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Bas A, Gultekin G, Incir S, Bas TO, Emul M, Duran A. Level of serum thioredoxin and correlation with neurocognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia using clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics. Psychiatry Res 2017; 247:84-89. [PMID: 27871032 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin is a serum antioxidant that has been investigated in the etiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this study is investigating the relationship between serum thioredoxin levels and cognitive functions in acute psychotic episode and remission state patients with schizophrenia; and examining whether there were differences between patients using clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics; including risperidone, olanzapine and amisulpride. This research was performed in schizophrenia patients hospitalized with acute psychotic episode (n=57), reevaluated patients after the initiation of treatment (mean 16 weeks) (n=46), and healthy controls (n=41). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinic Global Impressions Scale, Neuropsychologic test battery to assess cognitive performance, and serum thioredoxin levels measured by ELISA were used in this research. Serum thioredoxin levels were highest in acute psychotic episode, lower in the remission state and the lowest in healthy controls. Significant correlation has been established between serum thioredoxin levels and Trail Making Test-A performance in remission state patients. In conclusion, serum thioredoxin levels were increased in acute psychotic episode and decreased in remission state, and its relationship with attention is worth to consider in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Bas
- Department of Psychiatry, Aksaray State Hospital, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Gozde Gultekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul,Turkey
| | - Said Incir
- Clinical Laboratory, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Ocek Bas
- Department of Psychiatry, Aksaray State Hospital, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Murat Emul
- Department of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul,Turkey
| | - Alaatin Duran
- Department of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul,Turkey
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Farina M, Aschner M. Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity: Focus on Pro-oxidative Events and Related Consequences. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 18:267-286. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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53
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Loyola BM, Nascimento GC, Fernández RAR, Iyomasa DM, Pereira YCL, Leite-Panissi CRA, Issa JPM, Iyomasa MM. Chronic stress effects in contralateral medial pterygoid muscle of rats with occlusion alteration. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:369-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Oxidative Stress Markers and Their Dynamic Changes in Patients after Acute Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9761697. [PMID: 27774120 PMCID: PMC5059617 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9761697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have focused on determining the range of oxidative stress biomarkers and their dynamic changes in patients at different time points after the acute ischemic stroke (AIS). 82 patients with AIS were involved in our study and were tested: within 24 h from the onset of the attack (group A); at 7-day follow-up (group B); and at 3-month follow-up (group C). 81 gender and age matched volunteers were used as controls. Stroke patients in group A had significantly higher concentrations of plasma lipid peroxides and urine 8-isoprostanes when compared with controls. Protein carbonyls were not significantly different in any experimental group compared to controls. Antioxidant capacity of plasma was increased only in experimental group C. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were elevated in all three experimental AIS groups compared to controls. Paraoxonase activity was reduced in groups A and B and unchanged in group C when compared to controls. Glutathione peroxide activity was elevated only in group A. Our results suggest that free radical damage is the highest within 24 h after the attack. During the next 3 months oxidative damage to lipids caused by free radicals is reduced due to activated antioxidant system.
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Liu S, Tang SQ, Cui HJ, Yin S, Yin M, Zhao H, Meng LH, Wang ZJ, Lu Y. Dipotassium N-stearoyltyrosinate ameliorated pathological injuries in triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:92-99. [PMID: 27671351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, anandamide (AEA) analogues have been well recognized for its potent neuroprotective effects in counteracting the deterioration of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains through multiple pathological processes. In our previous studies, dipotassium N-stearoyltyrosinate (NSTK), an AEA analogue synthesized by our laboratory was reported to exert significant efficacy through multiple interventions. Within this study, the amyloid precursor protein (APP)SWE/presenilin-1 (PS1)M146V/TauP301L mouse (3×Tg-AD) model was used to explore further the neuroprotective effects of NSTK and its underlying mechanisms. NSTK could increase spontaneous locomotor activity in the open field and low anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, and improve the spatial memory deficits in the Morris water maze. The biochemical analysis suggested that NSTK could decrease Aβ42 deposition, abnormal tau aggregation, and the expressions of p-APP Thr668, PS1 and p-tau Ser202/Thr205 in the hippocampus of 3×Tg-AD mice. Consistently, NSTK could reduce the level of malondialdehyde, increase the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Up-regulation of Bcl-2, and down-regulation of BAX, caspase-3 and inflammatory cytokines also occurred in the hippocampus of 3×Tg-AD mice after treatment with NSTK. Thus, NSTK could intervene in multiple pathological processes of AD and would be a drug candidate against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Qi Tang
- Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng-Jing Cui
- Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Yin
- Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Hua Meng
- Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Jian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China.
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Cortical Astrocytes Acutely Exposed to the Monomethylarsonous Acid (MMAIII) Show Increased Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Gene Expression that is Consistent with APP and BACE-1: Over-expression. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2559-2572. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Redox Imbalance and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6547248. [PMID: 27110325 PMCID: PMC4826696 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6547248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential molecules for many physiological functions and act as second messengers in a large variety of tissues. An imbalance in the production and elimination of ROS is associated with human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In the last years the notion that neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by chronic viral infections, which may result in an increase of neurodegenerative diseases progression, emerged. It is known in literature that enhanced viral infection risk, observed during neurodegeneration, is partly due to the increase of ROS accumulation in brain cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of viral infection, occurring during the progression of neurodegeneration, remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the recent knowledge regarding the role of influenza, herpes simplex virus type-1, and retroviruses infection in ROS/RNS-mediated Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Escudero-Lourdes C. Toxicity mechanisms of arsenic that are shared with neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment: Role of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:223-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Marrali G, Salamone P, Casale F, Fuda G, Cugnasco P, Caorsi C, Amoroso A, Calvo A, Lopiano L, Cocito D, Chiò A. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) enzyme activation in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:958-63. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Marrali
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - P. Salamone
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - F. Casale
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - G. Fuda
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - P. Cugnasco
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - C. Caorsi
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Laboratory; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - A. Amoroso
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Laboratory; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Torino; Torino Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - A. Calvo
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - L. Lopiano
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - D. Cocito
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - A. Chiò
- ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’ Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies; Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
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60
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Duong CN, Kim JY. Exposure to electromagnetic field attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced microglial cell death by reducing intracellular Ca(2+) and ROS. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:195-201. [PMID: 26882219 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1136851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this research was to demonstrate the protective effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on the human microglial cell line, HMO6, against ischemic cell death induced by in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Materials and methods HMO6 cells were cultured for 4 h under OGD with or without exposure to EMF with different combinations of frequencies and intensities (10, 50, or 100 Hz/1 mT and 50 Hz/0.01, 0.1, or 1 mT). Cell survival, intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. Results OGD caused significant HMO6 cell death as well as elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and ROS levels. Among different combinations of EMF frequencies and intensities, 50 Hz/1 mT EMF was the most potent to attenuate OGD-induced cell death and intracellular Ca(2+) and ROS levels. A significant but less potent protective effect was also found at 10 Hz/1 mT, whereas no protective effect was found at other combinations of EMF. A xanthine oxidase inhibitor reversed OGD-induced ROS production and cell death, while NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial respiration chain complex II inhibitors did not affect cell death. Conclusions 50 Hz/1 mT EMF protects human microglial cells from OGD-induced cell death by interfering with OGD-induced elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and ROS levels, and xanthine oxidase is one of the main mediators involved in OGD-induced HMO6 cell death. Non-invasive treatment of EMF radiation may be clinically useful to attenuate hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Nguyen Duong
