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Acid-Sensing Ion Channels as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3728096. [PMID: 29056828 PMCID: PMC5625748 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3728096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are a family of proton-sensing channels that are voltage insensitive, cation selective (mostly permeable to Na+), and nonspecifically blocked by amiloride. Derived from 5 genes (ACCN1-5), 7 subunits have been identified, 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, and 5, that are widely expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system as well as other tissues. Over the years, different studies have shown that activation of these channels is linked to various physiological and pathological processes, such as memory, learning, fear, anxiety, ischemia, and multiple sclerosis to name a few, so their potential as therapeutic targets is increasing. This review focuses on recent advances that have helped us to better understand the role played by ASICs in different pathologies related to neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory processes, and pain.
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Lin LH, Jones S, Talman WT. Cellular Localization of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1 in Rat Nucleus Tractus Solitarii. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:219-232. [PMID: 28825196 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
By determining its cellular localization in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), we sought anatomical support for a putative physiological role for acid-sensing ion channel Type 1 (ASIC1) in chemosensitivity. Further, we sought to determine the effect of a lesion that produces gliosis in the area. In rats, we studied ASIC1 expression in control tissue with that in tissue with gliosis, which is associated with acidosis, after saporin lesions. We hypothesized that saporin would increase ASIC1 expression in areas of gliosis. Using fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we found that cells and processes containing ASIC1-immunoreactivity (IR) were present in the NTS, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and the area postrema. In control tissue, ASIC1-IR predominantly colocalized with IR for the astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or the microglial marker, integrin αM (OX42). The subpostremal NTS was the only NTS region where neurons, identified by protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), contained ASIC1-IR. ASIC1-IR increased significantly (157 ± 8.6% of control, p < 0.001) in the NTS seven days after microinjection of saporin. As we reported previously, GFAP-IR was decreased in the center of the saporin injection site, but GFAP-IR was increased in the surrounding areas where OX42-IR, indicative of activated microglia, was also increased. The over-expressed ASIC1-IR colocalized with GFAP-IR and OX42-IR in those reactive astrocytes and microglia. Our results support the hypothesis that ASIC1 would be increased in activated microglia and in reactive astrocytes after injection of saporin into the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Susan Jones
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - William T Talman
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA.
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Kanagaratnam M, Pendleton C, Souza DA, Pettit J, Howells J, Baker MD. Diuretic-sensitive electroneutral Na + movement and temperature effects on central axons. J Physiol 2017; 595:3471-3482. [PMID: 28213919 PMCID: PMC5451713 DOI: 10.1113/jp273963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points Optic nerve axons get less excitable with warming. F‐fibre latency does not shorten at temperatures above 30°C. Action potential amplitude falls when the Na+‐pump is blocked, an effect speeded by warming. Diuretics reduce the rate of action potential fall in the presence of ouabain. Our data are consistent with electroneutral entry of Na+ occurring in axons and contributing to setting the resting potential.
Abstract Raising the temperature of optic nerve from room temperature to near physiological has effects on the threshold, refractoriness and superexcitability of the shortest latency (fast, F) nerve fibres, consistent with hyperpolarization. The temperature dependence of peak impulse latency was weakened at temperatures above 30°C suggesting a temperature‐sensitive process that slows impulse propagation. The amplitude of the supramaximal compound action potential gets larger on warming, whereas in the presence of bumetanide and amiloride (blockers of electroneutral Na+ movement), the action potential amplitude consistently falls. This suggests a warming‐induced hyperpolarization that is reduced by blocking electroneutral Na+ movement. In the presence of ouabain, the action potential collapses. This collapse is speeded by warming, and exposure to bumetanide and amiloride slows the temperature‐dependent amplitude decline, consistent with a warming‐induced increase in electroneutral Na+ entry. Blocking electroneutral Na+ movement is predicted to be useful in the treatment of temperature‐dependent symptoms under conditions with reduced safety factor (Uhthoff's phenomenon) and provide a route to neuroprotection. Optic nerve axons get less excitable with warming. F‐fibre latency does not shorten at temperatures above 30°C. Action potential amplitude falls when the Na+‐pump is blocked, an effect speeded by warming. Diuretics reduce the rate of action potential fall in the presence of ouabain. Our data are consistent with electroneutral entry of Na+ occurring in axons and contributing to setting the resting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meneka Kanagaratnam
- Neuroscience and Trauma centre, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Christopher Pendleton
- Neuroscience and Trauma centre, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Danilo Almeida Souza
- Neuroscience and Trauma centre, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Joseph Pettit
- Neuroscience and Trauma centre, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - James Howells
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Mark D Baker
- Neuroscience and Trauma centre, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT, UK
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Zhou X, Packialakshmi B, Xiao Y, Nurmukhambetova S, Lees JR. Progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is associated with up-regulation of major sodium transporters in the mouse kidney cortex under a normal salt diet. Cell Immunol 2017; 317:18-25. [PMID: 28438314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by high salt diets prompted us to study whether EAE stimulated Na absorption by the renal cortex, a primary regulatory site for Na balance, even under a normal NaCl diet. We found that as EAE progressed from mild to severe symptoms, there were parallel increases in the protein abundance of NHE3 and αENaC and the Na,K-ATPase activity with an affiliated elevation of its β1-subunit protein. These effects are associated with increases in the protein levels of the well-known regulators SGK1 and scaffold NHERF2, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These effects of EAE could not be explained by reduction in water or food intake. We conclude that EAE progression is associated with up-regulation of major Na transporters, which is most likely driven by increased expression of SGK1 and NHERF2 and activation of ERK1/2. These data suggest that EAE progression increases Na absorption by the renal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Balamurugan Packialakshmi
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Saule Nurmukhambetova
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason R Lees
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Eleuteri C, Olla S, Veroni C, Umeton R, Mechelli R, Romano S, Buscarinu MC, Ferrari F, Calò G, Ristori G, Salvetti M, Agresti C. A staged screening of registered drugs highlights remyelinating drug candidates for clinical trials. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45780. [PMID: 28387380 PMCID: PMC5384285 DOI: 10.1038/srep45780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no treatment for the myelin loss in multiple sclerosis, ultimately resulting in the axonal degeneration that leads to the progressive phase of the disease. We established a multi-tiered platform for the sequential screening of drugs that could be repurposed as remyelinating agents. We screened a library of 2,000 compounds (mainly Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds and natural products) for cellular metabolic activity on mouse oligodendrocyte precursors (OPC), identifying 42 molecules with significant stimulating effects. We then characterized the effects of these compounds on OPC proliferation and differentiation in mouse glial cultures, and on myelination and remyelination in organotypic cultures. Three molecules, edaravone, 5-methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone and lovastatin, gave positive results in all screening tiers. We validated the results by retesting independent stocks of the compounds, analyzing their purity, and performing dose-response curves. To identify the chemical features that may be modified to enhance the compounds' activity, we tested chemical analogs and identified, for edaravone, the functional groups that may be essential for its activity. Among the selected remyelinating candidates, edaravone appears to be of strong interest, also considering that this drug has been approved as a neuroprotective agent for acute ischemic stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Eleuteri
