51
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Moteriya P, Chanda S. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Caesalpinia pulcherrima flower extract and assessment of their in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activities. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1556-1567. [PMID: 27900878 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1261871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Caesalpinia pulcherrima flower extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles was attempted in the present work including optimization of some procedure parameters. Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles was done by various spectral analyses. The size of synthesized silver nanoparticles was 12 nm and they were spherical in shape. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were further evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activities; they showed good antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects. Genotoxic study revealed non-toxic nature at lower concentration. Overall results suggest that the synthesized silver nanoparticles have pronounced applicability in pharmaceutical and biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Moteriya
- a Department of Biosciences (UGC-CAS) , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India
| | - Sumitra Chanda
- a Department of Biosciences (UGC-CAS) , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India
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52
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Karimi A, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Moradi MT, Alidadi S. Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Activity and Phenolic Content of Crude Ethanol Extract and Four Corresponding Fractions of Quercus brantii L Acorn. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2016; 22:455-461. [PMID: 27899436 PMCID: PMC5871161 DOI: 10.1177/2156587216676421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was aimed to evaluate anti–herpes simplex virus type-1 (anti-HSV-1) activity of crude ethanol extract and 4 corresponding fractions of Quercus brantii acorn in vitro. Crude ethanol extract was prepared and subjected to fractionation with different polarity. Anti-HSV-1 activity was evaluated on baby hamster kidney cell line using MTT assay. The inhibitory effect of the plant materials on adsorption and/or post-adsorption stages of HSV-1 replication cycle were determined. Regression analysis was used to determine 50% inhibitory concentration and 50% cytotoxicity concentration, from which selective index was calculated. Based on our results, the chloroform fraction and the crude extract had the highest effect against HSV-1 with selectivity indices of 53.8 and 48.4, respectively. The n-hexane, n-butanol, and chloroform fractions inhibited HSV-1 replication in postadsorption stage (P < .001). The results obtained indicated that the chloroform fraction of Q brantii acorn with high inhibitory effect against HSV-1 replication could be a new promising anti-HSV-1 agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karimi
- 1 Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- 1 Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taghi Moradi
- 2 Students Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Somayeh Alidadi
- 3 Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
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53
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Apigenin inhibits African swine fever virus infection in vitro. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3445-3453. [PMID: 27638776 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most devastating diseases of domestic pigs for which no effective vaccines are available. Flavonoids, natural products isolated from plants, have been reported to have significant in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against different viruses. Here, we tested the antiviral effect of five flavonoids on the replication of ASFV in Vero cells. Our results showed a potent, dose-dependent anti-ASFV effect of apigenin in vitro. Time-of-addition experiments revealed that apigenin was highly effective at the early stages of infection. Apigenin reduced the ASFV yield by more than 99.99 % when it was added at 1 hpi. The antiviral activity of apigenin was further investigated by evaluation of ASFV protein synthesis and viral factories. This flavonoid inhibited ASFV-specific protein synthesis and viral factory formation. ASFV-infected cells continuously treated with apigenin did not display a cytopathic effect. Further studies addressing the use of apigenin in vivo are needed.