- a Department of Life Science , Gachon University , Seongnam , Kyeonggi-Do , Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- a Department of Life Science , Gachon University , Seongnam , Kyeonggi-Do , Korea
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61
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Ma Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang GY. The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:247-272. [PMID: 26851161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site. Traditionally, microglia activation is considered to play a deleterious role in ischemic stroke, as inhibition of microglia activation attenuates ischemia induced brain injury. However, increasing evidence show that microglia activation is critical for attenuating neuronal apoptosis, enhancing neurogenesis, and promoting functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. Differential polarization of microglia could likely explain the biphasic role of microglia in ischemia. We comprehensively reviewed the mechanisms involved in regulating microglia activation and polarization. The latest discoveries of microRNAs in modulating microglia function are discussed. In addition, the interaction between microglia and other cells including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and stem cells were also reviewed. Future therapies targeting microglia may not exclusively aim at suppressing microglia activation, but also at modulating microglia polarization at different stages of ischemic stroke. More work is needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of microglia polarization under ischemic environment. The roles of microRNAs and transplanted stem cells in mediating microglia activation and polarization during brain ischemia also need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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62
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Shi GX, Wang XR, Yan CQ, He T, Yang JW, Zeng XH, Xu Q, Zhu W, Du SQ, Liu CZ. Acupuncture elicits neuroprotective effect by inhibiting NAPDH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species production in cerebral ischaemia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17981. [PMID: 26656460 PMCID: PMC4674709 DOI: 10.1038/srep17981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we aimed to investigate whether NADPH oxidase, a major ROS-producing enzyme, was involved in the antioxidant effect of acupuncture on cognitive impairment after cerebral ischaemia. The cognitive function, infract size, neuron cell loss, level of superoxide anion and expression of NADPH oxidase subunit in hippocampus of two-vessel occlusion (2VO) rats were determined after 2-week acupuncture. Furthermore, the cognitive function and production of O2(-) were determined in the presence and absence of NADPH oxidase agonist (TBCA) and antagonist (Apocynin). The effect of acupuncture on cognitive function after cerebral ischaemia in gp91phox-KO mice was evaluated by Morris water maze. Acupuncture reduced infarct size, attenuated overproduction of O2(-), and reversed consequential cognitive impairment and neuron cell loss in 2VO rats. The elevations of gp91phox and p47phox after 2VO were significantly decreased after acupuncture treatment. However, no differences of gp91phox mRNA were found among any experimental groups. Furthermore, these beneficial effects were reversed by TBCA, whereas apocynin mimicked the effect of acupuncture by improving cognitive function and decreasing O2(-) generation. Acupuncture failed to improve the memory impairment in gp91phox KO mice. Full function of the NADPH oxidase enzyme plays an important role in neuroprotective effects against cognitive impairment via inhibition of NAPDH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xia Shi
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xue-Rui Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Chao-Qun Yan
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Tian He
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Jing-Wen Yang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Zeng
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Si-Qi Du
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Cun-Zhi Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
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63
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Bozic I, Savic D, Stevanovic I, Pekovic S, Nedeljkovic N, Lavrnja I. Benfotiamine upregulates antioxidative system in activated BV-2 microglia cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:351. [PMID: 26388737 PMCID: PMC4559599 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglial activation and resulting sustained neuroinflammatory reaction are generally associated with neurodegeneration. Activated microglia acquires proinflammatory cellular profile that generates oxidative burst. Their persistent activation exacerbates inflammation, which damages healthy neurons via cytotoxic mediators, such as superoxide radical anion and nitric oxide. In our recent study, we have shown that benfotiamine (S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate) possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of benfotiamine on the pro-oxidative component of activity of LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells were investigated. The activation of microglia was accompanied by upregulation of intracellular antioxidative defense, which was further promoted in the presence of benfotiamine. Namely, activated microglia exposed to non-cytotoxic doses of benfotiamine showed increased levels and activities of hydrogen peroxide- and superoxide-removing enzymes-catalase and glutathione system, and superoxide dismutase. In addition, benfotiamine showed the capacity to directly scavenge superoxide radical anion. As a consequence, benfotiamine suppressed the activation of microglia and provoked a decrease in NO and (·)O(-) 2 production and lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, benfotiamine might silence pro-oxidative activity of microglia to alleviate/prevent oxidative damage of neighboring CNS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bozic
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Pekovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
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Petters C, Thiel K, Dringen R. Lysosomal iron liberation is responsible for the vulnerability of brain microglial cells to iron oxide nanoparticles: comparison with neurons and astrocytes. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:332-42. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1071445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Petters
- Center for Biomedical Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany,
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany, and
| | - Karsten Thiel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Center for Biomedical Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany,
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany, and
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65
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Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that neurological diseases are multi-factorial involving disruptions in multiple cellular systems. Thus, while each disease has its own initiating mechanisms and pathologies, certain common pathways appear to be involved in most, if not all, neurological diseases. Thus, it is unlikely that modulating only a single factor will be effective at either preventing disease development or slowing disease progression. A better approach is to identify small (< 900 daltons) molecules that have multiple biological activities relevant to the maintenance of brain function. We have identified an orally active, novel neuroprotective and cognition-enhancing molecule, the flavonoid fisetin. Fisetin not only has direct antioxidant activity but it can also increase the intracellular levels of glutathione, the major intracellular antioxidant. Fisetin can also activate key neurotrophic factor signaling pathways. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory activity and inhibits the activity of lipoxygenases, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and their by-products. This wide range of actions suggests that fisetin has the ability to reduce the impact of age-related neurological diseases on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037,
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66
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Song J, Lee JE. ASK1 modulates the expression of microRNA Let7A in microglia under high glucose in vitro condition. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:198. [PMID: 26041997 PMCID: PMC4438231 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia results in oxidative stress and leads to neuronal apoptosis in the brain. Diabetes studies show that microglia participate in the progression of neuropathogenesis through their involvement in inflammation in vivo and in vitro. In high-glucose-induced inflammation, apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) triggers the release of apoptosis cytokines and apoptotic gene expression. MicroRNA-Let7A (miR-Let7A) is reported to be a regulator of inflammation. In the present study, we investigated whether miR-Let7A regulates the function of microglia by controlling ASK1 in response to high-glucose-induced oxidative stress. We performed reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction, Taqman assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemistry to confirm the alteration of microglia function. Our results show that miR-Let7A is associated with the activation of ASK1 and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin (IL)-10) and Mycs (c-Myc and N-Myc). Thus, the relationship between Let-7A and ASK1 could be a novel target for enhancing the beneficial function of microglia in central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
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67