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - S. Olla
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - C. Veroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - R. Umeton
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - R. Mechelli
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - S. Romano
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - MC. Buscarinu
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - F. Ferrari
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - G. Calò
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - G. Ristori
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - M. Salvetti
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - C. Agresti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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56
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Baldwin DS, Hou R, Gordon R, Huneke NTM, Garner M. Pharmacotherapy in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Novel Experimental Medicine Models and Emerging Drug Targets. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:307-317. [PMID: 28303465 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many pharmacological and psychological approaches have been found efficacious in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but many treatment-seeking patients will not respond and others will relapse despite continuing with interventions that initially had beneficial effects. Other patients will respond but then stop treatment early because of untoward effects such as sexual dysfunction, drowsiness, and weight gain. There is much scope for the development of novel approaches that could have greater overall effectiveness or acceptability than currently available interventions or that have particular effectiveness in specific clinical subgroups. 'Experimental medicine' studies in healthy volunteers model disease states and represent a proof-of-concept approach for the development of novel therapeutic interventions: they determine whether to proceed to pivotal efficacy studies and so can reduce delays in translating innovations into clinical practice. Investigations in healthy volunteers challenged with the inhalation of air 'enriched' with 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) indicate this technique provides a validated and robust experimental medicine model, mirroring the subjective, autonomic, and cognitive features of GAD. The anxiety response during CO2 challenge probably involves both central noradrenergic neurotransmission and effects on acid-base sensitive receptors and so may stimulate development of novel agents targeted at central chemosensors. Increasing awareness of the potential role of altered cytokine balance in anxiety and the interplay of cytokines with monoaminergic mechanisms may also encourage the investigation of novel agents with modulating effects on immunological profiles. Although seemingly disparate, these two approaches to treatment development may pivot on a shared mechanism in exerting anxiolytic-like effects through pharmacological effects on acid-sensing ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,University Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep, 4-12 Terminus Terrace, Southampton, SO14 3DT, UK.
| | - Ruihua Hou
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert Gordon
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nathan T M Huneke
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Garner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Academic Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Social, Human and Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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57
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Bandelow B, Baldwin D, Abelli M, Bolea-Alamanac B, Bourin M, Chamberlain SR, Cinosi E, Davies S, Domschke K, Fineberg N, Grünblatt E, Jarema M, Kim YK, Maron E, Masdrakis V, Mikova O, Nutt D, Pallanti S, Pini S, Ströhle A, Thibaut F, Vaghix MM, Won E, Wedekind D, Wichniak A, Woolley J, Zwanzger P, Riederer P. Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:162-214. [PMID: 27419272 PMCID: PMC5341771 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network. RESULTS The present article (Part II) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neurochemistry (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine or GABA, neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin, neurokinins, atrial natriuretic peptide, or oxytocin, the HPA axis, neurotrophic factors such as NGF and BDNF, immunology and CO2 hypersensitivity), neurophysiology (EEG, heart rate variability) and neurocognition. The accompanying paper (Part I) focuses on neuroimaging and genetics. CONCLUSIONS Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high quality research has accumulated that should improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Baldwin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marianna Abelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Blanca Bolea-Alamanac
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michel Bourin
- Neurobiology of Anxiety and Mood Disorders, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Parkway, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eduardo Cinosi
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele D’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simon Davies
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Naomi Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Parkway, UK
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Jarema
- Third Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eduard Maron
- Department of Psychiatry, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Vasileios Masdrakis
- Athens University Medical School, First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Olya Mikova
- Foundation Biological Psychiatry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David Nutt
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Stefano Pallanti
- UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – University Medica Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florence Thibaut
- Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, University Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Matilde M. Vaghix
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Eunsoo Won
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adam Wichniak
- Third Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jade Woolley
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter Zwanzger
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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58
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Geraldes R, Esiri MM, DeLuca GC, Palace J. Age-related small vessel disease: a potential contributor to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:707-722. [PMID: 27864848 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system wherein, after an initial phase of transient neurological defects, slow neurological deterioration due to progressive neuronal loss ensues. Age is a major determinant of MS progression onset and disability. Over the past years, several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the key drivers of neurodegeneration and disability accumulation in MS. However, the effect of commonly encountered age-related cerebral vessel disease, namely small vessel disease (SVD), has been largely neglected and constitutes the aim of this review. SVD shares some features with MS, that is, white matter demyelination and brain atrophy, and has been shown to contribute to the neuronal damage seen in vascular cognitive impairment. Several lines of evidence suggest that an interaction between MS and SVD may influence MS-related neurodegeneration. SVD may contribute to hypoperfusion, reduced vascular reactivity and tissue hypoxia, features seen in MS. Venule and endothelium abnormalities have been documented in MS but the role of arterioles and of other neurovascular unit structures, such as the pericyte, has not been explored. Vascular risk factors (VRF) have recently been associated with faster progression in MS, though the mechanisms are unclear since very few studies have addressed the impact of VRF and SVD on MS imaging and pathology outcomes. Therapeutic agents targeting the microvasculature and the neurovascular unit may impact both SVD and MS and may benefit patients with dual pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Geraldes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaret M Esiri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Mazzone GL, Veeraraghavan P, Gonzalez-Inchauspe C, Nistri A, Uchitel OD. ASIC channel inhibition enhances excitotoxic neuronal death in an in vitro model of spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2016; 343:398-410. [PMID: 28003157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the spinal cord high extracellular glutamate evokes excitotoxic damage with neuronal loss and severe locomotor impairment. During the cell dysfunction process, extracellular pH becomes acid and may activate acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) which could be important contributors to neurodegenerative pathologies. Our previous studies have shown that transient application of the glutamate analog kainate (KA) evokes delayed excitotoxic death of spinal neurons, while white matter is mainly spared. The present goal was to enquire if ASIC channels modulated KA damage in relation to locomotor network function and cell death. Mouse spinal cord slices were treated with KA (0.01 or 0.1mM) for 1h, and then washed out for 24h prior to analysis. RT-PCR results showed that KA (at 0.01mM concentration that is near-threshold for damage) increased mRNA expression of ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2 and ASIC3, an effect reversed by the ASIC inhibitor 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). A KA neurotoxic dose (0.1mM) reduced ASIC1a and ASIC2 expression. Cell viability assays demonstrated KA-induced large damage in spinal slices from mice with ASIC1a gene ablation. Likewise, immunohistochemistry indicated significant neuronal loss when KA was followed by the ASIC inhibitors DAPI or amiloride. Electrophysiological recording from ventral roots of isolated spinal cords showed that alternating oscillatory cycles were slowed down by 0.01mMKA, and intensely inhibited by subsequently applied DAPI or amiloride. Our data suggest that early rise in ASIC expression and function counteracted deleterious effects on spinal networks by raising the excitotoxicity threshold, a result with potential implications for improving neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela L Mazzone
