161-77. [PMID: 16125817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV), capable of producing significant, long-term transgene expression, is one of the least toxic vectors employed in pre-clinical and clinical studies of gene transfer. One limitation is generation of neutralizing antibodies against viral capsids, blocking gene expression after readministration. AAV2 capsids were modified with poly(ethylene) glycols (PEGs) activated by cyanuric chloride (CCPEG), succinimidyl succinate (SSPEG) and tresyl chloride (TMPEG). SSPEG and TMPEG conjugation did not compromise gene transfer to the liver and muscle and improved gene expression in the lung 5 fold. Transduction efficiency of CCPEG-AAV was impeded in all tissues by aggregation. TMPEG afforded the best protection from neutralization in vitro and in vivo. Gene expression in mice immunized against unmodified AAV was reduced by a factor of 10 from that of naïve animals after intramuscular rechallenge with PEGylated AAV but was not significantly different from naïve mice after intravenous readministration (p=0.08). Gene expression was markedly reduced in muscle after two doses of PEGylated AAV. In contrast, mice given two intravenous doses of TMPEG-AAV had significantly higher transgene levels than naïve animals 14 days after rechallenge (p=0.001). This technology could promote successful readministration of vector in the clinic and marked expression in patients with anti-AAV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong T Le
- The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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84
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Eto Y, Gao JQ, Sekiguchi F, Kurachi S, Katayama K, Maeda M, Kawasaki K, Mizuguchi H, Hayakawa T, Tsutsumi Y, Mayumi T, Nakagawa S. PEGylated adenovirus vectors containing RGD peptides on the tip of PEG show high transduction efficiency and antibody evasion ability. J Gene Med 2005; 7:604-12. [PMID: 15543536 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PEGylation of adenovirus vectors (Ads) is an attractive strategy in gene therapy. Although many types of PEGylated Ad (PEG-Ads), which exhibit antibody evasion activity and long plasma half-life, have been developed, their entry into cells has been prevented by steric hindrance by polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains. Likewise, sufficient gene expression for medical treatment could not be achieved. METHODS A set of PEG-Ads, which have different PEG modification rates, was constructed, and gene expression was evaluated using A549 cells. A novel PEGylated Ad (RGD-PEG-Ad), which contained RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptides on the tip of PEG, was developed. We evaluated gene expression both in Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR)-positive as well as -negative cells, and in vivo gene expression was also determined. Furthermore, the antibody evasion ability and the specificity of infection exhibited by this RGD-PEG-Ad were also evaluated. RESULTS Whereas PEG-Ads decreased gene expression in CAR-positive cells, RGD-PEG-Ad enhanced gene expression notably, to a level about 200-fold higher than that of PEG-Ads. Moreover, gene expression of RGD-PEG-Ad was almost equal to that of Ad-RGD, which contains an RGD-motif in the fiber and exhibits among the highest gene expression of CAR-positive and -negative cells. Furthermore, although Ad-RGD gene expression decreased remarkably in the presence of anti-Ad antiserum, RGD-PEG-Ad maintained its activity against antibodies. In vivo experiments also demonstrated that the modification of Ads with RGD-PEG induced efficient gene expression. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we demonstrated that a new strategy, which combined integrin-targeting the RGD peptide on the tip of PEG and modified the Ad using this material, could enhance gene expression in both CAR-positive and -negative cells. At the same time, this novel PEGylated Ad maintained strong protective activity against antibodies. This strategy could also be easily modified for developing other vectors using other targeting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Eto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
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85
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Croyle MA, Le HT, Linse KD, Cerullo V, Toietta G, Beaudet A, Pastore L. PEGylated helper-dependent adenoviral vectors: highly efficient vectors with an enhanced safety profile. Gene Ther 2005; 12:579-87. [PMID: 15647765 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transgene expression from helper-dependent adenoviral (HD-Ad) vectors is effective and long lasting, but not permanent. Their use is also limited by the host response against capsid proteins that precludes successful gene expression upon readministration. In this report, we test the hypothesis that PEGylation of HD-Ad reduces its toxicity and promotes transgene expression upon readministration. PEGylation did not compromise transduction efficiency in vitro and in vivo and reduced peak serum IL-6 levels two-fold. IL-12 and TNF-alpha