51
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Schuetze KB, McKinsey TA, Long CS. Targeting cardiac fibroblasts to treat fibrosis of the heart: focus on HDACs. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 70:100-7. [PMID: 24631770 PMCID: PMC4080911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is implicated in numerous physiologic and pathologic conditions, including scar formation, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. However the specific cells and signaling pathways mediating this process are poorly understood. Lysine acetylation of nucleosomal histone tails is an important mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Additionally, proteomic studies have revealed that thousands of proteins in all cellular compartments are subject to reversible lysine acetylation, and thus it is becoming clear that this post-translational modification will rival phosphorylation in terms of biological import. Acetyl groups are conjugated to lysine by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and removed from lysine by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Recent studies have shown that pharmacologic agents that alter lysine acetylation by targeting HDACs have the remarkable ability to block pathological fibrosis. Here, we review the current understanding of cardiac fibroblasts and the fibrogenic process with respect to the roles of lysine acetylation in the control of disease-related cardiac fibrosis. Potential for small molecule HDAC inhibitors as anti-fibrotic therapeutics that target cardiac fibroblasts is highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium."
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Schuetze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
| | - Carlin S Long
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
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52
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Goldsmith EC, Bradshaw AD, Zile MR, Spinale FG. Myocardial fibroblast-matrix interactions and potential therapeutic targets. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 70:92-9. [PMID: 24472826 PMCID: PMC4005609 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic structure, adapting to physiological and pathological stresses placed on the myocardium. Deposition and organization of the matrix fall under the purview of cardiac fibroblasts. While often overlooked compared to myocytes, fibroblasts play a critical role in maintaining ECM homeostasis under normal conditions and in response to pathological stimuli assume an activated, myofibroblast phenotype associated with excessive collagen accumulation contributing to impaired cardiac function. Complete appreciation of fibroblast function is hampered by the lack of fibroblast-specific reagents and the heterogeneity of fibroblast precursors. This is further complicated by our ability to dissect the role of myofibroblasts versus fibroblasts in myocardial in remodeling. This review highlights critical points in the regulation of collagen deposition by fibroblasts, the current panel of molecular tools used to identify fibroblasts and the role of fibroblast-matrix interactions in fibroblast function and differentiation into the myofibroblast phenotype. The clinical potential of exploiting differences between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts and using them to target specific fibroblast populations is also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium."
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Affiliation(s)
- Edie C Goldsmith
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Amy D Bradshaw
- Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael R Zile
- Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Francis G Spinale
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, USA; Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, USA; WJB Dorn Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
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53
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Role of adenosine A2B receptor signaling in contribution of cardiac mesenchymal stem-like cells to myocardial scar formation. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:477-86. [PMID: 24584483 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine levels increase in ischemic hearts and contribute to the modulation of that pathological environment. We previously showed that A2B adenosine receptors on mouse cardiac Sca1(+)CD31(-) mesenchymal stromal cells upregulate secretion of paracrine factors that may contribute to the improvement in cardiac recovery seen when these cells are transplanted in infarcted hearts. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that A2B receptor signaling regulates the transition of Sca1(+)CD31(-) cells, which occurs after myocardial injury, into a myofibroblast phenotype that promotes myocardial repair and remodeling. In vitro, TGFβ1 induced the expression of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and increased collagen I generation in Sca1(+)CD31(-) cells. Stimulation of A2B receptors attenuated TGFβ1-induced collagen I secretion but had no effect on αSMA expression. In vivo, myocardial infarction resulted in a rapid increase in the numbers of αSMA-positive cardiac stromal cells by day 5 followed by a gradual decline. Genetic deletion of A2B receptors had no effect on the initial accumulation of αSMA-expressing stromal cells but hastened their subsequent decline; the numbers of αSMA-positive cells including Sca1(+)CD31(-) cells remained significantly higher in wild type compared with A2B knockout hearts. Thus, our study revealed a significant contribution of cardiac Sca1(+)CD31(-) cells to the accumulation of αSMA-expressing cells after infarction and implicated A2B receptor signaling in regulation of myocardial repair and remodeling by delaying deactivation of these cells. It is plausible that this phenomenon may contribute to the beneficial effects of transplantation of these cells to the injured heart.
