51
|
Kim S, Park JO, Lee HA, Park HA, Lee CA, Wang SJ, Jung EJ. Unintended beneficial effects of COVID-19 on influenza-associated emergency department use in Korea. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 59:1-8. [PMID: 35772222 PMCID: PMC9233888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-pharmaceutical interventions, including hand hygiene, wearing masks, and cough etiquette, and public health measures such as social distancing, used to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), could reduce the incidence rate of respiratory viral infections such as influenza. We evaluated the effect of COVID-19 on the incidence of influenza in Korea. METHODS This retrospective study included all patients who visited five urban emergency departments (EDs) during the influenza epidemic seasons of 2017-18, 2018-19, and 2019-20. Influenza was defined as ICD-10 codes J09, J10, and J11, determined from ED discharge records. The weekly incidence rates of influenza per 1000 ED visits during the 2019-20 season, when COVID-19 became a pandemic, were compared with those of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The actual incidence rate of the 2019-20 season was compared with the predicted value using a generalized estimation equation model based on 2017-18 and 2018-19 data. RESULTS The weekly influenza incidence rate decreased from 101.6 to 56.6 between week 4 and week 5 in 2020 when the first COVID-19 patient was diagnosed and public health measures were implemented. The weekly incidence rate during week 10 and week 22 of the 2019-20 season decreased most steeply compared to 2017-18 and 2018-19. The actual influenza incidence rate observed in the 2019-20 season was lower than the rate predicted in the 2017-18 and 2018-19 seasons starting from week 7 when a COVID-19 outbreak occurred in Korea. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions and public health measures for the COVID-19 epidemic effectively reduced the transmission of influenza and associated ED use in Korea. Implementing appropriate public health measures could reduce outbreaks and lessen the burden of influenza during future influenza epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sola Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ok Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Ah Lee
- Clinical Trial Center, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang A Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choung Ah Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Joo Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Guisado-Gil AB, Benavente RS, Villegas-Portero R, Gil-Navarro MV, Valencia R, Peñalva G, Cisneros JM. Has the COVID-19 pandemic wiped out the seasonality of outpatient antibiotic use and influenza activity? A time-series analysis from 2014 to 2021. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:881.e7-881.e12. [PMID: 35026376 PMCID: PMC8743485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the implementation of public health measures on the seasonality of outpatient antibiotic use and their possible association with the incidence of influenza. METHODS We performed a time-series ecological study in 1516 primary care centres of Andalusia, Spain, comparing the coronavirus disease 2019 period (April 2020 to March 2021) with the 6 previous years. We assessed the number of packs and defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants of antibacterials and key antibiotics commonly used for acute respiratory tract infections and the number of influenza-positive cases per 100 000 inhabitants. We calculated the correlation between variables and analyzed the seasonal patterns and differences in quarterly antibiotic use. RESULTS For all quarters, a significant correlation was observed between influenza activity and antibiotic use (Spearman's r = 0.94; p < 0.001). Before the pandemic period, both variables presented similar seasonal patterns. After the start of the pandemic, influenza activity was suppressed and the pattern of antibiotic use flattened into a straight line (R2 = 0.96; p = 0.022) with a quarterly change of 3.9% (p = 0.007). Total antibiotic use and antibiotics used for treating acute respiratory tract infections showed significant reductions in all quarters compared to the previous year (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has strongly influenced the seasonality of antibiotic use in primary care. The decline in respiratory viruses, among which the influenza virus is a major player that may act as a proxy for general prevalence, is proposed as a reason for the flattening of the seasonal fluctuations of outpatient antibiotic use in our region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Guisado-Gil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville/Spanish National Research Council/University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Regina Sandra Benavente
- Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines Service, Sub-Directorate of Pharmacy and Provisions, Directorate General of Healthcare and Outcomes in Health, Andalusian Health Service, Seville, Spain
| | - Román Villegas-Portero
- Technical Sub-Directorate of Information Management, Andalusian Health Service, Seville, Spain
| | - María Victoria Gil-Navarro
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Valencia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville/Spanish National Research Council/University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Peñalva
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville/Spanish National Research Council/University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain.
| | - José Miguel Cisneros
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville/Spanish National Research Council/University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Shi HJ, Kim NY, Eom SA, Kim-Jeon MD, Oh SS, Moon BS, Kwon MJ, Eom JS. Effects of Non-Pharmacological Interventions on Respiratory Viruses Other Than SARS-CoV-2: Analysis of Laboratory Surveillance and Literature Review From 2018 to 2021. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e172. [PMID: 35638198 PMCID: PMC9151990 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) such as extensive and comprehensive hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing have been implemented globally. This study aimed to investigate changes in respiratory viruses other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that occurred following the implementation of these NPIs. METHODS From January 2018 to December 2021, influenza-like illness patient specimens and specimens from the Korea Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Surveillance System were analyzed at the Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment. Oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swab samples from respiratory infection patients were transferred in a virus transport medium at 4°C. After RNA or DNA extraction, respiratory virus-specific genes for human influenza virus (IFV), adenovirus (ADV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (hRV), human coronavirus, human bocavirus, and human metapneumovirus were detected by individual real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A total 3,334 samples were collected. After NPI was implemented, the detection of respiratory viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 decreased overall. The yearly detection rate of respiratory viruses was decreased from 69.5% (399/574) in 2018 and 73.3% (505/689) in 2019 to 19.8% (206/1,043) in 2020 and 34.9% (365/1,028) in 2021. The epidemic was more prominent in respiratory viruses such as IFV and RSV, which were considered dominant viruses, especially those with viral envelopes. Among viruses that were not considered dominant, hRV showed no clear change before and after NPI, while PIV showed a rapid increase compared to the existing dominant viruses between October-December 2021, after the increase in the number of gatherings started at the end of September and the "Relaxing COVID19 and mitigation policy," which was implemented on November 1. CONCLUSION NPI seems to have influenced the isolation and transmission of respiratory viruses in South Korea. In the future, additional studies focusing on the isolation and transmission patterns of respiratory viruses following NPI are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Shi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Nam Yee Kim
- Department of Diseases Research, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sun Ah Eom
- Department of Diseases Research, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon, Korea
| | - Myung Deok Kim-Jeon
- Department of Diseases Research, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sung Suck Oh
- Department of Diseases Research, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon, Korea
| | - Bag Sou Moon
- Department of Diseases Research, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon, Korea
| | - Mun Ju Kwon
- Department of Diseases Research, Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joong Sik Eom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Collateral Impact of Public Health and Social Measures on Respiratory Virus Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020–2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051071. [PMID: 35632810 PMCID: PMC9146684 DOI: 10.3390/v14051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many countries have implemented public health and social measures (PHSMs) to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the PHSMs are targeted at SARS-CoV-2 transmission control, they directly or indirectly impact the epidemiology of different respiratory viral diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the collateral impact of PHSMs used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the epidemiology of other respiratory viruses, including influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus infections. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on changes in the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and detection rates of the respiratory viruses during COVID-19 pandemic, lasting from 2020–2021, published between December 2019 and March 2022 in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. We identified an overall decrease of 23–94% in the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and a decrease of 0–98% in the detection of the viruses. Our study suggests that the PHSMs implemented during COVID-19 pandemic reduced the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and transmission of respiratory viruses. At the time of this study, and as governments relax PHSMs, public health authorities should prepare for a probable increase in the burden of respiratory viral diseases.
Collapse
|
55
|
Hu W, Fries AC, DeMarcus LS, Thervil JW, Kwaah B, Brown KN, Sjoberg PA, Robbins AS. Circulating Trends of Influenza and Other Seasonal Respiratory Viruses among the US Department of Defense Personnel in the United States: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105942. [PMID: 35627483 PMCID: PMC9141702 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of influenza and other seasonal respiratory viruses in the United States. All data were obtained from the US Department of Defense Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program over five consecutive respiratory seasons from 2016-2017 through to 2020-2021. A total of 62,476 specimens were tested for seasonal respiratory viruses. The circulating patterns of seasonal respiratory viruses have been greatly altered during the pandemic. The 2019-2020 influenza season terminated earlier compared to the pre-pandemic seasons, and the 2020-2021 influenza season did not occur. Moreover, weekly test positivity rates dramatically decreased for most of the seasonal respiratory viruses from the start of the pandemic through spring 2021. After the easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), circulations of seasonal coronavirus, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus have returned since spring 2021. High rhinovirus/enterovirus activity was evident throughout the 2020-2021 respiratory season. The findings suggest a strong association between the remarkably changed activity of seasonal respiratory viruses and the implementation of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The NPIs may serve as an effective public health tool to reduce transmissions of seasonal respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Hu
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony C. Fries
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Laurie S. DeMarcus
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Jeffery W. Thervil
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Bismark Kwaah
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Kayla N. Brown
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Paul A. Sjoberg
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Anthony S. Robbins
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Cullinan SM, Heaton HA, Mullan A, O'Horo J, Binnicker MJ, Tande AJ, Post JA, Campbell RL, Raukar NP. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Respiratory Infection Rates. Mayo Clin Proc 2022; 97:1023-1025. [PMID: 35512874 PMCID: PMC8942707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Cullinan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Ahn JG. Epidemiological changes in infectious diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Korea: a systematic review. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:167-171. [PMID: 34844396 PMCID: PMC8990948 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, countries worldwide have implemented several nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to contain its spread before vaccines and treatments were developed. NPIs included social distancing, mask wearing, intensive contact tracing and isolation, and sanitization. In addition to their effectiveness at preventing the rapid spread of COVID-19, NPIs have caused secondary changes in the epidemiology of other infectious diseases. In Korea, various NPI stages have been implemented since the first confirmed case of COVID-19 on January 20, 2020. This review, based on a PubMed database search, shows the impact of NPIs on several infectious diseases other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the COVID-19 pandemic era in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Gyun Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
A Sensitive and Rapid Wastewater Test for SARS-COV-2 and Its Use for the Early Detection of a Cluster of Cases in a Remote Community. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0174021. [PMID: 34985977 PMCID: PMC8904056 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01740-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, wastewater surveillance has been used to monitor trends in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevalence in the community. A major challenge in establishing wastewater surveillance programs, especially in remote areas, is the need for a well-equipped laboratory for sample analysis. Currently, no options exist for rapid, sensitive, mobile, and easy-to-use wastewater tests for SARS-CoV-2. The performance of the GeneXpert system, which offers cartridge-based, rapid molecular clinical testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a portable platform, was evaluated using wastewater as the input. The GeneXpert demonstrated a SARS-CoV-2 limit of detection in wastewater below 32 copies/mL with a sample processing time of less than an hour. Using wastewater samples collected from multiple sites across Canada during February and March 2021, a high overall agreement (97.8%) was observed between the GeneXpert assay and laboratory-developed tests regarding the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, with the use of centrifugal filters, the detection threshold of the GeneXpert system was improved to <10 copies/mL in wastewater. Finally, to support on-site wastewater surveillance, GeneXpert testing was implemented in Yellowknife, a remote community in Northern Canada, where its use successfully alerted public health authorities to undetected transmission of COVID-19. The identification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater triggered clinical testing of recent travelers and identification of new COVID-19 cases/clusters. Taken together, these results suggest that GeneXpert is a viable option for surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in locations that do not have access to established testing laboratories. IMPORTANCE Wastewater-based surveillance is a powerful tool that provides an unbiased measure of COVID-19 prevalence in a community. This work describes a sensitive wastewater rapid test for SARS-CoV-2 based on a widely distributed technology, the GeneXpert. The advantages of an easy-to-use wastewater test for SARS-CoV-2 are clear: it supports surveillance in remote communities, improves access to testing, and provides faster results allowing for an immediate public health response. The application of wastewater rapid testing in a remote community facilitated the detection of a COVID-19 cluster and triggered public health action, clearly demonstrating the utility of this technology. Wastewater surveillance will become increasingly important in the postvaccination pandemic landscape as individuals with asymptomatic/mild infections continue transmitting SARS-CoV-2 but are unlikely to be tested.
