51
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The antidepressant mechanism of action of vagus nerve stimulation: Evidence from preclinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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52
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Silva PI, Martins CI, Khan UW, Gjøen HM, Øverli Ø, Höglund E. Stress and fear responses in the teleost pallium. Physiol Behav 2015; 141:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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53
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Stewart AM, Ullmann JF, Norton WH, Brennan CH, Parker MO, Gerlai R, Kalueff AV. Molecular psychiatry of zebrafish. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:2-17. [PMID: 25349164 PMCID: PMC4318706 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to their well-characterized neural development and high genetic homology to mammals, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a powerful model organism in the field of biological psychiatry. Here, we discuss the molecular psychiatry of zebrafish, and its implications for translational neuroscience research and modeling central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In particular, we outline recent genetic and technological developments allowing for in vivo examinations, high-throughput screening and whole-brain analyses in larval and adult zebrafish. We also summarize the application of these molecular techniques to the understanding of neuropsychiatric disease, outlining the potential of zebrafish for modeling complex brain disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression, post-traumatic stress and substance abuse. Critically evaluating the advantages and limitations of larval and adult fish tests, we suggest that zebrafish models become a rapidly emerging new field in modern molecular psychiatry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Stewart
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Jeremy F.P. Ullmann
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - William H.J. Norton
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Caroline H. Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1-4NS, UK
| | - Matthew O. Parker
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1-4NS, UK
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd N Mississauga, Ontario L5L1C6, Canada
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524025, China
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54
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Herculano AM, Puty B, Miranda V, Lima MG, Maximino C. Interactions between serotonin and glutamate-nitric oxide pathways in zebrafish scototaxis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 129:97-104. [PMID: 25536532 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors have been implicated in the acute response to stress, possibly mediated the nitric oxide pathway; serotonin has also been implicated in these responses, and has recently been shown to modulate the nitric oxide pathway via 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. In this work, we compare the effects of NMDA and a 5-HT1A receptor ligands on light/dark preference in adult zebrafish, and investigate whether nitric oxide mediates the effects of such drugs. The noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 decreased dark preference (scototaxis), while NMDA increased it; the effects of NMDA were completely blocked by pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antagonist L-NAME. SNP, a nitric oxide donor, produced a bell-shaped dose-response profile on scototaxis. Treatment with 5-HTP increased scototaxis, an effect which was potentiated by pre-treatment with NMDA, but not MK-801, and partially blocked by L-NAME. The 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100,635 decreased scototaxis, an effect which was completely blocked by L-NAME. These results suggest that tonic NOS inhibition is an important downstream effector of 5-HT1A receptors in the regulation of dark preference behavior in zebrafish, and that NOS is also under phasic independent control by NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Manoel Herculano
- Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, USA
| | - Bruna Puty
- Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Miranda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Monica Gomes Lima
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, USA; Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, USA; Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil.
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55
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Herculano AM, Maximino C. Serotonergic modulation of zebrafish behavior: towards a paradox. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:50-66. [PMID: 24681196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the fish-specific genome duplication event (~320-350 mya), some genes which code for serotonin proteins were duplicated in teleosts; this duplication event was preceded by a reorganization of the serotonergic system, with the appearance of the raphe nuclei (dependent on the isthmus organizer) and prosencephalic nuclei, including the paraventricular and pretectal complexes. With the appearance of amniotes, duplicated genes were lost, and the serotonergic system was reduced to a more complex raphe system. From a comparative point of view, then, the serotonergic system of zebrafish and that of mammals shows many important differences. However, many different behavioral functions of serotonin, as well as the effects of drugs which affect the serotonergic system, seem to be conserved among species. For example, in both zebrafish and rodents acute serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) seem to increase anxiety-like behavior, while chronic SSRIs decrease it; drugs which act at the 5-HT1A receptor seem to decrease anxiety-like behavior in both zebrafish and rodents. In this article, we will expose this paradox, reviewing the chemical neuroanatomy of the zebrafish serotonergic system, followed by an analysis of the role of serotonin in zebrafish fear/anxiety, stress, aggression and the effects of psychedelic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Manoel Herculano
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; "Frederico Graeff" Neurosciences and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Morphology and Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, State University of Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- "Frederico Graeff" Neurosciences and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Morphology and Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, State University of Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil; International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, United States.
