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Morris H, Gillingham MAF, Plavcová L, Gleason SM, Olson ME, Coomes DA, Fichtler E, Klepsch MM, Martínez-Cabrera HI, McGlinn DJ, Wheeler EA, Zheng J, Ziemińska K, Jansen S. Vessel diameter is related to amount and spatial arrangement of axial parenchyma in woody angiosperms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:245-260. [PMID: 29047119 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Parenchyma represents a critically important living tissue in the sapwood of the secondary xylem of woody angiosperms. Considering various interactions between parenchyma and water transporting vessels, we hypothesize a structure-function relationship between both cell types. Through a generalized additive mixed model approach based on 2,332 woody angiosperm species derived from the literature, we explored the relationship between the proportion and spatial distribution of ray and axial parenchyma and vessel size, while controlling for maximum plant height and a range of climatic factors. When factoring in maximum plant height, we found that with increasing mean annual temperatures, mean vessel diameter showed a positive correlation with axial parenchyma proportion and arrangement, but not for ray parenchyma. Species with a high axial parenchyma tissue fraction tend to have wide vessels, with most of the parenchyma packed around vessels, whereas species with small diameter vessels show a reduced amount of axial parenchyma that is not directly connected to vessels. This finding provides evidence for independent functions of axial parenchyma and ray parenchyma in large vesselled species and further supports a strong role for axial parenchyma in long-distance xylem water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Mark A F Gillingham
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sean M Gleason
- USDA-ARS Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de CU, Mexico, DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - David A Coomes
- Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Esther Fichtler
- Department of Crop Sciences, Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling, Göttingen University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias M Klepsch
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Daniel J McGlinn
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Wheeler
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 West Jones St., Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA
| | - Jingming Zheng
- Zheng JingminG, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kasia Ziemińska
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Osazuwa-Peters OL, Wright SJ, Zanne AE. Linking wood traits to vital rates in tropical rainforest trees: Insights from comparing sapling and adult wood. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1464-1473. [PMID: 29885221 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Wood density is the top predictor of growth and mortality rates (vital rates) but with modest explanatory power at best. Stronger links to vital rates are expected if wood density is decomposed into its anatomical properties at sapling and adult stages, since saplings and adults differ in wood traits and vital rates. We examined whether anatomical determinants of wood density and strength of the relationship between wood traits and vital rates shift between saplings and adults. METHODS Using wood segments from near pith (sapling) and near bark (adult) for 20 tree species (three adults each) from Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we quantified wood traits. Vital rates for saplings and adults were obtained from an earlier study. KEY RESULTS Anatomical predictors of wood density were similar for sapling and adult wood, with wood density variation largely explained by fiber lumen area and fiber wall fraction. In sapling wood only, growth rates decreased with fiber wall fraction and increased with fiber lumen area, while mortality rates increased with vessel area but decreased with fiber wall fraction and vessel density. CONCLUSIONS Wood traits of sapling trees provide functional insight into the growth-mortality tradeoff. Sapling wood with relatively large fiber lumen area and wide vessels, enabling faster hydraulic transport but less mechanical strength, is associated with fast growth and high mortality. Sapling wood with relatively more fiber wall and many narrow vessels, enabling greater mechanical strength but slower hydraulic transport, is associated with slow growth and low mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyomoare L Osazuwa-Peters
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63121 USA
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 USA
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843 - 03092 Balboa, Panama
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC DC 20052 USA
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 USA
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53