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Li HF, Zhao SX, Xing BP, Sun ML. Ulinastatin suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats with acute paraquat poisoning. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:467-72. [PMID: 25878598 PMCID: PMC4396112 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung injury is the main manifestation of paraquat poisoning. Few studies have addressed brain damage after paraquat poisoning. Ulinastatin is a protease inhibitor that can effectively stabilize lysosomal membranes, prevent cell damage, and reduce the production of free radicals. This study assumed that ulinastatin would exert these effects on brain tissues that had been poisoned with paraquat. Rat models of paraquat poisoning were intraperitoneally injected with ulinastatin. Simultaneously, rats in the control group were administered normal saline. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that most hippocampal cells were contracted and nucleoli had disappeared in the paraquat group. Fewer cells in the hippocampus were concentrated and nucleoli had disappeared in the ulinastatin group. Western blot assay showed that expressions of GRP78 and cleaved-caspase-3 were significantly lower in the ulinastatin group than in the paraquat group. Immunohistochemical findings showed that CHOP immunoreactivity was significantly lower in the ulinastatin group than in the paraquat group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining showed that the number of apoptotic cells was reduced in the paraquat and ulinastatin groups. These data confirmed that endoplasmic reticular stress can be induced by acute paraquat poisoning. Ulinastatin can effectively inhibit this stress as well as cell apoptosis, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University-the Eastern Division, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shi-Xing Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University-the Eastern Division, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bao-Peng Xing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University-the Eastern Division, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming-Li Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University-the Eastern Division, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Fan H, Wu PF, Zhang L, Hu ZL, Wang W, Guan XL, Luo H, Ni M, Yang JW, Li MX, Chen JG, Wang F. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A negatively controls microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via inhibiting ROS/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways through a catalytic antioxidant function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:832-47. [PMID: 25602783 PMCID: PMC4367238 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative burst is one of the earliest biochemical events in the inflammatory activation of microglia. Here, we investigated the potential role of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA), a key antioxidant enzyme, in the control of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. RESULTS MsrA was detected in rat microglia and its expression was upregulated on microglial activation. Silencing of MsrA exacerbated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of microglia and the production of inflammatory markers, indicating that MsrA may function as an endogenous protective mechanism for limiting uncontrolled neuroinflammation. Application of exogenous MsrA by transducing Tat-rMsrA fusion protein into microglia attenuated LPS-induced neuroinflammatory events, which was indicated by an increased Iba1 (a specific microglial marker) expression and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and this attenuation was accompanied by inhibiting multiple signaling pathways such as p38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB). These effects were due to MsrA-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination, which may be derived from a catalytic effect of MsrA on the reaction of methionine with ROS. Furthermore, the transduction of Tat-rMsrA fusion protein suppressed the activation of microglia and the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in a rat model of neuroinflammation in vivo. INNOVATION This study provides the first direct evidence for the biological significance of MsrA in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION Our data provide a profound insight into the role of endogenous antioxidative defense systems such as MsrA in the control of microglial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan City, China
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Réus GZ, Carlessi AS, Titus SE, Abelaira HM, Ignácio ZM, da Luz JR, Matias BI, Bruchchen L, Florentino D, Vieira A, Petronilho F, Quevedo J. A single dose of S-ketamine induces long-term antidepressant effects and decreases oxidative stress in adulthood rats following maternal deprivation. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1268-81. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z. Réus
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Criciúma SC Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry; Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas
| | - Anelise S. Carlessi
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Criciúma SC Brazil
| | - Stephanie E. Titus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry; Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas
| | - Helena M. Abelaira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Criciúma SC Brazil
| | - Zuleide M. Ignácio
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Criciúma SC Brazil
| | - Jaine R. da Luz
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Criciúma SC Brazil
| | - Beatriz I. Matias
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Criciúma SC Brazil
| | - Livia Bruchchen
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Criciúma SC Brazil
| | - Drielly Florentino
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina; Tubarão SC Brazil
| | - Andriele Vieira
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina; Tubarão SC Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry; Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina; Tubarão SC Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Criciúma SC Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry; Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas
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Du D, Jiang M, Liu M, Wang J, Xia C, Guan R, Shen L, Ji Y, Zhu D. Microglial P2X₇ receptor in the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei contributes to sympathoexcitatory responses in acute myocardial infarction rat. Neurosci Lett 2014; 587:22-8. [PMID: 25524407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several pieces of evidence indicate that the microglial P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) regulate cardiovascular activities. We explored the possible roles of microglial P2X7R in the PVN mediated sympathoexcitatory responses in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rat. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent coronary artery ligation to induce AMI. The rats received intraperitoneal administration of the P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue-G (BBG, 25 or 50 mg kg(-1), once a day for 5 days) prior to myocardial ischemia. Other rats received bilateral microinjection of P2X7R-siRNA (0.015 or 0.03 nmol 0.1μl per side, once a day for 2 days) targeting P2X7R mRNA into the PVN prior to myocardial ischemia. First, we examined the ATP levels and protein expression P2X7R in the PVN in different ischemia time groups, and we found that the change of P2X7R was positive correlated with the ATP levels in a time-dependent manner. The double-immunofluorescence evidence showed that P2X7R was mainly co-localizated with the microglial marker Iba-1 in the PVN. Second, gene knockdown of P2X7R with P2X7-siRNA or inhibition of P2X7R with BBG reduce the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in the PVN of AMI rat. Third, microinjected P2X7-siRNA also suppressed the up-regulation of P2X7R, oxytocin and vasopressin in the PVN of AMI rats. Fourth, P2X7-siRNA and BBG also attenuated the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in the AMI rats. Our results indicate that microglial P2X7R activation in PVN mediating the production of proinflammatory cytokines that activate oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic neuron, which augmented the RSNA in the AMI rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshu Du
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Meiyan Jiang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Guan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Linlin Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yonghua Ji
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Danian Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Nitric oxide plays a dual role in the oxidative injury of cultured rat microglia but not astroglia. Neuroscience 2014; 281:164-77. [PMID: 25280787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation are two important factors that lead to the progression of human neurological diseases. NO can be detrimental or protective to neurons under oxidative toxicity; however, in the case of brain exposure to oxidative stress, in addition to neurons, the existence of glia may also be disturbed by toxic ROS. The influence NO will have on ROS-mediated glial injury remains unclear. Here, we examined the effects of NO on cell viability under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in rat primary mixed glia cultures, as well as pure astroglia and microglia cultures. We found that in mixed glia cultures, both H2O2 and NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d,l-penicillamine (SNAP) elicited cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Combinations of H2O2 and SNAP at sublytic concentrations were sufficient to damage mixed glia, and sublytic concentrations of SNAP could reduce the insults that resulted from toxic H2O2. Furthermore, in microglia or astroglia, sublytic concentrations of H2O2 were toxic when combined with SNAP, and the potency was increased with an increased SNAP concentration. In microglia but not astroglia, a toxic H2O2-induced apoptotic injury was attenuated by a sublytic level of SNAP. H2O2 at toxic levels activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and p53 pathways and increased DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in microglia, whereas the rescue exerted by sublytic SNAP against toxic H2O2 occurred via the activation of both Akt and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascades and decreased DNA DSBs. Moreover, a sublytic concentration of SNAP induced both heat shock protein 70 and heme oxygenase-1, which may be involved in decreasing the susceptibility of microglia to H2O2 toxicity. These results suggest that NO exhibits a concentration-dependent dual action of weakening or enhancing oxidative injury in mixed glia, particularly microglia.