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54
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Rojas Á, Del Campo JA, Clement S, Lemasson M, García-Valdecasas M, Gil-Gómez A, Ranchal I, Bartosch B, Bautista JD, Rosenberg AR, Negro F, Romero-Gómez M. Effect of Quercetin on Hepatitis C Virus Life Cycle: From Viral to Host Targets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31777. [PMID: 27546480 PMCID: PMC4992894 DOI: 10.1038/srep31777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a natural flavonoid, which has been shown to have anti hepatitis C virus (HCV) properties. However, the exact mechanisms whereby quercetin impacts the HCV life cycle are not fully understood. We assessed the effect of quercetin on different steps of the HCV life cycle in Huh-7.5 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) infected with HCVcc. In both cell types, quercetin significantly decreased i) the viral genome replication; ii) the production of infectious HCV particles and iii) the specific infectivity of the newly produced viral particles (by 85% and 92%, Huh7.5 and PHH respectively). In addition, when applied directly on HCV particles, quercetin reduced their infectivity by 65%, suggesting that it affects the virion integrity. Interestingly, the HCV-induced up-regulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and the typical localization of the HCV core protein to the surface of lipid droplets, known to be mediated by DGAT, were both prevented by quercetin. In conclusion, quercetin appears to have direct and host-mediated antiviral effects against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Rojas
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena-Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals and CIBERehd, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose A Del Campo
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sophie Clement
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marta García-Valdecasas
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena-Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals and CIBERehd, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Gómez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena-Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals and CIBERehd, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isidora Ranchal
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Inserm U1052, Cancer Research Centre, University of Lyon, France DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), Lyon, France
| | - Juan D Bautista
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Francesco Negro
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena-Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals and CIBERehd, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Mir A, Ismatullah H, Rauf S, Niazi UH. Identification of bioflavonoid as fusion inhibitor of dengue virus using molecular docking approach. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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56
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Flores DJ, Lee LH, Adams SD. Inhibition of Curcumin-Treated Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 in Vero Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.64027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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57
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Chakravarty H, Ojha D, Konreddy AK, Bal C, Chandra NS, Sharon A, Chattopadhyay D. Synthesis of multi ring-fused imidazo [1,2- a]isoquinoline-based fluorescent scaffold as anti-Herpetic agent. Antivir Chem Chemother 2015; 24:127-135. [PMID: 30889631 DOI: 10.1177/2040206616680968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural product-inspired synthesis is a key incorporation in modern diversity-oriented synthesis to yield biologically novel scaffold. Inspired by β-carboline fused system, we have designed molecules with multi ring fused scaffold by modifying the tricyclic pyrido[3,4- b]indole ring with imidazo[1,2- a]isoquinoline. METHODS A highly convergent approach with new C-N and C-C bond formation to synthesize multiring fused complex scaffold imidazo[1,2- a]isoquinolinies as fluorophores. N-nucleophile-induced ring transformation of 2 H-pyran-2-one followed by in situ cis-stilbene-type oxidative photocyclization yielded new C-C bond formation without additional oxidant. The cytotoxicity, effective concentrations, and the mode of action of the synthesized analogs were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT),, plaque reduction, time of addition, and reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). RESULTS Novel imidazo[1,2- a]isoquinoline analogs were prepared, and the results revealed that trans isomer of cyclopropyl analog (EC50 35 and 37.5 µg/ml) and trans isomer of citric acid salt of phenyl analog (EC50 38.2 and 39.8 µg/ml) possess significant anti-Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) activity with selectivity index of >10. The kinetic study demonstrated that both the analogs inhibited HSV-1F and HSV-2G at 2-4 h postinfection. Finally, western blot and reverse transcriptase PCR assays revealed that both the analogs suppressed viral immediate early transcription. CONCLUSION Novel imidazo[1,2- a]isoquinoline analogs were synthesized from pyranone with appropriate amines. Two compounds showed better antiviral profile on HSV-infected Vero cells, compared to the standard drug acyclovir (ACV). Overall, we discovered a promising scaffold to develop a nonnucleoside lead targeting the viral immediate early transcription for the management of HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ananda K Konreddy
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
| | - Chandralata Bal
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
| | | | - Ashoke Sharon
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- 2 ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, Kolkata, India.,3 Regional Medical Research Center (RMRC), Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, India
