51
|
Zachariah P, Stockwell MS. Measles vaccine: Past, present, and future. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 56:133-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Zachariah
- Department of Pediatrics; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY 10032 USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital; New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Melissa S. Stockwell
- Department of Pediatrics; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY 10032 USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital; New York NY 10032 USA
- Department of Population and Family Health; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; New York NY 10032 USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Edens C, Collins ML, Goodson JL, Rota PA, Prausnitz MR. A microneedle patch containing measles vaccine is immunogenic in non-human primates. Vaccine 2015; 33:4712-8. [PMID: 25770786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Very high vaccination coverage is required to eliminate measles, but achieving high coverage can be constrained by the logistical challenges associated with subcutaneous injection. To simplify the logistics of vaccine delivery, a patch containing micron-scale polymeric needles was formulated to encapsulate the standard dose of measles vaccine (1000 TCID₅₀) and the immunogenicity of the microneedle patch was compared with subcutaneous injection in rhesus macaques. The microneedle patch was administered without reconstitution with diluent, dissolved in skin within 10 min, and caused only mild, transient skin erythema. Both groups of rhesus macaques generated neutralizing antibody responses to measles that were consistent with protection and the neutralizing antibody titers were equivalent. In addition, the microneedle patches maintained an acceptable level of potency after storage at elevated temperature suggesting improved thermostability compared to standard lyophilized vaccine. In conclusion, a measles microneedle patch vaccine was immunogenic in non-human primates, and this approach offers a promising delivery method that could help increase vaccination coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Edens
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Marcus L Collins
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James L Goodson
- Center for Global Health, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Pinchoff J, Chipeta J, Banda GC, Miti S, Shields T, Curriero F, Moss WJ. Spatial clustering of measles cases during endemic (1998-2002) and epidemic (2010) periods in Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:121. [PMID: 25888228 PMCID: PMC4377180 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles cases may cluster in densely populated urban centers in sub-Saharan Africa as susceptible individuals share spatially dependent risk factors and may cluster among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children despite high vaccination coverage. METHODS Children hospitalized with measles at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia were enrolled in the study. The township of residence was recorded on the questionnaire and mapped; SaTScan software was used for cluster detection. A spatial-temporal scan statistic was used to investigate clustering of measles in children hospitalized during an endemic period (1998 to 2002) and during the 2010 measles outbreak in Lusaka, Zambia. RESULTS Three sequential and spatially contiguous clusters of measles cases were identified during the 2010 outbreak but no clustering among HIV-infected children was identified. In contrast, a space-time cluster among HIV-infected children was identified during the endemic period. This cluster occurred prior to the introduction of intensive measles control efforts and during a period between seasonal peaks in measles incidence. CONCLUSIONS Prediction and early identification of spatial clusters of measles will be critical to achieving measles elimination. HIV infection may contribute to spatial clustering of measles cases in some epidemiological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Pinchoff
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - James Chipeta
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Gibson Chitundu Banda
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Samuel Miti
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Timothy Shields
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Frank Curriero
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - William John Moss
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Torner N, Solano R, Rius C, Domínguez A, Surveillance Network of Catalonia, Spain TMEP. Implication of health care personnel in measles transmission. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 11:288-92. [PMID: 25483548 PMCID: PMC4514196 DOI: 10.4161/hv.36166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare personnel (HCP) play an important role in transmission of highly contagious diseases such as measles. Current immunization guidelines in Catalonia include Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) immunization for HCP born after 1967 without evidence of immunity. Despite high vaccination coverage (90%) a high burden of measles cases related to outbreaks have occurred. The aim of this study was to assess the implication of HCP in measles transmission related to healthcare setting. A review of surveillance case data from 2001 to 2013 gathered through the Measles Elimination Program in Catalonia was performed. Twenty six outbreaks involving 797 cases were reported, 52 (6.5%) were HCP aged 21-41 years, 72,5% (38) patient were care personnel (doctors and nurses) and 22,5% (14) other health care related personnel. Forty six 87%) were unvaccinated, 4(10%) had only one dose and 2 had two doses of MMR. In community outbreaks 30 clusters with HCP involved were observed, yet none were identified as index cases. Non-vaccinated HCPs against measles were all under 45 years of age. Vaccination is the only reliable protection against nosocomial spread of measles from HCPs. Assessing vaccination status of HCPs and implementing a 2 dose vaccination in those lacking evidence of immunity is needed in order to set to zero the risk of acquiring and spreading measles in healthcare (HC) settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Torner
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia; Department of Health of the Generalitat of Catalonia
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Spain
- Department of Public Health; University of Barcelona; Spain
| | - Ruben Solano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Spain
- Department of Public Health; University of Barcelona; Spain
| | - Cristina Rius
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Spain
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona; Spain
| | - Angela Domínguez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Spain