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Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL. Conflicting demands on angiosperm xylem: Tradeoffs among storage, transport and biomechanics. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:897-913. [PMID: 27861981 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The secondary xylem of woody plants transports water mechanically supports the plant body and stores resources. These three functions are interdependent giving rise to tradeoffs in function. Understanding the relationships among these functions and their structural basis forms the context in which to interpret xylem evolution. The tradeoff between xylem transport efficiency and safety from cavitation has been carefully examined with less focus on other functions, particularly storage. Here, we synthesize data on all three xylem functions in angiosperm branch xylem in the context of tradeoffs. Species that have low safety and efficiency, examined from a resource economics perspective, are predicted to be adapted for slow resource acquisition and turnover as characterizes some environments. Tradeoffs with water storage primarily arise because of differences in fibre traits, while tradeoffs in carbohydrate storage are driven by parenchyma content of tissue. We find support for a tradeoff between safety from cavitation and storage of both water and starch in branch xylem tissue and between water storage capacity and mechanical strength. Living fibres may facilitate carbohydrate storage without compromising mechanical strength. The division of labour between different xylem cell types allows for considerable functional and structural diversity at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brandon Pratt
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
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54
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Branch Wood Decomposition of Tree Species in a Deciduous Temperate Forest in Korea. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8050176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Woody debris, which is supplied by branch litter, is an important component of forest ecosystems as it contains large quantities of organic matter and nutrients. We evaluated changes in branch wood dry weight and nutrient content of six common species (Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Pinus densiflora, Prunus sargentii, Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum, and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa) in a deciduous temperate forest in Korea for 40 months. Branch wood disk samples 1.4–1.6 cm thick were cut, and mass loss was measured over time using the litterbag method. No significant differences in mass loss were recorded among the six tree species. Further, mass loss was negatively correlated with initial lignin concentration and positively correlated with both initial cellulose concentration and wood density for each species. Species with high wood cellulose content had high wood density while the lignin content in wood was relatively low. Accordingly, cellulose contributed to wood density, creating a relatively lower lignin content, and the decreased lignin concentration increased the wood decomposition rate.
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Gabriela Montes-Cartas C, Padilla P, Rosell JA, Domínguez CA, Fornoni J, Olson ME. Testing the hypothesis that biological modularity is shaped by adaptation: Xylem in theBursera simarubaclade of tropical trees. Evol Dev 2017; 19:111-123. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gabriela Montes-Cartas
- Departamento de Botánica; Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 3er Circuito de CU s/n; Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Pablo Padilla
- Departamento de Matemáticas y Mecánica; Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; CU; México, D. F. Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Julieta A. Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad; Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,; Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - César A. Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; C U; Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Juan Fornoni
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; C U; Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Mark E. Olson
- Departamento de Botánica; Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 3er Circuito de CU s/n; Ciudad de México Mexico
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O'Brien MJ, Engelbrecht BMJ, Joswig J, Pereyra G, Schuldt B, Jansen S, Kattge J, Landhäusser SM, Levick SR, Preisler Y, Väänänen P, Macinnis-Ng C. A synthesis of tree functional traits related to drought-induced mortality in forests across climatic zones. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Carretera de Sacramento s/n E-04120 La Cañada Almería Spain
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bettina M. J. Engelbrecht
- Department of Plant Ecology; Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Ancon Republic of Panama
| | - Julia Joswig
- Max-Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry; Hans-Knöll-Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Gabriela Pereyra
- Max-Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry; Hans-Knöll-Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology; Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences; University of Göttingen; UntereKarspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max-Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry; Hans-Knöll-Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Simon M. Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Shaun R. Levick
- Max-Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry; Hans-Knöll-Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yakir Preisler
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; PO Box 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Päivi Väänänen
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; PO Box 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Cate Macinnis-Ng