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58
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Ahmad A, Kaleem M, Ahmed Z, Shafiq H. Therapeutic potential of flavonoids and their mechanism of action against microbial and viral infections—A review. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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59
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Murali KS, Sivasubramanian S, Vincent S, Murugan SB, Giridaran B, Dinesh S, Gunasekaran P, Krishnasamy K, Sathishkumar R. Anti-chikungunya activity of luteolin and apigenin rich fraction from Cynodon dactylon. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:352-8. [PMID: 26003593 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain luteolin and apigenin rich fraction from the ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon (L.) (C. dactylon) Pers and evaluate the fraction's cytotoxicity and anti-Chikungunya potential using Vero cells. METHODS The ethanolic extract of C. dactylon was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to obtain anti-chikungunya virus (CHIKV) fraction. Reverse phase-HPLC and GC-MS studies were carried out to identify the major phytochemicals in the fraction using phytochemical standards. Cytotoxicity and the potential of the fraction against CHIKV were evaluated in vitro using Vero cells. Reduction in viral replication was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after treating the viral infected Vero cells with the fraction. RESULTS Reverse Phase-HPLC and GC-MS studies confirmed the presence of flavonoids, luteolin and apigenin as major phytochemicals in the anti-CHIKV ethanolic fraction of C. dactylon. The fraction was found to exhibit potent viral inhibitory activity (about 98%) at the concentration of 50 µg/mL as observed by reduction in cytopathic effect, and the cytotoxic concentration of the fraction was found to be 250 µg/mL. RT-PCR analyses indicated that the reduction in viral mRNA synthesis in fraction treated infected cells was much higher than the viral infected control cells. CONCLUSIONS Luteolin and apigenin rich ethanolic fraction from C. dactylon can be utilized as a potential therapeutic agent against CHIKV infection as the fraction does not show cytotoxicity while inhibiting the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Saravana Murali
- Plant Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai-600032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Sivasubramanian
- Centre for Environmental Research and Development and Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy, Loyola College, Chennai-600034, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Savariar Vincent
- Centre for Environmental Research and Development and Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy, Loyola College, Chennai-600034, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan
- Plant Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Bupesh Giridaran
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai-600032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sundaram Dinesh
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palani Gunasekaran
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai-600032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kaveri Krishnasamy
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai-600032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.
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Ngan LTM, Jang MJ, Kwon MJ, Ahn YJ. Antiviral activity and possible mechanism of action of constituents identified in Paeonia lactiflora root toward human rhinoviruses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121629. [PMID: 25860871 PMCID: PMC4393083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for more than half of all cases of the common cold and cost billions of USD annually in medical visits and missed school and work. An assessment was made of the antiviral activities and mechanisms of action of paeonol (PA) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) from Paeonia lactiflora root toward HRV-2 and HRV-4 in MRC5 cells using a tetrazolium method and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results were compared with those of a reference control ribavirin. Based on 50% inhibitory concentration values, PGG was 13.4 and 18.0 times more active toward HRV-2 (17.89 μM) and HRV-4 (17.33 μM) in MRC5 cells, respectively, than ribavirin. The constituents had relatively high selective index values (3.3->8.5). The 100 μg/mL PA and 20 μg/mL PGG did not interact with the HRV-4 particles. These constituents inhibited HRV-4 infection only when they were added during the virus inoculation (0 h), the adsorption period of HRVs, but not after 1 h or later. Moreover, the RNA replication levels of HRVs were remarkably reduced in the MRC5 cultures treated with these constituents. These findings suggest that PGG and PA may block or reduce the entry of the viruses into the cells to protect the cells from the virus destruction and abate virus replication, which may play an important role in interfering with expressions of rhinovirus receptors (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor, interferon beta, and IL-1β), and Toll-like receptor, which resulted in diminishing symptoms induced by HRV. Global efforts to reduce the level of synthetic drugs justify further studies on P. lactiflora root-derived materials as potential anti-HRV products or lead molecules for the prevention or treatment of HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong Thi My Ngan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Biotransformation, Faculty of Biology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Myeong Jin Jang
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kwon
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Joon Ahn
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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61
