51
|
Kwak TH, Kang JH, Hali S, Kim J, Kim KP, Park C, Lee JH, Ryu HK, Na JE, Jo J, Je HS, Ng HH, Kwon J, Kim NH, Hong KH, Sun W, Chung CH, Rhyu IJ, Han DW. Generation of homogeneous midbrain organoids with in vivo-like cellular composition facilitates neurotoxin-based Parkinson's disease modeling. Stem Cells 2020; 38:727-740. [PMID: 32083763 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the generation of midbrain-like organoids (MOs) from human pluripotent stem cells. However, the low efficiency of MO generation and the relatively immature and heterogeneous structures of the MOs hinder the translation of these organoids from the bench to the clinic. Here we describe the robust generation of MOs with homogeneous distribution of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. Our MOs contain not only mDA neurons but also other neuronal subtypes as well as functional glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, our MOs exhibit mDA neuron-specific cell death upon treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, indicating that MOs could be a proper human model system for studying the in vivo pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our optimized conditions for producing homogeneous and mature MOs might provide an advanced patient-specific platform for in vitro disease modeling as well as for drug screening for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Kwak
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sai Hali
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Kyun Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Na
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Jo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hyunsoo Shawn Je
- Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeongwoo Kwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hye Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- School of Biotechnology and Healthcare, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Organoids, Organ-Tech Co., Ltd., Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Wang Q, Dong X, Lu J, Hu T, Pei G. Constitutive activity of a G protein-coupled receptor, DRD1, contributes to human cerebral organoid formation. Stem Cells 2020; 38:653-665. [PMID: 32052915 PMCID: PMC7384186 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intricate balance of neural stem cell (NSC) amplification and neurogenesis is central to nervous system development. Dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) is a typical G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) mainly expressed in neurogenic area, with high constitutive activity. The receptor appears in the embryonic period before the formation of mature synaptic contacts, which indicates that dopamine receptor and its constitutive activity play crucial roles in the embryonic brain development. Here, we found that DRD1 was enriched in human NSCs. Inhibition of the receptor activity by its inverse agonists promoted human NSCs proliferation and impeded its differentiation. These results were also mimicked by genetic knockdown of DRD1, which also blocked the effects of inverse agonists, suggesting a receptor‐dependent manner. More interestingly, knock‐in A229T mutant with reduced DRD1 constitutive activity by CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing technology resulted into increased endogenous human NSCs proliferation. These results were well reproduced in human cerebral organoids, and inhibition of the DRD1 constitutive activity by its inverse agonists induced the expansion and folding of human cerebral organoids. The anatomic analysis uncovered that decreasing the constitutive activity of DRD1 by its inverse agonists promoted the NSCs proliferation and maintenance that led to hindered cortical neurogenesis. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the PKC‐CBP pathway was involved in the regulation by DRD1. Thus, our findings indicate that the constitutive activity of DRD1 and possibly other GPCRs plays an important role in the development of human nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoxu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Tingting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchCollaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Andersen PL, Vermette P, Khalil A, Witkowski JM, Fülöp T. Characterization of three-dimensional rat central nervous system culture maturation, with applications to monitor cholinergic integrity. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2976. [PMID: 32012477 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studying age-related neuropathologies in vitro requires a three-dimensional (3D) culture system presenting mature phenotypes. In this study, we aimed to determine whether aged reaggregate cultures physiologically represent mature brain tissue. Results support that embryo-derived rat central nervous system (CNS) reaggregate cultures develop into mature-like tissues, comparable to in vivo maturation, including the following characteristics: (a) progressive reduction in cell proliferation (reduced anti-Ki-67 immunoreactivity), (b) progressive restriction of long neurite growth potential (as explant cultures), and (c) increased and sustained synaptic enzyme (acetylcholine esterase, AChE) activity. The acquisition of mature-like reaggregate cultures has allowed us to pursue the hypothesis that the physiological integrity of 3D CNS cultures may be monitored by synaptic enzyme activity. To assess this hypothesis, mature-like reaggregates were exposed to H2 O2 , glutamate, or amyloid β(1-42); each resulted in diminished AChE activity. H2 O2 exposure resulted in nuclear fragmentation. Glutamate and amyloid β(1-42) exposure resulted in acetylcholine content reduction. Simultaneous reduction of AChE activity and acetylcholine content verified diminished cholinergic integrity. This scheme exploiting synapse enzyme activity of mature-like 3D CNS tissue is therefore applicable to age-related neuropathology research including in vitro screening of conditions potentially affecting synapse integrity, including the promotion of dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parker L Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Vermette
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tamas Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Bejoy J, Bijonowski B, Marzano M, Jeske R, Ma T, Li Y. Wnt-Notch Signaling Interactions During Neural and Astroglial Patterning of Human Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 26:419-431. [PMID: 31686622 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain formation involves complicated processing, which is regulated by a gene regulatory network influenced by different signaling pathways. The cross-regulatory interactions between elements of different pathways affect the process of cell fate assignment during neural and astroglial tissue patterning. In this study, the interactions between Wnt and Notch pathways, the two major pathways that influence neural and astroglial differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) individually, were investigated. In particular, the synergistic effects of Wnt-Notch pathway on the neural patterning processes along the anterior-posterior or dorsal-ventral axis of hiPSC-derived cortical spheroids were explored. The human cortical spheroids derived from hiPSCs were treated with Wnt activator CHIR99021 (CHIR), Wnt inhibitor IWP4, and Notch inhibitor (N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester [DAPT]) individually, or in combinations (CHIR + DAPT, IWP4 + DAPT). The results suggest that CHIR + DAPT can promote Notch signaling, similar or higher than CHIR alone, whereas IWP4 + DAPT reduces Notch activity compared to IWP4 alone. Also, CHIR + DAPT promoted hindbrain marker HOXB4 expression more consistently than CHIR alone, while IWP4 + DAPT promoted Olig2 expression, indicating the synergistic effects distinctly different from that of the individual small molecule. In addition, IWP4 simultaneously promoted dorsal and ventral identity. The patterned neural spheroids can be switched for astroglial differentiation using bone morphogenetic protein 4. This study should advance the derivations of neurons, astroglial cells, and brain region-specific organoids from hiPSCs for disease modeling, drug screening, as well as for hiPSC-based therapies. Impact Statement Wnt signaling plays a central role in neural patterning of human pluripotent stem cells. It can interact with Notch signaling in defining dorsal-ventral and rostral-caudal (or anterior-posterior) axis of brain organoids. This study investigates novel Wnt and Notch interactions (i.e., Wntch) in neural patterning of dorsal forebrain spheroids or organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. The synergistic effects of Wnt activator or inhibitor with Notch inhibitor were observed. This study should advance the derivations of neurons, astroglial cells, and brain region-specific organoids from human stem cells for disease modeling and drug screening, as well as for stem cell-based therapies. The results can be used to establish better in vitro culture methods for efficiently mimicking in vivo structure of central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Brent Bijonowski