levels were reduced three- and seven-fold, respectively. Thrombocytopenia was not detected in mice treated with the PEGylated vector. Serum transaminases were not significantly elevated in mice treated with either vector. Mice immunized with 1 x 10(11) particles of unmodified HD-Ad expressing human alpha-1 antitrypsin (hA1AT) were rechallenged 28 days later with 8 x 10(10) particles of unmodified or PEG-conjugated vector expressing beta-galactosidase. Trace levels of beta-galactosidase (52.23+/-19.2 pg/mg protein) were detected in liver homogenates of mice that received two doses of unmodified HD-Ad. Mice rechallenged with PEGylated HD-Ad produced significant levels of beta-galactosidase (5.1+/-0.4 x 10(5) pg/mg protein, P=0.0001). This suggests that PEGylation of HD-Ad vectors may be appropriate for their safe and efficient use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Croyle
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
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86
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Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus (Ad) vectors continue to be the preferred vectors for gene therapy and the study of gene function because they are relatively easy to construct, can be produced at high titer, and have high transduction efficiency. However, in some applications gene transfer with Ad vectors is less efficient because the target cells lack expression of the primary receptor, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). Another problem is the wide biodistribution of vector in tissue following in vivo gene transfer because of the relatively broad tissue expression of CAR. To overcome these limitations, various approaches have been developed to modify Ad tropism. In one approach, the capsid proteins of Ad are modified, such as with the addition of foreign ligands or the substitution of the fiber with other types of Ad fiber, in combination with the ablation of native tropism. In other approaches, Ad vectors are conjugated with adaptor molecules, such as antibody and fusion protein containing an anti-Ad single-chain antibody (scFv) or the extracellular domain of CAR with the targeting ligands, or chemically modified with polymers containing the targeting ligands. In this paper, we review advances in the development of targeted Ad vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Project III, National Institute of Health Sciences, Osaka Branch, Fundamental Research Laboratories for Development of Medicine, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.
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87
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Mok H, Palmer DJ, Ng P, Barry MA. Evaluation of polyethylene glycol modification of first-generation and helper-dependent adenoviral vectors to reduce innate immune responses. Mol Ther 2005; 11:66-79. [PMID: 15585407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are robust gene delivery vectors in vivo, but are limited by their propensity to provoke strong innate and adaptive responses. Previous work has demonstrated that polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification of adenovirus can protect the vectors from preexisting and adaptive immune responses by reducing protein-protein interactions. To test whether PEGylation can reduce innate immune responses to adenovirus by reducing their interactions with immune cells, first-generation (FG-Ad) and helper-dependent (HD-Ad) Ad5 vectors were PEGylated with SPA-PEG and tested in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that increasing PEGylation ablated in vitro transduction, but surprisingly had no negative effect on the level or distribution of in vivo gene delivery. This poor in vitro transduction could be rescued in part by physically forcing the PEGylated vectors onto cells, suggesting that physiological forces in vivo may enable transduction via heparin sulfate proteoglycan and integrin interactions. While transduction remained the same as for unmodified vectors, the PEGylated vectors reduced innate IL-6 responses by 70 and 50% in vivo for FG-Ad and HD-Ad. These reduced innate responses paralleled similar reductions in vector uptake by macrophages in vitro and Kupffer cells in vivo. These data suggest that PEGylation of Ad vectors can reduce innate immune responses without reducing transduction in vivo. These data also suggest that nonspecific vector uptake by macrophages and Kupffer cells may be critically involved in the initial activation of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyin Mok
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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88