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Sarkar K, Sen K. On the design of Ag–morin nanocomposite to modify calcium alginate gel: framing out a novel sodium ion trap. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10938h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the design of a Ag–morin nanocomposite and its subsequent incorporation in calcium alginate gels which have the unique property to uptake and release sodium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkana Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata 700009
- India
| | - Kamalika Sen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata 700009
- India
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62
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Silva-Beltrán NP, Ruiz-Cruz S, Chaidez C, Ornelas-Paz JDJ, López-Mata MA, Márquez-Ríos E, Estrada MI. Chemical constitution and effect of extracts of tomato plants byproducts on the enteric viral surrogates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2015; 25:299-311. [PMID: 25059828 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2014.938030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Byproducts of tomato are known to include phenolic compounds but have not been studied in depth. In this study, the phenolic compositions of (stem, leaf, root, and whole plant) of two tomato cultivars, Pitenza and Floradade, were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. In parallel, the antiviral effects of crude extracts on viral surrogates, the bacteriophages MS2 and Av-05 were evaluated. The leaf extracts from the two varieties showed the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. The compounds identified were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, cafeic acid, rutin, and quercetin, and they represented 3174.3 and 1057.9 mg/100 g dried weight of the Pitenza and Floradade cultivars, respectively. MS2 and Av-05 titers at 5 mg/mL were reduced by 3.47 and 5.78 log10 PFU/mL and 3.78 and 4.93 log10 PFU/mL by Pitenza and Floradade cultivar leaf extract, respectively. These results show that tomato extracts are natural sources of bioactive substances with antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Patricia Silva-Beltrán
- a Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias , Ciudad Obregón , Mexico
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Fuentes E, Forero-Doria O, Alarcón M, Palomo I. Inhibitory effects of Cyperus digitatus extract on human platelet function in vitro. Platelets 2014; 26:764-70. [PMID: 25548968 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2014.997689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the mechanisms of antiplatelet action of Cyperus digitatus. The antiplatelet action of C. digitatus was studied on platelet function: secretion, adhesion, aggregation, and sCD40L release. The platelet ATP secretion and aggregation were significantly inhibited by CDA (ethyl acetate extract) at 0.1 mg/ml and after the incubation of whole blood with CDA, the platelet coverage was inhibited by 96 ± 3% (p < 0.001). At the same concentration, CDA significantly decreased sCD40L levels. The mechanism of antiplatelet action of CDA could be by NF-κB inhibition and that is cAMP independent. In conclusion, C. digitatus extract may serve as a new source of antiplatelet agents for food and nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology , Faculty of Health Sciences. Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile .,b Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional , Gore Maule, R09I2001 , Chile , and
| | - Oscar Forero-Doria
- c Chemical Institute of Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile
| | - Marcelo Alarcón
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology , Faculty of Health Sciences. Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile .,b Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional , Gore Maule, R09I2001 , Chile , and
| | - Iván Palomo
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology , Faculty of Health Sciences. Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca , Talca , Chile .,b Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional , Gore Maule, R09I2001 , Chile , and
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Yang DJ, Chen HY, Liu SC. Study of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Bainiku-Ekisu against Pathogens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 2014; 2014:460395. [PMID: 26904733 PMCID: PMC4745453 DOI: 10.1155/2014/460395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The research was undertaken to determine the bacteriostatic effects of the concentrate of Japanese apricot juice (bainiku-ekisu), which is a popular health food in Taiwan and Japan, on Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The results show that E. faecalis, S. aureus, and E. coli could be killed or inhibited by bainiku-ekisu at concentrations between 1.0 and 10.0 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 1 mg/mL for all strains, and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were 5, 2.5, and 2.5 mg/mL for E. faecalis, S. aureus, and E. coli, respectively. Using the growth rate to calculate the MICs and MBCs, the MICs were 1.55, 1.43, and 0.97 mg/mL, and the MBCs were 2.59, 2.63, and 2.25 mg/mL for E. faecalis, S. aureus, and E. coli, respectively. According to the D values, E. faecalis and S. aureus exhibited lower resistance than E. coli at lower bainiku-ekisu concentrations (1.0 and 2.5 mg/mL), and the resistance of these two pathogens was better than that of E. coli at higher bainiku-ekisu concentrations (5.0 and 10.0 mg/mL). The Z values of the E. faecalis, S. aureus, and E. coli strains were 3.47, 4.93, and 11.62 mg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Jye Yang
- School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chuan Liu