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Mark Marzano
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Richard Jeske
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Faravelli I, Costamagna G, Tamanini S, Corti S. Back to the origins: Human brain organoids to investigate neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146561. [PMID: 31758922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a high burden in terms of individual, social and economical resources. No ultimate therapy has been established so far; human brain morphology and development can not be entirely reproduced by animal models, and genomic, metabolic and biochemical differences might contribute to a limited predictive power for human translation. Thus, the development of human brain organoid models holds a wide potential to investigate the range of physiological and pathological features that characterise the early onset of the degeneration. Moreover, central nervous system development has gained a crucial role in the study of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Premature alterations during brain maturation have been related to late disease manifestations; genetic mutations responsible for neurodegeneration have been found in genes highly expressed during neural development. Elucidating the mechanisms triggering neuronal susceptibility to degeneration is crucial for pathogenetic studies and therapeutic discoveries. In the present work, we provide an overview on the current applications of human brain organoids towards studies of neurodegenerative diseases, with a survey on the recent discoveries and a closing discussion on the present challenges and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Faravelli
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Costamagna
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Tamanini
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Ramme AP, Koenig L, Hasenberg T, Schwenk C, Magauer C, Faust D, Lorenz AK, Krebs AC, Drewell C, Schirrmann K, Vladetic A, Lin GC, Pabinger S, Neuhaus W, Bois F, Lauster R, Marx U, Dehne EM. Autologous induced pluripotent stem cell-derived four-organ-chip. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO413. [PMID: 31534781 DOI: 10.1101/376970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems play a pivotal role in progressing toward a global paradigm shift in drug development. Here, we designed a four-organ-chip interconnecting miniaturized human intestine, liver, brain and kidney equivalents. All four organ models were predifferentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells from the same healthy donor and integrated into the microphysiological system. The coculture of the four autologous tissue models in one common medium deprived of tissue specific growth factors was successful over 14-days. Although there were no added growth factors present in the coculture medium, the intestine, liver and neuronal model maintained defined marker expression. Only the renal model was overgrown by coexisting cells and did not further differentiate. This model platform will pave the way for autologous coculture cross-talk assays, disease induction and subsequent drug testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopold Koenig
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Faust
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | - Christopher Drewell
- Technische Universität Berlin, Medizinische Biotechnologie, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Kerstin Schirrmann
- The University of Manchester, Physics of Fluids & Soft Matter Group, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexandra Vladetic
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Grace-Chiaen Lin
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Pabinger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frederic Bois
- INERIS, METO unit, Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Roland Lauster
- Technische Universität Berlin, Medizinische Biotechnologie, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Marx
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Deutschland
| | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Ramme AP, Koenig L, Hasenberg T, Schwenk C, Magauer C, Faust D, Lorenz AK, Krebs AC, Drewell C, Schirrmann K, Vladetic A, Lin GC, Pabinger S, Neuhaus W, Bois F, Lauster R, Marx U, Dehne EM. Autologous induced pluripotent stem cell-derived four-organ-chip. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO413. [PMID: 31534781 PMCID: PMC6745596 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems play a pivotal role in progressing toward a global paradigm shift in drug development. Here, we designed a four-organ-chip interconnecting miniaturized human intestine, liver, brain and kidney equivalents. All four organ models were predifferentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells from the same healthy donor and integrated into the microphysiological system. The coculture of the four autologous tissue models in one common medium deprived of tissue specific growth factors was successful over 14-days. Although there were no added growth factors present in the coculture medium, the intestine, liver and neuronal model maintained defined marker expression. Only the renal model was overgrown by coexisting cells and did not further differentiate. This model platform will pave the way for autologous coculture cross-talk assays, disease induction and subsequent drug testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopold Koenig
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Faust
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | - Christopher Drewell
- Technische Universität Berlin, Medizinische Biotechnologie, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Kerstin Schirrmann
- The University of Manchester, Physics of Fluids & Soft Matter Group, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexandra Vladetic
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Grace-Chiaen Lin
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Pabinger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frederic Bois
- INERIS, METO unit, Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Roland Lauster
- Technische Universität Berlin, Medizinische Biotechnologie, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Marx
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Deutschland
| | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Modeling Parkinson's disease in midbrain-like organoids. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:5. [PMID: 30963107 PMCID: PMC6450999 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modeling Parkinson's disease (PD) using advanced experimental in vitro models is a powerful tool to study disease mechanisms and to elucidate unexplored aspects of this neurodegenerative disorder. Here, we demonstrate that three-dimensional (3D) differentiation of expandable midbrain floor plate neural progenitor cells (mfNPCs) leads to organoids that resemble key features of the human midbrain. These organoids are composed of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs), which produce and secrete dopamine. Midbrain-specific organoids derived from PD patients carrying the LRRK2-G2019S mutation recapitulate disease-relevant phenotypes. Automated high-content image analysis shows a decrease in the number and complexity of mDANs in LRRK2-G2019S compared to control organoids. The floor plate marker FOXA2, required for mDAN generation, increases in PD patient-derived midbrain organoids, suggesting a neurodevelopmental defect in mDANs expressing LRRK2-G2019S. Thus, we provide a robust method to reproducibly generate 3D human midbrain organoids containing mDANs to investigate PD-relevant patho-mechanisms.