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56
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Stewart AM, Grossman L, Nguyen M, Maximino C, Rosemberg DB, Echevarria DJ, Kalueff AV. Aquatic toxicology of fluoxetine: understanding the knowns and the unknowns. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 156:269-273. [PMID: 25245382 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is one of the most prescribed psychotropic medications, and is an agent of increasing interest for environmental toxicology. Fish and other aquatic organisms are excellent models to study neuroactive small molecules like fluoxetine. However, prone to variance due to experimental factors, data obtained in these models need to be interpreted with caution, using proper experimental protocols, study designs, validated endpoints as well as well-established models and tests. Choosing the treatment protocol and dose range for fluoxetine and other serotonergic drugs is critical for obtaining valid test results and correct data interpretation. Here we discuss the value of aquatic models to study fluoxetine effects, based on prior high-quality research, and outline the directions of future translational studies in the field. We review fluoxetine-evoked phenotypes in acute vs. chronic protocols, discussing them in the contact of complex role of serotonin in behavioral regulation. We conclude that zebrafish and other aquatic models represent a useful in-vivo tool for fluoxetine pharmacology and (eco)toxicology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Stewart
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Leah Grossman
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada, WI, USA
| | - Michael Nguyen
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Caio Maximino
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para, Maraba, Para, Brazil
| | - Denis Broock Rosemberg
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Ave, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - David J Echevarria
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China.
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57
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Fingerprinting of psychoactive drugs in zebrafish anxiety-like behaviors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103943. [PMID: 25079766 PMCID: PMC4117595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hindrance for the development of psychiatric drugs is the prediction of how treatments can alter complex behaviors in assays which have good throughput and physiological complexity. Here we report the development of a medium-throughput screen for drugs which alter anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish. The observed phenotypes were clustered according to shared behavioral effects. This barcoding procedure revealed conserved functions of anxiolytic, anxiogenic and psychomotor stimulating drugs and predicted effects of poorly characterized compounds on anxiety. Moreover, anxiolytic drugs all decreased, while anxiogenic drugs increased, serotonin turnover. These results underscore the power of behavioral profiling in adult zebrafish as an approach which combines throughput and physiological complexity in the pharmacological dissection of complex behaviors.
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58
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Spulber S, Kilian P, Wan Ibrahim WN, Onishchenko N, Ulhaq M, Norrgren L, Negri S, Di Tuccio M, Ceccatelli S. PFOS induces behavioral alterations, including spontaneous hyperactivity that is corrected by dexamfetamine in zebrafish larvae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94227. [PMID: 24740186 PMCID: PMC3989208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a widely spread environmental contaminant. It accumulates in the brain and has potential neurotoxic effects. The exposure to PFOS has been associated with higher impulsivity and increased ADHD prevalence. We investigated the effects of developmental exposure to PFOS in zebrafish larvae, focusing on the modulation of activity by the dopaminergic system. We exposed zebrafish embryos to 0.1 or 1 mg/L PFOS (0.186 or 1.858 µM, respectively) and assessed swimming activity at 6 dpf. We analyzed the structure of spontaneous activity, the hyperactivity and the habituation during a brief dark period (visual motor response), and the vibrational startle response. The findings in zebrafish larvae were compared with historical data from 3 months old male mice exposed to 0.3 or 3 mg/kg/day PFOS throughout gestation. Finally, we investigated the effects of dexamfetamine on the alterations in spontaneous activity and startle response in zebrafish larvae. We found that zebrafish larvae exposed to 0.1 mg/L PFOS habituate faster than controls during a dark pulse, while the larvae exposed to 1 mg/L PFOS display a disorganized pattern of spontaneous activity and persistent hyperactivity. Similarly, mice exposed to 0.3 mg/kg/day PFOS habituated faster than controls to a new environment, while mice exposed to 3 mg/kg/day PFOS displayed more intense and disorganized spontaneous activity. Dexamfetamine partly corrected the hyperactive phenotype in zebrafish larvae. In conclusion, developmental exposure to PFOS in zebrafish induces spontaneous hyperactivity mediated by a dopaminergic deficit, which can be partially reversed by dexamfetamine in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Spulber
- Dept of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascal Kilian
- Dept of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim
- Dept of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mazhar Ulhaq
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Norrgren
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Negri
- Environmental Research Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation – IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Di Tuccio
- Environmental Research Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation – IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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59
