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Karnik M, Beeraka NM, Uthaiah CA, Nataraj SM, Bettadapura ADS, Aliev G, Madhunapantula SV. A Review on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neuroinflammation, Neurodevelopmental Complications, and Recent Updates on the Vaccine Development. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4535-4563. [PMID: 34089508 PMCID: PMC8179092 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The incidence and mortality of COVID-19 patients have been increasing at an alarming rate. The mortality is much higher in older individuals, especially the ones suffering from respiratory distress, cardiac abnormalities, renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Existing evidence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 makes its entry into human cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by the uptake of virions through cathepsin L or transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). SARS-CoV-2-mediated abnormalities in particular cardiovascular and neurological ones and the damaged coagulation systems require extensive research to develop better therapeutic modalities. As SARS-CoV-2 uses its S-protein to enter into the host cells of several organs, the S-protein of the virus is considered as the ideal target to develop a potential vaccine. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the landmark discoveries that lead to the development of various vaccines that are currently under different stages of clinical progression. Besides, a brief account of various drug candidates that are being tested to mitigate the burden of COVID-19 was also covered. Further, in a dedicated section, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neuronal inflammation and neuronal disorders was discussed. In summary, it is expected that the content covered in this article help to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the impact on neuronal complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection while providing an update on the vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Karnik
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Chinnappa A Uthaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma M Nataraj
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Devi S Bettadapura
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, San Antonio, TX, #330, USA
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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52
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Zhou Y, Niu M, Zhang D, Liu Z, Wu Q, Chen J, Zhang H, Zhang P, Pei J. Screening for Anti-Inflammation Quality Markers of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule Based on Network Pharmacology, UPLC, and Biological Activity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648439. [PMID: 34177573 PMCID: PMC8226139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a common respiratory infectious disease. In China, Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LHQWC), a drug with significant clinical efficacy and few side effects, is commonly used to treat influenza. However, the composition of LHQWC is complicated, and currently used quality control methods cannot ensure its consistency. In this study, combined with its clinical efficacy, the targets of LHQWC were screened using network pharmacology. Then, anti-inflammation quality markers of LHQWC were screened and judged by combined chemical with biological evaluation. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was identified as one of the main targets of the anti-inflammatory activity of LHQWC. The rate of inhibition of COX-2 by different batches of LHQWC was determined. Furthermore, seven components of LHQWC were identified. The potential quality markers were screened by spectral-effect relationship. As a result, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, and isochlorogenic acid C were identified and confirmed as anti-inflammatory quality markers of LHQWC. We hope that these findings provide a scientific basis for the accurate quality control of LHQWC and serve as a reference for the quality control of other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Niu
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haizhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Pei
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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53
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Chua KH, Mohamed IN, Mohd Yunus MH, Shafinaz Md Nor N, Kamil K, Ugusman A, Kumar J. The Anti-Viral and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Edible Bird's Nest in Influenza and Coronavirus Infections: From Pre-Clinical to Potential Clinical Application. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:633292. [PMID: 34025406 PMCID: PMC8138174 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible bird's nest (BN) is a Chinese traditional medicine with innumerable health benefits, including anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. A small number of studies have reported the anti-viral effects of EBN against influenza infections using in vitro and in vivo models, highlighting the importance of sialic acid and thymol derivatives in their therapeutic effects. At present, studies have reported that EBN suppresses the replicated virus from exiting the host cells, reduces the viral replication, endosomal trafficking of the virus, intracellular viral autophagy process, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reorient the actin cytoskeleton of the infected cells, and increase the lysosomal degradation of viral materials. In other models of disease, EBN attenuates oxidative stress-induced cellular apoptosis, enhances proliferation and activation of B-cells and their antibody secretion. Given the sum of its therapeutic actions, EBN appears to be a candidate that is worth further exploring for its protective effects against diseases transmitted through air droplets. At present, anti-viral drugs are employed as the first-line defense against respiratory viral infections, unless vaccines are available for the specific pathogens. In patients with severe symptoms due to exacerbated cytokine secretion, anti-inflammatory agents are applied. Treatment efficacy varies across the patients, and in times of a pandemic like COVID-19, many of the drugs are still at the experimental stage. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of anti-viral and anti-inflammatory effects of EBN, chemical constituents from various EBN preparation techniques, and drugs currently used to treat influenza and novel coronavirus infections. We also aim to review the pathogenesis of influenza A and coronavirus, and the potential of EBN in their clinical application. We also describe the current literature in human consumption of EBN, known allergenic or contaminant presence, and the focus of future direction on how these can be addressed to further improve EBN for potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Hui Chua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Norefrina Shafinaz Md Nor