Collapse
|
59
|
Logan S, Arzua T, Canfield SG, Seminary ER, Sison SL, Ebert AD, Bai X. Studying Human Neurological Disorders Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: From 2D Monolayer to 3D Organoid and Blood Brain Barrier Models. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:565-611. [PMID: 30873582 PMCID: PMC6705133 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders have emerged as a predominant healthcare concern in recent years due to their severe consequences on quality of life and prevalence throughout the world. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and the interactions between different brain cell types is essential for the development of new therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are invaluable tools for neurological disease modeling, as they have unlimited self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Mounting evidence shows: (i) various brain cells can be generated from iPSCs in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures; and (ii) further advances in 3D culture systems have led to the differentiation of iPSCs into organoids with multiple brain cell types and specific brain regions. These 3D organoids have gained widespread attention as in vitro tools to recapitulate complex features of the brain, and (iii) complex interactions between iPSC-derived brain cell types can recapitulate physiological and pathological conditions of blood-brain barrier (BBB). As iPSCs can be generated from diverse patient populations, researchers have effectively applied 2D, 3D, and BBB models to recapitulate genetically complex neurological disorders and reveal novel insights into molecular and genetic mechanisms of neurological disorders. In this review, we describe recent progress in the generation of 2D, 3D, and BBB models from iPSCs and further discuss their limitations, advantages, and future ventures. This review also covers the current status of applications of 2D, 3D, and BBB models in drug screening, precision medicine, and modeling a wide range of neurological diseases (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain injury, and neuropsychiatric disorders). © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:565-611, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Logan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Thiago Arzua
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Scott G. Canfield
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, IU School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Emily R. Seminary
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Samantha L. Sison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Allison D. Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Xue Y, Zhan X, Sun S, Karuppagounder SS, Xia S, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Laterra J, Zhang J, Ying M. Synthetic mRNAs Drive Highly Efficient iPS Cell Differentiation to Dopaminergic Neurons. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:112-123. [PMID: 30387318 PMCID: PMC6344911 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proneural transcription factors (TFs) drive highly efficient differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to lineage-specific neurons. However, current strategies mainly rely on genome-integrating viruses. Here, we used synthetic mRNAs coding two proneural TFs (Atoh1 and Ngn2) to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. mRNAs coding Atoh1 and Ngn2 with defined phosphosite modifications led to higher and more stable protein expression, and induced more efficient neuron conversion, as compared to mRNAs coding wild-type proteins. Using these two modified mRNAs with morphogens, we established a 5-day protocol that can rapidly generate mDA neurons with >90% purity from normal and Parkinson's disease iPSCs. After in vitro maturation, these mRNA-induced mDA (miDA) neurons recapitulate key biochemical and electrophysiological features of primary mDA neurons and can provide high-content neuron cultures for drug discovery. Proteomic analysis of Atoh1-binding proteins identified the nonmuscle myosin II (NM-II) complex as a new binding partner of nuclear Atoh1. The NM-II complex, commonly known as an ATP-dependent molecular motor, binds more strongly to phosphosite-modified Atoh1 than the wild type. Blebbistatin, an NM-II complex antagonist, and bradykinin, an NM-II complex agonist, inhibited and promoted, respectively, the transcriptional activity of Atoh1 and the efficiency of miDA neuron generation. These findings established the first mRNA-driven strategy for efficient iPSC differentiation to mDA neurons. We further identified the NM-II complex as a positive modulator of Atoh1-driven neuron differentiation. The methodology described here will facilitate the development of mRNA-driven differentiation strategies for generating iPSC-derived progenies widely applicable to disease modeling and cell replacement therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:112&12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Xue
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Xiping Zhan
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsHoward UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Shisheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Senthilkumar S. Karuppagounder
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Shuli Xia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - John Laterra
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Yakoub AM. Cerebral organoids exhibit mature neurons and astrocytes and recapitulate electrophysiological activity of the human brain. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:757-761. [PMID: 30688257 PMCID: PMC6375034 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple protocols have been devised to generate cerebral organoids that recapitulate features of the developing human brain, including the presence of a large, multi-layered, cortical-like neuronal zone. However, the central question is whether these organoids truly present mature, functional neurons and astrocytes, which may qualify the system for in-depth molecular neuroscience studies focused at neuronal and synaptic functions. Here, we demonstrate that cerebral organoids derived under optimal differentiation conditions exhibit mature, fully functional neurons and astrocytes, as validated by immunohistological, gene expression, and electrophysiological, analyses. Neurons in cerebral organoids showed gene expression profiles and electrophysiological properties similar to those reported for fetal human brain. These important findings indicate that cerebral organoids recapitulate the developing human brain and may enhance use of cerebral organoids in modeling human brain development or investigating neural deficits that underlie neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions, such as autism or intellectual disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraam M Yakoub