Collapse
|
59
|
Guo X, Ma C, Wang L, Zhao N, Liu S, Xu W. The impact of COVID-19 continuous containment and mitigation strategy on the epidemic of vector-borne diseases in China. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:78. [PMID: 35248146 PMCID: PMC8898061 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study explored the effect of a continuous mitigation and containment strategy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on five vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in China from 2020 to 2021. Methods Data on VBDs from 2015 to 2021 were obtained from the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, and the actual trend in disease activity in 2020–2021 was compared with that in 2015–2019 using a two-ratio Z-test and two proportional tests. Similarly, the estimated trend in disease activity was compared with the actual trend in disease activity in 2020. Results There were 13,456 and 3684 average yearly cases of VBDs in 2015–2019 and 2020, respectively. This represents a decrease in the average yearly incidence of total VBDs of 72.95% in 2020, from 0.9753 per 100,000 population in 2015–2019 to 0.2638 per 100,000 population in 2020 (t = 75.17, P < 0.001). The observed morbidity rates of the overall VBDs were significantly lower than the predicted rates (47.04% reduction; t = 31.72, P < 0.001). The greatest decline was found in dengue, with a 77.13% reduction (observed rate vs predicted rate: 0.0574 vs. 0.2510 per 100,000; t = 41.42, P < 0.001). Similarly, the average yearly mortality rate of total VBDs decreased by 77.60%, from 0.0064 per 100,000 population in 2015–2019 to 0.0014 per 100,000 population in 2020 (t = 6.58, P < 0.001). A decreasing trend was also seen in the monthly incidence of total VBDs in 2021 compared to 2020 by 43.14% (t = 5.48, P < 0.001). Conclusions The results of this study verify that the mobility and mortality rates of VBDs significantly decreased from 2015–2019 to 2020–2021, and that they are possibly associated to the continuous COVID-19 mitigation and contamination strategy implemented in China in 2020–2021. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05187-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guo
- Center for Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Chenjin Ma
- College of Statistics and Data Science, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital-Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Wangli Xu
- Center for Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Giovanditto F, Soma D, Vaira LA, Pispero A, Lombardi N, Ristoldo F, Mariani U, Pizzi S, Isola A, Smania P, Albanese M, D'Agostino A, Appendino P, Scatà E, Raho MT, Gobbi R, Carta E, Massarelli O, Lumbau A, Spano G, De Riu G. Recommendations for a safe restart of elective aerosol-generating oral surgery procedures following the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak: An Italian multicenter study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2022; 50:462-467. [PMID: 35430134 PMCID: PMC8889877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Among healthcare workers, oral and maxillofacial surgeons are some of the most exposed to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The aim of this retrospective study was to develop suggestions for continuing the work of oral and maxillofacial surgeons using a safe protocol for elective and urgent aerosol-generating procedures that could prevent the onset of new clusters. Based on the results obtained and a guidelines review of those Asian countries that had promptly managed the current pandemic, the following safety protocol was developed:
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giovanditto
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Damiano Soma
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Pispero
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Niccolò Lombardi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Mariani
- Department of Dentistry, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Silvia Pizzi
- Department of Dentistry, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Isola
- Department of Dentistry, Cittadella Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Albanese
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Agostino
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Appendino
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, Corso Turati 62, 10128, Turin, Italy
| | - Ernesto Scatà
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, Corso Turati 62, 10128, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Raho
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Gobbi
- Department of Dentistry, AUSL Della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Carta
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Olindo Massarelli
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Aurea Lumbau
- Department of Dentistry, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Spano
- Department of Dentistry, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giacomo De Riu
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Byun H, Kang D, Go SI, Kim HI, Hahm JR, Kim RB. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on outpatients of internal medicine and pediatrics: A descriptive study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28884. [PMID: 35212289 PMCID: PMC8878857 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the changes in the number of outpatients and disease presentation during the entirety of 2020, the period of COVID-19 pandemic.The average annual number of outpatient visits between 2017 and 2019 (before COVID-19) and the total number of outpatient visits in 2020 (COVID-19 period) were compared. Diagnostic codes were identified during 2 periods to analyze changes in the number of outpatient visits according to disease and month.The average annual number of outpatient visits was 47,105 before, and 40,786 during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a decrease of 13.4%. The number of outpatient visits in internal medicine decreased by 10.2% during the COVID-19 pandemic and tended to rebound during the second half of the year. However, the number of outpatient visits in the pediatric department decreased by 37.5% overall throughout the COVID-19 period and continued to decline in the second half of the year. The number of outpatients with infectious diseases decreased significantly (35.9%) compared to noninfectious diseases (cancer, 5.0%; circulatory disease, 4.1%). In addition, the number of outpatient visits due to viral diseases continued to decline, while the incidence of bacterial diseases increased rapidly in the second half of the year.This study confirmed that the number of outpatient visits due to bacterial or viral infections decreased throughout the COVID-19 crisis. Therefore, expanding public health and telemedicine services is necessary to prevent secondary health problems caused by essential medical use restrictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Byun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawon Kang
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Il Go
- College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye In Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ryeal Hahm
- College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Rock Bum Kim
- Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Disease Center, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Tang HJ, Lai CC, Chao CM. Changing Epidemiology of Respiratory Tract Infection during COVID-19 Pandemic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030315. [PMID: 35326778 PMCID: PMC8944752 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly changed the epidemiology of respiratory tract infection in several ways. The implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) including universal masking, hand hygiene, and social distancing not only resulted in a decline in reported SARS-CoV-2 cases but also contributed to the decline in the non-COVID-19 respiratory tract infection-related hospital utilization. Moreover, it also led to the decreased incidence of previous commonly encountered respiratory pathogens, such as influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although antimicrobial agents are essential for treating patients with COVID-19 co-infection, the prescribing of antibiotics was significantly higher than the estimated prevalence of bacterial co-infection, which indicated the overuse of antibiotics or unnecessary antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, inappropriate antimicrobial exposure may drive the selection of drug-resistant microorganisms, and the disruption of infection control in COVID-19 setting measures may result in the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). In conclusion, NPIs could be effective in preventing respiratory tract infection and changing the microbiologic distribution of respiratory pathogens; however, we should continue with epidemiological surveillance to establish updated information, antimicrobial stewardship programs for appropriate use of antibiotic, and infection control prevention interventions to prevent the spread of MDROs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jen Tang
- Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Cheng Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Tainan Branch, Tainan 710, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Ming Chao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan 73657, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Kim JY, Jung JU, Jo YC, Park MH, Kim KY, Kim HK. Impact of Social Distancing and Personal Hygiene on the Prevalence of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis during the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2022.63.2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the change in the weekly incidence of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) per 1,000 outpatients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by comparing the mean weekly proportion of EKC of 2020 with that from 2016 to 2019.Methods: Using data from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency for 2016-2020, we analyzed the weekly proportion of EKC per 1,000 outpatients. The data were also analyzed according to age, semester and vacation periods, region, and social distancing stages. For the Daegu data, we also analyzed the effects of social distancing in an area.Results: The mean weekly proportion of EKC per 1,000 outpatients in 2020 was lower than in previous years for all ages (2016-2019 19.77 ± 7.17‰, 2020 7.28 ± 2.97‰; p < 0.001). During the semester, the mean difference between 2016-2019 and 2020 was significant, particularly for preschool children. In Daegu, the weekly proportion of EKC per 1,000 outpatients during the extra 12-18 weeks of social distancing was significantly lower (2016-2019, 18.78 ± 6.61‰; 2020, 8.94 ± 2.92‰; p < 0.001).Conclusions: The public health interventions implemented during the COVID-19 outbreak not only reduced the prevalence of COVID-19 but also reduced the prevalence of EKC. Therefore, maintaining hygiene principles and standard precautions may help prevent EKC.