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Khidhir Kamil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
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54
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Nenasheva VV, Nikitenko NA, Stepanenko EA, Makarova IV, Andreeva LE, Kovaleva GV, Lysenko AA, Tukhvatulin AI, Logunov DY, Tarantul VZ. Human TRIM14 protects transgenic mice from influenza A viral infection without activation of other innate immunity pathways. Genes Immun 2021; 22:56-63. [PMID: 33864033 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
TRIM14 is an important component of innate immunity that defends organism from various viruses. It was shown that TRIM14 restricted influenza A virus (IAV) infection in cell cultures in an interferon-independent manner. However, it remained unclear whether TRIM14 affects IAV reproduction and immune system responses upon IAV infection in vivo. In order to investigate the effects of TRIM14 at the organismal level we generated transgenic mice overexpressing human TRIM14 gene. We found that IAV reproduction was strongly inhibited in lungs of transgenic mice, resulting in the increased survival of transgenic animals. Strikingly, upon IAV infection, the transcription of genes encoding interferons, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα was notably weaker in lungs of transgenic animals than that in control mice, thus indicating the absence of significant induction of interferon and inflammatory responses. In spleen of transgenic mice, where TRIM14 was unexpectedly downregulated, upon IAV infection the transcription of genes encoding interferons was oppositely increased. Therefore, we demonstrated the key role of TRIM14 in anti-IAV protection in the model organism that is realized without noticeable activation of other innate immune system pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina V Nenasheva
- Department of Viral and Cellular Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia A Nikitenko
- Department of Medical Microbiology, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Stepanenko
- Department of Viral and Cellular Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Makarova
- Department of Viral and Cellular Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila E Andreeva
- Department of Viral and Cellular Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina V Kovaleva
- Department of Viral and Cellular Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Lysenko
- Department of Medical Microbiology, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir I Tukhvatulin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y Logunov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Z Tarantul
- Department of Viral and Cellular Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
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55
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Bu J, Deng Z, Liu H, Li J, Wang D, Yang Y, Zhong S. Current methods and prospects of coronavirus detection. Talanta 2021; 225:121977. [PMID: 33592725 PMCID: PMC7833523 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SARS-COV-2 is a novel coronavirus discovered in Wuhan in December 30, 2019, and is a family of SARS-COV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), that is, coronavirus family. After infection with SARS-COV-2, patients often experience fever, cough, gas prostration, dyspnea and other symptoms, which can lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), kidney failure and even death. The SARS-COV-2 virus is particularly infectious and has led to a global infection crisis, with an explosion in the number of infections. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection of the virus plays a vital role. At present, many detection methods are limited in their wide application due to their defects such as high preparation cost, poor stability and complex operation process. Moreover, some methods need to be operated by professional medical staff, which can easily lead to infection. In order to overcome these problems, a Surface molecular imprinting technology (SM-MIT) is proposed for the first time to detect SARS-COV-2 virus. For this SM-MIT method, this review provides detailed detection principles and steps. In addition, this method not only has the advantages of low cost, high stability and good specificity, but also can detect whether it is infected at designated points. Therefore, we think SM-MIT may have great potential in the detection of SARS-COV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Bu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - De Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Yanjing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
| | - Shian Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
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56