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Xu ZL, Mizuguchi H, Sakurai F, Koizumi N, Hosono T, Kawabata K, Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi T, Hayakawa T. Approaches to improving the kinetics of adenovirus-delivered genes and gene products. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57:781-802. [PMID: 15757761 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors have been expected to play a great role in gene therapy because of their extremely high transduction efficiency and wide tropism. However, due to the intrinsic deficiency of their immunogenic toxicities, Ad vectors are rapidly cleared from the host, transgene expression is transient, and readministration of the same serotype Ad vectors is problematic. As a result, Ad vectors are continually undergoing refinement to realize their potential for gene therapy application. Even after 1999, when a patient fatally succumbed to the toxicity associated with Ad vector administration at a University of Pennsylvania (U.S.) experimental clinic, enthusiasm of gene therapists for Ad vectors has not waned. With great efforts from various research groups, significant advances have been achieved through comprehensive approaches to improving the kinetics of Ad vector-delivered genes and gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Xu
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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89
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Mizuguchi H, Hayakawa T. Targeted Adenovirus Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2004.15.ft-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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90
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Evans RK, Nawrocki DK, Isopi LA, Williams DM, Casimiro DR, Chin S, Chen M, Zhu DM, Shiver JW, Volkin DB. Development of stable liquid formulations for adenovirus-based vaccines. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:2458-75. [PMID: 15349956 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the stability profiles of adenovirus type-5 (Ad5)-based vaccine formulations to identify liquid formulations that are stable during long-term storage at 4 degrees C. By identifying the major physiochemical inactivation pathway(s) during storage, formulations of Ad5 were designed with specific pharmaceutical excipients leading to greatly enhanced stability. For example, results indicate that Ad5 is stabilized by non-ionic surfactants and cryoprotectants as well as excipients known to inhibit free-radical oxidation. A non-ionic surfactant is necessary to prevent adsorption of adenovirus to glass surfaces during storage, and a cryoprotectant is needed to prevent freeze-thaw-induced virus inactivation. In a base formulation (A105) containing sucrose as the cryoprotectant and polysorbate-80 as the non-ionic surfactant, metal-ion catalyzed free-radical oxidation is an important mechanism of Ad5 inactivation. The free-radical oxidation inhibitors ethanol and histidine, combined with the metal-ion chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), were determined to be effective stabilizers of Ad5. Arrhenius plots of stability data are consistent with a first-order inactivation mechanism with apparent activation energies for virus inactivation of 26.5 +/- 0.9 and 28.7 +/- 0.6 kcal/mol in the absence and presence of free-radical oxidation inhibitors, respectively. Optimization of formulation pH, as well as the EDTA and ethanol concentrations, allowed for the identification of formulations that further enhanced long-term storage stability. For example, Ad5 in an optimized liquid formulation (A195) lost <0.1 logs of infectivity after 24 months of storage at 4 degrees C. The immunogenicity of a recombinant Ad5-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine candidate expressing HIV-1 gag (MRKAd5gag) formulated in A195, was shown to be equivalent to the same vaccine formulated in A105. Therefore, the use of EDTA, ethanol, and histidine did not significantly alter the immunogenicity of the vaccine in mice. The identification of 4 degrees C stable liquid formulations should significantly enhance the utility of Ad5 as a vector for vaccines and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Evans
- Department of Vaccine Pharmaceutical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, WP78-302, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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91
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Cheng X, Ming X, Croyle MA. PEGylated adenoviruses for gene delivery to the intestinal epithelium by the oral route. Pharm Res 2004; 20:1444-51. [PMID: 14567640 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025714412337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenoviruses are being developed for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Several in vitro assays were used to predict stability of PEGylated adenovirus along the GI tract and determine in vivo gene transfer after oral administration. METHODS Recombinant adenovirus was modified with monomethoxypoly(ethylene) glycols activated by cyanuric chloride, succinimidyl succinate, and tresyl chloride. Transduction efficiency was assessed on Caco-2 cells. In vitro stability of viruses in simulated gastric fluid, pancreatic fluid, and bile was assessed by serial dilution on 293 cells. Transduction efficiency in vivo was determined by oral administration of 1 x 10(12) particles of unmodified or PEGylated virus to fasted Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS Titers of unmodified virus declined to undetectable levels after 40 min in simulated gastric fluid while the infectious titer of the modified vectors did not change for 3 h. Similar results were seen with simulated pancreatic fluid. PEGylation also enhanced adenoviral transduction efficiency in Caco-2 cells by a factor of 20. PEGylation enhanced adenovirus transduction efficiency 10- to 40-fold in vivo in intestinal segments that do not express significant amounts of adenovirus receptors (jejunum, colon) with transgene expression located in the crypt regions. CONCLUSIONS PEGylated adenoviruses are suitable gene delivery vehicles for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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92