Collapse
|
64
|
Lampejo DT. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global burden of influenza. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2357-2359. [PMID: 35146774 PMCID: PMC9088378 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dr Temi Lampejo
- Department of Infection Sciences, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Differential Impact of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on the Epidemiology of Invasive Bacterial Infections in Children During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:91-96. [PMID: 34862341 PMCID: PMC8740032 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive bacterial infection (IBI) remains a major burden of mortality and morbidity in children. As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged, stringent nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were applied worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of NPIs on pediatric IBI in Korea. METHODS From January 2018 to December 2020, surveillance for pediatric IBIs caused by 9 pathogens (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. agalactiae, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, Salmonella species, L. monocytogenes and E. coli) was performed at 22 hospitals throughout Korea. Annual incidence rates were compared before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS A total of 651 cases were identified and the annual incidence was 194.0 cases per 100,000 in-patients in 2018, 170.0 in 2019 and 172.4 in 2020. Most common pathogen by age group was S. agalactiae in infants < 3 months (n = 129, 46.7%), S. aureus in 3 to < 24 months (n = 35, 37.2%), Salmonella spp. in 24 to < 60 months (n = 24, 34.8%) and S. aureus in children ≥ 5 years (n = 128, 60.7%). Compared with 2018 to 2019, the incidence rate in 2020 decreased by 57% for invasive pneumococcal disease (26.6 vs. 11.5 per 100,000 in-patients, P = 0.014) and 59% for Salmonella spp. infection (22.8 vs. 9.4 per 100,000 in-patients, P = 0.018). In contrast, no significant changes were observed in invasive infections due to S. aureus, S. agalactiae and E. coli. CONCLUSIONS The NPIs implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced invasive diseases caused by S. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. but not S. aureus, S. agalactiae and E. coli in children.
Collapse
|
66
|
Ma C, Guo X, Wang L, Li W, Liu S, Lin F, Xu W. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and mortality of zoonotic diseases in China. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-007109. [PMID: 34996765 PMCID: PMC8743839 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that strict non-pharmaceutical measures can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality of respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic, but there are limited reports on the impact in terms of the rates of zoonotic diseases. METHODS We extracted the incidence and mortality data of eight notifiable infectious zoonotic diseases from the website of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China for the period of January 2015 to April 2021. RESULTS First, the overall incidence of zoonotic diseases decreased from 0.3714 per 100 000 in 2015-2019 to 0.2756 in 2020 (25.79% reduction, p<0.001); however, a dramatic increase in activity was seen in 2021 compared with 2020 (0.4478 per 100 000 in 2021, 62.47% increase, p<0.001). Anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis and hydatid disease exhibited significant upward trends in 2021. Second, analysed further by stages, the monthly incidence in the routine stage (from May to December 2020) was much higher than that in the emergency stage of the COVID-19 (from January to April 2020) (55.33% increase, p<0.001). We also found that the monthly observed incidence was significantly lower than the predicted incidence of a 10.29% reduction in the emergency stage. Third, no differences were seen in mortality between 2021 and 2020, while a significant decline was found in 2020 compared with the previous 5 years (72.70%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Strict containment and feasible suppression strategies during the 2020 period of the COVID-19 pandemic had positive impacts on the overall incidence of zoonotic diseases in China. However, anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis and hydatid diseases might increase with the relaxation of non-pharmacological interventions in 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjin Ma
- College of Statistics and Data Science, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Center for Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wang Li
- Nanjing Jiliang Information Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangli Xu
- Center for Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
The impact of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic on rates of pediatric idiopathic intussusception. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:453-459. [PMID: 34626197 PMCID: PMC8501347 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causes of idiopathic ileocolic intussusception are unknown, with infection as the most likely culprit. Recently, social distancing measures were implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to decrease transmissible infectious diseases, creating an opportune setting to study the role of infection on the pathogenesis of intussusception on a population level. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of social distancing on intussusception. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed air contrast enemas and pylorus ultrasounds performed between March 2010 and March 2021 to identify cases of ileocolic intussusception and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS), using the latter as a negative control. The study time frame was divided into two periods: pre-pandemic (March 2010-February 2020) and pandemic (April 2020-March 2021). The number of cases that occurred in these two time periods were compared using the Poisson regression model. RESULTS Of the 407 cases of idiopathic ileocolic intussusception identified, 396 occurred in the pre-pandemic time period (mean = 39.6 per 12-month period) and 11 occurred in the 12-month pandemic time period. The mean monthly number of intussusceptions showed a decline of 72% (95% confidence interval [CI] 49-85%) between the pre-pandemic and pandemic time periods (3.3 vs. 0.9 monthly cases; P < 0.001). In contrast, the mean monthly number of HPS did not differ significantly (P = 0.19). CONCLUSION Social distancing-imposed to curb the spread of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic-resulted in a significant decline in ileocolic intussusception, lending strong support to the theory that infection is the dominant cause of intussusception.
Collapse
|
68
|
Sabeena S, Ravishankar N, Robin S. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on influenza surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Public Health 2022; 66:458-465. [PMID: 37039174 DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_926_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza activity was reported to be below the seasonal levels during the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic globally. However, during the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 outbreak, the routine real-time surveillance of influenza-like illness and acute respiratory infection was adversely affected due to the changes in priorities, economic constraints, repurposing of hospitals for COVID care, and closure of outpatient services. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to assess the pooled proportion of symptomatic cases tested for influenza virus before the current pandemic in 2019 and during the pandemic in 2020/21. An electronic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar was carried out for the articles reporting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza surveillance among humans using search terms. The study was designed based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and the meta-analysis was performed to synthesize the pooled proportion of patients sampled for influenza with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The nine qualified studies from the WHO European region, Canada, Japan, Germany, Italy, Spain, South Africa, and the United States were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. The overall pooled proportion of symptomatic cases sampled for influenza surveillance before and during the pandemic was 2.38% (95% CI 2.08%-2.67%) and 4.18% (95% CI 3.8%-4.52%), respectively. However, the pooled proportion of samples tested for influenza before the pandemic was 0.69% (95% CI 0.45%-0.92%) and during the pandemic was 0.48% (95% CI 0.28%-0.68%) when studies from Canada were excluded. Conclusion The meta-analysis concludes that globally there was a decline in influenza surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic except in Canada.
Collapse
|
69
|
Lee K, Jalal H, Raviotta JM, Krauland MG, Zimmerman RK, Burke DS, Roberts MS. Estimating the Impact of Low Influenza Activity in 2020 on Population Immunity and Future Influenza Seasons in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofab607. [PMID: 35024374 PMCID: PMC8743127 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza activity in the 2020-2021 season was remarkably low, likely due to implementation of public health preventive measures such as social distancing, mask wearing, and school closure. With waning immunity, the impact of low influenza activity in the 2020-2021 season on the following season is unknown. METHODS We built a multistrain compartmental model that captures immunity over multiple influenza seasons in the United States. Compared with the counterfactual case, where influenza activity remained at the normal level in 2020-2021, we estimated the change in the number of hospitalizations when the transmission rate was decreased by 20% in 2020-2021. We varied the level of vaccine uptake and effectiveness in 2021-2022. We measured the change in population immunity over time by varying the number of seasons with lowered influenza activity. RESULTS With the lowered influenza activity in 2020-2021, the model estimated 102 000 (95% CI, 57 000-152 000) additional hospitalizations in 2021-2022, without changes in vaccine uptake and effectiveness. The estimated changes in hospitalizations varied depending on the level of vaccine uptake and effectiveness in the following year. Achieving a 50% increase in vaccine coverage was necessary to avert the expected increase in hospitalization in the next influenza season. If the low influenza activity were to continue over several seasons, population immunity would remain low during those seasons, with 48% of the population susceptible to influenza infection. CONCLUSIONS Our study projected a large compensatory influenza season in 2021-2022 due to a light season in 2020-2021. However, higher influenza vaccine uptake would reduce this projected increase in influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyueun Lee
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hawre Jalal
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan M Raviotta
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary G Krauland
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donald S Burke
- Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark S Roberts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Mun SK, Yang BR, Chang M. Changes in respiratory diseases in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time series study. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-006912. [PMID: 34887303 PMCID: PMC8662586 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In South Korea, non-pharmaceutical interventions such as mask-wearing, hand washing and social distancing were strictly implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19 after a national crisis alert was raised to the highest level early in the pandemic (23 February 2020). We aimed to investigate changes in the occurrence of respiratory diseases at the national level after the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS The study period was from 1 January to 1 August 2019 (213 days) and from 1 January to 31 July 2020 (213 days). Based on the National Health Insurance Service data, we analysed changes in the numbers of patients treated for respiratory diseases. The changes in the numbers of individuals using public transportation and visiting the theatre were investigated to assess the effect of social distancing after the national crisis alert was raised. Differences in daily cumulative numbers (DDCNs) in 2020 were calculated as follows: (daily cumulative number in 2020)-(cumulative number for that day in 2019). A change over time in DDCNs of <0 was taken as indication that the numbers decreased from 2019 to 2020. Segmented regression analyses were performed using generalised least squares method to identify changes in trends of DDCNs of patients treated for respiratory diseases and individuals using public transportation and visiting the theatre. RESULTS After the national crisis alert was raised to the highest level, DDCNs of patients treated for respiratory diseases, individuals using public transportation, and those visiting the theatre exhibited a significant daily decline by 53.18 per 10 000 inhabitants (95% CI -65.86 to -40.49), 48.19 per 1000 inhabitants (95% CI -62.05 to -34.32) and 25.30 per 5000 inhabitants (95% CI -36.30 to -14.30), respectively, compared with before the national crisis alert was raised. CONCLUSION Non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent the spread of COVID-19 significantly reduce the incidence of respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Kyun Mun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo Ram Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Munyoung Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Maltezou HC, Stavros S, Asimakopoulos G, Pergialiotis V, Raftopoulos V, Talias MA, Pavli A, Daskalakis G, Sindos M, Koutroumanis P, Theodora M, Antsaklis P, Kostis E, Stratiki E, Kossyvakis A, Theodoridou M, Mentis A, Drakakis P, Loutradis D, Rodolakis A. Effectiveness of maternal vaccination with quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in pregnant women and their infants in 2019-2020. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:983-992. [PMID: 34878959 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2013820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Influenza is associated with an increased risk for serious illness, hospitalization and death in pregnant women and young infants. Our aim was to estimate the effectiveness of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV) in pregnant women and their infants during 2019-2020 influenza season. METHODS A QIV vaccine was offered to pregnant women followed in a maternity hospital. Women were contacted weekly during the influenza season and asked about symptoms. Polymerase chain reaction testing in pharyngeal samples was offered to pregnant women and infants with influenza-like illness. A Bayesian beta-binomial model was used. RESULTS We studied 636 pregnant women (406 vaccinated and 230 unvaccinated) and 474 infants (281 of mothers vaccinated in pregnancy and 193 of unvaccinated mothers). Using a Bayesian beta-binomial model, it was estimated that influenza vaccination of pregnant women reduced their logit to develop laboratory-confirmed influenza by -4.2 (95% CI -3,7 -4,7) and the logit of their infants to develop laboratory-confirmed influenza by -4.2 (95% CI -3.6, -4.9). The QIV effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza was 43.5% in pregnant women and 31.4% in infants. CONCLUSION Maternal influenza vaccination with QIV in pregnancy reduced the odds of pregnant women and their infants to develop influenza. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier is NCT04723771.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofoklis Stavros
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Asimakopoulos
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilios Pergialiotis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michael A Talias
- Healthcare Management Postgraduate Program, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - George Daskalakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Sindos
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Pelopidas Koutroumanis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Theodora
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Antsaklis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelia Stratiki
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kossyvakis
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory of Southern Greece, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Theodoridou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Mentis
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory of Southern Greece, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Drakakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Loutradis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Rodolakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Huang C. The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Incidence of the Non-COVID-19 Pneumonia in Adults. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:737999. [PMID: 34859006 PMCID: PMC8632034 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.737999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown strategies were associated with a significant decrease in the common respiratory viral diseases and decreased the need for hospitalization among children in the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the trend of non-COVID-19 pneumonia in adult people remains uncertain. Our aim is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of the non-COVID-19 pneumonia in adult people and understand whether the substantial decrease in pneumonia cases is the same as the decline in the incidence of respiratory viral disease activity. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients presenting with pneumonia from January 2019 to December 2020. Details on all the demographics of the patient of pneumonia, hospital course details, prior admission history within 3 months, respiratory culture, and antibiotics sensitivity test were also obtained. Results: The number of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia in 2020 was lower than that in 2019, which decreased by 74 patients in 2020. The decreasing number of patients with community-acquired pneumonia between 2019 and 2020 was from −13.9% in January to March 2020 to −39.7% in October to December 2020. The decreasing number of patients with community-acquired pneumonia between 2019 and 2020 was from −14.8% in the youngest cohort to −28.7% in those aged ≥85 years. The number of reduced patients with community-acquired pneumonia is greater in late seasons and older age, respectively. The number of adult patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia in 2020 was lower than that in 2019, which decreased by 23 patients in 2020. The decreasing number of patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia between 2019 and 2020 was from −20.0% in January to March 2020 to −52.4% in October to December 2020. The decreasing number of patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia between 2019 and 2020 was from 0% in the youngest cohort to −45.6% in those aged ≥ 85 years. The number of reduced patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia is greater in late seasons and older age, respectively. Conclusion: Interventions applied to control the COVID-19 pandemic were effective not only in substantial changes in the seasonal influenza activity, but also in decreasing adult pneumonia cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chienhsiu Huang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Doroshenko A, Lee N, MacDonald C, Zelyas N, Asadi L, Kanji JN. Decline of Influenza and Respiratory Viruses With COVID-19 Public Health Measures: Alberta, Canada. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:3042-3052. [PMID: 34863395 PMCID: PMC8450272 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of influenza and noninfluenza respiratory viruses (NIRVs) pre-/post-implementation of public health measures aimed to decrease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission using population-based surveillance data. We hypothesized that such measures could reduce the burden of respiratory viruses (RVs) transmitting via the same routes. PATIENTS AND METHODS An interrupted time-series analysis of RV surveillance data in Alberta, Canada, from May 2017 to July 2020 was conducted. The burden of influenza and NIRVs before and after intervention initiation at week 11 was compared. The analysis was adjusted for seasonality, overdispersion, and autocorrelation. RESULTS During the study period, an average of 708 and 4056 weekly respiratory multiplex molecular panels were conducted pre-/post-intervention, respectively. We found significant reductions in test positivity rates in the postintervention period for influenza (-94.3%; 95% CI, -93.8 to 97.4%; P<.001) and all NIRVs (-76.5%; 95% CI, -77.3 to -75.8%; P<.001) in the crude model, and -86.2% (95% CI, -91.5 to -77.4%: P<.001) and -75% (95% CI, -79.7 to -69.3%; P<.001), respectively, in the adjusted models. Subanalyses for individual viruses showed significant decreases in respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, enterovirus/rhinovirus, and parainfluenza. For non-severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 human coronaviruses, the decline was not statistically significant after adjustment (-22.3%; 95% CI, -49.3 to +19%, P=.246). CONCLUSION The implementation of COVID-19 public health measures likely resulted in reduced transmission of common RVs. Although drastic lockdowns are unlikely to be required given widespread COVID-19 vaccination, targeted implementation of such measures can lower RV disease burden. Studies to evaluate relative contributions of individual interventions are warranted.
Collapse
Key Words
- hcov, human coronavirus
- herv, human entero/rhinovirus
- hmpv, human metapneumovirus
- irr, incident rate ratio
- its, interrupted time series
- nirv, noninfluenza respiratory virus
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- piv, parainfluenza virus
- rsv, respiratory syncytial virus
- tpr, test positivity rate
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Doroshenko
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nelson Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Clayton MacDonald
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathan Zelyas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leyla Asadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamil N Kanji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
A Hybrid Model with Spherical Fuzzy-AHP, PLS-SEM and ANN to Predict Vaccination Intention against COVID-19. MATHEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/math9233075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to identify the key factors affecting individuals’ behavioral vaccination intention against COVID-19 in Vietnam through an online questionnaire survey. Differing from previous studies, a novel three-staged approach combining Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (SF-AHP), Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is proposed. Five factors associated with individuals’ behavioral vaccination intention (INT) based on 15 experts’ opinions are considered in SF-AHP analysis, including Perceived Severity of COVID-19 (PSC), Perceived COVID-19 vaccines (PVC), Trust in government intervention strategies (TRS), Social Influence (SOI), and Social media (SOM). First, the results of SF-AHP indicated that all proposed factors correlate with INT. Second, the data of 474 valid respondents were collected and analyzed using PLS-SEM. The PLS-SEM results reported that INT was directly influenced by PVC and TRS. In contrast, SOI had no direct effect on INT. Further, PSC and SOM moderated the relationship between PVC, TRS and INT, respectively. The ANN was deployed to validate the previous stages and found that the best predictors of COVID-19 vaccination intention were PVC, TRS, and SOM. These results were consistent with the SF-AHP and PLS-SEM models. This research provides an innovative new approach employing quantitative and qualitative techniques to understand individuals’ vaccination intention during the global pandemic. Furthermore, the proposed method can be used and expanded to assess the perceived efficacy of COVID-19 measures in other nations currently battling the COVID-19 outbreak.