- School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Park SW, Kwon MJ, Yoo JY, Choi HJ, Ahn YJ. Antiviral activity and possible mode of action of ellagic acid identified in Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves toward human rhinoviruses. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:171. [PMID: 24885569 PMCID: PMC4052798 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for more than half of all cases of the common cold and cause billions of USD annually in medical visits and school and work absenteeism. An assessment was made of the cytotoxic and antiviral activities and possible mode of action of the tannin ellagic acid from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa toward HeLa cells and three rhinoviruses, HRV-2, -3, and -4. METHODS The antiviral property and mechanism of action of ellagic acid were evaluated using a sulforhodamine B assay and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) with SYBR Green dye. Results were compared with those of the currently used broad-spectrum antiviral agent, ribavirin. RESULTS As judged by 50% inhibitory concentration values, natural ellagic acid was 1.8, 2.3, and 2.2 times more toxic toward HRV-2 (38 μg/mL), HRV-3 (31 μg/mL), and HRV-4 (29 μg/mL) than ribavirin, respectively. The inhibition rate of preincubation with 50 μg/mL ellagic acid was 17%, whereas continuous presence of ellagic acid during infection led to a significant increase in the inhibition (70%). Treatment with 50 μg/mL ellagic acid considerably suppressed HRV-4 infection only when added just after the virus inoculation (0 h) (87% inhibition), but not before -1 h or after 1 h or later (<20% inhibition). These findings suggest that ellagic acid does not interact with the HRV-4 particles and may directly interact with the human cells in the early stage of HRV infections to protect the cells from the virus destruction. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis revealed that 50 μg/mL ellagic acid strongly inhibited the RNA replication of HRV-4 in HeLa cells, suggesting that ellagic acid inhibits virus replication by targeting on cellular molecules, rather than virus molecules. CONCLUSIONS Global efforts to reduce the level of antibiotics justify further studies on L. speciosa leaf-derived materials containing ellagic acid as potential anti-HRV products or a lead molecule for the prevention or treatment of HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wook Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Choi
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 570-749, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Kwon SM, Park HG, Jun JK, Lee WL. Exercise, but not quercetin, ameliorates inflammation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle after strenuous exercise by high-fat diet mice. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:51-60. [PMID: 25566439 PMCID: PMC4241935 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate whether moderate exercise and quercetin intake with a low fat diet contribute to inflammatory cytokine production, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle after strenuous exercise by high-fat diet mice. [Methods] Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: (1) High-fat for 12 weeks and low-fat diet control (C; n = 6); (2) high-fat diet for 12 weeks and low-fat diet with quercetin (Q; n = 4); (3) high-fat diet for 12 weeks and low-fat diet with exercise (E; n = 4); or (4) high-fat diet for 12 weeks and low-fat diet with exercise and quercetin (EQ; n = 5). Quercetin (10 mg/kg) was administered once per day, 5 day/week for 8 weeks. Exercise training was performed at moderate intensity for 8 weeks, 5 days/week for 30–60 min/day. Mice were subjected to a strenuous exercise bout of 60 min at a speed of 25 m/min (VO2 max 85%) conducted as an exercise-induced fatigue just before sacrifice. [Results] As results, body weights were significantly different among the groups. Exercise training significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines after strenuous exercise in skeletal muscle of high-fat diet mice. Exercise training increased Tfam mRNA in the soleus muscle after strenuous exercise. Exercise training significantly decreased lipogenesis markers in skeletal muscle of obese mice after strenuous exercise. Moderate exercise significantly increased lipolysis markers in the tibialis anterior muscle. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that exercise training reduced inflammatory cytokine levels and improved mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid metabolism. However quercetin supplementation did not affect these parameters. Thus, long-term moderate exercise training has positive effects on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Mi Kwon
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hee Geun Park
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong Kui Jun
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Wang Lok Lee
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Rizk MZ, Aly HF, Abo-Elmatty DM, Desoky MM, Ibrahim N, Younis EA. Hepatoprotective effect of Caesalpinia gilliesii and Cajanus cajan proteins against acetoaminophen overdose-induced hepatic damage. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:877-907. [PMID: 24414985 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713503030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate two proteins derived from the seeds of the plants Cajanus cajan (Leguminosae) and Caesalpinia gilliesii (Leguminosae) for their abilities to ameliorate the toxic effects of chronic doses of acetoaminphen (APAP) through the determination of certain biochemical parameters including liver marker enzymes: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin. Also, total protein content and hepatic marker enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase were studied. Moreover, liver antioxidants, glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide, and lipid peroxides were determined in this study. Hepatic adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), adenylate energy charge (ATP, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and inorganic phosphate), and phosphate potential, serum interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase were also examined in the present study. On the other hand, histopathological examination of intoxicated and liver treated with both proteins was taken into consideration. The present results show disturbances in all biochemical parameters and hepatic toxicity signs including mild vascular congestion, moderate inflammatory changes with moderate congested sinusoids, moderate nuclear changes (pyknosis), moderate centrilobular necrosis, fatty changes, nuclear pyknosis vascular congestion, and change in fatty centrilobular necrosis liver. Improvement in all biochemical parameters studied was noticed as a result of treatment intoxicated liver with C. gilliesii and C. cajan proteins either paracetamol with or post paracetamol treatment. These results were documented by the amelioration signs in rat's hepatic architecture. Thus, both plant protein extracts can upregulate and counteract the inflammatory process, minimize damage of the liver, delay disease progression, and reduce its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Z Rizk
- Department of Therapeutical Chemistry, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan F Aly
- Department of Therapeutical Chemistry, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina M Abo-Elmatty
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailiya, Egypt
| | - M M Desoky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Younis
- Department of Therapeutical Chemistry, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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68
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Bharitkar YP, Bathini S, Ojha D, Ghosh S, Mukherjee H, Kuotsu K, Chattopadhyay D, Mondal NB. Antibacterial and antiviral evaluation of sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride: a glycolipid isolated from Azadirachta indica leaves. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 58:184-9. [PMID: 24118020 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Assessment of antibacterial as well as antiherpes virus activity of sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride (SQDG), a glycolipid, isolated from the leaves of Azadirachta indica has been described. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and herpes simplex virus. SQDG showed significant inhibitory activity against Salmonella typhi and two isolates of Shigella dysenteriae with MIC values 32 μg ml(-1) , while three isolates of Salm. typhi, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae were inhibited at 64 μg ml(-1) and have shown zone diameter ranging from 6.2 to 12.3 mm. The growth kinetics study of SQDG on Salm. typhi and Sh. dysenteriae revealed that the growths were completely inhibited at their MIC values within 24 h of exposure. Interestingly, SQDG inhibits herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 with the EC50 of 9.1 and 8.5 μg ml(-1) , compared with acyclovir (2.2 and 2.8 μg ml(-1) against HSV-1 and HSV-2). The selectivity index (SI) was found to be 12.4 against HSV-1 and 13.41 with HSV-2. Furthermore, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines of HSV-infected and SQDG-treated macrophages using ELISA kit revealed that SQDG significantly downregulated the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-6. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The water-soluble metabolite sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride (SQDG) isolated from Azadirachta indica (Neem) possess significant antibacterial as well as anti-HSV activity. The efficacies as well as the solubility factor of SQDG substantiate a greater attention for its use as phytotherapeutic drug for controlling microbial infections as most consumers have better acceptance of phytomedicines than synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Bharitkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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Ibrahim AK, Youssef AI, Arafa AS, Ahmed SA. Anti-H5N1 virus flavonoids fromCapparis sinaicaVeill. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:2149-53. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.790027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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70
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Bag P, Ojha D, Mukherjee H, Halder UC, Mondal S, Chandra NS, Nandi S, Sharon A, Sarkar MC, Chakrabarti S, Chattopadhyay D. An indole alkaloid from a tribal folklore inhibits immediate early event in HSV-2 infected cells with therapeutic efficacy in vaginally infected mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77937. [PMID: 24167591 PMCID: PMC3805518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes genitalis, caused by HSV-2, is an incurable genital ulcerative disease transmitted by sexual intercourse. The virus establishes life-long latency in sacral root ganglia and reported to have synergistic relationship with HIV-1 transmission. Till date no effective vaccine is available, while the existing therapy frequently yielded drug resistance, toxicity and treatment failure. Thus, there is a pressing need for non-nucleotide antiviral agent from traditional source. Based on ethnomedicinal use we have isolated a compound 7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (HM) from the traditional herb Ophiorrhiza nicobarica Balkr, and evaluated its efficacy on isolates of HSV-2 in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity (CC50), effective concentrations (EC50) and the mode of action of HM was determined by MTT, plaque reduction, time-of-addition, immunofluorescence (IFA), Western blot, qRT-PCR, EMSA, supershift and co-immunoprecipitation assays; while the in vivo toxicity and efficacy was evaluated in BALB/c mice. The results revealed that HM possesses significant anti-HSV-2 activity with EC50 of 1.1-2.8 µg/ml, and selectivity index of >20. The