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72
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Wang P, Xie K, Wang C, Bi J. Oxidative Stress Induced by Lipid Peroxidation Is Related with Inflammation of Demyelination and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. Eur Neurol 2014; 72:249-54. [DOI: 10.1159/000363515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dai SH, Chen T, Wang YH, Zhu J, Luo P, Rao W, Yang YF, Fei Z, Jiang XF. Sirt3 attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress through the preservation of mitochondrial function in HT22 cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1159-68. [PMID: 25090966 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (Sirt) are a family of phylogenetically conserved nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent protein deacetylases, among which Sirt3 resides primarily in the mitochondria and serves as a stress responsive deacetylase, playing a role in protecting cells from damage under stress conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Sirt3 in hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative neuronal injury in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. Treatment with H(2)O(2) increased the expression of Sirt3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the knockdown of Sirt3 using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) exacerbated the H(2)O(2)-induced neuronal injury. The overexpression of Sirt3 induced by lentiviral transfection significantly reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation following injury, whereas the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes were not affected. Further experiments revealed that the H(2)O(2)-induced inhibition of mitochondrial complex activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, the decrease in mitochondrial Ca(2+) buffering capacity and mitochondrial swelling were all partly reversed by Sirt3. Furthermore, the overexpression of Sirt3 attenuated the release of cytochrome c, the increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, as well as caspase-9/caspase-3 activity induced by H(2)O(2), and eventually inhibited apoptotic neuronal cell death. These results suggest that Sirt3 acts as a prosurvival factor, playing an essential role in protecting HT22 cells under H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress, possibly by inhibiting ROS accumulation and the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101th Hospital of PLA, Rescue Center of Craniocerebral Injuries of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101th Hospital of PLA, Rescue Center of Craniocerebral Injuries of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Fan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Copper-induced alterations in rat brain depends on route of overload and basal copper levels. Nutrition 2014; 30:96-106. [PMID: 24290605 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Copper (Cu) is widely used in industry for the manufacture of a vast range of goods including Cu-intrauterine devices (IUDs), electronic products, agrochemicals, and many others. It is also one of the trace elements essential to human health in the right measure and is used as a parenteral supplement in patients unable to ingest food. Elevated Cu levels have been found in the plasma of women using Cu-IUDs and in farmers working with Cu-based pesticides. However, possible alterations due to Cu overload in the brain have been poorly studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cu administration on rat brain in Cu-sufficient and Cu-deficient animals fed on semi-synthetic diets with different doses of Cu (7 or 35 ppm). METHODS We aimed to investigate the effects of Cu administration using two routes of administration: oral and intraperitoneal (IP). Male Wistar rats were feeding (one month) a complete (7 ppm) or a deficient (traces) Cu diets subdivided into three categories oral-, intraperitoneal- (or both) supplemented with copper carbonate (7 to 35 ppm). Cu content in plasma, brain zones (cortex and hippocampus), antioxidant enzyme activities, and protease systems involved in programmed cell death were determined. RESULTS The results show that Cu levels and the concentration of Cu in plasma and brain were dose-dependent and administration route-dependent and demonstrated a prooxidative effect in plasma and brain homogenates. Oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidative enzyme activity both increased under Cu overload, these effects being more noticeable when Cu was administered IP. Concomitantly, brain lipids from cortex and hippocampus were strongly modified, reflecting Cu-induced prooxidative damage. A significant increase in the activities of calpain (milli- and micro-) and caspase-3 activity also was observed as a function of dose and administration route. CONCLUSION The findings of this study could be important in evaluating the role of Cu in brain metabolism and neuronal survival.
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Pusic KM, Pusic AD, Kemme J, Kraig RP. Spreading depression requires microglia and is decreased by their M2a polarization from environmental enrichment. Glia 2014; 62:1176-94. [PMID: 24723305 PMCID: PMC4081540 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in fine-tuning neuronal activity. In part, this involves their production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), which increases neuronal excitability. Excessive synaptic activity is necessary to initiate spreading depression (SD). Increased microglial production of proinflammatory cytokines promotes initiation of SD, which, when recurrent, may play a role in conversion of episodic to high frequency and chronic migraine. Previous work shows that this potentiation of SD occurs through increased microglial production of TNFα and reactive oxygen species, both of which are associated with an M1-skewed microglial population. Hence, we explored the role of microglia and their M1 polarization in SD initiation. Selective ablation of microglia from rat hippocampal slice cultures confirmed that microglia are essential for initiation of SD. Application of minocycline to dampen M1 signaling led to increased SD threshold. In addition, we found that SD threshold was increased in rats exposed to environmental enrichment. These rats had increased neocortical levels of interleukin-11 (IL-11), which decreases TNFα signaling and polarized microglia to an M2a-dominant phenotype. M2a microglia reduce proinflammatory signaling and increase production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and therefore may protect against SD. Nasal administration of IL-11 to mimic effects of environmental enrichment likewise increased M2a polarization and increased SD threshold, an effect also seen in vitro. Similarly, application of conditioned medium from M2a polarized primary microglia to slice cultures also increased SD threshold. Thus, microglia and their polarization state play an essential role in SD initiation, and perhaps by extension migraine with aura and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae M. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aya D. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jordan Kemme
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard P. Kraig
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Choi DJ, Kim SL, Choi JW, Park YI. Neuroprotective effects of corn silk maysin via inhibition of H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death in SK-N-MC cells. Life Sci 2014; 109:57-64. [PMID: 24928367 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neuroprotective effects of maysin, which is a flavone glycoside that was isolated from the corn silk (CS, Zea mays L.) of a Korean hybrid corn Kwangpyeongok, against oxidative stress (H2O2)-induced apoptotic cell death of human neuroblastoma SK-N-MC cells were investigated. MAIN METHODS Maysin cytotoxicity was determined by measuring cell viability using MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using a 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay. Apoptotic cell death was monitored by annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and by a TUNEL assay. Antioxidant enzyme mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR. The cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was measured by western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Maysin pretreatment reduced the cytotoxic effect of H2O2 on SK-N-MC cells, as shown by the increase in cell viability and by reduced LDH release. Maysin pretreatment also dose-dependently reduced the intracellular ROS level and inhibited PARP cleavage. In addition, DNA damage and H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death were significantly attenuated by maysin pretreatment. Moreover, maysin pretreatment (5-50 μg/ml) for 2h significantly and dose-dependently increased the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPx-1, SOD-1, SOD-2 and HO-1) in H2O2 (200 μM)-insulted cells. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that CS maysin has neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress (H2O2)-induced apoptotic death of human brain SK-N-MC cells through its antioxidative action. This report is the first regarding neuroprotective health benefits of corn silk maysin by its anti-apoptotic action and by triggering the expression of intracellular antioxidant enzyme systems in SK-N-MC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Jin Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The CUK Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Lim Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-857, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The CUK Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The CUK Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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Kim J, Won JS, Singh AK, Sharma AK, Singh I. STAT3 regulation by S-nitrosylation: implication for inflammatory disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2514-27. [PMID: 24063605 PMCID: PMC4026100 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation, redox-based modifications of protein thiols, are recently emerging as important signaling mechanisms. In this study, we assessed S-nitrosylation-based regulation of Janus-activated kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway that plays critical roles in immune/inflammatory responses and tumorigenesis. RESULTS Our studies show that STAT3 in stimulated microglia underwent two distinct redox-dependent modifications, S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation. STAT3 S-nitrosylation was associated with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-produced nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), whereas S-glutathionylation of STAT3 was associated with cellular oxidative stress. NO produced by iNOS or treatment of microglia with exogenous GSNO inhibited STAT3 activation via inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation (Tyr(705)). Consequently, the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced microglial proliferation and associated gene expressions were also reduced. In cell-free kinase assay using purified JAK2 and STAT3, STAT3 phosphorylation was inhibited by its selective preincubation with GSNO, but not by preincubation of JAK2 with GSNO, indicating that GSNO-mediated mechanisms inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation through S-nitrosylation of STAT3 rather than JAK2. In this study, we identified that Cys(259) was the target Cys residue of GSNO-mediated S-nitrosylation of STAT3. The replacement of Cys(259) residue with Ala abolished the inhibitory role of GSNO in IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and transactivation, suggesting the role of Cys(259) S-nitrosylation in STAT3 phosphorylation. INNOVATION Microglial proliferation is regulated by NO via S-nitrosylation of STAT3 (Cys(259)) and inhibition of STAT3 (Tyr(705)) phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate the regulation of STAT3 by NO-based post-translational modification (S-nitrosylation). These findings have important implications for the development of new therapeutics targeting STAT3 for treating diseases associated with inflammatory/immune responses and abnormal cell proliferation, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Kim
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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Scheiber IF, Mercer JF, Dringen R. Metabolism and functions of copper in brain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:33-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tasset I, Bahamonde C, Agüera E, Conde C, Cruz AH, Pérez-Herrera A, Gascón F, Giraldo AI, Ruiz MC, Lillo R, Sánchez-López F, Túnez I. Effect of natalizumab on oxidative damage biomarkers in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:624-31. [PMID: 23950585 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat multiple sclerosis. This study sought to determine whether the protective action of natalizumab involved a reduction in oxidative damage. METHODS Twenty-two multiple sclerosis patients fulfilling the revised McDonald criteria were assigned to treatment with 300 mg natalizumab intravenously once monthly (infusion every 4 weeks) in accordance with Spanish guidelines. Carbonylated proteins, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, total glutathione, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and myeloperoxidase levels were measured at baseline and after 14 months' treatment, and the antioxidant gap was calculated. RESULTS Natalizumab prompted a drop in oxidative-damage biomarker levels, together with a reduction both in myeloperoxidase levels and in the myeloperoxidase/neutrophil granulocyte ratio. Interestingly, natalizumab induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and a fall in serum vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that natalizumab has a beneficial effect on oxidative damage found in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Tasset
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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80
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Renoir T, Hasebe K, Gray L. Mind and body: how the health of the body impacts on neuropsychiatry. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:158. [PMID: 24385966 PMCID: PMC3866391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been established in traditional forms of medicine and in anecdotal knowledge that the health of the body and the mind are inextricably linked. Strong and continually developing evidence now suggests a link between disorders which involve Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA) dysregulation and the risk of developing psychiatric disease. For instance, adverse or excessive responses to stressful experiences are built into the diagnostic criteria for several psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders. Interestingly, peripheral disorders such as metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases are also associated with HPA changes. Furthermore, many other systemic disorders associated with a higher incidence of psychiatric disease involve a significant inflammatory component. In fact, inflammatory and endocrine pathways seem to interact in both the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) to potentiate states of psychiatric dysfunction. This review synthesizes clinical and animal data looking at interactions between peripheral and central factors, developing an understanding at the molecular and cellular level of how processes in the entire body can impact on mental state and psychiatric health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Renoir
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kyoko Hasebe
- School of Medicine, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Gray
- School of Medicine, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
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81
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Lee JH, Ko JY, Samarakoon K, Oh JY, Heo SJ, Kim CY, Nah JW, Jang MK, Lee JS, Jeon YJ. Preparative isolation of sargachromanol E from Sargassum siliquastrum by centrifugal partition chromatography and its anti-inflammatory activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:54-60. [PMID: 23973192 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) can be used to isolate various bioactive compounds from natural materials by one-step. We confirmed antioxidative compounds existed in chloroform (CHCl3) fraction of Sargassum siliquastrum using online-HPLC. Fractions (A, B, C, D and E) were separated from the CHCl3 fraction by preparative CPC (n-hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water, 5:5:7:3, v/v). In this study, we proved that the isolated compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory activities using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The fraction A which exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production level, was confirmed as sargachromanol E by LC-MS-ESI, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR data. The sargachromanol E significantly reduced the inflammatory response in LPS induced macrophages, decreasing LPS-induced transcription factor of pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2, NO synthase, phosphate P38, phosphate ERK1/2, LPS-stimulated tumor-necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta and prostaglandin E2 release. In conclusion, it was suggested that sargachromanol E inhibited inflammation in LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells via MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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82
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Role of copper and cholesterol association in the neurodegenerative process. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 2013:414817. [PMID: 24288650 PMCID: PMC3830777 DOI: 10.1155/2013/414817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is one of the main factors involved in the development of neurological illnesses, in particular, Alzheimer, and it is widely held that the rapid aging of the world population is accompanied by a rise in the prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer disease. However, evidence from recent decades indicates that Cu and Cho overload are emerging causative factors in neurodegeneration, a hypothesis that has been partially investigated in experimental models. The link between these two variables and the onset of Alzheimer disease has opened up interesting new possibilities requiring more in-depth analysis. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effect of the association of Cu + Cho (CuCho) as a possible synergistic factor in the development of an Alzheimer-like pathology in Wistar rats. We measured total- and nonceruloplasmin-bound Cu and Cho (free and sterified) contents in plasma and brain zones (cortex and hippocampus), markers of oxidative stress damage, inflammation, and programmed cell death (caspase-3 and calpain isoforms). The ratio beta-amyloid (1-42)/(1-40) was determined in plasma and brain as neurodegenerative biomarker. An evaluation of visuospatial memory (Barnes maze test) was also performed. The results demonstrate the establishment of a prooxidative and proinflammatory environment after CuCho treatment, hallmarked by increased TBARS, protein carbonyls, and nitrite plus nitrate levels in plasma and brain zones (cortex and hippocampus) with a consequent increase in the activity of calpains and no significant changes in caspase-3. A simultaneous increase in the plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio was found. Furthermore, a slight but noticeable change in visuospatial memory was observed in rats treated with CuCho. We conclude that our model could reflect an initial stage of neurodegeneration in which Cu and Cho interact with one another to exacerbate neurological damage.
