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Foroud T, Wetherill LF, Dick DM, Hesselbrock V, Nurnberger JI, Kramer J, Tischfield J, Schuckit M, Bierut LJ, Xuei X, Edenberg HJ. Lack of Association of Alcohol Dependence and Habitual Smoking With Catechol-O-methyltransferase. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:1773-9. [PMID: 17850222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether variation in the gene encoding the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which catalyzes the breakdown of dopamine and other catecholamine neurotransmitters, is associated with the risk for alcohol dependence and habitual smoking. METHODS Single nucleotide polymophisms (SNPs) were genotyped in a sample of 219 multiplex alcohol-dependent families of European American descent from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Family-based tests of association were performed to evaluate the evidence of association between the 18 SNPs distributed throughout COMT, including the functional Val158Met polymorphism, and the phenotypes of alcohol dependence, early onset alcohol dependence, habitual smoking, and comorbid alcohol dependence and habitual smoking. RESULTS No significant, consistent evidence of association was found with alcohol dependence, early onset alcohol dependence, habitual smoking or the comorbid phenotype. There was no evidence that the functional Val158Met polymorphism, previously reported to be associated with these phenotypes, was associated with any of them. CONCLUSION Despite the substantial size of this study, we did not find evidence to support an association between alcohol dependence or habitual smoking and variation in COMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Foroud
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3002, USA.
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52
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Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Pergadia ML, Khroyan TV, Swan GE. Genetics of nicotine dependence and pharmacotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:178-95. [PMID: 17888884 PMCID: PMC2238639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is substantially heritable. Several regions across the genome have been implicated in containing genes that confer liability to nicotine dependence and variation in individual genes has been associated with nicotine dependence. Smoking cessation measures are also heritable, and measured genetic variation is associated with nicotine dependence treatment efficacy. Despite significant strides in the understanding of the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to nicotine dependence and treatment, emergent challenges necessitate interdisciplinary coordinated effort for effective problem solving. These challenges include refinement of the nicotine dependence phenotype, better understanding of the dynamic interplay between genes and environment in nicotine dependence etiology, application and development of molecular and statistical methodology that can adequately address vast amounts of data, and continuous translational cross-talk.
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53
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Schlaepfer IR, Clegg HV, Corley RP, Crowley TJ, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Krauter K, Lessem J, Rhee SH, Stallings MC, Wehner JM, Young SE, Ehringer MA. The human protein kinase C gamma gene (PRKCG) as a susceptibility locus for behavioral disinhibition. Addict Biol 2007; 12:200-9. [PMID: 17508994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the association between a highly heritable behavioral disinhibition phenotype and the protein kinase C gamma (PRKCG) gene in an ethnically diverse youth sample from Colorado, USA. The rationale for this study was based on the impulsive behavior and increased ethanol consumption observed in the protein kinase C gamma (PKC-gamma)-deficient mouse model. Two composite behavioral disinhibition phenotypes and their component behavioral scores [conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance experimentation (SUB) and novelty-seeking] were examined for association with five independent PRKCG single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Association analysis for the five individual SNPs revealed modest genetic association of Exon 14 (rs2242244) and Upstream (rs307941) markers with the behavioral disinhibition composite variables in the combined, Hispanic and African-American samples. Additionally, haplotype-based association analysis for two SNPs located in Intron 3 (rs402691) and Exon 6 (rs3745406) indicated a significant overall association of the PRKCG locus with the ADHD-hyperactive subscale scores in the combined and Caucasian samples, supporting the relation between impulsive behaviors and the PRKCG gene. A significant haplotype association was also observed with SUB scores but only in the Hispanic ethnic group, highlighting the marker variability for each ethnic group. In conclusion, our results support the role of the PKC-gamma enzyme in behavioral impulsivity previously observed in mice. This study provides the first exploration of the PRKCG gene and its association with behavioral disinhibition and warrants further study in other larger population samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Schlaepfer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, and Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Beuten J, Ma JZ, Lou XY, Payne TJ, Li MD. Association analysis of the protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B (PPP1R1B) gene with nicotine dependence in European- and African-American smokers. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:285-90. [PMID: 17171661 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B gene (PPP1R1B; also known as dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein; DARPP32) is a target for the actions of dopamine. Because the mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of many drugs, including nicotine, PPP1R1B is considered a plausible candidate for involvement in the development of vulnerability to nicotine dependence (ND). Further, this gene is located within a region on chromosome 17 that demonstrated "suggestive linkage" to ND in our previous genome-wide scan. In the present study, we analyzed six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within PPP1R1B for association with three ND measures: smoking quantity (SQ), the heaviness of smoking index (HSI), and the Fagerström Test for ND (FTND) score. Our sample consisted of 602 nuclear families of African-American (AA) or European-American (EA) origin. No significant associations were found for single SNPs after correction for multiple testing. However, haplotype analysis indicated that in the EA sample, the C-T-G-C haplotype formed by rs2271309-rs907094-rs3764352-rs3817160 with a frequency of 32.0% was significantly associated with SQ (Z = 2.50; P = 0.01), even after Bonferroni correction. No significant associations with haplotypes were found in the AA sample. In summary, our findings provide the first evidence for the potential involvement of PPP1R1B in the etiology of ND and further investigation is thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Beuten
- Department of Psychiatric Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22911, USA
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55
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Zhang H, Ye Y, Wang X, Gelernter J, Ma JZ, Li MD. DOPA decarboxylase gene is associated with nicotine dependence. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 7:1159-66. [PMID: 17184203 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.7.8.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is a prevalent and harmful behavior. Although the heritability of nicotine dependence (ND) is well documented and many candidate genetic regions have been identified, few of them were confirmed. This may be, in part, due to analytic methods that sacrifice power. METHODS Using a recently developed, more powerful method for testing association between a genetic marker and an ordinal trait, we analyzed data from 1879 smokers and nonsmokers from 600 nuclear families of African- or European-American (AA or EA) ancestry. This method increases power principally by accounting for differences in severity between affected subjects. RESULTS To demonstrate the more powerful method, we re-analyzed an existing dataset, which confirmed the association of the DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) gene on chromosome 7p11 with measures of nicotine dependence. Although none of the eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) studied were found to be significantly associated with nicotine dependence (unadjusted p-value > 0.01), we identified haplotypes from those SNPs that were significantly associated with nicotine dependence in both AA and EA samples. CONCLUSION The associated haplotypes differed in the AA and EA samples. The strongest association (p-value = 0.003) was identified between the 'heaviness of smoking index' and haplotype C-A-T-G in SNPs rs921451-rs3735273-rs1451371-rs2060762. However, this association was not found significant in a previous report (p-value = 0.19) that used the same sample, underscoring the importance of using the statistical methods that use more of the available phenotypic information, and thereby better reflect the distribution of the phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
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56
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Bille C, Olsen J, Vach W, Knudsen VK, Olsen SF, Rasmussen K, Murray JC, Andersen AMN, Christensen K. Oral clefts and life style factors — A case-cohort study based on prospective Danish data. Eur J Epidemiol 2007; 22:173-81. [PMID: 17295096 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-006-9099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the association between oral clefts and first trimester maternal lifestyle factors based on prospective data from the Danish National Birth Cohort. The cohort includes approximately 100,000 pregnancies. In total 192 mothers gave birth to child with an oral cleft during 1997-2003. Information on risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, tea, coffee, cola, and food supplements was obtained during pregnancy for these and 828 randomly selected controls. We found that first trimester maternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of oral clefts (odds ratio (OR): 1.50; 95% confidence interval (CIs): 1.05, 2.14). Although not statistically significant, we also saw associations with first trimester consumption of alcohol (OR: 1.11; CIs: 0.79, 1.55), tea (OR: 1.31; CIs: 0.93, 1.86), and drinking more than 1 l of cola per week (OR: 1.40; CIs: 0.92, 2.12). Furthermore supplementation with > or =400 mcg folic acid daily during the entire first trimester (OR: 0.75; CIs: 0.46, 1.22) suggested an inverse associated with oral clefts, similar to our results on coffee drinking. No effects were found for smaller doses of folic acid, vitamin A, B6 or B12 in this study. The present study found an association between oral clefts and smoking and, although not conclusive, supports an association of oral cleft with alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bille
- Center for the Prevention of Congenital Malformations, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Albrecht SA, Caruthers D, Patrick T, Reynolds M, Salamie D, Higgins LW, Braxter B, Kim Y, Mlynarchek S. A randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention for pregnant adolescents. Nurs Res 2007; 55:402-10. [PMID: 17133147 DOI: 10.1097/00006199-200611000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The smoking prevalence rate among pregnant adolescents has been estimated at 59-62%, and 60-80% of these adolescents continue to smoke throughout their pregnancies. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of smoking cessation strategies tailored to the pregnant adolescent to attain and maintain abstinence. The specific aim was to examine differences in short- and long-term smoking behaviors among three groups: Teen FreshStart (TFS), Teen FreshStart Plus Buddy (TFS-B), and Usual Care (UC) control. METHODS In this randomized controlled intervention study, a 3-group (TFS, TFS-B, and UC) by 3-occasion (baseline, 8 weeks postrandomization, and 1-year following study entry) design was used. The study included 142 pregnant adolescents who were aged 14 to 19 years. Both self-reported smoking status collected on the Smoking History Questionnaire and saliva cotinine levels were used to identify smoking behaviors. RESULTS There were no significant differences among the three treatment groups at baseline in terms of the racial distribution, age, gestational age, age of menses initiation, number in family household, number of family members who smoked, or tobacco use. A significant difference between the UC group and the TFS-B group (p = .010) was seen in smoking behaviors measured 8 weeks following treatment initiation. At 1 year following study entry, however, there were no differences between the groups in smoking behaviors. DISCUSSION The TFS-B intervention was more effective in attaining short-term smoking cessation in the pregnant adolescent than TFS or UC. Findings suggest that the peer-enhanced programming had a limited effect but could not sustain the participant beyond postpartum (1 year following study entry). Future studies should include relapse prevention to sustain smoking abstinence into the postpartum period.
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Gelernter J, Panhuysen C, Weiss R, Brady K, Poling J, Krauthammer M, Farrer L, Kranzler HR. Genomewide linkage scan for nicotine dependence: identification of a chromosome 5 risk locus. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:119-26. [PMID: 17081504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine dependence (ND) is costly to societies worldwide, moderately heritable, and genetically complex. Risk loci can be identified with genetic linkage analysis independent of prior physiological hypotheses. METHODS We completed a genomewide linkage scan to map loci increasing risk for DSM-IV ND and for a quantitative assessment of ND as measured by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in a set of 634 small nuclear families ascertained on the basis of multiple individuals affected with cocaine or opioid dependence. Of these, 507 had at least two subjects affected with ND. There are two distinct populations within this sample, European-Americans (EAs) and African-Americans (AAs). RESULTS A region on chromosome 5 was identified as containing a gene that affects risk for ND on the basis of FTND score in the AA part of our sample (logarithm of the odds [lod] score 3.04; empirically determined to be genomewide-significant, p = .0374; point p = .0001). The highest lod score observed in the EA part of the sample was on chromosome 7 (lod score 2.73). Several other "possible" risk loci were identified in either AA or EA subjects, with many of these in proximity to previously suggested risk loci from other clinical samples. Three nominally significant single-nucleotide polymorphism associations were found at the peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) locus under the chromosome 5 linkage peak, also in the AA part of the sample. CONCLUSIONS These data add to the growing evidence for locations for ND risk loci, add a novel statistically significant locus important in AAs, and suggest a gene that might be contributing to this linkage signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA.