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54
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Ramkisoensing AA, de Vries AAF, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ, Pijnappels DA. Interaction between myofibroblasts and stem cells in the fibrotic heart: balancing between deterioration and regeneration. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:224-31. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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55
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Moldovan NI, Anghelina M, Varadharaj S, Butt OI, Wang T, Yang F, Moldovan L, Zweier JL. Reoxygenation-derived toxic reactive oxygen/nitrogen species modulate the contribution of bone marrow progenitor cells to remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000471. [PMID: 24419735 PMCID: PMC3959689 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The core region of a myocardial infarction is notoriously unsupportive of cardiomyocyte survival. However, there has been less investigation of the potentially beneficial spontaneous recruitment of endogenous bone marrow progenitor cells (BMPCs) within infarcted areas. In the current study we examined the role of tissue oxygenation and derived toxic species in the control of BMPC engraftment during postinfarction heart remodeling. Methods and Results For assessment of cellular origin, local oxygenation, redox status, and fate of cells in the infarcted region, myocardial infarction in mice with or without LacZ+ bone marrow transplantation was induced by coronary ligation. Sham‐operated mice served as controls. After 1 week, LacZ+ BMPC‐derived cells were found inhomogeneously distributed into the infarct zone, with a lower density at its core. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry showed that pO2 in the infarct recovered starting on day 2 post–myocardial infarction, concomitant with wall thinning and erythrocytes percolating through muscle microruptures. Paralleling this reoxygenation, increased generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species was detected at the infarct core. This process delineated a zone of diminished BMPC engraftment, and at 1 week infiltrating cells displayed immunoreactive 3‐nitrotyrosine and apoptosis. In vivo treatment with a superoxide dismutase mimetic significantly reduced reactive oxygen species formation and amplified BMPC accumulation. This treatment also salvaged wall thickness by 43% and left ventricular ejection fraction by 27%, with significantly increased animal survival. Conclusions BMPC engraftment in the infarct inversely mirrored the distribution of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Antioxidant treatment resulted in increased numbers of engrafted BMPCs, provided functional protection to the heart, and decreased the incidence of myocardial rupture and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicanor I Moldovan
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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56
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Bani D, Nistri S. New insights into the morphogenic role of stromal cells and their relevance for regenerative medicine. lessons from the heart. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:363-70. [PMID: 24533677 PMCID: PMC3955144 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term stromal cells is referred to cells of direct or indirect (hematopoietic) mesenchymal origin, and encompasses different cell populations residing in the connective tissue, which share the ability to produce the macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix and to organize them in the correct spatial assembly. In physiological conditions, stromal cells are provided with the unique ability to shape a proper three-dimensional scaffold and stimulate the growth and differentiation of parenchymal precursors to give rise to tissues and organs. Thus, stromal cells have an essential function in the regulation of organ morphogenesis and regeneration. In pathological conditions, under the influence of local pro-inflammatory mediators, stromal cells can be prompted to differentiate into myofibroblasts, which rather express a fibrogenic phenotype required for prompt deposition of reparatory scar tissue. Indeed, scarring may be interpreted as an emergency healing response to injury typical of evolved animals, like mammals, conceivably directed to preserve survival at the expense of function. However, under appropriate conditions, the original ability of stromal cells to orchestrate organ regeneration, which is typical of some lower vertebrates and mammalian embryos, can be resumed. These concepts underline the importance of expanding the knowledge on the biological properties of stromal cells and their role as key regulators of the three-dimensional architecture of the organs in view of the refinement of the therapeutic protocols of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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57