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A mutation in the enzyme monoamine oxidase explains part of the Astyanax cavefish behavioural syndrome. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3647. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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60
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Vindas MA, Sørensen C, Johansen IB, Folkedal O, Höglund E, Khan UW, Stien LH, Kristiansen TS, Braastad BO, Øverli Ø. Coping with unpredictability: dopaminergic and neurotrophic responses to omission of expected reward in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 2014; 9:e85543. [PMID: 24465595 PMCID: PMC3894970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies are imperative for understanding the evolution of adaptive neurobiological processes such as neural plasticity, cognition, and emotion. Previously we have reported that prolonged omission of expected rewards (OER, or 'frustrative nonreward') causes increased aggression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Here we report changes in brain monoaminergic activity and relative abundance of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine receptor mRNA transcripts in the same paradigm. Groups of fish were initially conditioned to associate a flashing light with feeding. Subsequently, the expected food reward was delayed for 30 minutes during two out of three meals per day in the OER treatment, while the previously established routine was maintained in control groups. After 8 days there was no effect of OER on baseline brain stem serotonin (5-HT) or dopamine (DA) activity. Subsequent exposure to acute confinement stress led to increased plasma cortisol and elevated turnover of brain stem DA and 5-HT in all animals. The DA response was potentiated and DA receptor 1 (D1) mRNA abundance was reduced in the OER-exposed fish, indicating a sensitization of the DA system. In addition OER suppressed abundance of BDNF in the telencephalon of non-stressed fish. Regardless of OER treatment, a strong positive correlation between BDNF and D1 mRNA abundance was seen in non-stressed fish. This correlation was disrupted by acute stress, and replaced by a negative correlation between BDNF abundance and plasma cortisol concentration. These observations indicate a conserved link between DA, neurotrophin regulation, and corticosteroid-signaling pathways. The results also emphasize how fish models can be important tools in the study of neural plasticity and responsiveness to environmental unpredictability.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Biogenic Monoamines/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Conditioning, Psychological
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hydrocortisone/blood
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/genetics
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Reward
- Salmo salar/blood
- Salmo salar/genetics
- Salmo salar/growth & development
- Salmo salar/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Vindas
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Ole Folkedal
- Department of Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
| | - Erik Höglund
- Department of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture, Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Uniza W. Khan
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Lars H. Stien
- Department of Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
| | - Tore S. Kristiansen
- Department of Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
| | - Bjarne O. Braastad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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61
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Maximino C, Puty B, Benzecry R, Araújo J, Lima MG, de Jesus Oliveira Batista E, Renata de Matos Oliveira K, Crespo-Lopez ME, Herculano AM. Role of serotonin in zebrafish (Danio rerio) anxiety: Relationship with serotonin levels and effect of buspirone, WAY 100635, SB 224289, fluoxetine and para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) in two behavioral models. Neuropharmacology 2013; 71:83-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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62
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Volkoff H. The effects of amphetamine injections on feeding behavior and the brain expression of orexin, CART, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:979-991. [PMID: 23229307 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of peripheral (intraperitoneal) injections of D-amphetamine on feeding behavior were assessed in goldfish. Compared with the saline-injected group, amphetamine injections decreased food intake at doses ranging from 1 to 75 μg/g, but not 0.5 μg/g, but increased locomotor behavior, as indicated by the increased number of total feeding and non-feeding acts, at doses ranging from 2.5 to 25 μg/g. Amphetamine at high doses inhibited both food intake (at 25, 50 and 75 μg/g) and feeding behavior (at 75 μg/g). In the hypothalamus, the expression of orexin was down-regulated, and both CART 1 and CART 2 expressions were up-regulated in amphetamine-treated fish (50 μg/g) as compared to saline-injected fish, but amphetamine treatment had no effect on either hypothalamic TH or TRH expression. In the telencephalon, amphetamine treatment (50 μg/g) up-regulated CART 1, CART 2 and TH mRNA expressions but had no effect on either orexin or TRH. Our results suggest that, as in mammals, the orexin, CART and TH systems might be involved in amphetamine-induced feeding/locomotor responses in goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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63