Collapse
|
75
|
Chen B, Wang M, Huang X, Xie M, Pan L, Liu H, Liu Z, Zhou P. Changes in Incidence of Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China Under the Prevention and Control Measures of COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:728768. [PMID: 34722440 PMCID: PMC8553983 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.728768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in China under the prevention and control measures of COVID-19. Methods: Using descriptive epidemiological methods, data were collected from the official website of the Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, and the prevalence characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases in the country in 2020 were analyzed and compared with the historical data in 2019. Monthly reporting data on influenza and tuberculosis from 2015 to 2019 were also collected. Results: Except for COVID-19, the total number of notifiable infectious diseases cases in 2020 was 6,366,176, a decrease of 41.38% year-on-year compared with 2019. Category B and C notifiable infectious diseases decreased by 14.84 and 54.98% year-on-year, respectively (P < 0.01). The top three incidence rates were influenza (87.63 cases/100,000), hepatitis B (81.36 cases/100,000) and other infectious diarrhea (76.33 cases/100,000). Three types of diseases with the largest decline were influenza (-2,280,502 cases), hand-foot-mouth disease (-1,174,588 cases), and other infectious diarrhea diseases (-275,746 cases). Compared with 2019, respiratory infectious diseases were reported to be in the largest decline in 2020, followed by intestinal infectious diseases, blood-borne and sexually transmitted diseases, natural foci, and insect-borne infectious diseases. The monthly reported incidences of influenza and tuberculosis in 2020 were lower than the average of the previous 5 years. Conclusion: In 2020, the incidence of most notifiable infectious diseases in China showed a downward trend, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)such as the wearing of masks, frequent hand-washing, more ventilation, less gathering, etc, played an positive role in the prevention and control of respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases. The various public health intervention strategies and measures adopted by China to contain COVID-19 can provide a reference for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bizhen Chen
- Department of Healthcare-Associated Infection Management, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases/Infection Control Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Department of Healthcare-Associated Infection Management, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xun Huang
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Maokun Xie
- Department of Healthcare-Associated Infection Management, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liting Pan
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Liu
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Infection Control Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Infection Control Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Shin HS, Park H, Kwon JS, Namgoong H, Kim SJ, Kim JM, Peck KR, Lee K, Lee JK, Lee J, Han HC, Hong S, Park BJ, Lim TH, Hwang ES, Woo JH. National Academy of Medicine of Korea (NAMOK) Key Statements on COVID-19. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e287. [PMID: 34697930 PMCID: PMC8546308 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Shik Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyesook Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ehwa University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - June Myung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungwon Lee
- Seoul Clinical Laboratories Academy, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jong-Koo Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Hee Chul Han
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - SungJin Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Lim
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Eung Soo Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jun Hee Woo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu, Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Li F, Zhang Y, Shi P, Cao L, Su L, Zhang Y, Peng K, Lu R, Tan W, Shen J. Epidemiology of Viruses Causing Pediatric Community Acquired Pneumonia in Shanghai During 2010-2020: What Happened Before and After the COVID-19 Outbreak? Infect Dis Ther 2021; 11:165-174. [PMID: 34694579 PMCID: PMC8542501 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the global outbreak of COVID-19, there has been a significant reduction in pediatric outpatient and emergency visits for infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in respiratory viruses in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Shanghai in the past 10 years, especially in the first year after COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, observational study; the results for eight common respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus 1-3 (PIV), adenovirus (ADV) and human metapneumovirus) tested by direct fluorescent antibody assays in hospitalized CAP cases in Children's Hospital of Fudan University during 2010-2020 were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 5544 hospitalized CAP patients included in this study, 20.2% (1125/5544) were positive for the eight respiratory viruses. The top three pathogens were RSV, PIV3 and ADV, detected from 9.8% (543/5544), 5.3% (294/5544) and 2.0% (111/5544) of the samples, respectively. RSV had the highest positive rates among children < 2 years old. In 2020, the detection rate of all viruses showed a sharp decline from February to August compared with the previous 9 years. When the Shanghai community reopened in August 2020, the detection rate of eight viruses rebounded significantly in September. CONCLUSIONS These eight respiratory viruses, especially RSV and PIV, were important pathogens of CAP in Shanghai children in the past 10 years. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the detection rates for eight respiratory viruses in children with CAP in Shanghai.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Linfeng Cao
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyun Su
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Peng
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Roujian Lu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Shen
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Otani Y, Kasai H, Tanigawara Y. Pharmacometric analysis of seasonal influenza epidemics and the effect of vaccination using sentinel surveillance data. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 11:44-54. [PMID: 34676676 PMCID: PMC8752114 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The identification of influenza epidemics and assessment of the efficacy of vaccination against this infection are major challenges for the implementation of effective public health strategies, such as vaccination programs. In this study, we developed a new pharmacometric model to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination based on infection surveillance data from the 2010/2011 to 2018/2019 influenza seasons in Japan. A novel susceptible‐infected‐removed plus vaccination model, based on an indirect response structure with the effect of vaccination, was applied to describe seasonal influenza epidemics using a preseasonal collection of data regarding serological H1 antibody titer positivity and the fraction of virus strains. Using this model, we evaluated Kin (a parameter describing the transmission rate of symptomatic influenza infection) for different age groups. Furthermore, we defined a new parameter (prevention factor) showing the efficacy of vaccination against each viral strain and in different age groups. We found that the prevention factor of vaccination against influenza varied among age groups. Notably, children aged 5–14 years showed the highest Kin value during the 10 influenza seasons and the greatest preventive effect of vaccination (prevention factor = 70.8%). The propagation of influenza epidemics varies in different age groups. Children aged 5–14 years most likely play a leading role in the transmission of influenza. Prioritized vaccination in this age group may be the most effective strategy for reducing the prevalence of influenza in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Otani
- Laboratory of Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Keio Frontier Research and Education Collaboration Square at Tonomachi, Kanagawa, Japan.,Keio University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Kasai
- Laboratory of Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Keio Frontier Research and Education Collaboration Square at Tonomachi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanigawara
- Laboratory of Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Keio Frontier Research and Education Collaboration Square at Tonomachi, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
A Hybrid Spherical Fuzzy MCDM Approach to Prioritize Governmental Intervention Strategies against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study from Vietnam. MATHEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/math9202626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) is fluctuating worldwide. Since the COVID-19 epidemic has a negative impact on all countries and has become a significant threat, it is necessary to determine the most effective strategy for governments by considering a variety of criteria; however, few studies in the literature can assist governments in this topic. Selective governmental intervention during the COVID-19 outbreak is considered a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) problem under a vague and uncertain environment when governments and medical communities adjust their priorities in response to rising issues and the efficacy of interventions applied in various nations. In this study, a novel hybrid Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (SF-AHP) and Fuzzy Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS-F) model is proposed to help stakeholders such as governors and policymakers to prioritize governmental interventions for dealing with the COVID-19 outbreak. The SF-AHP is implemented to measure the significance of the criteria, while the WASPAS-F approach is deployed to rank intervention alternatives. An empirical case study is conducted in Vietnam. From the SF-AHP findings, the criteria of “effectiveness in preventing the spread of COVID-19”, “ease of implementation”, and “high acceptability to citizens” were recognized as the most important criteria. As for the ranking of strategies, “vaccinations”, “enhanced control of the country’s health resources”, “common health testing”, “formation of an emergency response team”, and “quarantining patients and those suspected of infection” are the top five strategies. Aside from that, the robustness of the approach was tested by performing a comparative analysis. The results illustrate that the applied methods reach the general best strategy rankings. The applied methodology and its analysis will provide insight to authorities for fighting against the severe pandemic in the long run. It may aid in solving many complicated challenges in government strategy selection and assessment. It is also a flexible design model for considering the evaluation criteria. Finally, this research provides valuable guidance for policymakers in other nations.
Collapse
|
80
|
El-Heneidy A, Ware RS, Robson JM, Cherian SG, Lambert SB, Grimwood K. Respiratory virus detection during the COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland, Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 46:10-15. [PMID: 34648214 PMCID: PMC8652525 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine if non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) impacted on respiratory virus detections in Queensland, Australia, during the COVID‐19 pandemic year of 2020. Methods: We analysed weekly counts of influenza, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus available from a Queensland laboratory network for the year 2020. These were compared with averaged counts from 2015 to 2019. Results: Overall, 686,199 tests were performed. The timing of NPI implementation was associated with a sharp and sustained decline in influenza, where during the typical annual influenza season (weeks 23–40) no cases were detected from 163,296 tests compared with an average of 26.1% (11,844/45,396) of tests positive in 2015–2019. Similar results were observed for human metapneumovirus and parainfluenza. Respiratory syncytial virus detections also declined but increased in weeks 48–52 (5.6%; 562/10,078) to exceed the 2015–2019 average (2.9%; 150/5,018). Rhinovirus detections increased after schools reopened, peaking in weeks 23–27 (57.4%; 36,228/63,115), exceeding the 2017–2019 detections during that period (21.9%; 8,365/38,072). Conclusions: NPIs implemented to control COVID‐19 were associated with altered frequency and proportions of respiratory virus detections. Implications for public health: NPIs derived from influenza pandemic plans were associated with profound decreases in influenza detections during 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa El-Heneidy
- School of Medicine and Dentistry and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland
| | - Robert S Ware
- School of Medicine and Dentistry and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland
| | - Jennifer M Robson
- Department of Microbiology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Queensland
| | - Sarah G Cherian
- Department of Microbiology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Queensland
| | | | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Dentistry and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland.,Departments of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Gold Coast Health, Queensland
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Stamm P, Sagoschen I, Weise K, Plachter B, Münzel T, Gori T, Vosseler M. Influenza and RSV incidence during COVID-19 pandemic-an observational study from in-hospital point-of-care testing. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:277-282. [PMID: 34604931 PMCID: PMC8487758 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has forced the implementation of unprecedented public health measures strategies which might also have a significant impact on the spreading of other viral pathogens such as influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) . The present study compares the incidences of the most relevant respiratory viruses before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in emergency room patients. We analyzed the results of in total 14,946 polymerase chain reaction point-of-care tests (POCT-PCR) for Influenza A, Influenza B, RSV and SARS-CoV-2 in an adult and a pediatric emergency room between December 1, 2018 and March 31, 2021. Despite a fivefold increase in the number of tests performed, the positivity rate for Influenza A dropped from 19.32% (165 positives of 854 tests in 2018/19), 14.57% (149 positives of 1023 in 2019–20) to 0% (0 positives of 4915 tests) in 2020/21. In analogy, the positivity rate for Influenza B and RSV dropped from 0.35 to 1.47%, respectively, 10.65–21.08% to 0% for both in 2020/21. The positivity rate for SARS-CoV2 reached 9.74% (110 of 1129 tests performed) during the so-called second wave in December 2020. Compared to the two previous years, seasonal influenza and RSV incidence was eliminated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Corona-related measures and human behavior patterns could lead to a significant decline or even complete suppression of other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Stamm
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ingo Sagoschen
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weise
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bodo Plachter
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tommaso Gori
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Vosseler
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Cheng X, Hu J, Luo L, Zhao Z, Zhang N, Hannah MN, Rui J, Lin S, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Yang M, Xu J, Liu X, Yang T, Liu W, Li P, Deng B, Li Z, Liu C, Huang J, Peng Z, Bao C, Chen T. Impact of interventions on the incidence of natural focal diseases during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Jiangsu Province, China. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:483. [PMID: 34538265 PMCID: PMC8449989 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the period of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, strong intervention measures, such as lockdown, travel restriction, and suspension of work and production, may have curbed the spread of other infectious diseases, including natural focal diseases. In this study, we aimed to study the impact of COVID-19 prevention and control measures on the reported incidence of natural focal diseases (brucellosis, malaria, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome [HFRS], dengue, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome [SFTS], rabies, tsutsugamushi and Japanese encephalitis [JE]). METHODS The data on daily COVID-19 confirmed cases and natural focal disease cases were collected from Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial CDC). We described and compared the difference between the incidence in 2020 and the incidence in 2015-2019 in four aspects: trend in reported incidence, age, sex, and urban and rural distribution. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) (p, d, q) × (P, D, Q)s model was adopted for natural focal diseases, malaria and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), and an ARIMA (p, d, q) model was adopted for dengue. Nonparametric tests were used to compare the reported and the predicted incidence in 2020, the incidence in 2020 and the previous 4 years, and the difference between the duration from illness onset date to diagnosed date (DID) in 2020 and in the previous 4 years. The determination coefficient (R2) was used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the model simulation. RESULTS Natural focal diseases in Jiangsu Province showed a long-term seasonal trend. The reported incidence of natural focal diseases, malaria and dengue in 2020 was lower than the predicted incidence, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The reported incidence of brucellosis in July, August, October and November 2020, and SFTS in May to November 2020 was higher than that in the same period in the previous 4 years (P < 0.05). The reported incidence of malaria in April to December 2020, HFRS in March, May and December 2020, and dengue in July to November 2020 was lower than that in the same period in the previous 4 years (P < 0.05). In males, the reported incidence of malaria in 2020 was lower than that in the previous 4 years, and the reported incidence of dengue in 2020 was lower than that in 2017-2019. The reported incidence of malaria in the 20-60-year age group was lower than that in the previous 4 years; the reported incidence of dengue in the 40-60-year age group was lower than that in 2016-2018. The reported cases of malaria in both urban and rural areas were lower than in the previous 4 years. The DID of brucellosis and SFTS in 2020 was shorter than that in 2015-2018; the DID of tsutsugamushi in 2020 was shorter than that in the previous 4 years. CONCLUSIONS Interventions for COVID-19 may help control the epidemics of natural focal diseases in Jiangsu Province. The reported incidence of natural focal diseases, especially malaria and dengue, decreased during the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. COVID-19 prevention and control measures had the greatest impact on the reported incidence of natural focal diseases in males and people in the 20-60-year age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Cheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Institution of Public Health), Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Institution of Public Health), Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Institution of Public Health), Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jia Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Peihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihang Peng
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Institution of Public Health), Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
De Francesco MA, Pollara C, Gargiulo F, Giacomelli M, Caruso A. Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189525. [PMID: 34574450 PMCID: PMC8469422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Different preventive public health measures were adopted globally to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, such as hand hygiene and the use of masks, travel restrictions, social distance actions such as the closure of schools and workplaces, case and contact tracing, quarantine and lockdown. These measures, in particular physical distancing and the use of masks, might have contributed to containing the spread of other respiratory viruses that occurs principally by contact and droplet routes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of different respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3 and 4, rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and human coronaviruses) after one year of the pandemic. Furthermore, another aim was to evaluate the possible impact of these non-pharmaceutical measures on the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses. This single center study was conducted between January 2017-February 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and March 2020-May 2021 (pandemic period). All adults >18 years with respiratory symptoms and tested for respiratory pathogens were included in the study. Nucleic acid detection of all respiratory viruses was performed by multiplex real time PCR. Our results show that the test positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human coronaviruses decreased with statistical significance during the pandemic. Contrary to this, for adenovirus the decrease was not statistically significant. Conversely, a statistically significant increase was detected for rhinovirus. Coinfections between different respiratory viruses were observed during the pre-pandemic period, while the only coinfection detected during pandemic was between SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus. To understand how the preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 might alter the transmission dynamics and epidemic patterns of respiratory viruses is fundamental to guide future preventive recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia De Francesco
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3995860
| | - Caterina Pollara
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Franco Gargiulo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Mauro Giacomelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Li Z, Yao Y, Lu X, Liu J, Huang Z, Sun X, Lu Y. Impact of a two-dose varicella immunization program on the incidence of varicella: a multi-year observational study in Shanghai, China. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1177-1183. [PMID: 34343035 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1963236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains hesitant to include a two-dose varicella vaccine (VarV) in a national routine immunization program in China. We aimed to quantify the impact of the two-dose VarV on varicella incidence in Shanghai. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We directly extracted the data of varicella cases and VarV doses in 2013-2020 in Shanghai, and then estimated the effects of two-dose VarV using a Serfling model. RESULTS A two-dose VarV immunization program has been extensively implemented since October 2017 and become free since August 2018 in Shanghai. Before and after this program, varicella cases significantly declined in children (P < 0.01), whereas did not in adults aged >18 years (P = 0.22). Compared to the predicted number of varicella cases, actual number was significantly lower by 8% in 2018 and 28% in 2019. Among children aged 4-6 years, the reduction in varicella cases was largest. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in varicella cases throughout 2020 (P < 0.001), in which the decrease due to social distancing for the COVID-19 was 54%. CONCLUSIONS A two-dose VarV immunization program may further reduce approximately one-third of varicella cases in Shanghai. Children <4 years and adults benefit less in this program, which warrants enhancing the immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Division Of Immunization, Shanghai Municipal Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Shanghai China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department Of Biostatistics, Ministry Of Education Key Laboratory Of Public Health Safety, School Of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Lu
- Department Of Epidemiology, Ministry Of Education Key Laboratory Of Public Health Safety, School Of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Jiechen Liu
- Division Of Immunization, Shanghai Municipal Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Shanghai China
| | - Zhuoying Huang
- Division Of Immunization, Shanghai Municipal Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Shanghai China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Division Of Immunization, Shanghai Municipal Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Shanghai China
| | - Yihan Lu
- Department Of Epidemiology, Ministry Of Education Key Laboratory Of Public Health Safety, School Of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Atopic Dermatitis Incidence in Korean Adolescents before and after COVID-19. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153446. [PMID: 34362229 PMCID: PMC8347114 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With changes in personal habits (masks and handwashing) during the COVID-19 outbreak, the study analyzed the reporting of physician-diagnosed cases (incidence) of allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis) using the data for years 2019 and 2020 from the Korean adolescent risk behavior web-based survey (KYRBWS-15 and 16). Altogether, 92,659 adolescents (48,443 in 2019 and 44,216 in 2020) were enrolled. The crude and adjusted odd ratios (ORs) were calculated for each disease in 2020 compared to that in 2019 using multiple logistic regression. Subgroup analyses were performed according to sex and economic status. The incidence of asthma decreased from 1.5% in 2019 to 1.0% 2020 (p < 0.001). The incidence of allergic rhinitis in 2019 and 2020 was 19.5% and 16.3%, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared with 2019, the adjusted OR (aOR) in 2020 was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.66–0.77, p value < 0.001) for asthma and 0.82 (95% CI = 0.78–0.85, p < 0.001) for allergic rhinitis. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference between the incidence of atopic dermatitis in 2019 and that in 2020 (6.4%, vs. 6.4%, p > 0.05, respectively). Subgroup analyses results were consistent. In conclusion, there was decrease in the incidence of asthma and allergic rhinitis but not in that of atopic dermatitis from 2019 to 2020.