- Laboratorios de Investigación aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN) - Fundación para la Lucha conntra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Carlota Gonzalez-Inchauspe
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología molecular y Neurociencias, CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Nistri
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy; Spinal Person Injury Neurorehabilitation Applied Laboratory (SPINAL), Istituto di Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione, Udine, Italy
| | - Osvaldo D Uchitel
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología molecular y Neurociencias, CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Matías-Guiu J, Gomez-Pinedo U, Matias-Guiu JA. News in multiple sclerosis: Remyelination as a therapeutic target. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 148:377-380. [PMID: 27923464 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (idiSSC), Madrid, España.
| | - Ulises Gomez-Pinedo
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (idiSSC), Madrid, España
| | - Jordi A Matias-Guiu
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (idiSSC), Madrid, España
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61
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Coclitu C, Constantinescu CS, Tanasescu R. The future of multiple sclerosis treatments. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1341-1356. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1243056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nagaeva EI, Tikhonova TB, Magazanik LG, Tikhonov DB. Histamine selectively potentiates acid-sensing ion channel 1a. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:136-40. [PMID: 27574729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although acid-sensitive ion channels (ASICs) play an important role in brain functions, the exact mechanism of their physiological activation remain unclear. A possible answer to the intriguing question is that some presently unknown endogenous ligand(s) positively modulate ASICs and enhance their responses to physiologically significant level. In the present work we found that histamine selectively potentiates ASIC1a homomers in CHO cells. Action of histamine was particularly pronounced at modest acidifications, which cause minor response. At these conditions micromolar concentrations of histamine have provided significant potentiation of ASIC1a response. We proposed that histamine and possibly some other endogenous amines can positively modulate ASICs functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina I Nagaeva
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana B Tikhonova
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lev G Magazanik
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia; St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7-9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Denis B Tikhonov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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63
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Henstridge CM, Pickett E, Spires-Jones TL. Synaptic pathology: A shared mechanism in neurological disease. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 28:72-84. [PMID: 27108053 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic proteomes have evolved a rich and complex diversity to allow the exquisite control of neuronal communication and information transfer. It is therefore not surprising that many neurological disorders are associated with alterations in synaptic function. As technology has advanced, our ability to study the anatomical and physiological function of synapses in greater detail has revealed a critical role for both central and peripheral synapses in neurodegenerative disease. Synapse loss has a devastating effect on cellular communication, leading to wide ranging effects such as network disruption within central neural systems and muscle wastage in the periphery. These devastating effects link synaptic pathology to a diverse range of neurological disorders, spanning Alzheimer's disease to multiple sclerosis. This review will highlight some of the current literature on synaptic integrity in animal models of disease and human post-mortem studies. Synaptic changes in normal brain ageing will also be discussed and finally the current and prospective treatments for neurodegenerative disorders will be summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleanor Pickett
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, 1 George Square, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, 1 George Square, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK; Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, EH10 5HF, UK.
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64
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Petracca M, Fleysher L, Oesingmann N, Inglese M. Sodium MRI of multiple sclerosis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:153-61. [PMID: 25851455 PMCID: PMC5771413 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. The mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and disease progression are poorly understood, in part as a result of the lack of non-invasive methods to measure and monitor neurodegeneration in vivo. Sodium MRI is a topic of increasing interest in MS research as it allows the metabolic characterization of brain tissue in vivo, and integration with the structural information provided by (1)H MRI, helping in the exploration of pathogenetic mechanisms and possibly offering insights into disease progression and monitoring of treatment outcomes. We present an up-to-date review of the sodium MRI application in MS organized into four main sections: (i) biological and pathogenetic role of sodium; (ii) brief overview of sodium imaging techniques; (iii) results of sodium MRI application in clinical studies; and (iv) future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petracca
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lazar Fleysher
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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65
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Petracca M, Vancea RO, Fleysher L, Jonkman LE, Oesingmann N, Inglese M. Brain intra- and extracellular sodium concentration in multiple sclerosis: a 7 T MRI study. Brain 2016; 139:795-806. [PMID: 26792552 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-axonal accumulation of sodium ions is one of the key mechanisms of delayed neuro-axonal degeneration that contributes to disability accrual in multiple sclerosis. In vivo sodium magnetic resonance imaging studies have demonstrated an increase of brain total sodium concentration in patients with multiple sclerosis, especially in patients with greater disability. However, total sodium concentration is a weighted average of intra- and extra-cellular sodium concentration whose changes reflect different tissue pathophysiological processes. The in vivo, non-invasive measurement of intracellular sodium concentration is quite challenging and the few applications in patients with neurological diseases are limited to case reports and qualitative assessments. In the present study we provide first evidence of the feasibility of triple quantum filtered (23)Na magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T, and provide in vivo quantification of global and regional brain intra- and extra-cellular sodium concentration in 19 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and 17 heathy controls. Global grey matter and white matter total sodium concentration (respectively P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and intracellular sodium concentration (both P < 0.001) were higher while grey matter and white matter intracellular sodium volume fraction (indirect measure of extracellular sodium concentration) were lower (respectively P = 0.62 and P < 0.001) in patients compared with healthy controls. At a brain regional level, clusters of increased total sodium concentration and intracellular sodium concentration and decreased intracellular sodium volume fraction were found in several cortical, subcortical and white matter regions when patients were compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05 family-wise error corrected for total sodium concentration, P < 0.05 uncorrected for multiple comparisons for intracellular sodium concentration and intracellular sodium volume fraction). Measures of total sodium concentration and intracellular sodium volume fraction, but not measures of intracellular sodium concentration were correlated with T2-weighted and T1-weighted lesion volumes (0.05 < P < 0.01) and with Expanded Disability Status Scale (P < 0.05). Thus, suggesting that while intracellular sodium volume fraction decrease could reflect expansion of extracellular space due to tissue loss, intracellular sodium concentration increase could reflect neuro-axonal metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petracca