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Berger E, Magliaro C, Paczia N, Monzel AS, Antony P, Linster CL, Bolognin S, Ahluwalia A, Schwamborn JC. Millifluidic culture improves human midbrain organoid vitality and differentiation. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3172-3183. [PMID: 30204191 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human midbrain-specific organoids (hMOs) serve as an experimental in vitro model for studying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In hMOs, neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs) give rise to functional midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons that are selectively degenerating during PD. A limitation of the hMO model is an under-supply of oxygen and nutrients to the densely packed core region, which leads eventually to a "dead core". To reduce this phenomenon, we applied a millifluidic culture system that ensures media supply by continuous laminar flow. We developed a computational model of oxygen transport and consumption in order to predict oxygen levels within the hMOs. The modelling predicts higher oxygen levels in the hMO core region under millifluidic conditions. In agreement with the computational model, a significantly smaller "dead core" was observed in hMOs cultured in a bioreactor system compared to those ones kept under conventional shaking conditions. Comparing the necrotic core regions in the organoids with those obtained from the model allowed an estimation of the critical oxygen concentration necessary for ensuring cell vitality. Besides the reduced "dead core" size, the differentiation efficiency from NESCs to mDA neurons was elevated in hMOs exposed to medium flow. Increased differentiation involved a metabolic maturation process that was further developed in the millifluidic culture. Overall, bioreactor conditions that improve hMO quality are worth considering in the context of advanced PD modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Berger
- University of Luxembourg (UL), Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB) - Developmental and Cellular Biology group, Luxembourg.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Sison SL, Vermilyea SC, Emborg ME, Ebert AD. Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Identify Parkinson's Disease-Relevant Phenotypes. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:84. [PMID: 30284665 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting older individuals. The specific cause underlying dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss in the substantia nigra, a pathological hallmark of PD, remains elusive. Here, we highlight peer-reviewed reports using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to model PD in vitro and discuss the potential disease-relevant phenotypes that may lead to a better understanding of PD etiology. Benefits of iPSCs are that they retain the genetic background of the donor individual and can be differentiated into specialized neurons to facilitate disease modeling. RECENT FINDINGS Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ER stress, and alpha-synuclein accumulation are common phenotypes observed in PD iPSC-derived neurons. New culturing technologies, such as directed reprogramming and midbrain organoids, offer innovative ways of investigating intraneuronal mechanisms of PD pathology. PD patient-derived iPSCs are an evolving resource to understand PD pathology and identify therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Sison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, BSB 409, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - S C Vermilyea
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - M E Emborg
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - A D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, BSB 409, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Wang Z, Wang SN, Xu TY, Miao ZW, Su DF, Miao CY. Organoid technology for brain and therapeutics research. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 23:771-778. [PMID: 28884977 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain is one of the most complex organs in human. The current brain research is mainly based on the animal models and traditional cell culture. However, the inherent species differences between humans and animals as well as the gap between organ level and cell level make it difficult to study human brain development and associated disorders through traditional technologies. Recently, the brain organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells have been reported to recapitulate many key features of human brain in vivo, for example recapitulating the zone of putative outer radial glia cells. Brain organoids offer a new platform for scientists to study brain development, neurological diseases, drug discovery and personalized medicine, regenerative medicine, and so on. Here, we discuss the progress, applications, advantages, limitations, and prospects of brain organoid technology in neurosciences and related therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu-Wei Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Studying the Brain in a Dish: 3D Cell Culture Models of Human Brain Development and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 129:99-122. [PMID: 29801532 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of the cellular and molecular processes of the developing human brain has been hindered by access to suitable models of living human brain tissue. Recently developed 3D cell culture models offer the promise of studying fundamental brain processes in the context of human genetic background and species-specific developmental mechanisms. Here, we review the current state of 3D human brain organoid models and consider their potential to enable investigation of complex aspects of human brain development and the underpinning of human neurological disease.