Collapse
|
86
|
Yang YL, Kuo HC. Public Health Interventions for COVID-19 Reduce Kawasaki Disease in Taiwan. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8080623. [PMID: 34438515 PMCID: PMC8392252 DOI: 10.3390/children8080623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a syndrome of unknown cause that results in high fever and coronary vasculitis in children. The incidence of KD increased in Taiwan over the past few decades. Taiwanese government executed domains of early screening, effective methods for isolation or quarantine, and digital technologies for identifying potential cases for the early elimination strategy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and public health interventions for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 pandemic, leading to an effective reduction of the risk of airway infections in children. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether those public health interventions reduce the incidence of KD in 2020. Methods: Patients with KD who visited Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH) between 1 January, 2018, and 31 December, 2020 were included for trend analysis. This is a retrospective case series study conducted at the CGMH, which consists of a network of seven hospital branches equipped with more than 10,000 beds in different areas of Taiwan. Results: Compared with the 2018 and 2019 databases, the incidence of KD decreased significantly by 30% and 31%, respectively (p < 0.05) in 2020, when public health interventions were comprehensively implemented in Taiwan. This result shows that the incidence of KD decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan without change of the presentation KD (typical or incomplete) and percentage of IVIG resistance in 2020. Conclusion: As public health interventions were carried out for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the incidence of KD was significantly reduced in Taiwan. Is KD a preventable disease?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7731-7123 (ext. 8320)
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Wiese AD, Everson J, Grijalva CG. Social Distancing Measures: Evidence of Interruption of Seasonal Influenza Activity and Early Lessons of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e141-e143. [PMID: 32562538 PMCID: PMC7337694 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wiese
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordan Everson
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Dadras O, Alinaghi SAS, Karimi A, MohsseniPour M, Barzegary A, Vahedi F, Pashaei Z, Mirzapour P, Fakhfouri A, Zargari G, Saeidi S, Mojdeganlou H, Badri H, Qaderi K, Behnezhad F, Mehraeen E. Effects of COVID-19 prevention procedures on other common infections: a systematic review. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:67. [PMID: 34217366 PMCID: PMC8253677 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) began, necessary measures to prevent virus transmission and reduce mortality have been implemented, including mandatory public use of masks, regular hand-sanitizing and hand-washing, social distancing, avoidance of crowds, remote work, and cancellation of public events. During and after the introduction of COVID-19 lockout, we performed a systematic review of available published literature to investigate the incidence of seasonal influenza and other respiratory viral infections. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and the World Health Organization databases and websites were systematically searched for original studies concerning the impact of COVID-19 prevention means and measures on other common respiratory infectious diseases during the pandemic published by March 2021. RESULTS The findings showed that the adherence to health protocols to prevent COVID-19 could help to reduce the incidence of other infectious diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CONCLUSION The implemented prevention measures and protocols might have reduced the incidence of influenza and some other common respiratory infections. However, controversies exist on this matter and future large population-based studies might provide further information to address these controversies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Dadras
- School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Seyed Ahmad Seyed Alinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Karimi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad MohsseniPour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farzin Vahedi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pashaei
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazal Zargari
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Saeidi
- Department of Nursing, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | | | - Hajar Badri
- School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kowsar Qaderi
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzane Behnezhad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, 1419733141 Khalkhal, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Ullrich A, Schranz M, Rexroth U, Hamouda O, Schaade L, Diercke M, Boender TS. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated non-pharmaceutical interventions on other notifiable infectious diseases in Germany: An analysis of national surveillance data during week 1-2016 - week 32-2020. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2021; 6:100103. [PMID: 34557831 PMCID: PMC8454829 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and associated non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) affect healthcare seeking behaviour, access to healthcare, test strategies, disease notification and workload at public health authorities, but may also lead to a true change in transmission dynamics. We aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic and NPIs on other notifiable infectious diseases under surveillance in Germany. METHODS We included 32 nationally notifiable disease categories with case numbers >100/year in 2016-2019. We used quasi-Poisson regression analysis on a weekly aggregated time-series incorporating trend and seasonality, to compute the relative change in case numbers during week 2020-10 to 2020-32 (pandemic/NPIs), in comparison to week 2016-01 to 2020-09. FINDINGS During week 2020-10 to 2020-32, 216,825 COVID-19 cases, and 162,942 (-35%) cases of other diseases, were notified. Case numbers decreased across all ages and notification categories (all p<0•05), except for tick-borne encephalitis, which increased (+58%). The number of cases decreased most for respiratory diseases (from -86% for measles, to -12% for tuberculosis), gastro-intestinal diseases (from -83% for rotavirus gastroenteritis, to -7% for yersiniosis) and imported vector-borne diseases (-75% dengue fever, -73% malaria). The less affected infections were healthcare associated pathogens (from -43% infection/colonisation with carbapenem-non-susceptible Acinetobacter, to -28% for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus invasive infection) and sexually transmitted and blood-borne diseases (from -28% for hepatitis B, to -12% for syphilis). INTERPRETATION During the COVID-19 pandemic a drastic decrease of notifications for most infectious diseases and pathogens was observed. Our findings suggest effects of NPIs on overall disease transmission that require further investigation. FUNDING The Robert Koch Institute is the National Public Health Institute of Germany, and is an institute within the portfolio of the Federal Ministry of Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ullrich
- Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Madlen Schranz
- Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Rexroth
- Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Osamah Hamouda
- Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Schaade
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Diercke
- Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Sonia Boender
- Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Oh DY, Buda S, Biere B, Reiche J, Schlosser F, Duwe S, Wedde M, von Kleist M, Mielke M, Wolff T, Dürrwald R. Trends in respiratory virus circulation following COVID-19-targeted nonpharmaceutical interventions in Germany, January - September 2020: Analysis of national surveillance data. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2021; 6:100112. [PMID: 34124707 PMCID: PMC8183189 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the initial COVID-19 response, Germany's Federal Government implemented several nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that were instrumental in suppressing early exponential spread of SARS-CoV-2. NPI effect on the transmission of other respiratory viruses has not been examined at the national level thus far. METHODS Upper respiratory tract specimens from 3580 patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI), collected within the nationwide German ARI Sentinel, underwent RT-PCR diagnostics for multiple respiratory viruses. The observation period (weeks 1-38 of 2020) included the time before, during and after a far-reaching contact ban. Detection rates for different viruses were compared to 2017-2019 sentinel data (15350 samples; week 1-38, 11823 samples). FINDINGS The March 2020 contact ban, which was followed by a mask mandate, was associated with an unprecedented and sustained decline of multiple respiratory viruses. Among these, rhinovirus was the single agent that resurged to levels equalling those of previous years. Rhinovirus rebound was first observed in children, after schools and daycares had reopened. By contrast, other nonenveloped viruses (i.e. gastroenteritis viruses reported at the national level) suppressed after the shutdown did not rebound. INTERPRETATION Contact restrictions with a subsequent mask mandate in spring may substantially reduce respiratory virus circulation. This reduction appears sustained for most viruses, indicating that the activity of influenza and other respiratory viruses during the subsequent winter season might be low,whereas rhinovirus resurgence, potentially driven by transmission in educational institutions in a setting of waning population immunity, might signal predominance of rhinovirus-related ARIs. FUNDING Robert Koch-Institute and German Ministry of Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djin-Ye Oh
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | German National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Silke Buda
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Robert-Koch Institute, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | German National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Reiche
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | German National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Schlosser
- Computational Epidemiology (P4), Robert Koch-Institute, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Duwe
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | German National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marianne Wedde
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | German National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Max von Kleist
- Systems Medicine of Infectious Disease (P5), Robert Koch-Institute, Germany
| | - Martin Mielke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | German National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | German National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Nolen LD, Seeman S, Bruden D, Klejka J, Desnoyers C, Tiesinga J, Singleton R. Impact of Social Distancing and Travel Restrictions on Non-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Non-COVID-19) Respiratory Hospital Admissions in Young Children in Rural Alaska. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2196-2198. [PMID: 32888007 PMCID: PMC7499549 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospitalizations due to non-COVID-19 respiratory illnesses decreased dramatically after social distancing was implemented in a high-risk population in rural Alaska. Our data from the past ten respiratory seasons show that this decline is unprecedented. This demonstrates the potential secondary benefits of implementing social distancing and travel restrictions on respiratory illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leisha D Nolen
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Sara Seeman
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Dana Bruden
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Joe Klejka
- Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation, Bethel, Alaska, USA
| | | | - James Tiesinga
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Rosalyn Singleton
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.,Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Kitanovski S, Horemheb-Rubio G, Adams O, Gärtner B, Lengauer T, Hoffmann D, Kaiser R. Rhinovirus prevalence as indicator for efficacy of measures against SARS-CoV-2. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1178. [PMID: 34154549 PMCID: PMC8215636 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-pharmaceutical measures to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) should be carefully tuned as they can impose a heavy social and economic burden. To quantify and possibly tune the efficacy of these anti-SARS-CoV-2 measures, we have devised indicators based on the abundant historic and current prevalence data from other respiratory viruses. METHODS We obtained incidence data of 17 respiratory viruses from hospitalized patients and outpatients collected by 37 clinics and laboratories between 2010-2020 in Germany. With a probabilistic model for Bayes inference we quantified prevalence changes of the different viruses between months in the pre-pandemic period 2010-2019 and the corresponding months in 2020, the year of the pandemic with noninvasive measures of various degrees of stringency. RESULTS We discovered remarkable reductions δ in rhinovirus (RV) prevalence by about 25% (95% highest density interval (HDI) [-0.35,-0.15]) in the months after the measures against SARS-CoV-2 were introduced in Germany. In the months after the measures began to ease, RV prevalence increased to low pre-pandemic levels, e.g. in August 2020 δ=-0.14 (95% HDI [-0.28,0.12]). CONCLUSIONS RV prevalence is negatively correlated with the stringency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 measures with only a short time delay. This result suggests that RV prevalence could possibly be an indicator for the efficiency for these measures. As RV is ubiquitous at higher prevalence than SARS-CoV-2 or other emerging respiratory viruses, it could reflect the efficacy of noninvasive measures better than such emerging viruses themselves with their unevenly spreading clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simo Kitanovski
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Gibran Horemheb-Rubio
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, 50935, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Barbara Gärtner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Thomas Lengauer
- Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany.
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, 50935, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Park KY, Seo S, Han J, Park JY. Respiratory virus surveillance in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: An epidemiological analysis of the effectiveness of pandemic-related public health measures in reducing seasonal respiratory viruses test positivity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253451. [PMID: 34143839 PMCID: PMC8213179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various public health measures have been implemented globally to counter the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate respiratory virus surveillance data to determine the effectiveness of such interventions in reducing transmission of seasonal respiratory viruses. Method We retrospectively analysed data from the Respiratory Virus Detection Surveillance System in Canada, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, by interrupted time series regression. Results The national level of infection with seasonal respiratory viruses, which generally does not necessitate quarantine or contact screening, was greatly reduced after Canada imposed physical distancing and other quarantine measures. The 2019–2020 influenza season ended earlier than it did in the previous year. The influenza virus was replaced by rhinovirus/enterovirus or parainfluenza virus in the previous year, with the overall test positivity remaining at approximately 35%. However, during the 2019–2020 post-influenza period, the overall test positivity of respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 was still low (7.2%). Moreover, the 2020–2021 influenza season had not occurred by the end of February 2021. Conclusion Respiratory virus surveillance data may provide real-world evidence of the effectiveness of implemented public health interventions during the current and future pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Young Park
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sumin Seo
- Division of Biostatistics, Hallym Institute for Clinical Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Han
- Department of Statistics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Impact of social distancing on the spread of common respiratory viruses during the coronavirus disease outbreak. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252963. [PMID: 34125839 PMCID: PMC8202938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, social distancing was effective in controlling disease spread across South Korea. The impact of national social distancing on the spread of common respiratory virus infections has rarely been investigated. We evaluated the weekly proportion of negative respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results and weekly positive rates of each respiratory virus during the social distancing period (10th-41st weeks of 2020) and the corresponding period in different years, utilizing the national respiratory virus surveillance dataset reported by the Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The proportions of negative respiratory virus PCR test results increased up to 87.8% and 86.1% during level 3 and level 2 of the social distancing period, respectively. The higher the level of social distancing, the higher the proportion of negative respiratory virus PCR test results. During the social distancing period, the mean weekly positive rates for parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, human coronavirus, and human metapneumovirus were significantly lower than those during the same period in 2015-2019 (0.1% vs. 9.3%, P <0.001; 0.1% vs. 7.2%, P <0.001; 0.4% vs. 2.3%, P <0.001; and 0.2% vs. 5.3%, P <0.001, respectively). The mean positive rate for rhinovirus/enterovirus during level 3 social distancing was lower than that in the same period in 2015-2019 (8.5% vs. 19.0%, P <0.001), but the rate during level 1 social distancing was higher than that in the same period in 2015-2019 (38.3% vs. 19.4%, P <0.001). The national application of social distancing reduced the spread of common respiratory virus infections during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
95
|
Yum S, Hong K, Sohn S, Kim J, Chun BC. Trends in Viral Respiratory Infections During COVID-19 Pandemic, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1685-1688. [PMID: 34013875 PMCID: PMC8153859 DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.210135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared weekly positivity rates of 8 respiratory viruses in South Korea during 2010-2019 and 2020. The overall mean positivity rate for these viruses decreased from 54.7% in 2010-2019 to 39.1% in 2020. Pandemic control measures might have reduced the incidence of many, but not all, viral respiratory infections.