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Kyzar E, Stewart AM, Landsman S, Collins C, Gebhardt M, Robinson K, Kalueff AV. Behavioral effects of bidirectional modulators of brain monoamines reserpine and d-amphetamine in zebrafish. Brain Res 2013; 1527:108-16. [PMID: 23827499 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain monoamines play a key role in the regulation of behavior. Reserpine depletes monoamines, and causes depression and hypoactivity in humans and rodents. In contrast, d-amphetamine increases brain monoamines' levels, and evokes hyperactivity and anxiety. However, the effects of these agents on behavior and in relation to monoamine levels remain poorly understood, necessitating further experimental studies to understand their psychotropic action. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are rapidly emerging as a promising model organism for drug screening and translational neuroscience research. Here, we have examined the acute and long-term effects of reserpine and d-amphetamine on zebrafish behavior in the novel tank test. Overall, d-amphetamine (5 and 10mg/L) evokes anxiogenic-like effects in zebrafish acutely, but not 7 days later. In contrast, reserpine (20 and 40 mg/L) did not evoke overt acute behavioral effects, but markedly reduced activity 7 days later, resembling motor retardation observed in depression and/or Parkinson's disease. Three-dimensional 'temporal' (X, Y, time) reconstructions of zebrafish locomotion further supports these findings, confirming the utility of 3D-based video-tracking analyses in zebrafish models of drug action. Our results show that zebrafish are highly sensitive to drugs bi-directionally modulating brain monoamines, generally paralleling rodent and clinical findings. Collectively, this emphasizes the potential of zebrafish tests to model complex brain disorders associated with monoamine dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Kyzar
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
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64
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Stewart AM, Cachat J, Gaikwad S, Robinson KS, Gebhardt M, Kalueff AV. Perspectives on experimental models of serotonin syndrome in zebrafish. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:893-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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65
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Maximino C, Lima MG, Oliveira KRM, Batista EDJO, Herculano AM. “Limbic associative” and “autonomic” amygdala in teleosts: A review of the evidence. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 48-49:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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66
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Irons TD, Kelly PE, Hunter DL, Macphail RC, Padilla S. Acute administration of dopaminergic drugs has differential effects on locomotion in larval zebrafish. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:792-813. [PMID: 23274813 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Altered dopaminergic signaling causes behavioral changes in mammals. In general, dopaminergic receptor agonists increase locomotor activity, while antagonists decrease locomotor activity. In order to determine if zebrafish (a model organism becoming popular in pharmacology and toxicology) respond similarly, the acute effects of drugs known to target dopaminergic receptors in mammals were assessed in zebrafish larvae. Larvae were maintained in 96-well microtiter plates (1 larva/well). Non-lethal concentrations (0.2-50 μM) of dopaminergic agonists (apomorphine, SKF-38393, and quinpirole) and antagonists (butaclamol, SCH-23390, and haloperidol) were administered at 6 days post-fertilization (dpf). An initial experiment identified the time of peak effect of each drug (20-260 min post-dosing, depending on the drug). Locomotor activity was then assessed for 70 min in alternating light and dark at the time of peak effect for each drug to delineate dose-dependent effects. All drugs altered larval locomotion in a dose-dependent manner. Both the D1- and D2-like selective agonists (SKF-38393 and quinpirole, respectively) increased activity, while the selective antagonists (SCH-23390 and haloperidol, respectively) decreased activity. Both selective antagonists also blunted the response of the larvae to changes in lighting conditions at higher doses. The nonselective drugs had biphasic effects on locomotor activity: apomorphine increased activity at the low dose and at high doses, while butaclamol increased activity at low to intermediate doses, and decreased activity at high doses. This study demonstrates that (1) larval zebrafish locomotion can be altered by dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists, (2) receptor agonists and antagonists generally have opposite effects, and (3) drugs that target dopaminergic receptors in mammals appear, in general, to elicit similar locomotor responses in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Irons
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Parker MO, Gaviria J, Haigh A, Millington ME, Brown VJ, Combe FJ, Brennan CH. Discrimination reversal and attentional sets in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:264-8. [PMID: 22561034 PMCID: PMC4167590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of zebrafish as a comparative model in behavioural neuroscience is currently hampered only by the lack of reliable and validated behavioural assays available to researchers. In the present experiment, we describe the performance of zebrafish in a test of attentional set formation. The fish were initially trained on a two-choice colour discrimination. Upon reaching acquisition criterion, the reinforced alternative was switched to the previously unreinforced alternative. Again, upon reaching criterion, the cues were replaced with a novel pair of colours (intra-dimensional shift) and reversed again on reaching criteria. We found that zebrafish show a steady decrease in trials-to-criteria over the four phases of the experiment, suggesting that they are forming and maintaining an attentional set, as has previously been demonstrated with mammals. Reversal learning deficits have been implicated in a variety of human psychological disorders (e.g., disorders of impulse control) and as such, we propose that performance of zebrafish in this procedure may represent a useful comparative model to complement existing rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O. Parker
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jessica Gaviria