- 1 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA 2 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Roxana O Vancea
- 1 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Lazar Fleysher
- 3 Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Laura E Jonkman
- 1 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA 4 Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matilde Inglese
- 1 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA 3 Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA 6 Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA 7 Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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66
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Zhou RP, Wu XS, Wang ZS, Xie YY, Ge JF, Chen FH. Novel Insights into Acid-Sensing Ion Channels: Implications for Degenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2015; 7:491-501. [PMID: 27493834 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative diseases often strike older adults and are characterized by progressive deterioration of cells, eventually leading to tissue and organ degeneration for which limited effective treatment options are currently available. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), a family of extracellular H(+)-activated ligand-gated ion channels, play critical roles in physiological and pathological conditions. Aberrant activation of ASICs is reported to regulate cell apoptosis, differentiation and autophagy. Accumulating evidence has highlighted a dramatic increase and activation of ASICs in degenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, intervertebral disc degeneration and arthritis. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the critical roles of ASICs and their potential utility as therapeutic targets in degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Peng Zhou
- 1Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; 2The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Wu
- 1Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; 2The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhi-Sen Wang
- 1Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; 2The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ya-Ya Xie
- 1Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; 2The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- 1Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; 2The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fei-Hu Chen
- 1Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; 2The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
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Harlow DE, Honce JM, Miravalle AA. Remyelination Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2015; 6:257. [PMID: 26696956 PMCID: PMC4674562 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system that results in destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds axons and eventual neurodegeneration. Current treatments approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS target the aberrant immune response and successfully reduce the severity of attacks and frequency of relapses. Therapies are still needed that can repair damage particularly for the treatment of progressive forms of MS for which current therapies are relatively ineffective. Remyelination can restore neuronal function and prevent further neuronal loss and clinical disability. Recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating myelination, as well as the development of high-throughput screens to identify agents that enhance myelination, have lead to the identification of many potential remyelination therapies currently in preclinical and early clinical development. One problem that has plagued the development of treatments to promote remyelination is the difficulty in assessing remyelination in patients with current imaging techniques. Powerful new imaging technologies are making it easier to discern remyelination in patients, which is critical for the assessment of these new therapeutic strategies during clinical trials. This review will summarize what is currently known about remyelination failure in MS, strategies to overcome this failure, new therapeutic treatments in the pipeline for promoting remyelination in MS patients, and new imaging technologies for measuring remyelination in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Justin M Honce
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Augusto A Miravalle
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
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68
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Mazzocchi N, De Ceglia R, Mazza D, Forti L, Muzio L, Menegon A. Fluorescence-Based Automated Screening Assay for the Study of the pH-Sensitive Channel ASIC1a. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:372-80. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115617455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) is involved in several pathologies, including neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders, stroke, epilepsy, and inflammatory pain. ASIC1a has been the subject of intense drug discovery programs devoted to the development of new pharmacological tools for its modulation. However, these efforts to generate new compounds have faced the lack of an efficient screening procedure. In the past decades, improvements in screening technologies and fluorescent sensors for the study of ion channels have provided new opportunities in this field. Unfortunately, ASIC1a is mainly a Na+ permeable channel and undergoes desensitization after its activation, two features that make the use of the available screening procedures problematic. We propose here a novel screening approach for the study of ASIC1a activity in full automation. Our method is based on the stimulation of ASIC1a-expressing cells by protons and the use of electrochromic fluorescent voltage sensors as a readout of ion channel activation. This method will prove to be useful for drug screening programs aimed at ASIC1a modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaa Mazzocchi
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy Bio-Imaging Centre, Experimental Imaging Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta De Ceglia
- Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mazza
- Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy and Nanoscopy Research Unit, Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lia Forti
- Center for Neuroscience and Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), Biomedical Division, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Luca Muzio
- Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Menegon
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy Bio-Imaging Centre, Experimental Imaging Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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69
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Radu BM, Banciu A, Banciu DD, Radu M. Acid-Sensing Ion Channels as Potential Pharmacological Targets in Peripheral and Central Nervous System Diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 103:137-67. [PMID: 26920689 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are widely expressed in the body and represent good sensors for detecting protons. The pH drop in the nervous system is equivalent to ischemia and acidosis, and ASICs are very good detectors in discriminating slight changes in acidity. ASICs are important pharmacological targets being involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes affecting both the peripheral nervous system (e.g., peripheral pain, diabetic neuropathy) and the central nervous system (e.g., stroke, epilepsy, migraine, anxiety, fear, depression, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.). This review discusses the role played by ASICs in different pathologies and the pharmacological agents acting on ASICs that might represent promising drugs. As the majority of above-mentioned pathologies involve not only neuronal dysfunctions but also microvascular alterations, in the next future, ASICs may be also considered as potential pharmacological targets at the vasculature level. Perspectives and limitations in the use of ASICs antagonists and modulators as pharmaceutical agents are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adela Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Dumitru Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Radu
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Life and Environmental Physics, 'Horia Hulubei' National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele, Romania.