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Obradovic MR, Segura M, Segalés J, Gottschalk M. Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs. Vet Res 2021; 52:49. [PMID: 33743838 PMCID: PMC7980725 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens affecting post-weaned piglets, causing mainly meningitis, arthritis and sudden death. It not only results in severe economic losses but also raises concerns over animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance and remains an important zoonotic agent in some countries. The definition and diagnosis of S. suis-associated diseases can be complex. Should S. suis be considered a primary or secondary pathogen? The situation is further complicated when referring to respiratory disease, since the pathogen has historically been considered as a secondary pathogen within the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Is S. suis a respiratory or strictly systemic pathogen? S. suis is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, and the presence of potentially virulent strains alone does not guarantee the appearance of clinical signs. Within this unclear context, it has been largely proposed that co-infection with some viral and bacterial pathogens can significantly influence the severity of S. suis-associated diseases and may be the key to understanding how the infection behaves in the field. In this review, we critically addressed studies reporting an epidemiological link (mixed infections or presence of more than one pathogen at the same time), as well as in vitro and in vivo studies of co-infection of S. suis with other pathogens and discussed their limitations and possibilities for improvement and proposed recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan R Obradovic
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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57
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Andrade FB, Gualberto A, Rezende C, Percegoni N, Gameiro J, Hottz ED. The Weight of Obesity in Immunity from Influenza to COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:638852. [PMID: 33816341 PMCID: PMC8011498 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.638852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in December 2019 and rapidly outspread worldwide endangering human health. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifests itself through a wide spectrum of symptoms that can evolve to severe presentations as pneumonia and several non-respiratory complications. Increased susceptibility to COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality have been linked to associated comorbidities as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and, recently, to obesity. Similarly, individuals living with obesity are at greater risk to develop clinical complications and to have poor prognosis in severe influenza pneumonia. Immune and metabolic dysfunctions associated with the increased susceptibility to influenza infection are linked to obesity-associated low-grade inflammation, compromised immune and endocrine systems, and to high cardiovascular risk. These preexisting conditions may favor virological persistence, amplify immunopathological responses and worsen hemodynamic instability in severe COVID-19 as well. In this review we highlight the main factors and the current state of the art on obesity as risk factor for influenza and COVID-19 hospitalization, severe respiratory manifestations, extrapulmonary complications and even death. Finally, immunoregulatory mechanisms of severe influenza pneumonia in individuals with obesity are addressed as likely factors involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B. Andrade
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Ana Gualberto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Obesity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Camila Rezende
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Nathércia Percegoni
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Jacy Gameiro
- Laboratory of Immunology, Obesity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Eugenio D. Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Role of DAMPs in respiratory virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome-with a preliminary reference to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Genes Immun 2021; 22:141-160. [PMID: 34140652 PMCID: PMC8210526 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
When surveying the current literature on COVID-19, the "cytokine storm" is considered to be pathogenetically involved in its severe outcomes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and eventually multiple organ failure. In this review, the similar role of DAMPs is addressed, that is, of those molecules, which operate upstream of the inflammatory pathway by activating those cells, which ultimately release the cytokines. Given the still limited reports on their role in COVID-19, the emerging topic is extended to respiratory viral infections with focus on influenza. At first, a brief introduction is given on the function of various classes of activating DAMPs and counterbalancing suppressing DAMPs (SAMPs) in initiating controlled inflammation-promoting and inflammation-resolving defense responses upon infectious and sterile insults. It is stressed that the excessive emission of DAMPs upon severe injury uncovers their fateful property in triggering dysregulated life-threatening hyperinflammatory responses. Such a scenario may happen when the viral load is too high, for example, in the respiratory tract, "forcing" many virus-infected host cells to decide to commit "suicidal" regulated cell death (e.g., necroptosis, pyroptosis) associated with release of large amounts of DAMPs: an important topic of this review. Ironically, although the aim of this "suicidal" cell death is to save and restore organismal homeostasis, the intrinsic release of excessive amounts of DAMPs leads to those dysregulated hyperinflammatory responses-as typically involved in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in respiratory viral infections. Consequently, as briefly outlined in this review, these molecules can be considered valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to monitor and evaluate the course of the viral disorder, in particular, to grasp the eventual transition precociously from a controlled defense response as observed in mild/moderate cases to a dysregulated life-threatening hyperinflammatory response as seen, for example, in severe/fatal COVID-19. Moreover, the pathogenetic involvement of these molecules qualifies them as relevant future therapeutic targets to prevent severe/ fatal outcomes. Finally, a theory is presented proposing that the superimposition of coronavirus-induced DAMPs with non-virus-induced DAMPs from other origins such as air pollution or high age may contribute to severe and fatal courses of coronavirus pneumonia.