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83
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Astragaloside IV attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis of mice by counteracting oxidative stress at multiple levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76495. [PMID: 24124567 PMCID: PMC3790693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease found mostly in young adults in the western world. Oxidative stress induced neuronal apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MS. In current study, astragaloside IV (ASI), a natural saponin molecule isolated from Astragalus membranceus, given at 20 mg/kg daily attenuated the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice significantly. Further studies disclosed that ASI treatment inhibited the increase of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, down-regulation of SOD and GSH-Px activities, and elevation of iNOS, p53 and phosphorylated tau in central nervous system (CNS) as well as the leakage of BBB of EAE mice. Meanwhile, the decreased ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was reversed by ASI. Moreover, ASI regulated T-cell differentiation and infiltration into CNS. In neuroblast SH-SY5Y cells, ASI dose-dependently reduced cellular ROS level and phosphorylation of tau in response to hydrogen peroxide challenge by modulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio. ASI also inhibited activation of microglia both in vivo and in vitro. iNOS up-regulation induced by IFNγ stimulation was abolished by ASI dose-dependently in BV-2 cells. In summary, ASI prevented the severity of EAE progression possibly by counterbalancing oxidative stress and its effects via reduction of cellular ROS level, enhancement of antioxidant defense system, increase of anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory pathways, as well as modulation of T-cell differentiation and infiltration into CNS. The study suggested ASI may be effective for clinical therapy/prevention of MS.
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84
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Microglial voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 in ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:99-108. [PMID: 24323712 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, resident immune cells in the brain, contribute both to the damage and resolution of ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms of microglia's detrimental or beneficial role in the disease are poorly understood. The voltage-gated proton channel, Hv1, rapidly removes protons from depolarized cytoplasm, and is highly expressed in the immune system. In the brain, Hv1 is selectively and functionally expressed in microglia but not neurons. Although the physiological function of microglial Hv1 is still not clear, Hv1 is one of major ion channels expressed in resting microglia. Under pathological conditions, microglial Hv1 is required for NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by providing charge compensation for exported electrons and relieving intracellular acidosis. In a mouse model of cerebral middle artery occlusion, Hv1 knockout mice are protected from ischemic damage, showing reduced NOX-dependent ROS production, microglial activation and neuronal cell death. Therefore, microglial Hv1 aids in NOX-dependent ROS generation, which subsequently induces neuronal cell death and a significant fraction of brain damage after ischemic stroke. These studies illuminate a critical role of microglial Hv1 in ischemic brain injury, providing a rationale for Hv1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The current understanding of Hv1 in ischemic injury through NOX-dependent ROS production may serve as a common model to reveal the deleterious role of microglia in neurological diseases other than ischemic stroke, such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and neuropathic pain.
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85
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Currais A, Maher P. Functional consequences of age-dependent changes in glutathione status in the brain. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:813-22. [PMID: 23249101 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A decline in both cognitive and motor functions is one of the characteristics of aging. This results in changes in learning and memory, as well as deficits in balance and coordination that significantly impact the quality of life. Importantly, age is the greatest risk factor for a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Alterations in redox homeostasis, protein modification and processing, mitochondrial function, and the immune response have all been implicated in the decline of the aging brain. RECENT ADVANCES Brain glutathione (GSH) decreases with age in humans, and a loss of GSH can impact cognitive function. Decreases in GSH are also associated with microglial activation and endothelial dysfunction, both of which can contribute to impairments in brain function. Changes in redox homeostasis can also potentiate the accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts, resulting in defects in protein processing and function as well as a further increase in inflammation. CRITICAL ISSUES We argue here that many of the changes in brain function associated with age are linked through GSH metabolism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further research focused on better understanding how age affects GSH homeostasis with a particular emphasis on the key transcription factors involved in GSH metabolism is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Currais
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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86
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Grinberg YY, Dibbern ME, Levasseur VA, Kraig RP. Insulin-like growth factor-1 abrogates microglial oxidative stress and TNF-α responses to spreading depression. J Neurochem 2013; 126:662-72. [PMID: 23586526 PMCID: PMC3752330 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depression (SD), the most likely cause of migraine aura and perhaps migraine, occurs with increased oxidative stress (OS). SD increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ROS, in turn, can signal to increase neuronal excitability,which includes increased SD susceptibility. SD also elevates tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which increases neuronal excitability. Accordingly, we probed for the cellular origin of OS from SD and its relationship to TNF-α, which might promote SD, using rat hippocampal slice cultures. We observed significantly increased OS from SD in astrocytes and microglia but not in neurons or oligodendrocytes. Since insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mitigates OS from SD, we determined the cell types responsible for this effect. We found that IGF-1 significantly decreased microglial but not astrocytic OS from SD. We also show that IGF-1 abrogated the SD-induced TNF-α increase. Furthermore, TNF-α application increased microglial but not astrocytic OS, an effect abrogated by IGF-1. Next,we showed that SD increased SD susceptibility, and does so via TNF-α. This work suggests that microglia promote SD via increased and interrelated ROS and TNF-α signaling. Thus, IGF-1 mitigation of microglial ROS and TNF-α responses maybe targets for novel therapeutics development to prevent SD, and perhaps migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Y. Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, MC2030, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, U.S.A., Tel: 773-702-0802, Fax: 773-702-5175
- Committee on Neurobiology; MC2030, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, U.S.A., Tel: 773-702-0802, Fax: 773-702-5175
| | - Megan E. Dibbern
- Department of Neurology, MC2030, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, U.S.A., Tel: 773-702-0802, Fax: 773-702-5175
| | - Victoria A. Levasseur
- Department of Neurology, MC2030, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, U.S.A., Tel: 773-702-0802, Fax: 773-702-5175
| | - Richard P. Kraig
- Department of Neurology, MC2030, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, U.S.A., Tel: 773-702-0802, Fax: 773-702-5175
- Committee on Neurobiology; MC2030, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, U.S.A., Tel: 773-702-0802, Fax: 773-702-5175
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87
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Nade VS, Shendye NV, Kawale LA, Patil NR, Khatri ML. Protective effect of nebivolol on reserpine-induced neurobehavioral and biochemical alterations in rats. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:316-21. [PMID: 23871717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia is a model that shares some mechanists' aspects with tardive dyskinesia whose pathophysiology has been related to oxidative stress. The present study was aimed to explore neuroprotective effects of nebivolol, an antihypertensive agent, on reserpine-induced neurobehavioral and biochemical alterations in rats. Reserpine (1mg/kg, s.c.) was used to induce neurotoxicity. Administration of reserpine for 3 days every other day significantly increased the vacuous chewing movements (VCMs), tongue protrusions (TPs) and reduced the locomotor activity in rats. Pre-treatment with nebivolol (5 and 10mg/kg, p.o. for 5 days) showed dose dependant decrease in VCMs and TP induced by reserpine. Nebivolol also showed significant improvement in locomotor activity. Reserpine significantly increased lipid peroxidation and reduced the levels of defensive antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in rat brain. Nebivolol reversed these effects of reserpine on oxidative stress indices; indicating amelioration of oxidative stress in rat brains. The results of the present study indicated that nebivolol has a protective role against reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia. Thus, the use of nebivolol as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Nade
- Department of Pharmacology, M.V.P.S. College of Pharmacy, Gangapur Road, Nashik, Maharashtra 422002, India.