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70
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Wang Y, O’Bryant Z, Wang H, Huang Y. Regulating Factors in Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1a Function. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:631-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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McKee JB, Elston J, Evangelou N, Gerry S, Fugger L, Kennard C, Kong Y, Palace J, Craner M. Amiloride Clinical Trial In Optic Neuritis (ACTION) protocol: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e009200. [PMID: 26553836 PMCID: PMC4654308 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodegeneration is a widely accepted contributor to the development of long-term disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). While current therapies in MS predominantly target inflammation and reduce relapse rate they have been less effective at preventing long-term disability. The identification and evaluation of effective neuroprotective therapies within a trial paradigm are key unmet needs. Emerging evidence supports amiloride, a licenced diuretic, as a neuroprotective agent in MS through acid sensing ion channel blockade. Optic neuritis (ON) is a common manifestation of MS with correlates of inflammation and neurodegeneration measurable within the visual pathways. Amiloride Clinical Trial In Optic Neuritis (ACTION) will utilise a multimodal approach to assess the neuroprotective efficacy of amiloride in acute ON. METHODS AND ANALYSIS 46 patients will be recruited within 28 days from onset of ON visual symptoms and randomised on a 1:1 basis to placebo or amiloride 10 mg daily. Double-blinded treatment groups will be balanced for age, sex and visual loss severity by a random-deterministic minimisation algorithm. The primary objective is to demonstrate that amiloride is neuroprotective in ON as assessed by scanning laser polarimetry of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness at 6 months in the affected eye compared to the unaffected eye at baseline. RNFL in combination with further retinal measures will also be assessed by optical coherence tomography. Secondary outcome measures on brain MRI will include cortical volume, diffusion-weighted imaging, resting state functional MRI, MR spectroscopy and magnetisation transfer ratio. In addition, high and low contrast visual acuity, visual fields, colour vision and electrophysiology will be assessed alongside quality of life measures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was given by the south central Oxford B research ethics committee (REC reference: 13/SC/0022). The findings from ACTION will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and at scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER EudraCT2012-004980-39, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01802489.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B McKee
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John Elston
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikos Evangelou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen Gerry
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher Kennard
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Yazhuo Kong
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Craner
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Ziemssen T, Rauer S, Stadelmann C, Henze T, Koehler J, Penner IK, Lang M, Poehlau D, Baier-Ebert M, Schieb H, Meuth S. Evaluation of Study and Patient Characteristics of Clinical Studies in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138243. [PMID: 26393519 PMCID: PMC4578855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background So far, clinical studies in primary progressive MS (PPMS) have failed to meet their primary efficacy endpoints. To some extent this might be attributable to the choice of assessments or to the selection of the study population. Objective The aim of this study was to identify outcome influencing factors by analyzing the design and methods of previous randomized studies in PPMS patients without restriction to intervention or comparator. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS and the COCHRANE Central Register of Controlled Trials (inception to February 2015). Keywords included PPMS, primary progressive multiple sclerosis and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Randomized, controlled trials of at least one year’s duration were selected if they included only patients with PPMS or if they reported sufficient PPMS subgroup data. No restrictions with respect to intervention or comparator were applied. Study quality was assessed by a biometrics expert. Relevant baseline characteristics and outcomes were extracted and compared. Results Of 52 PPMS studies identified, four were selected. Inclusion criteria were notably different among studies with respect to both the definition of PPMS and the requirements for the presence of disability progression at enrolment. Differences between the study populations included the baseline lesion load, pretreatment status and disease duration. The rate of disease progression may also be an important factor, as all but one of the studies included a large proportion of patients with a low progression rate. In addition, the endpoints specified could not detect progression adequately. Conclusion Optimal PPMS study methods involve appropriate patient selection, especially regarding the PPMS phenotype and progression rate. Functional composite endpoints might be more sensitive than single endpoints in capturing progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Ziemssen
- University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Dresden, Germany
| | - S. Rauer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C. Stadelmann
- Georg August University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Neuropathology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T. Henze
- PASSAUER WOLF Reha-Zentrum Nittenau, Rehabilitationsklinik für Neurologie-Geriatrie-Urologie, Nittenau, Germany
| | - J. Koehler
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen, Berg, Germany
| | - I.-K. Penner
- University of Basel, Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M. Lang
- Neuropoint Patient Academy, Neurological Practice Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - H. Schieb
- Novartis Pharma GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - S. Meuth
- University of Muenster, Department of Neurology, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Coles A. Newer therapies for multiple sclerosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2015; 18:S30-4. [PMID: 26538846 PMCID: PMC4604695 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.164824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The newer immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis (fingolimod, natalizumab, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, alemtuzumab) offer advantages of efficacy or tolerability over the injectable therapies of the 1990s. But they also have greater risks. As further treatments emerge (daclizumab and ocrelizumab are likely to be licensed in the next two years), the physician needs to be able to place them within a complex landscape of drugs and a specific treatment strategy, which may be an "escalation" or "induction" approach. Whilst on treatment, neurologist and patient need to be vigilant to signs of disease breakthrough or adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Baron A, Lingueglia E. Pharmacology of acid-sensing ion channels – Physiological and therapeutical perspectives. Neuropharmacology 2015; 94:19-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Schmitz K, de Bruin N, Bishay P, Männich J, Häussler A, Altmann C, Ferreirós N, Lötsch J, Ultsch A, Parnham MJ, Geisslinger G, Tegeder I. R-flurbiprofen attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1398-422. [PMID: 25269445 PMCID: PMC4237468 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
R-flurbiprofen is the non-cyclooxygenase inhibiting R-enantiomer of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen, which was assessed as a remedy for Alzheimer's disease. Because of its anti-inflammatory, endocannabinoid-modulating and antioxidative properties, combined with low toxicity, the present study assessed R-flurbiprofen in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models of multiple sclerosis in mice. Oral R-flurbiprofen prevented and attenuated primary progressive EAE in C57BL6/J mice and relapsing-remitting EAE in SJL mice, even if the treatment was initiated on or after the first flare of the disease. R-flurbiprofen reduced immune cell infiltration and microglia activation and inflammation in the spinal cord, brain and optic nerve and attenuated myelin destruction and EAE-evoked hyperalgesia. R-flurbiprofen treatment increased CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells, CTLA4(+) inhibitory T cells and interleukin-10, whereas the EAE-evoked upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes in the spinal cord was strongly reduced. The effects were associated with an increase of plasma and cortical endocannabinoids but decreased spinal prostaglandins, the latter likely due to R to S inversion. The promising results suggest potential efficacy of R-flurbiprofen in human MS, and its low toxicity may justify a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philipp Bishay
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Männich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annett Häussler
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine Altmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alfred Ultsch
- DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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76