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59
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Host factors involved in influenza virus infection. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:389-398. [PMID: 33210707 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes an acute febrile respiratory disease in humans that is commonly known as 'flu'. Influenza virus has been around for centuries and is one of the most successful, and consequently most studied human viruses. This has generated tremendous amount of data and information, thus it is pertinent to summarise these for, particularly interdisciplinary readers. Viruses are acellular organisms and exist at the interface of living and non-living. Due to this unique characteristic, viruses require another organism, i.e. host to survive. Viruses multiply inside the host cell and are obligate intracellular pathogens, because their relationship with the host is almost always harmful to host. In mammalian cells, the life cycle of a virus, including influenza is divided into five main steps: attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly and release. To complete these steps, some viruses, e.g. influenza utilise all three parts - plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, of the cell; whereas others, e.g. SARS-CoV-2 utilise only plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Hence, viruses interact with numerous host factors to complete their life cycle, and these interactions are either exploitative or antagonistic in nature. The host factors involved in the life cycle of a virus could be divided in two broad categories - proviral and antiviral. This perspective has endeavoured to assimilate the information about the host factors which promote and suppress influenza virus infection. Furthermore, an insight into host factors that play a dual role during infection or contribute to influenza virus-host adaptation and disease severity has also been provided.
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60
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Respiratory Epithelial Cells Respond to Lactobacillus plantarum but Provide No Cross-Protection against Virus-Induced Inflammation. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010002. [PMID: 33374950 PMCID: PMC7821944 DOI: 10.3390/v13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced inflammation plays a critical role in determining the clinical outcome of an acute respiratory virus infection. We have shown previously that the administration of immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) directly to the respiratory tract prevents lethal inflammatory responses to subsequent infection with a mouse respiratory virus pathogen. While Lp-mediated protective responses involve non-redundant contributions of both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and NOD2, the cellular basis of these findings remains unclear. Here, we address the impact of Lp and its capacity to suppress inflammation in virus-infected respiratory epithelial cells in two cell culture models. We found that both MLE-12 cells and polarized mouse tracheal epithelial cells (mTECs) were susceptible to infection with Influenza A and released proinflammatory cytokines, including CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, and CXCL10, in response to replicating virus. MLE-12 cells express NOD2 (81 ± 6.3%) and TLR2 (19 ± 4%), respond to Lp, and are TLR2-specific, but not NOD2-specific, biochemical agonists. By contrast, we found that mTECs express NOD2 (81 ± 17%) but minimal TLR2 (0.93 ± 0.58%); nonetheless, mTECs respond to Lp and the TLR2 agonist, Pam2CSK4, but not NOD2 agonists or the bifunctional TLR2-NOD2 agonist, CL-429. Although MLE-12 cells and mTECS were both activated by Lp, little to no cytokine suppression was observed in response to Lp followed by virus infection via a protocol that replicated experimental conditions that were effective in vivo. Further study and a more complex approach may be required to reveal critical factors that suppress virus-induced inflammatory responses.
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61
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Patent highlights June-July 2020. Pharm Pat Anal 2020; 9:163-170. [PMID: 33275471 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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62
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Atal S, Fatima Z, Balakrishnan S. Approval of Itolizumab for COVID-19: A Premature Decision or Need of The Hour? BioDrugs 2020; 34:705-711. [PMID: 33048300 PMCID: PMC7551520 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Itolizumab is a first-in-class anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody that was initially developed for various cancers and was later developed and approved in India for treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in 2013. This drug is now being re-purposed for COVID-19. The potential utility of itolizumab in COVID-19, based on its unique mechanism of action in ameliorating cytokine release syndrome (CRS), was proposed first in Cuba with approval of a single-arm clinical trial and expanded access use. Subsequently, a phase II, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial has been conducted in 30 COVID-19 patients in India after receiving regulatory permission. Based on the results, the Indian drug regulatory agency recently approved itolizumab in July 2020 for ‘restricted emergency use’ for the treatment of CRS in moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19. This has drawn sharp criticism within the scientific community, with the approval being granted on the basis of a relatively small phase II trial, without conduct of a conventional phase III trial, and lacking availability of the claimed supportive real-world evidence in the public domain to date. In a global scenario where finding a successful treatment for COVID-19 is of utmost priority, a biologic agent has been re-purposed and approved with a successfully completed RCT, in a country where cases and mortality due to COVID-19 are growing exponentially. However, instead of welcoming the approval with open arms, many doubts are being raised. This is an issue that needs to be considered and dealt with sensitively, as well as scientifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Atal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, 3rd Floor, Medical College Building, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, 462020, India
| | - Zeenat Fatima
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, 3rd Floor, Medical College Building, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, 462020, India.