Collapse
|
66
|
Schwamborn JC. Is Parkinson's Disease a Neurodevelopmental Disorder and Will Brain Organoids Help Us to Understand It? Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:968-975. [PMID: 29415619 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. The incidence of PD cases increases with age, accordingly classically PD is considered to be an age-associated neurodegenerative disease. In this review, the hypothesis that PD is actually a neurodevelopmental disorder that is compensated for a long time will be discussed. However, patients who suffer from PD typically do not show symptoms early in their lives. This implies that, if the hypothesis that PD has a significant neurodevelopmental component is correct, the developmental defects are compensated for a long time. Furthermore, these developmental defects might not causally lead to the disease but increase the susceptibility for disease onset after a "second hit." In this logic, deregulated developmental processes might represent the "first hit." Even a minor developmental defect could lead to a reduced compensatory capacity or reduced fault tolerance of the entire system. In such a case of an already imbalanced system one or more additional hits could perturb the entire system sufficiently to bring it out of balance and lead to the pathology and symptoms which we classify as PD. However, if the developmental hypothesis and the "multiple hit" hypothesis are correct, an early diagnosis of these developmental defects might allow the start of a therapy for at-risk individuals before disease pathology becomes severe and before symptoms occur. Modern stem cell technologies, including the generation of personalized brain organoids, might play an important role in these strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg , Belvaux, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Chen YS, Harn HJ, Chiou TW. The Role of Biomaterials in Implantation for Central Nervous System Injury. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:407-422. [PMID: 29741115 PMCID: PMC6038039 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717732991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Permanent deficits that occur in memory, sensation, and cognition can result from central nervous system (CNS) trauma that causes dysfunction and/or unregulated CNS regeneration. Some therapeutic approaches are preferentially applied to the human body. Therefore, cell transplantation, one of the therapeutic strategies, may be used to benefit people. However, poor cell viability and low efficacy are the limitations to cell transplantation strategies. Biomaterials have been widely used in several fields (e.g., triggering cell differentiation, guiding cell migration, improving wound healing, and increasing tissue regeneration) by modulating their characteristics in chemistry, topography, and softness/stiffness for highly flexible application. We reviewed implanted biomaterials to investigate the roles and influences of physical/chemical properties on cell behaviors and applications. With their unique molecular features, biomaterials are delivered in several methods and mixed with transplanted cells, which assists in increasing postimplanted biological substance efficiency on cell survival, host responses, and functional recovery of animal models. Moreover, tracking the routes of these transplanted cells using biomaterials as labeling agents is crucial for addressing their location, distribution, activity, and viability. Here, we provide comprehensive comments and up-to-date research of the application of biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shuan Chen
- Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan, No. 707, Sec. 3, Chung Yang Rd., Hualien 970, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, No. 707, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien 970, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi foundation, Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung Yang Rd., Hualien 970, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Horng-Jyh Harn, MD, PhD, Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi foundation, Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung Yang Rd., Hualien 970, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Tzyy-Wen Chiou, PhD, Department of Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Fedele S, Collo G, Behr K, Bischofberger J, Müller S, Kunath T, Christensen K, Gündner AL, Graf M, Jagasia R, Taylor V. Expansion of human midbrain floor plate progenitors from induced pluripotent stem cells increases dopaminergic neuron differentiation potential. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6036. [PMID: 28729666 PMCID: PMC5519680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable to study developmental processes and disease mechanisms particularly in the brain. hiPSCs can be differentiated into mature and functional dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Having robust protocols for the generation of differentiated DA neurons from pluripotent cells is a prerequisite for the use of hiPSCs to study disease mechanisms, for drug discovery, and eventually for cell replacement therapy. Here, we describe a protocol for generating and expanding large numbers of homogeneous midbrain floor plate progenitors (mFPPs) that retain efficient DA neurogenic potential over multiple passages and can be cryobanked. We demonstrate that expanded mFPPs have increased DA neuron potential and differentiate more efficiently and rapidly than progenitors generated by standard protocols. In addition, this novel method results in increased numbers of DA neurons that in vitro show characteristic electrophysiological properties of nigrostriatal DA neurons, produce high levels of dopamine, and integrate into host mice when grafted in vivo. Thus, we describe a robust method for producing human mesencephalic DA neurons from hiPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fedele
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ginetta Collo
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Katharina Behr
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Bischofberger
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Müller
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, EH93JQ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Christensen
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lisa Gündner
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Graf
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ravi Jagasia
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Lopes FM, Bristot IJ, da Motta LL, Parsons RB, Klamt F. Mimicking Parkinson's Disease in a Dish: Merits and Pitfalls of the Most Commonly used Dopaminergic In Vitro Models. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:241-255. [PMID: 28721669 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and has both unknown etiology and non-curative therapeutic options. Patients begin to present the classic motor symptoms of PD-tremor at rest, bradykinesia and rigidity-once 50-70% of the dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway have degenerated. As a consequence of this, it is difficult to investigate the early-stage events of disease pathogenesis. In vitro experimental models are used extensively in PD research because they present a controlled environment that enables the direct investigation of the early molecular mechanisms that are potentially involved with dopaminergic degeneration, as well as for the screening of potential therapeutic drugs. However, the establishment of PD in vitro models is a controversial issue for neuroscience research not only because it is challenging to mimic, in isolated cell systems, the physiological neuronal environment, but also the pathophysiological conditions experienced by human dopaminergic cells in vivo during the progression of the disease. Since no previous work has attempted to systematically review the literature regarding the establishment of an optimal in vitro model, and/or the features presented by available models used in the PD field, this review aims to summarize the merits and limitations of the most widely used dopaminergic in vitro models in PD research, which may help the PD researcher to choose the most appropriate model for studies directed at the elucidation of the early-stage molecular events underlying PD onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Martins Lopes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Ivi Juliana Bristot
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lisbôa da Motta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Richard B Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Fabio Klamt
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Arber C, Lovejoy C, Wray S. Stem cell models of Alzheimer's disease: progress and challenges. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:42. [PMID: 28610595 PMCID: PMC5470327 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been the lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models which capture the precise patient genome, in the cell type of interest, with physiological expression levels of the gene(s) of interest. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, together with advances in 2D and 3D neuronal differentiation, offers a unique opportunity to overcome this challenge and generate a limitless supply of human neurons for in vitro studies. iPSC-neuron models have been widely employed to model AD and we discuss in this review the progress that has been made to date using patient-derived neurons to recapitulate key aspects of AD pathology and how these models have contributed to a deeper understanding of AD molecular mechanisms, as well as addressing the key challenges posed by using this technology and what progress is being made to overcome these. Finally, we highlight future directions for the use of iPSC-neurons in AD research and highlight the potential value of this technology to neurodegenerative research in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Arber