- Department of Public Health; University of Barcelona; Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Poeppl W, Herkner H, Touzeau-Roemer V, Huschka E, Rieger A, Burgmann H. High need for MMR vaccination in HIV infected adults in Austria. Vaccine 2014; 32:6020-3. [PMID: 25203449 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Current guidelines recommend screening for HIV infected patients susceptible for vaccine preventable diseases and offering of immunization. However, data regarding the vaccination coverage among this group are largely missing. This study analyzed the serostatus for Measles, Mumps and Rubella of more than 700 HIV infected patients residing in Austria. These patients were representative for the Austrian HIV cohort regarding sex, age, transmission risk and HIV progression markers. 73.6% were on suppressive HAART, mean CD4 cell count was 603c/μl. Seronegativity was 8.4% for Measles, 33.4% for Mumps and 18.8% for Rubella. In total, out of the 713 HIV infected adults analyzed, almost half (47.8%) would require MMR vaccination. In a multivariate analysis migration was significantly associated with seronegativity for Measles (OR 0.5, CI 0.27-0.9) and Mumps (OR 0.57, CI 0.39-0.81). Importantly due to the well preserved immune status of nearly all participants vaccination would be feasible in the majority of the seronegative patients. Thus, a proactive approach would largely reduce the number of patients at risk for vaccine-preventable diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Grabmeier-Pfistershammer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
| | - W Poeppl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - H Herkner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - V Touzeau-Roemer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilia Huschka
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - A Rieger
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - H Burgmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Wang FJ, Sun XJ, Wang FL, Jiang LF, Xu EP, Guo JF. An outbreak of adult measles by nosocomial transmission in a high vaccination coverage community. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 26:67-70. [PMID: 25008769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to determine the mechanism of an outbreak of measles in adults and to provide scientific measures for putting forward a measles elimination program. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional investigation during the measles outbreak to identify a possible communication link. RESULTS From November 1, 2011 to January 26, 2012, the town reported 11 cases of measles in total. The case study identified an obvious propagation chain, which showed ordered and intimate exposure between cases. CONCLUSIONS Hospital exposure 1-2 weeks before infection with measles was the main cause of the measles outbreak. We must be fully aware of the possibility of nosocomial infection in an outbreak of measles; controlling nosocomial infections is a vital step in the prevention and control of the propagation of measles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen-juan Wang
- Xiaoshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311201, China.
| | - Xiang-jue Sun
- Xiaoshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311201, China
| | - Fu-liang Wang
- Xiaoshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311201, China
| | - Long-fang Jiang
- Xiaoshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311201, China
| | - Er-ping Xu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-feng Guo
- Xiaoshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311201, China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Cutts FT, Lessler J, Metcalf CJE. Measles elimination: progress, challenges and implications for rubella control. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:917-32. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.814847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
58
|
Abstract
The purpose of this introductory chapter is to provide the reader with a brief overview of the factors that drive disease emergence in order to set the scene for the more detailed chapters that follow. The chapter is divided into three parts. The first deals with the activities of humans that drive disease emergence. This ranges from historical factors such as animal domestication to the impact of new technologies such as air travel and agricultural intensification in response to population growth. The second section deals with virus properties that enable them to adapt to new hosts, particularly jumping between species. The final section deals with the activities of animals themselves that contribute to disease emergence.
Collapse
|
59
|
XU ZW, CHEN YP, YANG MJ, LI WC, LIU Q, LIN J. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of measles in Wenzhou, China, 2000-2010. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:20-7. [PMID: 23507425 PMCID: PMC9152618 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of measles in Wenzhou, China. From 2000 to 2010, a total of 13271 measles cases were reported in Wenzhou, with epidemics occurring every 3-4 years. Forty-five per cent of the cases were aged <1 year and 27.2% were aged >14 years. Of 2262 hospitalized measles cases, 66.3% were diagnosed with pneumonia, and three cases died from respiratory failure. The number of measles cases of infants requiring hospitalization increased from birth to age 8 months and declined thereafter. Measurement of serum measles antibody levels in normal infants indicates that over 80% of infants in Wenzhou may be susceptible to measles by age 6 months. The existence of a sufficient pool of unvaccinated children and the decreased level of passively transferred measles antibodies in infants from vaccinated mothers contributed to the sustained transmission observed in Wenzhou.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. W. XU
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Y. P. CHEN
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - M. J. YANG
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - W. C. LI
- Wenzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Q. LIU
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - J. LIN
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Pankratz VS, Kennedy RB, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. The genetic basis for interindividual immune response variation to measles vaccine: new understanding and new vaccine approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:57-70. [PMID: 23256739 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The live-attenuated measles vaccine is effective, but measles outbreaks still occur in vaccinated populations. This warrants elucidation of the determinants of measles vaccine-induced protective immunity. Interindividual variability in markers of measles vaccine-induced immunity, including neutralizing antibody levels, is regulated in part by host genetic factor variations. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of measles vaccine immunogenetics relative to the perspective of developing better measles vaccines. Important genetic regulators of measles vaccine-induced immunity, such as HLA class I and HLA class II genotypes, single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine/cytokine receptor genes (IL12B, IL12RB1, IL2, IL10) and the cell surface measles virus receptor CD46 gene, have been identified and independently replicated. New technologies present many opportunities for identification of novel genetic signatures and genetic architectures. These findings help explain a variety of immune response-related phenotypes and promote a new paradigm of 'vaccinomics' for novel vaccine development.