| | - Sadasivam Balakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, 3rd Floor, Medical College Building, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, 462020, India
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63
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Zheng KL, Xu Y, Guo YF, Diao L, Kong XY, Wan XJ, Zhao F, Ning FZ, Wang LB, Qiao F, Zhao JM, Zhou JH, Zhong YQ, Wu SX, Chen Y, Jin G, Dong YC. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:18878-18888. [PMID: 33031060 PMCID: PMC7732317 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this retrospective study we assessed the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in patients with critical or severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We enrolled 181 patients admitted to Huoshenshan Hospital (Wuhan, China) with confirmed COVID-19 between January 2020 and February 2020. Ninety-two patients were treated with tocilizumab, and 89 patients were treated conventionally. We analyzed the clinical manifestations, changes in CT scan images, and laboratory tests before and after tocilizumab treatment, and compared these results with the conventionally treated group. A significant reduction in the level of C-reactive protein was observed 1 week after tocilizumab administration. In some cases this meant the end of the IL-6-related cytokine storm. In addition, tocilizumab relieved fever, cough, and shortness of breath with no reported adverse drug reactions. These findings suggest tocilizumab improves clinical outcomes and is effective for treatment of patients with critical or severe COVID-19. However, future clinical trials are needed to better understand the impact of tocilizumab interference with IL-6 and provide a therapeutic strategy for treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lian Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China,Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hankou Hospital, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Feng Guo
- Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China,Office of Medical Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Le Diao
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Kong
- Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China,Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Wan
- Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China,Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fang-Zheng Ning
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li-Bing Wang
- Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China,Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fan Qiao
- Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiang-Man Zhao
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jia-Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Yue-Qian Zhong
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Shou-Xin Wu
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China,Department of infectious diseases, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Gang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu-Chao Dong
- Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan 430100, Hubei, China,Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Department, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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64
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Benani A, Ben Mkaddem S. Mechanisms Underlying Potential Therapeutic Approaches for COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1841. [PMID: 32793246 PMCID: PMC7385230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a betacoronavirus, and is associated with cytokine storm inflammation and lung injury, leading to respiratory distress. The transmission of the virus is mediated by human contact. To control and prevent the spread of this virus, the majority of people worldwide are facing quarantine; patients are being subjected to non-specific treatments under isolation. To prevent and stop the COVID-19 pandemic, several clinical trials are in the pipeline. The current clinical trials either target the intracellular replication and spread of the virus or the cytokine storm inflammation seen in COVID-19 cases during the later stages of the disease. Since both targeting strategies are different, the window drug administration plays a crucial role in the efficacy of the treatment. Here, we review the mechanism underlying SARS-CoV-2 cell infection and potential future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelouaheb Benani
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- U978 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bobigny, France.,UFR SMBH, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
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65
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Host-Pathogen Responses to Pandemic Influenza H1N1pdm09 in a Human Respiratory Airway Model. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060679. [PMID: 32599823 PMCID: PMC7354428 DOI: 10.3390/v12060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory Influenza A Viruses (IAVs) and emerging zoonotic viruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pose a significant threat to human health. To accelerate our understanding of the host–pathogen response to respiratory viruses, the use of more complex in vitro systems such as normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell culture models has gained prominence as an alternative to animal models. NHBE cells were differentiated under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions to form an in vitro pseudostratified epithelium. The responses of well-differentiated (wd) NHBE cells were examined following infection with the 2009 pandemic Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 strain or following challenge with the dsRNA mimic, poly(I:C). At 30 h postinfection with H1N1pdm09, the integrity of the airway epithelium was severely impaired and apical junction complex damage was exhibited by the disassembly of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) from the cell cytoskeleton. wdNHBE cells produced an innate immune response to IAV-infection with increased transcription of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the antiviral viperin but reduced expression of the mucin-encoding MUC5B, which may impair mucociliary clearance. Poly(I:C) produced similar responses to IAV, with the exception of MUC5B expression which was more than 3-fold higher than for control cells. This study demonstrates that wdNHBE cells are an appropriate ex-vivo model system to investigate the pathogenesis of respiratory viruses.