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Williams SM, Golden-Mason L, Ferguson BS, Schuetze KB, Cavasin MA, Demos-Davies K, Yeager ME, Stenmark KR, McKinsey TA. Class I HDACs regulate angiotensin II-dependent cardiac fibrosis via fibroblasts and circulating fibrocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 67:112-25. [PMID: 24374140 PMCID: PMC4120952 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, which is defined as excessive accumulation of fibrous connective tissue, contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases involving diverse organ systems. Cardiac fibrosis predisposes individuals to myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias and sudden death, and is commonly associated with diastolic dysfunction. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors block cardiac fibrosis in pre-clinical models of heart failure. However, which HDAC isoforms govern cardiac fibrosis, and the mechanisms by which they do so, remains unclear. Here, we show that selective inhibition of class I HDACs potently suppresses angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated cardiac fibrosis by targeting two key effector cell populations, cardiac fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived fibrocytes. Class I HDAC inhibition blocks cardiac fibroblast cell cycle progression through derepression of the genes encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, p15 and p57. In contrast, class I HDAC inhibitors block agonist-dependent differentiation of fibrocytes through a mechanism involving repression of ERK1/2 signaling. These findings define novel roles for class I HDACs in the control of pathological cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, since fibrocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including heart, lung and kidney failure, our results suggest broad utility for isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors as anti-fibrotic agents that function, in part, by targeting these circulating mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bradley S Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine B Schuetze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maria A Cavasin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kim Demos-Davies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael E Yeager
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
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58
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Cieslik KA, Trial J, Crawford JR, Taffet GE, Entman ML. Adverse fibrosis in the aging heart depends on signaling between myeloid and mesenchymal cells; role of inflammatory fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 70:56-63. [PMID: 24184998 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been associated with adverse fibrosis. Here we formulate a new hypothesis and present new evidence that unresponsiveness of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and fibroblasts to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), due to reduced expression of TGF-β receptor I (TβRI), provides a foundation for cardiac fibrosis in the aging heart via two mechanisms. 1) TGF-β promotes expression of Nanog, a transcription factor that retains MSC in a primitive state. In MSC derived from the aging heart, Nanog expression is reduced and therefore MSC gradually differentiate and the number of mesenchymal fibroblasts expressing collagen increases. 2) As TGF-β signaling pathway components negatively regulate transcription of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a reduced expression of TβRI prevents aging mesenchymal cells from shutting down their own MCP-1 expression. Elevated MCP-1 levels that originated from MSC attract transendothelial migration of mononuclear leukocytes from blood to the tissue. MCP-1 expressed by mesenchymal fibroblasts promotes further migration of monocytes and T lymphocytes away from the endothelial barrier and supports the monocyte transition into macrophages and finally into myeloid fibroblasts. Both myeloid and mesenchymal fibroblasts contribute to fibrosis in the aging heart via collagen synthesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium ".
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - JoAnn Trial
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Crawford
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George E Taffet
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark L Entman
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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59