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88
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Yang Y, Shiao C, Hemingway JF, Jorstad NL, Shalloway BR, Chang R, Keene CD. Suppressed retinal degeneration in aged wild type and APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice by bone marrow transplantation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64246. [PMID: 23750207 PMCID: PMC3672108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related condition characterized by accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid β peptides (Aβ) in brain and retina. Because bone marrow transplantation (BMT) results in decreased cerebral Aβ in experimental AD, we hypothesized that BMT would mitigate retinal neurotoxicity through decreased retinal Aβ. To test this, we performed BMT in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 double transgenic mice using green fluorescent protein expressing wild type (wt) mice as marrow donors. We first examined retinas from control, non-transplanted, aged AD mice and found a two-fold increase in microglia compared with wt mice, prominent inner retinal Aβ and paired helical filament-tau, and decreased retinal ganglion cell layer neurons. BMT resulted in near complete replacement of host retinal microglia with BMT-derived cells and normalized total AD retinal microglia to non-transplanted wt levels. Aβ and paired helical filament-tau were reduced (61.0% and 44.1% respectively) in BMT-recipient AD mice, which had 20.8% more retinal ganglion cell layer neurons than non-transplanted AD controls. Interestingly, aged wt BMT recipients also had significantly more neurons (25.4%) compared with non-transplanted aged wt controls. Quantitation of retinal ganglion cell layer neurons in young mice confirmed age-related retinal degeneration was mitigated by BMT. We found increased MHC class II expression in BMT-derived microglia and decreased oxidative damage in retinal ganglion cell layer neurons. Thus, BMT is neuroprotective in age-related as well as AD-related retinal degeneration, and may be a result of alterations in innate immune function and oxidative stress in BMT recipient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christine Shiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jake Frederick Hemingway
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nikolas L. Jorstad
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bryan Richard Shalloway
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rubens Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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89
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Awodele O, Akinyede A, Babawale OO, Coker HAB, Akintonwa A. Trace elements and oxidative stress levels in the blood of painters in Lagos, Nigeria: occupational survey and health concern. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:127-33. [PMID: 23613151 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse effects attributed to exposure to paints are currently a concern because of the continued widespread use of paint containing trace elements. Thus, occupational survey amongst painters in Lagos and determination of trace elements and oxidative stress parameters were carried out. Descriptive cross-sectional survey was done using a standardized questionnaire to obtain job safety-related information. Forty-eight percent of the painters were aware of hazards associated with painting and 52 % of these workers were aware of the necessary precautionary measures during painting. There were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the levels of trace elements in the blood of painters and the control subjects. However, there was a significance increase (p ≤ 0.0001) in the level of malondialdehyde and a decrease (p ≤ 0.001) in the levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase of the painters compared to the control. An increase in oxidative stress parameters may not only be due to trace element concentrations, but also the painters' exposure to some petrochemical solvents during mixing of paints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunsho Awodele
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
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90
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Lin C, Wu CJ, Wei IH, Tsai MH, Chang NW, Yang TT, Kuo YM. Chronic treadmill running protects hippocampal neurons from hypobaric hypoxia-induced apoptosis in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 231:216-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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91
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Ribeiro RP, Moreira ELG, Santos DB, Colle D, Dos Santos AA, Peres KC, Figueiredo CP, Farina M. Probucol affords neuroprotection in a 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:660-8. [PMID: 23334712 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Although the etiology of the majority of human PD cases is unknown, experimental evidence points to oxidative stress as an early and causal event. Probucol is a lipid-lowering phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that has been recently reported as protective in neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration models. This study was designed to investigate the effects of probucol on the vulnerability of striatal dopaminergic neurons to oxidative stress in a PD in vivo model. Swiss mice were treated with probucol during 21 days (11.8 mg/kg; oral route). Two weeks after the beginning of treatment, mice received a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). On the 21st day, locomotor performance, striatal oxidative stress-related parameters, and striatal tyrosine hydroxylase and synaptophysin levels, were measured as outcomes of toxicity. 6-OHDA-infused mice showed hyperlocomotion and a significant decrease in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and synaptophysin levels. In addition, 6-OHDA-infused mice showed reduced superoxide dismutase activity and increased lipid peroxidation and catalase activity in the striatum. Notably, probucol protected against 6-OHDA-induced hyperlocomotion and striatal lipid peroxidation, catalase upregulation and decrease of TH levels. Overall, the present results show that probucol protects against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in mice. These findings may render probucol as a promising molecule for further pharmacological studies on the search for disease-modifying treatment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pietsch Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
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92
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Pathipati P, Müller S, Jiang X, Ferriero D. Phenotype and Secretory Responses to Oxidative Stress in Microglia. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:241-54. [DOI: 10.1159/000346159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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93
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Larsen K, Najle R, Lifschitz A, Virkel G. Effects of sub-lethal exposure of rats to the herbicide glyphosate in drinking water: glutathione transferase enzyme activities, levels of reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation in liver, kidneys and small intestine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:811-8. [PMID: 23044091 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLP), the active ingredient of many weed killing formulations, is a broad spectrum herbicide compound. Wistar rats were exposed during 30 or 90 days to the highest level (0.7 mg/L) of GLP allowed in water for human consumption (US EPA, 2011) and a 10-fold higher concentration (7 mg/L). The low levels of exposure to the herbicide did not produce histomorphological changes. The production of TBARS was similar or tended to be lower compared to control animals not exposed to the herbicide. In rats exposed to GLP, increased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and enhanced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity may act as a protective mechanism against possible detrimental effects of the herbicide. Overall, this work showed certain biochemical modifications, even at 3-20-fold lower doses of GLP than the oral reference dose of 2mg/kg/day (US EPA, 1993). The toxicological significance of these findings remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Larsen
- Laboratorio de Biología y Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
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94
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Nair D, Ramesh V, Gozal D. Adverse cognitive effects of high-fat diet in a murine model of sleep apnea are mediated by NADPH oxidase activity. Neuroscience 2012; 227:361-9. [PMID: 23064009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep, such as occurs in sleep apnea (SA), induces increased NADPH oxidase activation and deficits in hippocampal learning and memory. Similar to IH, high fat-refined carbohydrate diet (HFD), a frequent occurrence in patients with SA, can also induce similar oxidative stress and cognitive deficits under normoxic conditions, suggesting that excessive NADPH oxidase activity may underlie CNS dysfunction in both conditions. The effect of HFD and IH during the light period on two forms of spatial learning in the water maze as well as on markers of oxidative stress was assessed in male mice lacking NADPH oxidase activity (gp91phox⁻/Y) and wild-type littermates fed on HFD. On a standard place training task, gp91phox⁻/Y displayed normal learning, and was protected from the spatial learning deficits observed in wild-type littermates exposed to IH. Moreover, anxiety levels were increased in wild-type mice exposed to HFD and IH as compared to controls, while no changes emerged in gp91phox⁻/Y mice. Additionally, wild-type mice, but not gp91phox⁻/Y mice, had significantly elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in hippocampal lysates following IH-HFD exposures. The cognitive deficits of obesity and westernized diets and those of sleep disorders that are characterized by IH during sleep are both mediated, at least in part, by excessive NADPH oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nair