Collapse
|
96
|
Stoffel L, Agyeman PKA, Keitel K, Barbani MT, Duppenthaler A, Kopp MV, Aebi C. Striking Decrease of Enteroviral Meningitis in Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab115. [PMID: 34183977 PMCID: PMC8083471 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the unprecedented complete absence of pediatric enteroviral meningitis in 2020 in the area of Bern, Switzerland. Presumably an unintended effect of coronavirus disease 2019 public health measures, this finding highlights the potential of community-wide nonpharmaceutical interventions for controlling the circulation of a major pediatric pathogen, which is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Stoffel
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp K A Agyeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Keitel
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Duppenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias V Kopp
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Aebi
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Lee H, Choi H, Yang B, Lee SK, Park TS, Park DW, Moon JY, Kim TH, Sohn JW, Yoon HJ, Kim SH. Interstitial lung disease increases susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.04125-2020. [PMID: 33888524 PMCID: PMC8061231 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.04125-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background There are limited data regarding the relationship between interstitial lung disease (ILD) and the natural course of COVID-19. In this study, we investigate whether patients with ILD are more susceptible to COVID-19 than those without ILD and evaluate the impact of ILD on disease severity in patients with COVID-19. Methods A nationwide cohort of patients with COVID-19 (n=8070) and a 1:15 age-, sex- and residential area-matched cohort (n=121 050) were constructed between 1 January 2020 and 30 May 2020 in Korea. We performed a nested case–control study to compare the proportions of patients with ILD between the COVID-19 cohort and the matched cohort. Using the COVID-19 cohort, we also evaluated the risk of severe COVID-19 in patients with ILD versus those without ILD. Results The proportion of patients with ILD was significantly higher in the COVID-19 cohort than in the matched cohort (0.8% versus 0.4%; p<0.001). The odds of having ILD was significantly higher in the COVID-19 cohort than in the matched cohort (adjusted OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.54–2.61). Among patients in the COVID-19 cohort, patients with ILD were more likely to have severe COVID-19 than patients without ILD (47.8% versus 12.6%), including mortality (13.4% versus 2.8%) (all p<0.001). The risk of severe COVID-19 was significantly higher in patients with ILD than in those without ILD (adjusted OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.24–4.01). Conclusion The risks of COVID-19 and severe presentation were significantly higher in patients with ILD than in those without ILD. The risks of COVID-19 and severe presentation were significantly higher in patients with ILD than in those without ILD. Clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of COVID-19 in their ILD patients and manage them appropriately amid this pandemic.https://bit.ly/3guOE6d
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,These three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,These three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bumhee Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea.,These three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Mathematics, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tai Sun Park
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Won Park
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Moon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Won Sohn
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Joo Yoon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Huh K, Jung J, Hong J, Kim M, Ahn JG, Kim JH, Kang JM. Impact of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on the Incidence of Respiratory Infections During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in Korea: A Nationwide Surveillance Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e184-e191. [PMID: 33150393 PMCID: PMC7665442 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many countries have implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to slow the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to determine whether NPIs led to the decline in the incidences of respiratory infections. Methods We conducted a retrospective, ecological study using a nationwide notifiable diseases database and a respiratory virus sample surveillance collected from January 2016 through July 2020 in the Republic of Korea. Intervention period was defined as February–July 2020, when the government implemented NPIs nationwide. Observed incidences in the intervention period were compared to the predicted incidences by autoregressive integrated moving average model and the 4-year mean cumulative incidences (CuIs) in the same months of the pre-intervention period. Results Five infectious diseases met the inclusion criteria: chickenpox, mumps, invasive pneumococcal disease, scarlet fever, and pertussis. The incidences of chickenpox and mumps during the intervention period were significantly lower than the prediction model. The CuIs of chickenpox and mumps were 36.4% (95% CI, 23.9–76.3) and 63.4% (95% CI, 48.0–93.3) of the predicted values. Subgroup analysis showed that the decrease in the incidence was universal for chickenpox, while mumps showed a marginal reduction among those aged <18 years, but not in adults. The incidence of respiratory viruses was significantly lower than both the predicted incidence (19.5%; 95% CI, 11.8–55.4%) and the 4-year mean CuIs in the pre-intervention period (24.5%; P<0.001). Conclusions The implementation of NPIs was associated with a significant reduction in the incidences of several respiratory infections in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehun Jung
- Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jinwook Hong
- Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - MinYoung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Gyun Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hun Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ji-Man Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Ortelan N, Ferreira AJF, Leite L, Pescarini JM, Souto AC, Barreto ML, Aquino EML. Cloth masks in public places: an essential intervention to prevent COVID-19 in Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:669-692. [PMID: 33605343 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021262.36702020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the use of masks is an indispensable protective measure against COVID-19, given the high transmissibility of the new coronavirus through the respiratory system, including by asymptomatic individuals. The use of cloth masks in public places has been established as a protective measure to be adopted alongside social distancing and hand hygiene. This narrative review aims to systematize the scientific evidence that informs the widespread use of cloth masks as a preventive measure against COVID-19 and to describe the evolution of positions contrary to or in favor of its use outside the home, in view of the advance of the new coronavirus pandemic globally. The scientific articles, technical notes, governmental decrees and other documents analyzed indicate that widespread use of masks has the potential to reduce the spread of the new coronavirus. We recommend that the Brazilian government adopt strategies to increase the supply of reusable cloth masks to the public, especially to vulnerable populations and to support studies on the impact of this measure to control the pandemic in the country. Finally, it is imperative to ensure that use of masks does not exacerbate stigmatization of racial groups that already face prejudice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiá Ortelan
- Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde, Fiocruz Bahia. R. Mundo s/n, Trobogy. 41745-715 Salvador BA Brasil.
| | | | | | - Julia Moreira Pescarini
- Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde, Fiocruz Bahia. R. Mundo s/n, Trobogy. 41745-715 Salvador BA Brasil.
| | - Ana Cristina Souto
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). Salvador BA Brasil
| | - Mauricio Lima Barreto
- Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde, Fiocruz Bahia. R. Mundo s/n, Trobogy. 41745-715 Salvador BA Brasil.
| | - Estela M L Aquino
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). Salvador BA Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Lee H, Choi YY, Sohn YJ, Kim YK, Han MS, Yun KW, Kim K, Park JY, Choi JH, Cho EY, Choi EH. Clinical Efficacy of Doxycycline for Treatment of Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020192. [PMID: 33671151 PMCID: PMC7921960 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In areas with high prevalence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) pneumonia, treatment in children has become challenging. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of macrolides and doxycycline with regard to the presence of macrolide resistance. We analyzed children with MP pneumonia during the two recent epidemics of 2014–2015 and 2019–2020 from four hospitals in Korea. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from children with pneumonia for MP cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Macrolide resistance was determined by the analysis of 23S rRNA gene transition. Time to defervescence and to chest X-ray improvement were analyzed. Of 145 cases, the median age was 5.0 years and MRMP accounted for 59 (40.7%). Among macrolide-susceptible MP (MSMP), 78 (90.7%) were treated with macrolides and 21 (35.6%) in the MRMP group with doxycycline. In MRMP pneumonia, shorter days to defervescence (2 vs. 5 days, p < 0.001) and to chest X-ray improvement (3 vs. 6 days, p < 0.001) in the doxycycline group than in the macrolide group was observed, whereas no differences were observed among children with MSMP pneumonia. Compared to macrolides, treatment with doxycycline resulted in better outcomes with a shorter time to defervescence and to chest X-ray improvement among children with MRMP pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.L.); (K.W.Y.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea;
| | - Youn Young Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.Y.C.); (Y.J.S.); (Y.K.K.)
| | - Young Joo Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.Y.C.); (Y.J.S.); (Y.K.K.)
| | - Ye Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.Y.C.); (Y.J.S.); (Y.K.K.)
| | - Mi Seon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea;
| | - Ki Wook Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.L.); (K.W.Y.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.Y.C.); (Y.J.S.); (Y.K.K.)
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea;
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Korea;
| | - Jae Hong Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Korea;
| | - Eun Young Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.L.); (K.W.Y.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.Y.C.); (Y.J.S.); (Y.K.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|