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66
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Han H, Ma Q, Li C, Liu R, Zhao L, Wang W, Zhang P, Liu X, Gao G, Liu F, Jiang Y, Cheng X, Zhu C, Xia Y. Profiling serum cytokines in COVID-19 patients reveals IL-6 and IL-10 are disease severity predictors. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1123-1130. [PMID: 32475230 PMCID: PMC7473317 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1770129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, it has rapidly spread across many other countries. While the majority of patients were considered mild, critically ill patients involving respiratory failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome are not uncommon, which could result death. We hypothesized that cytokine storm is associated with severe outcome. We enrolled 102 COVID-19 patients who were admitted to Renmin Hospital (Wuhan, China). All patients were classified into moderate, severe and critical groups according to their symptoms. 45 control samples of healthy volunteers were also included. Inflammatory cytokines and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) profiles of serum samples were analyzed by specific immunoassays. Results showed that COVID-19 patients have higher serum level of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) and CRP than control individuals. Within COVID-19 patients, serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels are significantly higher in critical group (n = 17) than in moderate (n = 42) and severe (n = 43) group. The levels of IL-10 is positively correlated with CRP amount (r = 0.41, P < 0.01). Using univariate logistic regression analysis, IL-6 and IL-10 are found to be predictive of disease severity and receiver operating curve analysis could further confirm this result (AUC = 0.841, 0.822 respectively). Our result indicated higher levels of cytokine storm is associated with more severe disease development. Among them, IL-6 and IL-10 can be used as predictors for fast diagnosis of patients with higher risk of disease deterioration. Given the high levels of cytokines induced by SARS-CoV-2, treatment to reduce inflammation-related lung damage is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingan Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Liu R, Wang Y, Li J, Han H, Xia Z, Liu F, Wu K, Yang L, Liu X, Zhu C. Decreased T cell populations contribute to the increased severity of COVID-19. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:110-114. [PMID: 32405080 PMCID: PMC7219428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We observe changes of the main lymphocyte subsets (CD16+CD56、CD19、CD3、CD4、and CD8) in COVID-19-infected patients and explore whether the changes are associated with disease severity. METHODS One-hundred and fifty-four cases of COVID-19-infected patients were selected and divided into 3 groups (moderate group, severe group and critical group). The flow cytometry assay was performed to examine the numbers of lymphocyte subsets. RESULTS CD3+, CD4+ and CD8 + T lymphocyte subsets were decreased in COVID-19-infected patients. Compared with the moderate group and the sever group, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the critical group decreased greatly (P < 0.001, P = 0.005 or P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Reduced CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocyte counts may reflect the severity of the COVID-19. Monitoring T cell changes has important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of severe patients who may become critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Health Commission Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Management of Inflammation and Chronic Diseases, Sino-French Cooperative Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Postgraduate training base in Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Ningxia medical university, Pudong New Area, Shanghai200135, PR China
| | - Huan Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Zunen Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China; Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai200135, PR China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai200135, PR China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China.
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68
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Abstract
Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular "kinome," have been used successfully to identify cellular factors that can support virus replication. Since some of these cellular factors are critical for virus replication, but are dispensable for the host, they can serve as novel targets for antiviral drug development. In addition, potentiation of immune responses, regulation of cytokine storms, and modulation of epigenetic changes upon virus infections are also feasible approaches to control infections. Because it is less likely that viruses will mutate to replace missing cellular functions, the chance of generating drug-resistant mutants with host-targeted inhibitor approaches is minimized. However, drug resistance against some host-directed agents can, in fact, occur under certain circumstances, such as long-term selection pressure of a host-directed antiviral agent that can allow the virus the opportunity to adapt to use an alternate host factor or to alter its affinity toward the target that confers resistance. This review describes novel approaches for antiviral drug development with a focus on host-directed therapies and the potential mechanisms that may account for the acquisition of antiviral drug resistance against host-directed agents.