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Christopher Lovejoy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Poon A, Zhang Y, Chandrasekaran A, Phanthong P, Schmid B, Nielsen TT, Freude KK. Modeling neurodegenerative diseases with patient-derived induced pluripotent cells: Possibilities and challenges. N Biotechnol 2017; 39:190-198. [PMID: 28579476 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of progressive neurodegenerative diseases coupled with increasing longevity poses an economic burden at individual and societal levels. There is currently no effective cure for the majority of neurodegenerative diseases and disease-affected tissues from patients have been difficult to obtain for research and drug discovery in pre-clinical settings. While the use of animal models has contributed invaluable mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic targets, the translational value of animal models could be further enhanced when combined with in vitro models derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and isogenic controls generated using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing. The iPSCs are self-renewable and capable of being differentiated into the cell types affected by the diseases. These in vitro models based on patient-derived iPSCs provide the opportunity to model disease development, uncover novel mechanisms and test potential therapeutics. Here we review findings from iPSC-based modeling of selected neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and spinocerebellar ataxia. Furthermore, we discuss the possibilities of generating three-dimensional (3D) models using the iPSCs-derived cells and compare their advantages and disadvantages to conventional two-dimensional (2D) models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poon
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yu Zhang
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Phetcharat Phanthong
- Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Deparment of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Mahidol University, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Troels T Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Hříbková H, Zelinková J, Sun YM. Progress in human pluripotent stem cell-based modeling systems for neurological diseases. NEUROGENESIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1324258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Hříbková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zelinková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yuh-Man Sun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Watson PMD, Kavanagh E, Allenby G, Vassey M. Bioengineered 3D Glial Cell Culture Systems and Applications for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:583-601. [PMID: 28346104 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217691450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are key features in a range of chronic central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as acute conditions like stroke and traumatic brain injury, for which there remains significant unmet clinical need. It is now well recognized that current cell culture methodologies are limited in their ability to recapitulate the cellular environment that is present in vivo, and there is a growing body of evidence to show that three-dimensional (3D) culture systems represent a more physiologically accurate model than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Given the complexity of the environment from which cells originate, and their various cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, it is important to develop models that can be controlled and reproducible for drug discovery. 3D cell models have now been developed for almost all CNS cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte cells. This review will highlight a number of current and emerging techniques for the culture of astrocytes and microglia, glial cell types with a critical role in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. We describe recent advances in glial cell culture using electrospun polymers and hydrogel macromolecules, and highlight how these novel culture environments influence astrocyte and microglial phenotypes in vitro, as compared to traditional 2D systems. These models will be explored to illuminate current trends in the techniques used to create 3D environments for application in research and drug discovery focused on astrocytes and microglial cells.
Collapse
|
74
|
Tieng V, Cherpin O, Gutzwiller E, Zambon AC, Delgado C, Salmon P, Dubois-Dauphin M, Krause KH. Elimination of proliferating cells from CNS grafts using a Ki67 promoter-driven thymidine kinase. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 6:16069. [PMID: 27990449 PMCID: PMC5129875 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based cell therapy is an attractive concept for neurodegenerative diseases, but can lead to tumor formation. This is particularly relevant as proliferating neural precursors rather than postmitotic mature neurons need to be transplanted. Thus, safety mechanisms to eliminate proliferating cells are needed. Here, we propose a suicide gene approach, based on cell cycle-dependent promoter Ki67-driven expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). We generated a PSC line expressing this construct and induced neural differentiation. In vitro, proliferating PSC and early neural precursor cells (NPC) were killed by exposure to ganciclovir. In vivo, transplantation of PSC led to tumor formation, which was prevented by early ganciclovir treatment. Transplanted NPC did not lead to tumor formation and their survival and neural maturation were not affected by ganciclovir. In conclusion, the cell cycle promoter-driven suicide gene approach described in this study allows killing of proliferating undifferentiated precursor cells without expression of the suicide gene in mature neurons. This approach could also be of use for other stem cell-based therapies where the final target consists of postmitotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vannary Tieng
- Department of pathology and immunology, Geneva medical school, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of genetic medicine and laboratory, Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ophelie Cherpin
- Department of pathology and immunology, Geneva medical school, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Gutzwiller
- Department of pathology and immunology, Geneva medical school, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander C Zambon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Science, Keck Graduate Institute , Claremont, California, USA
| | - Christophe Delgado
- Department of pathology and immunology, Geneva medical school, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Salmon
- Department of basic neurosciences, Geneva medical school, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Dubois-Dauphin
- Department of pathology and immunology, Geneva medical school, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of pathology and immunology, Geneva medical school, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of genetic medicine and laboratory, Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
The promises and challenges of human brain organoids as models of neuropsychiatric disease. Nat Med 2016; 22:1220-1228. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
76
|
Development and characterization of a human embryonic stem cell-derived 3D neural tissue model for neurotoxicity testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 38:124-135. [PMID: 27729293 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alternative models for more rapid compound safety testing are of increasing demand. With emerging techniques using human pluripotent stem cells, the possibility of generating human in vitro models has gained interest, as factors related to species differences could be potentially eliminated. When studying potential neurotoxic effects of a compound it is of crucial importance to have both neurons and glial cells. We have successfully developed a protocol for generating in vitro 3D human neural tissues, using neural progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. These 3D neural tissues can be maintained for two months and undergo progressive differentiation. We showed a gradual decreased expression of early neural lineage markers, paralleled by an increase in markers specific for mature neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. At the end of the two-month culture period the neural tissues not only displayed synapses and immature myelin sheaths around axons, but electrophysiological measurements also showed spontaneous activity. Neurotoxicity testing - comparing non-neurotoxic to known neurotoxic model compounds - showed an expected increase in the marker of astroglial reactivity after exposure to known neurotoxicants methylmercury and trimethyltin. Although further characterization and refinement of the model is required, these results indicate its potential usefulness for in vitro neurotoxicity testing.