time kinetics and IFA demonstrated that HM dose dependently inhibited 50-99% of HSV-2 infection at 1.5-5.0 µg/ml at 2-4 h post-infection. Further, HM was unable to inhibit viral attachment or penetration and had no synergistic interaction with acyclovir. Moreover, Western blot and qRT-PCR assays demonstrated that HM suppressed viral IE gene expression, while the EMSA and co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that HM interfered with the recruitment of LSD-1 by HCF-1. The in vivo studies revealed that HM at its virucidal concentration was nontoxic and reduced virus yield in the brain of HSV-2 infected mice in a concentration dependent manner, compared to vaginal tissues. Thus, our results suggest that HM can serve as a prototype to develop non-nucleotide antiviral lead targeting the viral IE transcription for the management of HSV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Bag
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Supriya Mondal
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Suman Nandi
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashoke Sharon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Mamta Chawla Sarkar
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Sekhar Chakrabarti
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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Su X, D'Souza DH. Naturally occurring flavonoids against human norovirus surrogates. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:97-102. [PMID: 23412728 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring plant-derived flavonoids are reported to have antibacterial, antiviral, and pharmacological activities. The objectives of this study were to determine the antiviral effects of four flavonoids (myricetin, L-epicatechin, tangeretin, and naringenin) on the infectivity of food borne norovirus surrogates after 2 h at 37 °C. The lab-culturable surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV-F9) at titers of ~7 log₁₀ PFU/ml (high titer) or ~5 log₁₀ PFU/ml (low titer) and murine norovirus (MNV-1) at ~5 log₁₀ PFU/ml, were mixed with equal volumes of myricetin, L-epicatechin, tangeretin, or naringenin at concentrations of 0.5 or 1 mM, and incubated for 2 h at 37 °C. Treatments of viruses were neutralized in cell culture medium containing 10 % heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, serially diluted, and plaque assayed. Each treatment was replicated thrice and assayed in duplicate. FCV-F9 (low titer) was not found to be reduced by tangeretin or naringenin, but was reduced to undetectable levels by myricetin at both concentrations. Low titer FCV-F9 was also decreased by 1.40 log₁₀ PFU/ml with L-epicatechin at 0.5 mM. FCV-F9 at high titers was decreased by 3.17 and 0.72 log₁₀ PFU/ml with myricetin and L-epicatechin at 0.5 mM, and 1.73 log10 PFU/ml with myricetin at 0.25 mM, respectively. However, MNV-1 showed no significant inactivation by the four tested treatments. The antiviral effects of the tested flavonoids are dependent on the virus type, titer, and dose. Further research will focus on understanding the antiviral mechanism of myricetin and L-epicatechin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Su
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Carvalho O, Oliveira F, Saraiva G, Botelho C, Ferreira H, Santos M, Silva Júnior A, Almeida M. Potencial antiviral da quercetina sobre o parvovírus canino. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o efeito do flavonoide quercetina na replicação do parvovírus canino in vitro por meio do ensaio de determinação da atividade virucida (ensaio 1), ensaio de determinação da atividade sobre a célula (ensaio 2) e ensaio de tempo de adição das drogas em diferentes etapas do ciclo replicativo viral (ensaio 3). A quercetina apresentou significante atividade antiviral, com valores máximos de redução do título viral de 96,3% no ensaio 1, 90% no ensaio 2 e 90% no ensaio 3. Os efeitos mais expressivos ocorreram nas etapas de adsorção e penetração viral. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem a importância da quercetina para a medicina veterinária.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.V. Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio Janeiro
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A. Silva Júnior
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Quercetin solid lipid microparticles: a flavonoid for inhalation lung delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:278-85. [PMID: 23541500 PMCID: PMC7127037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present work was to develop solid lipid microparticles (SLMs), as dry powders containing quercetin for direct administration to the lung. Methods Quercetin microparticles were prepared by o/w emulsification via a phase inversion technique, using tristearin as the lipid component and phosphatidylcholine as an emulsifier. The quercetin SLMs were characterised for morphology, drug loading (15.5% ± 0.6, which corresponded to an encapsulation efficiency of 71.4%), particle size distribution, response to humidity, crystallinity, thermal behaviour and in vitro respirable fraction. Furthermore, the toxicity and the in vitro transport of the SLMs on an air liquid interface model of the Calu-3 cell line were also investigated using a modified twin-stage impinger apparatus. Results Results showed that quercetin SLMs could be formulated as dry powder suitable for inhalation drug delivery (20.5 ± 3.3% fine particle fraction ⩽4.46 μm) that was absorbed, via a linear kinetic model across the Calu-3 monolayer (22.32 ± 1.51% over 4 h). In addition, quercetin SLMs were shown to be non-toxic at the concentrations investigated. Interestingly, no apical to basolateral transport of the micronised quercetin was observed over the period of study. Conclusions These observations suggest quercetin diffusion was enhanced by the presence of the lipid/emulsifying excipients in the SLMs; however further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanisms.