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Braitsch CM, Kanisicak O, van Berlo JH, Molkentin JD, Yutzey KE. Differential expression of embryonic epicardial progenitor markers and localization of cardiac fibrosis in adult ischemic injury and hypertensive heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 65:108-19. [PMID: 24140724 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic heart development, the transcription factors Tcf21, Wt1, and Tbx18 regulate activation and differentiation of epicardium-derived cells, including fibroblast lineages. Expression of these epicardial progenitor factors and localization of cardiac fibrosis were examined in mouse models of cardiovascular disease and in human diseased hearts. Following ischemic injury in mice, epicardial fibrosis is apparent in the thickened layer of subepicardial cells that express Wt1, Tbx18, and Tcf21. Perivascular fibrosis with predominant expression of Tcf21, but not Wt1 or Tbx18, occurs in mouse models of pressure overload or hypertensive heart disease, but not following ischemic injury. Areas of interstitial fibrosis in ischemic and hypertensive hearts actively express Tcf21, Wt1, and Tbx18. In all areas of fibrosis, cells that express epicardial progenitor factors are distinct from CD45-positive immune cells. In human diseased hearts, differential expression of Tcf21, Wt1, and Tbx18 also is detected with epicardial, perivascular, and interstitial fibrosis, indicating conservation of reactivated developmental mechanisms in cardiac fibrosis in mice and humans. Together, these data provide evidence for distinct fibrogenic mechanisms that include Tcf21, separate from Wt1 and Tbx18, in different fibroblast populations in response to specific types of cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Braitsch
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, ML 7020, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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60
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Cieslik KA, Taffet GE, Crawford JR, Trial J, Mejia Osuna P, Entman ML. AICAR-dependent AMPK activation improves scar formation in the aged heart in a murine model of reperfused myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 63:26-36. [PMID: 23871790 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that scar formation after myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with an endogenous pool of CD44(pos)CD45(neg) multipotential mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). MSC differentiate into fibroblasts secreting collagen that forms a scar and mature into myofibroblasts that express alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) that stabilizes the scar. In the aging mouse, cardiac repair after MI is associated with impaired differentiation of MSC; MSC derived from the aged hearts form dysfunctional fibroblasts that deposit less collagen in response to transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and poorly mature into myofibroblasts. We found in vitro that the defect in myofibroblast maturation can be remedied by AICAR, which activates non-canonical TGF-β signaling through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In the present study, we injected aged mice with AICAR and subjected them to 1h occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and then reperfusion for up to 30days. AICAR-dependent AMPK signaling led to mobilization of an endogenous CD44(pos)CD45(neg) MSC and its differentiation towards fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the infarct. This was accompanied by enhanced collagen deposition and collagen fiber maturation in the scar. The AICAR-treated group has demonstrated reduced adverse remodeling as indicated by improved apical end diastolic dimension but no changes in ejection fraction and cardiac output were observed. We concluded that these data indicate the novel, previously not described role of AMPK in the post-MI scar formation. These findings can potentially lead to a new therapeutic strategy for prevention of adverse remodeling in the aging heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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61
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex entity containing a large portfolio of structural proteins, signaling molecules, and proteases. Changes in the overall integrity and activational state of these ECM constituents can contribute to tissue structure and function, which is certainly true of the myocardium. Changes in the expression patterns and activational states of a family of ECM proteolytic enzymes, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have been identified in all forms of left ventricle remodeling and can be a contributory factor in the progression to heart failure. However, new clinical and basic research has identified some surprising and unpredicted changes in MMP profiles in left ventricle remodeling processes, such as with pressure or volume overload, as well as with myocardial infarction. From these studies, it has become recognized that proteolytic processing of signaling molecules by certain MMP types, particularly the transmembrane MMPs, actually may facilitate ECM accumulation and modulate fibroblast transdifferentiation; both are critical events in adverse left ventricle remodeling. Based on the ever-increasing substrates and diversity of biological actions of MMPs, it is likely that continued research about the relationship of left ventricle remodeling in this family of proteases will yield new insights into the ECM remodeling process and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Spinale
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, CBA, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC, USA.