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Croyle MA, Callahan SM, Auricchio A, Schumer G, Linse KD, Wilson JM, Brunner LJ, Kobinger GP. PEGylation of a vesicular stomatitis virus G pseudotyped lentivirus vector prevents inactivation in serum. J Virol 2004; 78:912-21. [PMID: 14694122 PMCID: PMC368741 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.912-921.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One disadvantage of vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) pseudotyped lentivirus vectors for clinical application is inactivation of the vector by human serum complement. To prevent this, monomethoxypoly(ethylene) glycol was conjugated to a VSV-G-human immunodeficiency virus vector expressing Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. The modification did not affect transduction efficiency in vitro and protected the vector from inactivation in complement-active human and mouse sera. Blood from mice dosed intravenously with either the unmodified or the PEGylated virus particles was assayed for active vector by a limiting-dilution assay to evaluate transduction efficiency and for p24, an indicator of the total number of virus particles present. PEGylation extended the circulation half-life of active vector by a factor of 5 and reduced the rate of vector inactivation in the serum by a factor of 1,000. Pharmacokinetic profiles for the total number of virus particles present in the circulation were unaffected by PEGylation. Modification of the vector with poly(ethylene) glycol significantly enhanced transduction efficiency in the bone marrow and in the spleen 14 days after systemic administration of the virus. These results, in concert with the pharmacokinetic profiles, indicate that PEGylation does protect the virus from inactivation in the serum and, as a result, improves the transduction efficiency of VSV-G pseudotyped lentivirus vectors in susceptible organs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Croyle
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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93
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Schek RM, Hollister SJ, Krebsbach PH. Delivery and Protection of Adenoviruses Using Biocompatible Hydrogels for Localized Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2004; 9:130-8. [PMID: 14741786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized gene delivery for repair of bone defects requires appropriate carriers for the gene therapy vectors. The objective of this study was to determine if hydrogels can control temporal and spatial delivery of adenovirus for localized gene therapy. Adenovirus expressing beta-galactosidase was suspended in liquid or fibrin or collagen gels of varied concentrations and incubated prior to testing its bioactivity. The bioactivity of the virus was determined by exposing fibroblasts to the medium, the gels, or the elution medium from the gels. Bioactivity of adenovirus suspended in medium or collagen decreased to half-maximal activity after 15 h of incubation. In contrast, virus suspended in fibrin exhibited a threefold extension of bioactivity and did not reach half-maximal activity for 45 h. Bioactivity of adenovirus in hydrogels was determined to be a function of the gel concentration. In vivo experiments involved intramuscular implantation of BMP-7-expressing adenovirus in collagen, fibrin, or liquid in nude mice for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Bone formation was observed only after 4 weeks, with bone formation occurring in 80% of muscles implanted with fibrin or collagen and 50% of muscles implanted with liquid. Fibrin gel also led to significantly larger ossicles, indicating that fibrin may offer protection from loss of infectivity both in vivo and in vitro. These results demonstrated that hydrogels may be used as carriers to control delivery of the virus and resultant tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Maddox Schek
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Oncology, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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94
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Raja KS, Wang Q, Finn MG. Icosahedral Virus Particles as Polyvalent Carbohydrate Display Platforms. Chembiochem 2003; 4:1348-51. [PMID: 14661279 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaswami S Raja