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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Meir P, Shenkin A, Disney M, Rowland L, Malhi Y, Herold M, da Costa ACL. Plant Structure-Function Relationships and Woody Tissue Respiration: Upscaling to Forests from Laser-Derived Measurements. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68703-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Barotto AJ, Fernandez ME, Gyenge J, Meyra A, Martinez-Meier A, Monteoliva S. First insights into the functional role of vasicentric tracheids and parenchyma in eucalyptus species with solitary vessels: do they contribute to xylem efficiency or safety? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1485-1497. [PMID: 27614358 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between hydraulic specific conductivity (ks) and vulnerability to cavitation (VC) with size and number of vessels has been studied in many angiosperms. However, few of the studies link other cell types (vasicentric tracheids (VT), fibre-tracheids, parenchyma) with these hydraulic functions. Eucalyptus is one of the most important genera in forestry worldwide. It exhibits a complex wood anatomy, with solitary vessels surrounded by VT and parenchyma, which could serve as a good model to investigate the functional role of the different cell types in xylem functioning. Wood anatomy (several traits of vessels, VT, fibres and parenchyma) in conjunction with maximum ks and VC was studied in adult trees of commercial species with medium-to-high wood density (Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.). Traits of cells accompanying vessels presented correlations with functional variables suggesting that they contribute to both increasing connectivity between adjacent vessels-and, therefore, to xylem conduction efficiency-and decreasing the probability of embolism propagation into the tissue, i.e., xylem safety. All three species presented moderate-to-high resistance to cavitation (mean P50 values = -2.4 to -4.2 MPa) with no general trade-off between efficiency and safety at the interspecific level. The results in these species do not support some well-established hypotheses of the functional meaning of wood anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Barotto
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 469, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
| | - María Elena Fernandez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, Gral. Martín Rodríguez 370, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Javier Gyenge
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, Gral. Martín Rodríguez 370, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ariel Meyra
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos (IFLYSIB-UNLP-CONICET), Calle 59 789, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Silvia Monteoliva
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 469, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
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Morris H, Brodersen C, Schwarze FWMR, Jansen S. The Parenchyma of Secondary Xylem and Its Critical Role in Tree Defense against Fungal Decay in Relation to the CODIT Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1665. [PMID: 27881986 PMCID: PMC5101214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the roles that ray and axial parenchyma (RAP) plays against fungal pathogens in the secondary xylem of wood within the context of the CODIT model (Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees), a defense concept first conceived in the early 1970s by Alex Shigo. This model, simplistic in its design, shows how a large woody perennial is highly compartmented. Anatomical divisions in place at the time of infection or damage, (physical defense) alongside the 'active' response by the RAP during and after wounding work together in forming boundaries that function to restrict air or decay spread. The living parenchyma cells play a critical role in all of the four walls (differing anatomical constructs) that the model comprises. To understand how living cells in each of the walls of CODIT cooperate, we must have a clear vision of their complex interconnectivity from a three-dimensional perspective, along with knowledge of the huge variation in ray parenchyma (RP) and axial parenchyma (AP) abundance and patterns. Crucial patterns for defense encompass the symplastic continuum between both RP and AP and the dead tissues, with the latter including the vessel elements, libriform fibers, and imperforate tracheary elements (i.e., vasicentric and vascular tracheids). Also, the heartwood, a chemically altered antimicrobial non-living substance that forms the core of many trees, provides an integral part of the defense system. In the heartwood, dead RAP can play an important role in defense, depending on the genetic constitution of the species. Considering the array of functions that RAP are associated with, from capacitance, through to storage, and long-distance water transport, deciding how their role in defense fits into this suite of functions is a challenge for plant scientists, and likely depends on a range of factors. Here, we explore the important role of RAP in defense against fungal pathogens and the trade-offs involved from a viewpoint for structure-function relations, while also examining how fungi can breach the defense system using an array of enzymes in conjunction with the physically intrusive hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New HavenCT, USA
| | - Francis W. M. R. Schwarze
- Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and ResearchSt. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
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60