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62
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Cieslik KA, Trial J, Carlson S, Taffet GE, Entman ML. Aberrant differentiation of fibroblast progenitors contributes to fibrosis in the aged murine heart: role of elevated circulating insulin levels. FASEB J 2013; 27:1761-71. [PMID: 23303205 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-220145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With age, the collagen content of the heart increases, leading to interstitial fibrosis. We have shown that CD44(pos) fibroblasts derived from aged murine hearts display reduced responsiveness to TGF-β but, paradoxically, have increased collagen expression in vivo and in vitro. We postulated that this phenomenon was due to the defect in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation in a setting of elevated circulating insulin levels and production that we observed in aging mice. We discovered that cultured fibroblasts derived from aged but not young cardiac MSCs of nonhematopoietic lineage displayed increased basal and insulin-induced (1 nM) collagen expression (2-fold), accompanied by increased farnesyltransferase (FTase) and Erk activities. In a quest for a possible mechanism, we found that a chronic pathophysiologic insulin concentration (1 nM) caused abnormal fibroblast differentiation of MSCs isolated from young hearts. Fibroblasts derived from these MSCs responded to insulin by elevating collagen expression as seen in untreated aged fibroblast cultures, suggesting a causal link between increased insulin levels and defective MSC responses. Here we report an insulin-dependent pathway that specifically targets collagen type I transcriptional activation leading to a unique mechanism of fibrosis that is TGF-β and inflammation-independent in the aged heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, One Baylor Plaza, Mail Station BCM620, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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63
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Pesce M, Pompilio G, Polvani G, Capogrossi MC. When Stemness Meets Engineering: Towards “Niche” Control of Stem Cell Functions for Enhanced Cardiovascular Regeneration. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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64
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Isolation, characterization and differentiation potential of cardiac progenitor cells in adult pigs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:706-19. [PMID: 22228441 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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65
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Religa P. The future application of induced pluripotent stem cells in vascular regenerative medicine. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:348-9. [PMID: 23090608 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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66
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Goldsmith EC, Bradshaw AD, Spinale FG. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 2. Contributory pathways leading to myocardial fibrosis: moving beyond collagen expression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C393-402. [PMID: 23174564 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00347.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
While the term "fibrosis" can be misleading in terms of the complex patterns and processes of myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, fibrillar collagen accumulation is a common consequence of relevant pathophysiological stimuli, such as pressure overload (PO) and myocardial infarction (MI). Fibrillar collagen accumulation in both PO and MI is predicated on a number of diverse cellular and extracellular events, which include changes in fibroblast phenotype (transdifferentiation), posttranslational processing and assembly, and finally, degradation. The expansion of a population of transformed fibroblasts/myofibroblasts is a significant cellular event with respect to ECM remodeling in both PO and MI. The concept that this cellular expansion within the myocardial ECM may be due, at least in part, to endothelial-mesenchymal transformation and thereby not dissimilar to events observed in cancer progression holds intriguing future possibilities. Studies regarding determinants of procollagen processing, such as procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer (PCOLCE), and collagen assembly, such as the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), have identified potential new targets for modifying the fibrotic response in both PO and MI. Finally, the transmembrane matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-14, underscore the diversity and complexity of this ECM proteolytic family as this protease can degrade the ECM as well as induce a profibrotic response. The growing recognition that the myocardial ECM is a dynamic entity containing a diversity of matricellular and nonstructural proteins as well as proteases and that the fibrillar collagens can change in structure and content in a rapid temporal fashion has opened up new avenues for modulating what was once considered an irreversible event--myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edie C Goldsmith
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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67
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Common threads in cardiac fibrosis, infarct scar formation, and wound healing. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:19. [PMID: 23114500 PMCID: PMC3534582 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing, cardiac fibrosis, and infarct scar development, while possessing distinct features, share a number of key functional similarities, including extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that are common to these processes may suggest novel therapeutic approaches for pathologic situations such as fibrosis, or defective wound healing such as hypertrophic scarring or keloid formation. This manuscript will briefly review the major steps of wound healing, and will contrast this process with how cardiac infarct scar formation or interstitial fibrosis occurs. The feasibility of targeting common pro-fibrotic growth factor signaling pathways will be discussed. Finally, the potential exploitation of novel regulators of wound healing and fibrosis (ski and scleraxis), will be examined.