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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95
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Paeonol from Hippocampus kuda Bleeler suppressed the neuro-inflammatory responses in vitro via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:878-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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96
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MacFabe DF. Short-chain fatty acid fermentation products of the gut microbiome: implications in autism spectrum disorders. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:19260. [PMID: 23990817 PMCID: PMC3747729 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.19260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests potential, but unproven, links between dietary, metabolic, infective, and gastrointestinal factors and the behavioral exacerbations and remissions of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Propionic acid (PPA) and its related short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fermentation products of ASD-associated bacteria (Clostridia, Bacteriodetes, Desulfovibrio). SCFAs represent a group of compounds derived from the host microbiome that are plausibly linked to ASDs and can induce widespread effects on gut, brain, and behavior. Intraventricular administration of PPA and SCFAs in rats induces abnormal motor movements, repetitive interests, electrographic changes, cognitive deficits, perseveration, and impaired social interactions. The brain tissue of PPA-treated rats shows a number of ASD-linked neurochemical changes, including innate neuroinflammation, increased oxidative stress, glutathione depletion, and altered phospholipid/acylcarnitine profiles. These directly or indirectly contribute to acquired mitochondrial dysfunction via impairment in carnitine-dependent pathways, consistent with findings in patients with ASDs. Of note, common antibiotics may impair carnitine-dependent processes by altering gut flora favoring PPA-producing bacteria and by directly inhibiting carnitine transport across the gut. Human populations that are partial metabolizers of PPA are more common than previously thought. PPA has further bioactive effects on neurotransmitter systems, intracellular acidification/calcium release, fatty acid metabolism, gap junction gating, immune function, and alteration of gene expression that warrant further exploration. These findings are consistent with the symptoms and proposed underlying mechanisms of ASDs and support the use of PPA infusions in rats as a valid animal model of the condition. Collectively, this offers further support that gut-derived factors, such as dietary or enteric bacterially produced SCFAs, may be plausible environmental agents that can trigger ASDs or ASD-related behaviors and deserve further exploration in basic science, agriculture, and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick F. MacFabe
- Director: The Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, Departments of Psychology (Neuroscience) and Psychiatry, Division of Developmental Disabilities, Lawson Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C2
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97
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Shang YC, Chong ZZ, Wang S, Maiese K. Prevention of β-amyloid degeneration of microglia by erythropoietin depends on Wnt1, the PI 3-K/mTOR pathway, Bad, and Bcl-xL. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 4:187-201. [PMID: 22388478 PMCID: PMC3348479 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system microglia promote neuronal regeneration and sequester toxic β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition during Alzheimer's disease. We show that the cytokine erythropoietin (EPO) decreases the toxic effect of Aβ on microgliain vitro. EPO up-regulates the cysteine-rich glycosylated wingless protein Wnt1 and activates the PI 3-K/Akt1/mTOR/ p70S6K pathway. This in turn increases phosphorylation and cytosol trafficking of Bad, reduces the Bad/Bcl-xL complex and increases the Bcl-xL/Bax complex, thus preventing caspase 1 and caspase 3 activation and apoptosis. Our data may foster development of novel strategies to use cytoprotectants such as EPO for Alzheimer's disease and other degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
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98
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A role of fluoride on free radical generation and oxidative stress in BV-2 microglia cells. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:102954. [PMID: 22933830 PMCID: PMC3425889 DOI: 10.1155/2012/102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of ROS and lipid peroxidation has been considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic fluoride toxicity. In the present study, we observed that fluoride activated BV-2 microglia cell line by observing OX-42 expression in immunocytochemistry. Intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anions (O2∙−), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), nitrotyrosine (NT) and nitric oxide (NO), NOS in cell medium were determined for oxidative stress assessment. Our study found that NaF of concentration from 5 to 20 mg/L can stimuli BV-2 cells to change into activated microglia displaying upregulated OX-42 expression. SOD activities significantly decreased in fluoride-treated BV-2 cells as compared with control, and MDA concentrations and contents of ROS and O2∙− increased in NaF-treated cells. Activities of NOS in cells and medium significantly increased with fluoride concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. NT concentrations also increased significantly in 10 and 50 mg/L NaF-treated cells compared with the control cells. Our present study demonstrated that toxic effects of fluoride on the central nervous system possibly partly ascribed to activiting of microglia, which enhanced oxidative stress induced by ROS and reactive nitrogen species.
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99
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Dokic I, Hartmann C, Herold-Mende C, Régnier-Vigouroux A. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity dictates the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to oxidative stress. Glia 2012; 60:1785-800. [PMID: 22951908 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The high intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma (GBM) leads to resistance to different therapies, and hence, selecting an effective therapy is very challenging. We hypothesized that the antioxidant enzyme status is a significant feature of GBM heterogeneity. The most important reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) detoxification mechanisms include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Expression and activity of these enzymes and the cellular response to induced oxidative stress were systematically analyzed and compared between GBM cells and nontransformed glial cells of both human and murine origin. Regardless of cell type or species, all tested cells expressed similar amount of catalase and MnSOD. All except one, GBM cell lines exhibited a deficiency in GPx1 expression and activity. Analysis of GBM tissue sections indicated a heterogeneous profile of weak to moderate expression of GPx1 in tumor cells. GPx1 deficiency led to an accumulation of ROS/RNS and subsequent death of GBM cells after induction of oxidative stress. Astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and glioma stem cell lines expressed active GPx1 and resisted ROS/RNS-mediated cell death. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA silencing of GPx1 partially reverted this resistance in astrocytes, indicating the contribution of various antioxidant molecules besides GPx1. The GPx1-expressing GBM cell line on the contrary, became extremely sensitive to oxidative stress after GPx1 inhibition. Altogether, these results highlight GPx1 as a crucial element over other antioxidant enzymes for oxidative stress regulation in GBM cells. Mapping the antioxidant enzyme status of GBM may prove to be a useful tool for personalized ROS/RNS inducing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Dokic
- INSERM U701, German Cancer Research Centre, Program Infection and Cancer, INF 242, Heidelberg, Germany
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100
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Streit WJ, Xue QS. Alzheimer's disease, neuroprotection, and CNS immunosenescence. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:138. [PMID: 22822399 PMCID: PMC3398410 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on discussing in some detail possible neuroprotective functions of microglial cells. We strive to explain how loss of these essential microglial functions might contribute toward the development of characteristic neuropathological features that characterize Alzheimer’s disease. The conceptual framework guiding our thinking is provided by the hypothesis that microglial senescence accounts for impaired neuronal protection and consequent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute Gainesville, FL, USA
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