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Goodrich KR, Ortiz LA, Coughlin DJ. Unusual twig "twistiness" in pawpaw (Asimina triloba) provides biomechanical protection for distal foliage in high winds. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1872-1879. [PMID: 27864266 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF STUDY Deciduous woody species invest considerable resources in the growth of new foliage and distal stems. This new growth is at risk for mechanical damage from high winds and storms. Pawpaw has large leaves borne distally on thin twigs. Following a storm, pawpaw branches sometimes exhibit a persistent "flipped" orientation, slowly returning upright over 24 h. We investigated biomechanical properties of pawpaw twigs, comparing them to co-occurring species with similarly high leaf areas and loads, which do not exhibit this "flipping". Our goal was to determine biomechanical and structural properties in these species and how variation in form might relate to functional differences. METHODS We measured flexural stiffness, torsional stiffness, and viscoelastic creep in pawpaw and co-occurring trees Liriodendron tulipifera and Carya cordiformis. We also recorded twig/foliage reconfiguration in high winds. We stained thin cross sections of distal twigs and recorded images using fluorescent light microscopy. KEY RESULTS Flexural and torsional stiffness increased with twig radius in pawpaw and tulip tree, although torsional stiffness increased more slowly in pawpaw. Pawpaw had a high ratio of flexural to torsional stiffness (EI/GJ) across a range of twig radii and significant viscoelastic creep compared with the other species. CONCLUSIONS Biomechanical data showed that pawpaw twigs were "twistier" than the comparison species, which were shown previously to alleviate drag-induced damage by reorienting petioles and leaves. Pawpaw has an unusual strategy of low torsional stiffness in twigs, allowing for reorientation of the entire distal appendage, likely minimizing drag-induced damage in storms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A Ortiz
- Widener University, 1 University Place, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013 USA
| | - David J Coughlin
- Widener University, 1 University Place, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013 USA
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61
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Bittencourt PRL, Pereira L, Oliveira RS. On xylem hydraulic efficiencies, wood space-use and the safety-efficiency tradeoff: Comment on Gleason et al. (2016) 'Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world's woody plant species'. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1152-5. [PMID: 27345844 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R L Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Jupa R, Plavcová L, Gloser V, Jansen S. Linking xylem water storage with anatomical parameters in five temperate tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:756-69. [PMID: 27083523 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The release of water from storage compartments to the transpiration stream is an important functional mechanism that provides the buffering of sudden fluctuations in water potential. The ability of tissues to release water per change in water potential, referred to as hydraulic capacitance, is assumed to be associated with the anatomy of storage tissues. However, information about how specific anatomical parameters determine capacitance is limited. In this study, we measured sapwood capacitance (C) in terminal branches and roots of five temperate tree species (Fagus sylvatica L., Picea abies L., Quercus robur L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Tilia cordata Mill.). Capacitance was calculated separately for water released mainly from capillary (CI; open vessels, tracheids, fibres, intercellular spaces and cracks) and elastic storage compartments (CII; living parenchyma cells), corresponding to two distinct phases of the moisture release curve. We found that C was generally higher in roots than branches, with CI being 3-11 times higher than CII Sapwood density and the ratio of dead to living xylem cells were most closely correlated with C In addition, the magnitude of CI was strongly correlated with fibre/tracheid lumen area, whereas CII was highly dependent on the thickness of axial parenchyma cell walls. Our results indicate that water released from capillary compartments predominates over water released from elastic storage in both branches and roots, suggesting the limited importance of parenchyma cells for water storage in juvenile xylem of temperate tree species. Contrary to intact organs, water released from open conduits in our small wood samples significantly increased CI at relatively high water potentials. Linking anatomical parameters with the hydraulic capacitance of a tissue contributes to a better understanding of water release mechanisms and their implications for plant hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Jupa
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 890 81 Ulm, Germany Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Gloser
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 890 81 Ulm, Germany