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D’Amico E, Leone C, Caserta C, Patti F. Oral drugs in multiple sclerosis therapy: an overview and a critical appraisal. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:803-24. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1058162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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77
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Liu S, Cheng XY, Wang F, Liu CF. Acid-sensing ion channels: potential therapeutic targets for neurologic diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:10. [PMID: 26029363 PMCID: PMC4449961 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the physiological pH of interstitial fluid is crucial for normal cellular functions. In disease states, tissue acidosis is a common pathologic change causing abnormal activation of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), which according to cumulative evidence, significantly contributes to inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and other pathologic mechanisms (i.e., pain, stroke, and psychiatric conditions). Thus, it has become increasingly clear that ASICs are critical in the progression of neurologic diseases. This review is focused on the importance of ASICs as potential therapeutic targets in combating neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- />Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004 China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cheng
- />Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004 China
| | - Fen Wang
- />Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004 China
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- />Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004 China
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
- />Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson’s Disease, Beijing, 100053 China
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78
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Vollmer LL, Strawn JR, Sah R. Acid-base dysregulation and chemosensory mechanisms in panic disorder: a translational update. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e572. [PMID: 26080089 PMCID: PMC4471296 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD), a complex anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, represents a poorly understood psychiatric condition which is associated with significant morbidity and an increased risk of suicide attempts and completed suicide. Recently however, neuroimaging and panic provocation challenge studies have provided insights into the pathoetiology of panic phenomena and have begun to elucidate potential neural mechanisms that may underlie panic attacks. In this regard, accumulating evidence suggests that acidosis may be a contributing factor in induction of panic. Challenge studies in patients with PD reveal that panic attacks may be reliably provoked by agents that lead to acid-base dysbalance such as CO2 inhalation and sodium lactate infusion. Chemosensory mechanisms that translate pH into panic-relevant fear, autonomic, and respiratory responses are therefore of high relevance to the understanding of panic pathophysiology. Herein, we provide a current update on clinical and preclinical studies supporting how acid-base imbalance and diverse chemosensory mechanisms may be associated with PD and discuss future implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Vollmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J R Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Sah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Veterens' Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA. E-mail:
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79
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Dale RC. Chloride channel loss of function linked with white matter disease. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015; 3:141-2. [PMID: 25878000 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Dale
- Neuroimmunology group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia.
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Vesterinen HM, Connick P, Irvine CMJ, Sena ES, Egan KJ, Carmichael GG, Tariq A, Pavitt S, Chataway J, Macleod MR, Chandran S. Drug repurposing: a systematic approach to evaluate candidate oral neuroprotective interventions for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117705. [PMID: 25856304 PMCID: PMC4391783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and implement an evidence based framework to select, from drugs already licenced, candidate oral neuroprotective drugs to be tested in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. DESIGN Systematic review of clinical studies of oral putative neuroprotective therapies in MS and four other neurodegenerative diseases with shared pathological features, followed by systematic review and meta-analyses of the in vivo experimental data for those interventions. We presented summary data to an international multi-disciplinary committee, which assessed each drug in turn using pre-specified criteria including consideration of mechanism of action. RESULTS We identified a short list of fifty-two candidate interventions. After review of all clinical and pre-clinical evidence we identified ibudilast, riluzole, amiloride, pirfenidone, fluoxetine, oxcarbazepine, and the polyunsaturated fatty-acid class (Linoleic Acid, Lipoic acid; Omega-3 fatty acid, Max EPA oil) as lead candidates for clinical evaluation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a standardised and systematic approach to candidate identification for drug rescue and repurposing trials that can be applied widely to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M. Vesterinen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Connick
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cadi M. J. Irvine
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kieren J. Egan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gary G. Carmichael
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Afiyah Tariq
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Pavitt
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Chataway
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm R. Macleod
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MRM); (SC)
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MRM); (SC)
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81
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de Ceglia R, Chaabane L, Biffi E, Bergamaschi A, Ferrigno G, Amadio S, Del Carro U, Mazzocchi N, Comi G, Bianchi V, Taverna S, Forti L, D'Adamo P, Martino G, Menegon A, Muzio L. Down-sizing of neuronal network activity and density of presynaptic terminals by pathological acidosis are efficiently prevented by Diminazene Aceturate. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:263-76. [PMID: 25499583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Local acidosis is associated with neuro-inflammation and can have significant effects in several neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, brain ischemia, spinal cord injury and epilepsy. Despite local acidosis has been implicated in numerous pathological functions, very little is known about the modulatory effects of pathological acidosis on the activity of neuronal networks and on synaptic structural properties. Using non-invasive MRI spectroscopy we revealed protracted extracellular acidosis in the CNS of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) affected mice. By multi-unit recording in cortical neurons, we established that acidosis affects network activity, down-sizing firing and bursting behaviors as well as amplitudes. Furthermore, a protracted acidosis reduced the number of presynaptic terminals, while it did not affect the postsynaptic compartment. Application of the diarylamidine Diminazene Aceturate (DA) during acidosis significantly reverted both the loss of neuronal firing and bursting and the reduction of presynaptic terminals. Finally, in vivo DA delivery ameliorated the clinical disease course of EAE mice, reducing demyelination and axonal damage. DA is known to block acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), which are proton-gated, voltage-insensitive, Na(+) permeable channels principally expressed by peripheral and central nervous system neurons. Our data suggest that ASICs activation during acidosis modulates network electrical activity and exacerbates neuro-degeneration in EAE mice. Therefore pharmacological modulation of ASICs in neuroinflammatory diseases could represent a new promising strategy for future therapies aimed at neuro-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta de Ceglia
- Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | - Linda Chaabane
- Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy; Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilia Biffi
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Bergamaschi
- Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ferrigno
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Amadio
- Neurophysiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Neurophysiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | - Nausicaa Mazzocchi
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy Bio-Imaging Centre, Experimental Imaging Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Bianchi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Taverna
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lia Forti
- Center for Neuroscience and Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Biomedical Division, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Patrizia D'Adamo
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy.
| | - Andrea Menegon
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy Bio-Imaging Centre, Experimental Imaging Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Muzio
- Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy.