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68
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Crawford JR, Haudek SB, Cieslik KA, Trial J, Entman ML. Origin of developmental precursors dictates the pathophysiologic role of cardiac fibroblasts. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:749-59. [PMID: 22972312 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts in the heart play a critical function in the secretion and modulation of extracellular matrix critical for optimal cellular architecture and mechanical stability required for its mechanical function. Fibroblasts are also intimately involved in both adaptive and nonadaptive responses to cardiac injury. Fibroblasts provide the elaboration of extracellular matrix and, as myofibroblasts, are responsible for cross-linking this matrix to form a mechanically stable scar after myocardial infarction. By contrast, during heart failure, fibroblasts secrete extracellular matrix, which manifests itself as excessive interstitial fibrosis that may mechanically limit cardiac function and distort cardiac architecture (adverse remodeling). This review examines the hypothesis that fibroblasts mediating scar formation and fibroblasts mediating interstitial fibrosis arise from different cellular precursors and in response to different autocoidal signaling cascades. We demonstrate that fibroblasts which generate scars arise from endogenous mesenchymal stem cells, whereas those mediating adverse remodeling are of myeloid origin and represent immunoinflammatory dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Crawford
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston TX, 77030, USA
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Wang JS, Kovanecz I, Vernet D, Nolazco G, Kopchok GE, Chow SL, White RA, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF. Effects of sildenafil and/or muscle derived stem cells on myocardial infarction. J Transl Med 2012; 10:159. [PMID: 22871104 PMCID: PMC3476974 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that long-term oral daily PDE 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) counteract fibrosis, cell loss, and the resulting dysfunction in tissues of various rat organs and that implantation of skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) exerts some of these effects. PDE5i and stem cells in combination were found to be more effective in non-MI cardiac repair than each treatment separately. We have now investigated whether sildenafil at lower doses and MDSC, alone or in combination are effective to attenuate LV remodeling after MI in rats. Methods MI was induced in rats by ligature of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Treatment groups were: “Series A”: 1) untreated; 2) oral sildenafil 3 mg/kg/day from day 1; and “Series B”: intracardiac injection at day 7 of: 3) saline; 4) rat MDSC (106 cells); 5) as #4, with sildenafil as in #2. Before surgery, and at 1 and 4 weeks, the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured. LV sections were stained for collagen, myofibroblasts, apoptosis, cardiomyocytes, and iNOS, followed by quantitative image analysis. Western blots estimated angiogenesis and myofibroblast accumulation, as well as potential sildenafil tachyphylaxis by PDE 5 expression. Zymography estimated MMPs 2 and 9 in serum. Results As compared to untreated MI rats, sildenafil improved LVEF, reduced collagen, myofibroblasts, and circulating MMPs, and increased cardiac troponin T. MDSC replicated most of these effects and stimulated cardiac angiogenesis. Concurrent MDSC/sildenafil counteracted cardiomyocyte and endothelial cells loss, but did not improve LVEF or angiogenesis, and upregulated PDE 5. Conclusions Long-term oral sildenafil, or MDSC given separately, reduce the MI fibrotic scar and improve left ventricular function in this rat model. The failure of the treatment combination may be due to inducing overexpression of PDE5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Sc Wang
- Department of Surgery, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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The role of cardiac fibroblasts in the transition from inflammation to fibrosis following myocardial infarction. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 58:182-8. [PMID: 22885638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a pivotal role in the repair and remodeling of the heart that occur following myocardial infarction (MI). The transition through the inflammatory, granulation and maturation phases of infarct healing is driven by cellular responses to local levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that fluctuate in a temporal and spatial manner. In the acute inflammatory phase early after MI, CF contribute to the inflammatory milieu through increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and they promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by increasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity. In the granulation phase, CF migrate into the infarct zone, proliferate and produce MMPs and pro-angiogenic molecules to facilitate revascularization. Fibroblasts also undergo a phenotypic change to become myofibroblasts. In the maturation phase, inflammation is reduced by anti-inflammatory cytokines, and increased levels of profibrotic stimuli induce myofibroblasts to synthesize new ECM to form a scar. The scar is contracted through the mechanical force generated by myofibroblasts, preventing cardiac dilation. In this review we discuss the transition from myocardial inflammation to fibrosis with particular focus on how CF respond to alterations in proinflammatory and profibrotic signals. By furthering our understanding of these events, it is hoped that new therapeutic interventions will be developed that selectively reduce adverse myocardial remodeling post-MI, while sparing essential repair mechanisms.