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59
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Saccone SF, Hinrichs AL, Saccone NL, Chase GA, Konvicka K, Madden PAF, Breslau N, Johnson EO, Hatsukami D, Pomerleau O, Swan GE, Goate AM, Rutter J, Bertelsen S, Fox L, Fugman D, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Wang JC, Ballinger DG, Rice JP, Bierut LJ. Cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes implicated in a nicotine dependence association study targeting 348 candidate genes with 3713 SNPs. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 16:36-49. [PMID: 17135278 PMCID: PMC2270437 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is one of the world's leading causes of preventable death. To discover genetic variants that influence risk for nicotine dependence, we targeted over 300 candidate genes and analyzed 3713 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1050 cases and 879 controls. The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) was used to assess dependence, in which cases were required to have an FTND of 4 or more. The control criterion was strict: control subjects must have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetimes and had an FTND of 0 during the heaviest period of smoking. After correcting for multiple testing by controlling the false discovery rate, several cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes dominated the top signals. The strongest association was from an SNP representing CHRNB3, the beta3 nicotinic receptor subunit gene (P = 9.4 x 10(-5)). Biologically, the most compelling evidence for a risk variant came from a non-synonymous SNP in the alpha5 nicotinic receptor subunit gene CHRNA5 (P = 6.4 x 10(-4)). This SNP exhibited evidence of a recessive mode of inheritance, resulting in individuals having a 2-fold increase in risk of developing nicotine dependence once exposed to cigarette smoking. Other genes among the top signals were KCNJ6 and GABRA4. This study represents one of the most powerful and extensive studies of nicotine dependence to date and has found novel risk loci that require confirmation by replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Saccone
- Department of Psychiatry, Box 8134, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Gelernter J, Yu Y, Weiss R, Brady K, Panhuysen C, Yang BZ, Kranzler HR, Farrer L. Haplotype spanning TTC12 and ANKK1, flanked by the DRD2 and NCAM1 loci, is strongly associated to nicotine dependence in two distinct American populations. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:3498-507. [PMID: 17085484 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine dependence (ND) is a moderately heritable trait. We ascertained a set of 1615 subjects in 632 families [319 African-American (AA) and 313 European-American (EA)] based on affected sibling pairs with cocaine or opioid dependence. Subjects were interviewed with the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA). Previously, we identified a modest linkage peak (LOD score =1.97) for ND in the EA part of the sample on chromosome 11q23, a region that includes the NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene cluster. DRD2 and NCAM1 are functional candidate genes for substance dependence; the TTC12 and ANKK1 loci are not well characterized. We genotyped a set of 43 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning this region, and performed family-based association and haplotype analysis. There was relatively weak evidence for association of the flanking DRD2 and NCAM1 markers to ND, but very strong evidence of association of multiple SNPs at TTC12 and ANKK1 in both populations (minimal P=0.0007 in AAs and minimal P=0.00009 in EAs), and in the pooled sample, as well as strong evidence for highly significant association of a single haplotype spanning TTC12 and ANKK1 to ND in the pooled sample (P=0.0000001). We conclude that a risk locus for ND, important both in AAs and EAs, maps to a region that spans TTC12 and ANKK1. Functional studies of these loci are warranted. These results provide additional information useful in evaluating the many earlier discrepant findings regarding association of DRD2 with substance dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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Yu Y, Panhuysen C, Kranzler HR, Hesselbrock V, Rounsaville B, Weiss R, Brady K, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. Intronic variants in the dopa decarboxylase (
DDC
) gene are associated with smoking behavior in European-Americans and African-Americans. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2192-9. [PMID: 16740595 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a study considering association of alleles and haplotypes at the DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) locus with the DSM-IV diagnosis of nicotine dependence (ND) or a quantitative measure for ND using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). We genotyped 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning a region of approximately 210 kb that includes DDC and the genes immediately flanking DDC in 1,590 individuals from 621 families of African-American (AA) or European-American (EA) ancestry. Evidence of association (family-based tests) was observed with several SNPs for both traits (0.0002<or=P<or=0.04). The most significant result was obtained for the relationship of FTND score to SNP rs12718541 (AA families: P=0.002; EA families: P=0.03; all families: P=0.0002) which is in the same intron as the splice site for a neuronal isoform of human DDC lacking exons 10-15. Haplotype analysis did not reveal any SNP combination with stronger evidence for association than rs12718541 alone. Although sequence analysis suggests that rs12718541 may be an intronic splicing enhancer, further studies are needed to determine whether a direct link exists between an alternatively spliced form of DDC and predisposition to ND. These findings confirm a previous report of association of DDC with ND, localize the causative variants to the 3' end of the coding region and extend the association to multiple population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Department of Medicine, Genetics Program, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
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Abstract
Despite almost two decades of intensive tobacco-control efforts, approximately 23% of American adults continue to smoke, and 13% are nicotine-dependent. Cigarette smoking is the greatest preventable cause of cancer, accounting for at least 30% of all cancer deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths. Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Many years of twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that the heritability of liability for nicotine dependence (ND) is at least 50%. During the past several years, significant efforts have been made to identify susceptibility genes for ND using both genome-wide linkage and association analysis approaches. It is expected that identification of susceptibility genes for ND will allow the development and tailoring of both prevention strategies for individuals at risk and effective treatment programs and medicines for individuals who use tobacco products. This review summarizes the recent progress in genetic studies of ND. As genotyping technology is being improved and well-characterized clinical samples on smoking behavior become available, more and more genes and genetic variants responsible for ND will be identified in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming D Li
- Department of Psychiatric Medicine, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA.
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