Collapse
|
61
|
Torner N, Anton A, Barrabeig I, Lafuente S, Parron I, Arias C, Camps N, Costa J, Martínez A, Torra R, Godoy P, Minguell S, Ferrús G, Cabezas C, Domínguez Á, Spain. Epidemiology of two large measles virus outbreaks in Catalonia: what a difference the month of administration of the first dose of vaccine makes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:675-80. [PMID: 23303107 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles cases in the European Region have been increasing in the last decade; this illustrates the challenge of what we are now encountering in the form of pediatric preventable diseases. In Catalonia, autochthonous measles was declared eliminated in the year 2000 as the result of high measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) coverage for first and second dose (15 mo and 4 y) since the mid-1990s. From then on, sporadic imported cases and small outbreaks appeared, until in 2006-2007 a large measles outbreak affecting mostly unvaccinated toddlers hit the Barcelona Health Region. Consequently, in January 2008, first dose administration of MMR was lowered from 15 to 12 mo of age. A new honeymoon period went by until the end of 2010, when several importations of cases triggered new sustained transmission of different wild measles virus genotypes, but this time striking young adults. The aim of this study is to show the effect of a change in MMR vaccination schedule policy, and the difference in age incidence and hospitalization rates of affected individuals between both outbreaks. Epidemiologic data were obtained by case interviews and review of medical records. Samples for virological confirmation and genotyping of cases were collected as established in the Measles Elimination plan guidelines. Incidence rate (IR), rate ratio (RR) and their 95% CI and hospitalization rate (HR) by age group were determined. Statistic z was used for comparing proportions. Total number of confirmed cases was 305 in the 2010 outbreak and 381 in the 2006-2007 outbreak; mean age 20 y (SD 14.8 y; 3 mo to 51 y) vs. 15 mo (SD 13.1 y; 1 mo to 50 y). Highest proportion of cases was set in ≥ 25 y (47%) vs. 24.2% in 2006 (p < 0.001). Differences in IR for ≤ 15 mo (49/100,000 vs. 278.2/100,000; RR: 3,9; 95%CI 2,9-5.4) and in overall HR 29.8% vs. 15.7% were all statistically significant (p < 0.001). The change of the month of age for the administration of the first MMR dose proved successful to protect infants. Yet, given the current epidemiological situation, continued awareness and efforts to reach young adult population, especially those at high risk of infection and transmission such as healthcare workers and travelers, are needed to stop the spread of the virus when importations occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Torner
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia; Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Carlos III Institute; Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Maldonado Y. Measles Vaccine, HIV Infection, and Antiretroviral Therapy--A Window of Opportunity. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:466-8. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
63
|
de Swart RL, Duprex WP, Osterhaus ADME. Rinderpest eradication: lessons for measles eradication? Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:330-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
64
|
Poland GA, Jacobson RM. The re-emergence of measles in developed countries: time to develop the next-generation measles vaccines? Vaccine 2012; 30:103-4. [PMID: 22196079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
65
|
Jacobson RM, Ovsyannikova IG, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Independence of measles-specific humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccination. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:474-9. [PMID: 22406060 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
With a larger, independent cohort and more sophisticated measures, we sought to confirm our work that indicated independence of humoral and cellular immunity following measles vaccination. We recruited an age-stratified random cohort of 764 healthy subjects from all socioeconomic strata, all with medical-record documentation of 2 age-appropriate doses of measles-containing vaccine. We quantified measles-specific neutralizing antibody levels and assayed the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT) response to measles virus. We also measured secreted cytokines from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to measles virus by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays as secondary measures of cellular immune status. The median antibody level and median IFN-γ ELISPOT response were 844 mIU/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 418-1,752) and 36 (IQR: 13.00-69.00) spot-forming cells (per 2 × 10(5) PBMCs), respectively. We observed only a very weak and negative correlation (Spearman's r(s) or ρ of -0.090 [95% confidence interval: -0.162--0.018]). We observed a similar lack of quantitatively important correlations between the neutralizing antibody level and any of the secondary measures. Our data confirm the independence of humoral and cellular immune responses after the second dose of measles vaccination. As researchers pursue novel measles vaccine and measles vaccine delivery systems, they must not infer that humoral responses predict cellular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Jacobson
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905-0001, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
|
67
|
Griffiths PD. Elimination or eradication of viruses by means of immunisation. Rev Med Virol 2011; 21:259-61. [PMID: 25363548 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
68
|
Keegan R, Dabbagh A, Strebel PM, Cochi SL. Comparing Measles With Previous Eradication Programs: Enabling and Constraining Factors. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S54-61. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|