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alastair Haigh
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Mollie E. Millington
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Verity J. Brown
- School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK
| | - Fraser J. Combe
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Caroline H. Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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Ellis LD, Seibert J, Soanes KH. Distinct models of induced hyperactivity in zebrafish larvae. Brain Res 2012; 1449:46-59. [PMID: 22386495 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of behavioural hyperactivity can provide insights into how perturbations in normal activity may be linked to the altered function of the nervous system and possibly the symptoms of disease. As a small vertebrate zebrafish have numerous experimental advantages that are making them a powerful model for these types of studies. While the majority of behavioural studies have focused on adult zebrafish, it has become apparent that larvae can also display complex stereotypical patterns of behaviour. Here we have used three compounds (pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), aconitine and 4-aminopyridine) that have different neuronal targets (GABA, sodium and potassium channels), to induce distinct patterns of hyperactivity in larvae. Our studies have revealed that each compound produces a number of distinct concentration-dependent activity patterns. This work has shown for the first time that at sub-convulsive concentrations, PTZ can reverse the normal behavioural response to alternating periods of light and dark in zebrafish larvae. It also appears that both PTZ and 4-aminopyridine produce distinct changes in the normal startle response patterns immediately following light/dark transitions that may be the result of an elevation in stress/anxiety. Aconitine produces a general elevation in activity that eliminates the normal response to light and dark. In addition to differences in the patterns of behaviour each compound also produces a unique pattern of c-fos (an immediate early gene) expression in the brain. While more work is required to make direct links between region specific neuronal activity and individual behaviours, these models provide a framework with which to study and compare mechanistically different types of inducible behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee David Ellis
- Institute for Marine Biosciences Room 325A, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences., 1411 Oxford Street,Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1
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Vernier P, Kyzar EJ, Maximino C, Tierney K, Gebhardt M, Lange M, Jesuthasan S, Stewart AM, Neuhauss SC, Robinson K, Norton W, Herculano AM, Cachat J, Tropepe V, Landsman S, Wisenden B, Bally-Cuif L, Kalueff AV. Time to recognize zebrafish ‘affective’ behavior. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Maximino C, Araujo J, Leão LKR, Grisolia ABA, Oliveira KRM, Lima MG, Batista EDJO, Crespo-López ME, Gouveia A, Herculano AM. Possible role of serotoninergic system in the neurobehavioral impairment induced by acute methylmercury exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:727-34. [PMID: 21871955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish were treated acutely with methylmercury (1.0 or 5.0 μg g(-1), i.p.) and, 24h after treatment, were tested in two behavioral models of anxiety, the novel tank and the light/dark preference tests. At the smaller dose, methylmercury produced a marked anxiogenic profile in both tests, while the greater dose produced hyperlocomotion in the novel tank test. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in extracellular levels of serotonin, and an increase in extracellular levels of tryptamine-4,5-dione, a partially oxidized metabolite of serotonin. A marked increase in the formation of malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, accompanied these parameters. It is suggested that methylmercury-induced oxidative stress produced mitochondrial dysfunction and originated tryptamine-4,5-dione, which could have further inhibited tryptophan hydroxylase. These results underscore the importance of assessing acute, low-level neurobehavioral effects of methylmercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Maximino
- Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil.
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Pharmacological analysis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) scototaxis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:624-31. [PMID: 21237231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The scototaxis test has been introduced recently to assess anxiety-like phenotypes in fish, including zebrafish. Parametric analyses suggest that scototaxis represents an approach-avoidance conflict, which hints at anxiety. In this model, white avoidance represents anxiety-like behavior, while the number of shuttling events represents activity. Acute or chronic fluoxetine, buspirone, benzodiazepines, ethanol, caffeine and dizocilpine were assessed using the light-dark box (scototaxis) test in zebrafish. Acute fluoxetine treatment did not alter white avoidance, but altered locomotion in the higher dose; chronic treatment (2 weeks), on the other hand, produced an anxiolytic effect with no locomotor outcomes. The benzodiazepines produced a hormetic (inverted U-shaped) dose-response profile, with intermediate doses producing anxiolysis and no effect at higher doses; clonazepam, a high-potency benzodiazepine agonist, produced a locomotor impairment at the highest dose. Buspirone produced an anxiolytic profile, without locomotor impairments. Moclobemide did not produce behavioral effects. Ethanol also produced a hormetic profile in white avoidance, with locomotor activation in 0.5% concentration. Caffeine produced an anxiogenic profile, without locomotor effects. These results suggest that the light-dark box is sensitive to anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs in zebrafish.
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