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82
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Ontaneda D, Fox RJ, Chataway J. Clinical trials in progressive multiple sclerosis: lessons learned and future perspectives. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:208-23. [PMID: 25772899 PMCID: PMC4361791 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis is characterised clinically by the gradual accrual of disability independent of relapses and can occur with disease onset (primary progressive) or can be preceded by a relapsing disease course (secondary progressive). An effective disease-modifying treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis has not yet been identified, and so far the results of clinical trials have generally been disappointing. Ongoing advances in the knowledge of pathogenesis, in the identification of novel targets for neuroprotection, and in improved outcome measures could lead to effective treatments for progressive multiple sclerosis. In this Series paper, we summarise the lessons learned from completed clinical trials and perspectives from trials in progress in progressive multiple sclerosis. We review promising clinical, imaging, and biological markers, along with novel designs, for clinical trials. The use of more refined outcomes and truly neuroprotective drugs, coupled with more efficient trial design, has the capacity to deliver a new era of therapeutic discovery in this challenging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ontaneda
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Robert J Fox
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeremy Chataway
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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83
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Jin C, Ye QH, Yuan FL, Gu YL, Li JP, Shi YH, Shen XM, Bo-Liu, Lin ZH. Involvement of acid-sensing ion channel 1α in hepatic carcinoma cell migration and invasion. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4309-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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84
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Vick JS, Askwith CC. ASICs and neuropeptides. Neuropharmacology 2015; 94:36-41. [PMID: 25592215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated cation channels expressed throughout the nervous system. ASICs are activated during acidic pH fluctuations, and recent work suggests that they are involved in excitatory synaptic transmission. ASICs can also induce neuronal degeneration and death during pathological extracellular acidosis caused by ischemia, autoimmune inflammation, and traumatic injury. Many endogenous neuromodulators target ASICs to affect their biophysical characteristics and contributions to neuronal activity. One of the most unconventional types of modulation occurs with the interaction of ASICs and neuropeptides. Collectively, FMRFamide-related peptides and dynorphins potentiate ASIC activity by decreasing the proton-sensitivity of steady state desensitization independent of G protein-coupled receptor activation. By decreasing the proton-sensitivity of steady state desensitization, the FMRFamide-related peptides and dynorphins permit ASICs to remain active at more acidic basal pH. Unlike the dynorphins, some FMRFamide-related peptides also potentiate ASIC activity by slowing inactivation and increasing the sustained current. Through mechanistic studies, the modulation of ASICs by FMRFamide-related peptides and dynorphins appears to be through distinct interactions with the extracellular domain of ASICs. Dynorphins are expressed throughout the nervous system and can increase neuronal death during prolonged extracellular acidosis, suggesting that the interaction between dynorphins and ASICs may have important consequences for the prevention of neurological injury. The overlap in expression of FMRFamide-related peptides with ASICs in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord suggests that their interaction may have important consequences for the treatment of pain during injury and inflammation. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in the Nervous System'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Vick
- The Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, United States
| | - Candice C Askwith
- The Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, United States.
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85
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Huang Y, Jiang N, Li J, Ji YH, Xiong ZG, Zha XM. Two aspects of ASIC function: Synaptic plasticity and neuronal injury. Neuropharmacology 2015; 94:42-8. [PMID: 25582290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular brain pH fluctuates in both physiological and disease conditions. The main postsynaptic proton receptor is the acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). During the past decade, much progress has been made on protons, ASICs, and neurological disease. This review summarizes the recent progress on synaptic role of protons and our current understanding of how ASICs contribute to various types of neuronal injury in the brain. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in the Nervous System'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA 30310, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Lab of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong-Hua Ji
- Lab of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiong
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA 30310, USA.
| | - Xiang-ming Zha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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Mastorodemos V, Ioannou M, Verginis P. Cell-based modulation of autoimmune responses in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmmune encephalomyelitis: therapeutic implications. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:181-95. [PMID: 24852748 DOI: 10.1159/000362370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prototypic autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). MS pathogenesis is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors that lead to the dysregulation of immune homeostasis and tolerance. It has been shown that pathogenic T lymphocyte subsets, such as T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells, play a crucial role in the autoimmune cascade influencing disease initiation, progression and subsequent tissue damage during MS. On the other hand, several mechanisms have been described in both patients and animal models of MS with the potential to modulate myelin-specific autoimmune responses and to facilitate amelioration of disease pathology. To this end, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered to be a powerful cell subset not only in the maintenance of homeostasis but also in the re-establishment of tolerance. Along these lines, other cell subsets such as dendritic cells (DCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), γδ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to regulate the autoimmune response in the CNS under certain circumstances. This review will attempt to summarize the relevant knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms exerted by immune cells in MS that could hold the promise for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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87
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Kellenberger S, Schild L. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCI. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Acid-Sensing Ion Channels and the Epithelial Na+ Channel. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 67:1-35. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Lee JY, Taghian K, Petratos S. Axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: can we predict and prevent permanent disability? Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:97. [PMID: 25159125 PMCID: PMC4243718 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a major determinant of permanent neurological impairment during multiple sclerosis (MS). Due to the variable course of clinical disease and the heterogeneity of MS lesions, the mechanisms governing axonal degeneration may differ between disease stages. While the etiology of MS remains elusive, there now exist potential prognostic biomarkers that can predict the conversion to clinically definite MS. Specialized imaging techniques identifying axonal injury and drop-out are becoming established in clinical practice as a predictive measure of MS progression, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). However, these imaging techniques are still being debated as predictive biomarkers since controversy surrounds their lesion-specific association with expanded disability status scale (EDSS). A more promising diagnostic measure of axonal degeneration has been argued for the detection of reduced N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and Creatine ratios via magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) imaging, but again fail with its specificity for predicting actual axonal degeneration. Greater accuracy of predictive biomarkers is therefore warranted and may include CSF neurofilament light chain (NF-L) and neurofilament heavy chain (NF-H) levels, for progressive MS. Furthermore, defining the molecular mechanisms that occur during the neurodegenerative changes in the various subgroups of MS may in fact prove vital for the future development of efficacious neuroprotective therapies. The clinical translation of a combined Na+ and Ca2+ channel blocker may lead to the establishment of a bona fide neuroprotective agent for the treatment of progressive MS. However, more specific therapeutic targets to limit axonal damage in MS need investigation and may include such integral axonal proteins such as the collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2), a molecule which upon post-translational modification may propagate axonal degeneration in MS. In this review, we discuss the current clinical determinants of axonal damage in MS and consider the cellular and molecular mechanisms that may initiate these neurodegenerative changes. In particular we highlight the therapeutic candidates that may formulate novel therapeutic strategies to limit axonal degeneration and EDSS during progressive MS.