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and the Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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95
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Raja KS, Wang Q, Gonzalez MJ, Manchester M, Johnson JE, Finn MG. Hybrid virus-polymer materials. 1. Synthesis and properties of PEG-decorated cowpea mosaic virus. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:472-6. [PMID: 12741758 DOI: 10.1021/bm025740+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus was derivatized with poly(ethylene glycol) to give well-controlled loadings of polymer on the outer surface of the coat protein assembly. The resulting conjugates displayed altered densities and immunogenicities, consistent with the known chemical and biological properties of PEG. These studies make CPMV potentially useful as a tailored vehicle for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaswami S Raja
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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96
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Rexroad J, Wiethoff CM, Green AP, Kierstead TD, Scott MO, Middaugh CR. Structural stability of adenovirus type 5. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:665-78. [PMID: 12587128 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thermally induced structural changes in adenovirus type 5 (Ad) in the presence of either 2 or 10% sucrose were investigated using a variety of biophysical techniques. In solutions containing 2% sucrose, a highly cooperative transition in the structure of the virus was observed at 45 degrees C as detected by tryptophan fluorescence, derivative UV absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and dynamic and static light scattering. This transition resulted in (at least partial) disassembly of the virus and a concomitant increase in the accessibility of the viral DNA to the fluorescent dye, TOTO-1. Capsid disassembly was verified by transmission electron microscopy, which showed ruptured icosahedral vertices near 45 degrees C followed by complete capsid disassembly at higher temperatures. SDS-PAGE of thermally treated Ad suggests that the penton base (protein III) and protein IIIa (located in the peripentonal region) are significantly more labile than other capsid proteins and may be the initial instigators in capsid disassembly. Additional discrete structural transitions were observed in viral proteins using the aforementioned spectroscopic techniques. Thermally induced rearrangements of the condensed DNA at higher temperatures were also detected by the appearance of "psi"-like features in the CD spectra as well as a dramatic decrease in accessibility of DNA to TOTO-1. These transitions corresponded to discrete endothermic events that are also detected by differential scanning calorimetry. By increasing the concentration of sucrose to 10%, secondary and tertiary structural features of adenoviral proteins were significantly stabilized, although loss of quaternary structure at 45 degrees C was still observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Rexroad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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97
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98
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Sailaja G, HogenEsch H, North A, Hays J, Mittal SK. Encapsulation of recombinant adenovirus into alginate microspheres circumvents vector-specific immune response. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1722-9. [PMID: 12457287 PMCID: PMC1459421 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2002] [Accepted: 06/21/2002] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity against adenoviruses may compromise the efficacy of adenoviral vectors for vaccination and gene therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether encapsulation of adenovirus recombinants into biodegradable alginate microparticles could circumvent the vector-specific immune response. Mice were immunized either intranasally (i.n.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with human adenovirus type 5 (HAd5), resulting in the development of virus-specific antibodies. Immunized and nai;ve mice were inoculated with AdCA36lacZ (an E1-deleted HAd5 recombinant containing the bacterial beta-galactosidase (LacZ) gene), encapsulated (E) into alginate microparticles, or nonencapsulated (NE) ie, as a virus suspension. LacZ expression in animals immunized once (1x) or twice (2x) with HAd5 and subsequently inoculated with NE-AdCA36lacZ (NE-Z) was significantly (P<0.001) reduced compared to those levels observed in NE-Z inoculated nai;ve mice, suggesting that the immune response against the vector adversely affected transgene expression. In contrast, there was only slight reduction (P>0.05) in LacZ expression in mice immunized 1x or 2x with HAd5 that were subsequently inoculated with E-AdCA36lacZ (E-Z) compared to those levels obtained in E-Z inoculated nai;ve animals. Similar results were obtained with i.n. or i.p. inoculated animals. These results indicate that microencapsulation of recombinant adenovirus effectively circumvented the vector-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sailaja