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Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells: strategies, challenges, and potential for cutaneous regeneration. Front Med 2012; 6:41-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-012-0175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mesenchymal stem cells and cardiovascular disease: a bench to bedside roadmap. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:175979. [PMID: 22315617 PMCID: PMC3270473 DOI: 10.1155/2012/175979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incredible boost in stem cell research has kindled the expectations of both patients and physicians. Mesenchymal progenitors, owing to their availability, ease of manipulation, and therapeutic potential, have become one of the most attractive options for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, from cartilage defects to cardiac disorders. Moreover, their immunomodulatory capacity has opened up their allogenic use, consequently broadening the possibilities for their application. In this review, we will focus on their use in the therapy of myocardial infarction, looking at their characteristics, in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of action, as well as clinical trials.
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Cieslik KA, Trial J, Entman ML. Defective myofibroblast formation from mesenchymal stem cells in the aging murine heart rescue by activation of the AMPK pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1792-806. [PMID: 21819956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aged mice in a murine model of myocardial infarction exhibit less effective myocardial repair. We hypothesized that the deficiency arises from altered lineage choice of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and faulty maturation of myofibroblasts. Examination of cardiac MSCs revealed a substantial reduction in the pluripotency marker Nanog in cells from aged mice. In addition, the aged MSCs demonstrated a redirected lineage choice that favored adipocytic commitment over fibroblast or myofibroblast differentiation. Fibroblasts derived from aged MSCs demonstrated reduced expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors I and II and diminished SMAD3 phosphorylation, associated with attenuated contractility and migration. Overexpression of constitutively active TGF-β receptor I in aged cardiac fibroblasts ameliorated their defective motility but did not improve their contractility. Culturing of MSCs and fibroblasts with AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside) to activate adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase resulted in TGF-β-dependent development of myofibroblasts with markedly enhanced contractility despite no reduction in adipocytic commitment or increased expression of TGF-β receptors and SMAD3 phosphorylation. The data suggest an adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase-dependent gain of function as mediated by phosphorylation of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which amplifies the response to TGF-β1 via a non-canonical pathway, thus compensating for the reduced expression of TGF-β receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and the Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Burba I, Colombo GI, Staszewsky LI, De Simone M, Devanna P, Nanni S, Avitabile D, Molla F, Cosentino S, Russo I, De Angelis N, Soldo A, Biondi A, Gambini E, Gaetano C, Farsetti A, Pompilio G, Latini R, Capogrossi MC, Pesce M. Histone deacetylase inhibition enhances self renewal and cardioprotection by human cord blood-derived CD34 cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22158. [PMID: 21789227 PMCID: PMC3138768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Use of peripheral blood- or bone marrow-derived progenitors for ischemic heart repair is a feasible option to induce neo-vascularization in ischemic tissues. These cells, named Endothelial Progenitors Cells (EPCs), have been extensively characterized phenotypically and functionally. The clinical efficacy of cardiac repair by EPCs cells remains, however, limited, due to cell autonomous defects as a consequence of risk factors. The devise of “enhancement” strategies has been therefore sought to improve repair ability of these cells and increase the clinical benefit. Principal Findings Pharmacologic inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is known to enhance hematopoietic stem cells engraftment by improvement of self renewal and inhibition of differentiation in the presence of mitogenic stimuli in vitro. In the present study cord blood-derived CD34+ were pre-conditioned with the HDAC inhibitor Valproic Acid. This treatment affected stem cell growth and gene expression, and improved ischemic myocardium protection in an immunodeficient mouse model of myocardial infarction. Conclusions Our results show that HDAC blockade leads to phenotype changes in CD34+ cells with enhanced self renewal and cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Burba
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gualtiero I. Colombo
- Laboratorio di Genomica Funzionale ed Immunologia, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Irene Staszewsky
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco De Simone
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Devanna
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Nanni
- Istituto di Patologia Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Avitabile
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiola Molla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Cosentino
- Laboratorio di Aterotrombosi, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Noeleen De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Annarita Soldo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Biondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Gambini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Gaetano
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell' Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Farsetti
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Latini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio C. Capogrossi
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell' Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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