Collapse
|
77
|
McMurtrey RJ. Multi-compartmental biomaterial scaffolds for patterning neural tissue organoids in models of neurodevelopment and tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731416671926. [PMID: 27766141 PMCID: PMC5056621 DOI: 10.1177/2041731416671926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are becoming an essential tool in the study and application of stem cell research. Various types of biomaterials enable three-dimensional culture of stem cells, and, more recently, also enable high-resolution patterning and organization of multicellular architectures. Biomaterials also hold potential to provide many additional advantages over cell transplants alone in regenerative medicine. This article describes novel designs for functionalized biomaterial constructs that guide tissue development to targeted regional identities and structures. Such designs comprise compartmentalized regions in the biomaterial structure that are functionalized with molecular factors that form concentration gradients through the construct and guide stem cell development, axis patterning, and tissue architecture, including rostral/caudal, ventral/dorsal, or medial/lateral identities of the central nervous system. The ability to recapitulate innate developmental processes in a three-dimensional environment and under specific controlled conditions has vital application to advanced models of neurodevelopment and for repair of specific sites of damaged or diseased neural tissue.
Collapse
|
78
|
Schmidt BZ, Lehmann M, Gutbier S, Nembo E, Noel S, Smirnova L, Forsby A, Hescheler J, Avci HX, Hartung T, Leist M, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. In vitro acute and developmental neurotoxicity screening: an overview of cellular platforms and high-throughput technical possibilities. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1-33. [PMID: 27492622 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity are important issues of chemical hazard assessment. Since the interpretation of animal data and their extrapolation to man is challenging, and the amount of substances with information gaps exceeds present animal testing capacities, there is a big demand for in vitro tests to provide initial information and to prioritize for further evaluation. During the last decade, many in vitro tests emerged. These are based on animal cells, human tumour cell lines, primary cells, immortalized cell lines, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. They differ in their read-outs and range from simple viability assays to complex functional endpoints such as neural crest cell migration. Monitoring of toxicological effects on differentiation often requires multiomics approaches, while the acute disturbance of neuronal functions may be analysed by assessing electrophysiological features. Extrapolation from in vitro data to humans requires a deep understanding of the test system biology, of the endpoints used, and of the applicability domains of the tests. Moreover, it is important that these be combined in the right way to assess toxicity. Therefore, knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of all cellular platforms, endpoints, and analytical methods is essential when establishing in vitro test systems for different aspects of neurotoxicity. The elements of a test, and their evaluation, are discussed here in the context of comprehensive prediction of potential hazardous effects of a compound. We summarize the main cellular characteristics underlying neurotoxicity, present an overview of cellular platforms and read-out combinations assessing distinct parts of acute and developmental neurotoxicology, and highlight especially the use of stem cell-based test systems to close gaps in the available battery of tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béla Z Schmidt
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Lehmann
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Erastus Nembo
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Noel
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Forsby
- Swedish Toxicology Research Center (Swetox), Södertälje, Sweden.,Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hasan X Avci
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcel Leist
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | | | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary. .,Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Vega-Crespo A, Truong B, Hermann KJ, Awe JP, Chang KM, Lee PC, Schoenberg BE, Wu L, Byrne JA, Lipshutz GS. Investigating the functionality of an OCT4-short response element in human induced pluripotent stem cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16050. [PMID: 27500178 PMCID: PMC4954563 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells offer great therapeutic promise for personalized treatment platforms for numerous injuries, disorders, and diseases. Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) is a key regulatory gene maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal of mammalian cells. With site-specific integration for gene correction in cellular therapeutics, use of the OCT4 promoter may have advantages when expressing a suicide gene if pluripotency remains. However, the human OCT4 promoter region is 4 kb in size, limiting the capacity of therapeutic genes and other regulatory components for viral vectors, and decreasing the efficiency of homologous recombination. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the functionality of a novel 967bp OCT4-short response element during pluripotency and to examine the OCT4 titer-dependent response during differentiation to human derivatives not expressing OCT4. Our findings demonstrate that the OCT4-short response element is active in pluripotency and this activity is in high correlation with transgene expression in vitro, and the OCT4-short response element is inactivated when pluripotent cells differentiate. These studies demonstrate that this shortened OCT4 regulatory element is functional and may be useful as part of an optimized safety component in a site-specific gene transferring system that could be used as an efficient and clinically applicable safety platform for gene transfer in cellular therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Vega-Crespo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA
| | - Brian Truong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA
| | - Kip J Hermann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California , Los Angeles, alifornia, USA
| | - Jason P Awe
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA
| | - Katherine M Chang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA
| | - Benjamen E Schoenberg
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California , Los Angeles, alifornia, USA
| | - James A Byrne
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA