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69
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Alam F, Singh A, Flores-Malavet V, Sell S, Cooper AM, Swain SL, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM. CD25-Targeted IL-2 Signals Promote Improved Outcomes of Influenza Infection and Boost Memory CD4 T Cell Formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3307-3314. [PMID: 32376651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 is a pleotropic cytokine with potent pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. These divergent impacts can be directed in vivo by forming complexes of IL-2 and anti-IL-2 mAbs (IL-2C) to target IL-2 to distinct subsets of cells based on their expression of subunits of the IL-2R. In this study, we show that treatment of mice with a prototypical anti-inflammatory IL-2C, JES6-1-IL-2C, best known to induce CD25+ regulatory CD4 T cell expansion, surprisingly causes robust induction of a suite of inflammatory factors. However, treating mice infected with influenza A virus with this IL-2C reduces lung immunopathology. We compare the spectrum of inflammatory proteins upregulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory IL-2C treatment and uncover a pattern of expression that reveals potentially beneficial versus detrimental aspects of the influenza-associated cytokine storm. Moreover, we show that anti-inflammatory IL-2C can deliver survival signals to CD4 T cells responding to influenza A virus that improve their memory fitness, indicating a novel application of IL-2 to boost pathogen-specific T cell memory while simultaneously reducing immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Alam
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Ayushi Singh
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Valeria Flores-Malavet
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Stewart Sell
- Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201
| | | | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - K Kai McKinstry
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827.,NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Tara M Strutt
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827; .,NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826
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70
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Li G, Zhou L, Zhang C, Shi Y, Dong D, Bai M, Wang R, Zhang C. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Regulates Acute Inflammatory Lung Injury Mediated by Influenza Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2541. [PMID: 31849847 PMCID: PMC6887893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute inflammatory lung injury is an important cause of death due to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) played an important role in the regulation of inflammation in the immune system. To investigate the role of IGF1 in IAV-mediated acute inflammatory lung injury, the expression of IGF1 and inflammatory cytokines was tested after IAV A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1; abbreviated as PR8) infection in A549 cells. Then, a BALB/c mouse model of PR8 infection was established. On days 3, 5, 7, and 9 post-infection, the mice lung tissue was collected to detect the expression changes in IGF1 mRNA and protein. The mice were divided into four groups: (1) PBS (abbreviation of phosphate buffered saline); (2) PR8 + PBS; (3) PR8 + IGF1; and (4) PR8 + PPP (abbreviation of picropodophyllin, the IGF1 receptor inhibitor). The body weight and survival rate of the mice were monitored daily, and the clinical symptoms of the mice were recorded. On day 5 post-infection, the mice were sacrificed to obtain the serum and lung tissues. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in the serum was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; lung injury was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining; the viral proliferation in the lung was detected by real-time quantitative PCR; and the protein expression of the main molecules in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways was detected by Western blot. It was found that IGF1 expression is upregulated in A549 cells and BALB/c mice infected with PR8, whereas IGF1 regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by PR8 infection. Overexpression of IGF1 aggravated the IAV-mediated inflammatory response, whereas the inhibition of IGF1 receptor reduced such inflammatory response. The phosphorylation of IGF1 receptor triggered the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways to induce an inflammatory response after IAV infection. Therefore, IGF1 plays an important immune function in IAV-mediated acute inflammatory lung injury. IGF1 may provide a therapeutic target for humans in response to an influenza outbreak, and inhibition of IGF1 or IGF1 receptor may represent a novel approach to influenza treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Li
- Center for Hygienic Assessment and Research, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Center for Hygienic Assessment and Research, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Center for Hygienic Assessment and Research, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Center for Hygienic Assessment and Research, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Derong Dong
- Center for Hygienic Assessment and Research, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Bai
- Center for Hygienic Assessment and Research, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanfu Zhang
- Center for Hygienic Assessment and Research, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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