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Plavcová L, Hoch G, Morris H, Ghiasi S, Jansen S. The amount of parenchyma and living fibers affects storage of nonstructural carbohydrates in young stems and roots of temperate trees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:603-12. [PMID: 26993972 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) are used as proxies for the net carbon balance of trees and as indicators of carbon starvation resulting from environmental stress. Woody organs are the largest NSC-storing compartments in forest ecosystems; therefore, it is essential to understand the factors that affect the size of this important storage pool. In wood, NSC are predominantly deposited in ray and axial parenchyma (RAP); however, direct links between nutrient storage and RAP anatomy have not yet been established. Here, we tested whether the NSC storage capacity of wood is influenced by the amount of RAP. METHODS We measured NSC concentrations and RAP fractions in root and stem sapwood of 12 temperate species sampled at the onset of winter dormancy and in stem sapwood of four tropical trees growing in an evergreen lowland rainforest. The patterns of starch distribution were visualized by staining with Lugol's solution. KEY RESULTS The concentration of NSCs in sapwood of temperate trees scales tightly with the amount of RAP and living fibers (LFs), with almost all RAP and LFs being densely packed with starch grains. In contrast, the tropical species had lower NSC concentrations despite their higher RAP and LFs fraction and had considerable interspecific differences in starch distribution. CONCLUSIONS The differences in RAP and LFs abundance affect the ability of sapwood to store NSC in temperate trees, whereas a more diverse set of functions of RAP might be pronounced in species growing in a tropical environment with little seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Plavcová
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences-Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hugh Morris
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sara Ghiasi
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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64
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Morris H, Plavcová L, Cvecko P, Fichtler E, Gillingham MAF, Martínez‐Cabrera HI, McGlinn DJ, Wheeler E, Zheng J, Ziemińska K, Jansen S. A global analysis of parenchyma tissue fractions in secondary xylem of seed plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1553-65. [PMID: 26551018 PMCID: PMC5063116 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Parenchyma is an important tissue in secondary xylem of seed plants, with functions ranging from storage to defence and with effects on the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Currently, we lack a large-scale quantitative analysis of ray parenchyma (RP) and axial parenchyma (AP) tissue fractions. Here, we use data from the literature on AP and RP fractions to investigate the potential relationships of climate and growth form with total ray and axial parenchyma fractions (RAP). We found a 29-fold variation in RAP fraction, which was more strongly related to temperature than with precipitation. Stem succulents had the highest RAP values (mean ± SD: 70.2 ± 22.0%), followed by lianas (50.1 ± 16.3%), angiosperm trees and shrubs (26.3 ± 12.4%), and conifers (7.6 ± 2.6%). Differences in RAP fraction between temperate and tropical angiosperm trees (21.1 ± 7.9% vs 36.2 ± 13.4%, respectively) are due to differences in the AP fraction, which is typically three times higher in tropical than in temperate trees, but not in RP fraction. Our results illustrate that both temperature and growth form are important drivers of RAP fractions. These findings should help pave the way to better understand the various functions of RAP in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and EcologyUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 11D‐89081UlmGermany
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Institute of Systematic Botany and EcologyUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 11D‐89081UlmGermany
| | - Patrick Cvecko
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 11D‐89069UlmGermany
| | - Esther Fichtler
- Institute of Agronomy in the TropicsUniversity of GöttingenGrisebachstrasse 637077GöttingenGermany
| | - Mark A. F. Gillingham
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 11D‐89069UlmGermany
| | - Hugo I. Martínez‐Cabrera
- Département des Sciences BiologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalUQÁMCP 8888Succ. Centre Ville MontréalMontréalQCH3C 3P8Canada
| | | | - Elisabeth Wheeler
- Department of Forest BiomaterialsNC State University RaleighRaleighNC27695‐8005USA
| | - Jingming Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of EducationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Kasia Ziemińska
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and EcologyUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 11D‐89081UlmGermany
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65
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Gleason SM, Westoby M, Jansen S, Choat B, Hacke UG, Pratt RB, Bhaskar R, Brodribb TJ, Bucci SJ, Cao KF, Cochard H, Delzon S, Domec JC, Fan ZX, Feild TS, Jacobsen AL, Johnson DM, Lens F, Maherali H, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mayr S, McCulloh KA, Mencuccini M, Mitchell PJ, Morris H, Nardini A, Pittermann J, Plavcová L, Schreiber SG, Sperry JS, Wright IJ, Zanne AE. Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world's woody plant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:123-36. [PMID: 26378984 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of lignified xylem allowed for the efficient transport of water under tension, but also exposed the vascular network to the risk of gas emboli and the spread of gas between xylem conduits, thus impeding sap transport to the leaves. A well-known hypothesis proposes that the safety of xylem (its ability to resist embolism formation and spread) should trade off against xylem efficiency (its capacity to transport water). We tested this safety-efficiency hypothesis in branch xylem across 335 angiosperm and 89 gymnosperm species. Safety was considered at three levels: the xylem water potentials where 12%, 50% and 88% of maximal conductivity are lost. Although correlations between safety and efficiency were weak (r(2) < 0.086), no species had high efficiency and high safety, supporting the idea for a safety-efficiency tradeoff. However, many species had low efficiency and low safety. Species with low efficiency and low safety were weakly associated (r(2) < 0.02 in most cases) with higher wood density, lower leaf- to sapwood-area and shorter stature. There appears to be no persuasive explanation for the considerable number of species with both low efficiency and low safety. These species represent a real challenge for understanding the evolution of xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- USDA-ARS, Water Management Research, 2150 Center Ave, Build D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Robert B Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Radika Bhaskar
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Sandra J Bucci
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Eco-fisiológicos (GEBEF), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, F-33450, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR1391 ISPA INRA, 1 Cours du général de Gaulle, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ze-Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Taylor S Feild
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | | | - Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Stefan G Schreiber
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 6000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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66
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Maréchaux I, Bartlett MK, Sack L, Baraloto C, Engel J, Joetzjer E, Chave J. Drought tolerance as predicted by leaf water potential at turgor loss point varies strongly across species within an Amazonian forest. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Maréchaux
- CNRS Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique) 118 route de NarbonneToulouse F‐31062 France
- AgroParisTech‐ENGREF 19 avenue du Maine Paris F‐75015 France
| | - Megan K. Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of California Los Angeles 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of California Los Angeles 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Julien Engel
- INRA UMR ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’ 97387 Kourou Cedex French Guiana
| | - Emilie Joetzjer
- CNRM‐GAME – URA1357 42 avenue G. Coriolis Toulouse 31057 France
| | - Jérôme Chave
- CNRS Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique) 118 route de NarbonneToulouse F‐31062 France
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67
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Lohbeck M, Lebrija-Trejos E, Martínez-Ramos M, Meave JA, Poorter L, Bongers F. Functional trait strategies of trees in dry and wet tropical forests are similar but differ in their consequences for succession. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123741. [PMID: 25919023 PMCID: PMC4412708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Global plant trait studies have revealed fundamental trade-offs in plant resource economics. We evaluated such trait trade-offs during secondary succession in two species-rich tropical ecosystems that contrast in precipitation: dry deciduous and wet evergreen forests of Mexico. Species turnover with succession in dry forest largely relates to increasing water availability and in wet forest to decreasing light availability. We hypothesized that while functional trait trade-offs are similar in the two forest systems, the successful plant strategies in these communities will be different, as contrasting filters affect species turnover. Research was carried out in 15 dry secondary forest sites (5-63 years after abandonment) and in 17 wet secondary forest sites (<1-25 years after abandonment). We used 11 functional traits measured on 132 species to make species-trait PCA biplots for dry and wet forest and compare trait trade-offs. We evaluated whether multivariate plant strategies changed during succession, by calculating a 'Community-Weighted Mean' plant strategy, based on species scores on the first two PCA-axes. Trait spectra reflected two main trade-off axes that were similar for dry and wet forest species: acquisitive versus conservative species, and drought avoiding species versus evergreen species with large animal-dispersed seeds. These trait associations were consistent when accounting for evolutionary history. Successional changes in the most successful plant strategies reflected different functional trait spectra depending on the forest type. In dry forest the community changed from having drought avoiding strategies early in succession to increased abundance of evergreen strategies with larger seeds late in succession. In wet forest the community changed from species having mainly acquisitive strategies to those with more conservative strategies during succession. These strategy changes were explained by increasing water availability during dry forest succession and increasing light scarcity during wet forest succession. Although similar trait spectra were observed among dry and wet secondary forest species, the consequences for succession were different resulting from contrasting environmental filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon Lohbeck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Edwin Lebrija-Trejos
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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