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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99
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Croyle MA, Chirmule N, Zhang Y, Wilson JM. PEGylation of E1-deleted adenovirus vectors allows significant gene expression on readministration to liver. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:1887-900. [PMID: 12396620 DOI: 10.1089/104303402760372972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of adenoviral vectors leads to activation of innate and antigen-specific immunity. In an attempt to diminish T and B cell-specific immune responses to E1-deleted adenoviral vectors, capsid proteins were modified with various activated monomethoxypolyethylene glycols (MPEGs). The impact of this modification was studied in a murine model of liver-directed gene transfer in which an E1-deleted adenovirus expressing the lacZ gene was given intravenously. The efficiency of vector transduction of hepatocytes in vivo was not compromised by any of the polymer chemistries. PEGylation of the virus, however, diminished the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and helper T cells of the type 1 subset (Th1 cells) against native viral antigens; neutralizing antibodies to native virus were also diminished. PEGylation prolonged transgene expression and allowed partial readministration with native virus or with a virus PEGylated with a heterologous chemical moiety. Apparently, modification of the capsid leads to a shift in antigenic epitopes because vector readministration was not possible when the immunizing vector had been modified by the same PEGylation chemistry used to modify the second vector. In light of these results, the concept of improving the performance of adenoviral vectors through modification of the capsid with PEG shows promise.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/deficiency
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Capsid Proteins/chemistry
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Defective Viruses/genetics
- Defective Viruses/immunology
- Defective Viruses/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/pharmacokinetics
- Genetic Vectors/physiology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lac Operon
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/virology
- Luminescent Proteins/biosynthesis
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutralization Tests
- Polyethylene Glycols/administration & dosage
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacokinetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Sulfones/administration & dosage
- Sulfones/pharmacokinetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Croyle
- Institute for Human Gene Therapy and Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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100
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Huang X, Lin T, Gu J, Zhang L, Roth JA, Stephens LC, Yu Y, Liu J, Fang B. Combined TRAIL and Bax gene therapy prolonged survival in mice with ovarian cancer xenograft. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1379-86. [PMID: 12365003 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2002] [Accepted: 05/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the antitumor activity of the Bax gene and green fluorescent protein/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (GFP/TRAIL) fusion gene driven by the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter both separately and combined in the human ovarian cancer lines SKOV3ip and DOV13 and human lung cancer line H1299. In vitro study showed that both TRAIL- and Bax-expressing vectors elicited significant cell killing in H1299 and SKOV3ip cells, but only the GFP/TRAIL gene elicited significant cell killing in DOV13 cells. Combined TRAIL and Bax therapy also produced more profound cell killing in SKOV3ip and H1299 cells, but not DOV13 cells without escalation of the vector doses. To further evaluate the combined effects of Bax and TRAIL, abdominally spread tumors were established in nude mice via intraperitoneal inoculation of SKOV3ip cells followed by that of adenoviral vectors. Tumor growth, ascites formation, survival duration and toxicity were evaluated after treatment. We found that treatment using the Bax- or TRAIL-expressing vector alone significantly suppressed tumor growth and ascites formation, and prolonged animal survival when compared with that of using PBS or a control vector. Combined TRAIL and Bax therapy further prolonged survival significantly when compared with therapy using the TRAIL or Bax gene alone. Transgene expression and apoptosis induction were not detected in normal human ovarian epithelial cells in vitro or normal mouse tissues in vivo after intraperitoneal vector administration. Also, liver toxicity was not detected after either treatment. Thus, combined TRAIL and Bax gene therapy may be useful for treatment of abdominally spread tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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