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Ciccarelli O, Barkhof F, Bodini B, Stefano ND, Golay X, Nicolay K, Pelletier D, Pouwels PJW, Smith SA, Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Stankoff B, Yousry T, Miller DH. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:807-22. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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90
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS, and imposes major burdens on young lives. Great progress has been made in understanding and moderating the acute inflammatory components of MS, but the pathophysiological mechanisms of the concomitant neurodegeneration--which causes irreversible disability--are still not understood. Chronic inflammatory processes that continuously disturb neuroaxonal homeostasis drive neurodegeneration, so the clinical outcome probably depends on the balance of stressor load (inflammation) and any remaining capacity for neuronal self-protection. Hence, suitable drugs that promote the latter state are sorely needed. With the aim of identifying potential novel therapeutic targets in MS, we review research on the pathological mechanisms of neuroaxonal dysfunction and injury, such as altered ion channel activity, and the endogenous neuroprotective pathways that counteract oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We focus on mechanisms inherent to neurons and their axons, which are separable from those acting on inflammatory responses and might, therefore, represent bona fide neuroprotective drug targets with the capability to halt MS progression.
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91
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Fairless R, Williams SK, Diem R. Dysfunction of neuronal calcium signalling in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 357:455-62. [PMID: 24326615 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration has been increasingly recognised as the leading structural correlate of disability progression in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Since calcium signalling is known to regulate the development of degenerative processes in many cell types, it is believed to play significant roles in mediating neurodegeneration. Because of its function as a major juncture linking various insults and injuries associated with inflammatory attack on neuronal cell bodies and axons, it provides potential for the development of neuroprotective strategies. This is of great significance because of the lack of neuroprotective agents presently available to supplement the current array of immunomodulatory treatments. In this review, we summarise the role that various calcium channels and pumps have been shown to play in the development of neurodegeneration under inflammatory autoimmune conditions. The identification of suitable targets might also provide insights into applications in non-inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fairless
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Palmer AM. New and emerging immune-targeted drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 78:33-43. [PMID: 24251808 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a major inflammatory component that constitutes the most common progressive and disabling neurological condition in young adults. Injectable immunomodulatory medicines such as interferon drugs and glatiramer acetate have dominated the MS market for over the past two decades but this situation is set to change. This is because of: (i) patent expirations, (ii) the introduction of natalizumab, which targets the interaction between leukocytes and the blood-CNS barrier, (iii) the launch of three oral immunomodulatory drugs (fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate and teriflunomide), with another (laquinimod) under regulatory review and (iv) a number of immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (alemtuzumab, daclizumab and ocrelizumab) about to enter the market. Current and emerging medicines are reviewed and their impact on people with MS considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Palmer
- MS Therapeutics Ltd, Crowthorne, Berks, RG45 7AW, UK; Department of Research and Enterprise Development, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
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93
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Chu XP, Grasing KA, Wang JQ. Acid-sensing ion channels contribute to neurotoxicity. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:69-78. [PMID: 24323724 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acidosis that occurs under pathological conditions not only affects intracellular signaling molecules, but also directly activates a unique family of ligand-gated ion channels: acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). ASICs are widely expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and play roles in pain sensation, learning and memory, and fear conditioning. Overactivation of ASICs contributes to neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemic brain/spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Thus, targeting ASICs might be a potential therapeutic strategy for these conditions. This mini-review focuses on the electrophysiology and pharmacology of ASICs and roles of ASICs in neuronal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ping Chu
- Departments of Basic Medical Science and Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Room M3-417, Kansas City, MO, 64108-2792, USA,
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94
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Abstract
Although there has been unequivocal progress in the development of treatments for multiple sclerosis over the last 20 years, currently licensed treatments have demonstrated convincing effects on disease course only with reference to relapse frequency. This review summarises the progress made, highlights the indications for, and limitations of, current disease-modifying therapies and discusses some interventions currently in development.
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95
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is pathologically characterized by inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration. Axonal damage, along with neuronal loss, occurs from disease onset and may lead to progressive and permanent disability. In contrast with the inflammatory pathways, the molecular mechanisms leading to MS neurodegeneration remain largely elusive. With improved understanding of these mechanisms, new potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection have emerged. We review the current understanding of neurodegenerative processes at play in MS and discuss potential outcome measures and targets for neuroprotection trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Hadi Maghzi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 675 Nelson Rising Lane, 2nd floor, Room 221F, Box 3206, 94158, San Francisco, CA, USA,
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96
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Abstract
Why do neurons sense extracellular acid? In large part, this question has driven increasing investigation on acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in the CNS and the peripheral nervous system for the past two decades. Significant progress has been made in understanding the structure and function of ASICs at the molecular level. Studies aimed at clarifying their physiological importance have suggested roles for ASICs in pain, neurological and psychiatric disease. This Review highlights recent findings linking these channels to physiology and disease. In addition, it discusses some of the implications for therapy and points out questions that remain unanswered.
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97
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Bittner S, Meuth SG. Targeting ion channels for the treatment of autoimmune neuroinflammation. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2013; 6:322-36. [PMID: 23997817 DOI: 10.1177/1756285613487782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological targeting of ion channels has long been recognized as an attractive strategy for the treatment of various diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system with a prominent neurodegenerative component. A multitude of different cell types are involved in the complex pathophysiology of this disorder, including cells of the immune system (e.g. T and B lymphocytes and microglia), the neurovascular unit (e.g. endothelial cells and astrocytes) and the central nervous system (e.g. astrocytes and neurons). The pleiotropic expression and function of ion channels gives rise to the attractive opportunity of targeting different players and pathophysiological aspects of MS by the modulation of ion channel function in a cell-type and context-specific manner. We discuss the emerging knowledge about ion channels in the context of autoimmune neuroinflammation. While some pharmacological targets are at the edge of clinical translation, others have only recently been discovered and are still under investigation. Special focus is given to those candidates that could be attractive novel targets for future therapeutic approaches in neuroimmune autoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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98
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Hutchinson M. The best basic science paper on multiple sclerosis in 2012: Commentary. Mult Scler 2013; 19:1130-1. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458513495940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hutchinson
- Consultant Neurologist, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Newman Clinical Research Professor, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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99
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100
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The Immune Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:857-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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