| | - Gerald S Lipshutz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, alifornia, USA; Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA; Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, California USA; Department of Urology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA; The Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA; The Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, California USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
High-throughput platforms for the screening of new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1355-1366. [PMID: 27178019 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in the understanding of neurodegenerative disorders, a lack of solid fundamental knowledge on the etiology of many of the major neurodegenerative diseases has made it difficult to obtain effective therapies to treat these conditions. Scientists have been looking to carry out more-human-relevant studies, with strong statistical power, to overcome the limitations of preclinical animal models that have contributed to the failure of numerous therapeutics in clinical trials. Here, we identify currently existing platforms to mimic central nervous system tissues, healthy and diseased, mainly focusing on cell-based platforms and discussing their strengths and limitations in the context of the high-throughput screening of new therapeutic targets and drugs.
Collapse
|
81
|
Hillje AL, Schwamborn JC. Utilization of stem cells to model Parkinson's disease – current state and future challenges. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.16.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Restricted access to patients and low availability of disease-affected tissue often limit possibilities of research on neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro culture systems to model neurodegenerative diseases have been in use for several years, but derivation, maintenance and differentiation of the appropriate cell types was often a challenge. The development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) was a milestone in the field and rapid progress is happening since. In this review, we highlight the requirements for standardized hiPSC based in vitro disease modeling, with a specific focus on Parkinson's disease. We describe requirements that are already fulfilled and point out current limitations and challenges. These include the induction of aging, the creation of a cellular 3D environment and the generation of alternative neural progenitor cell types, which still need improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Hillje
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Université du Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Université du Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Bejoy J, Song L, Li Y. Wnt-YAP interactions in the neural fate of human pluripotent stem cells and the implications for neural organoid formation. Organogenesis 2016; 12:1-15. [PMID: 26901039 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1140290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have shown the ability to self-organize into different types of neural organoids (e.g., whole brain organoids, cortical spheroids, midbrain organoids etc.) recently. The extrinsic and intrinsic signaling elicited by Wnt pathway, Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway, and extracellular microenvironment plays a critical role in brain tissue morphogenesis. This article highlights recent advances in neural tissue patterning from hPSCs, in particular the role of Wnt pathway and YAP activity in this process. Understanding the Wnt-YAP interactions should provide us the guidance to predict and modulate brain-like tissue structure through the regulation of extracellular microenvironment of hPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- a Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | - Liqing Song
- a Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | - Yan Li
- a Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Asprer JST, Lakshmipathy U. Current methods and challenges in the comprehensive characterization of human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:357-72. [PMID: 25504379 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are powerful tools for basic scientific research and promising agents for drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Technological advances have made it increasingly easy to generate PSCs but the various lines generated may differ in their characteristics based on their origin, derivation, number of passages, and culture conditions. In order to confirm the pluripotency, quality, identity, and safety of pluripotent cell lines as they are derived and maintained, it is critical to perform a panel of characterization assays. Functional pluripotency is determined using tests that rely on the expression of specific markers in the undifferentiated and differentiated states; tests for quality, identity and safety are less specialized. This article provides a comprehensive review of current practices in PSC characterization and explores challenges in the field, from the selection of markers to the development of simple and scalable methods. It also delves into emerging trends like the adoption of alternative assays that could be used to supplement or replace traditional methods, specifically the use of in silico assays for determining pluripotency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S T Asprer
- Cell Biology, Life Sciences Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5781 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Singh S, Srivastava A, Kumar V, Pandey A, Kumar D, Rajpurohit CS, Khanna VK, Yadav S, Pant AB. Stem Cells in Neurotoxicology/Developmental Neurotoxicology: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6938-6949. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
85
|
Simultaneous MR imaging for tissue engineering in a rat model of stroke. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14597. [PMID: 26419200 PMCID: PMC4588587 DOI: 10.1038/srep14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ tissue engineering within a stroke cavity is gradually emerging as a novel therapeutic paradigm. Considering the varied lesion topology within each subject, the placement and distribution of cells within the lesion cavity is challenging. The use of multiple cell types to reconstruct damaged tissue illustrates the complexity of the process, but also highlights the challenges to provide a non-invasive assessment. The distribution of implanted cells within the lesion cavity and crucially the contribution of neural stem cells and endothelial cells to morphogenesis could be visualized simultaneously using two paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (paraCEST) agents. The development of sophisticated imaging methods is essential to guide delivery of the building blocks for in situ tissue engineering, but will also be essential to understand the dynamics of cellular interactions leading to the formation of de novo tissue.
Collapse
|