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David BC, Sudarsanam G. Antimicrobial activity of Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae). JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(13)60131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Johari J, Kianmehr A, Mustafa MR, Abubakar S, Zandi K. Antiviral activity of baicalein and quercetin against the Japanese encephalitis virus. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16785-95. [PMID: 23222683 PMCID: PMC3546721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne viral disease, is endemic to the entire east and southeast Asia, and some other parts of the world. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic available for JE; therefore, finding the effective antiviral agent against JEV replication is crucial. In the present study, the in vitro antiviral activity of baicalein and quercetin, two purportedly antiviral bioflavonoids, was evaluated against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication in Vero cells. Anti-JEV activities of these compounds were examined on different stages of JEV replication cycle. The effects of the compounds on virus replication were determined by foci forming unit reduction assay (FFURA) and quantitative RT-PCR. Baicalein showed potent antiviral activity with IC(50) = 14.28 µg/mL when it was introduced to the Vero cells after adsorption of JEV. Quercetin exhibited weak anti-JEV effects with IC(50) = 212.1 µg/mL when the JEV infected cells were treated with the compound after virus adsorption. However, baicalein exhibited significant effect against JEV adsorption with IC(50) = 7.27 µg/mL while quercetin did not show any anti-adsorption activity. Baicalein also exhibited direct extracellular virucidal activity on JEV with IC(50) = 3.44 µg/mL. However, results of quantitative RT-PCR experiments confirmed the findings from FFURA. This study demonstrated that baicalein should be considered as an appropriate candidate for further investigations, such as the study of molecular and cellular mechanism(s) of action and in vivo evaluation for the development of an effective antiviral compound against Japanese encephalitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefree Johari
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (J.J.); (A.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Aynaz Kianmehr
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (J.J.); (A.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Sazaly Abubakar
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (J.J.); (A.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (J.J.); (A.K.); (S.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +603-7967-5757
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Mukherjee H, Ojha D, Bag P, Chandel HS, Bhattacharyya S, Chatterjee TK, Mukherjee PK, Chakraborti S, Chattopadhyay D. Anti-herpes virus activities of Achyranthes aspera: an indian ethnomedicine, and its triterpene acid. Microbiol Res 2012; 168:238-44. [PMID: 23218996 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of methanolic extract (ME) of Achyranthes aspera, an Indian folk medicine and one of its pure compound oleanolic acid (OA) against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The ME possessed weak anti-herpes virus activity (EC50 64.4μg/ml for HSV-1 and 72.8μg/ml for HSV-2). While OA exhibited potent antiherpesvirus activity against both HSV-1 (EC50 6.8μg/ml) and HSV-2 (EC50 7.8μg/ml). The time response study revealed that the antiviral activity of ME and OA is highest at 2-6h post infection. The infected and drug-treated peritoneal macrophage at specific time showed increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL6 and IL12). Further, the PCR of DNA from infected cultures treated with ME and OA, at various time intervals, failed to show amplification at 48-72h, similar to that of HSV infected cells treated with acyclovir, indicating that the ME and OA probably inhibit the early stage of multiplication (post infection of 2-6h). Thus, our study demonstrated that ME and OA have good anti-HSV activity, with SI values of 12, suggesting the potential use of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanta Mukherjee
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, GB-4, First Floor, 57 Dr Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, India
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Dose-response to 3 months of quercetin-containing supplements on metabolite and quercetin conjugate profile in adults. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1923-33. [PMID: 23151341 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, a flavonol in fruits and vegetables, has been demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating influences. The purpose of the present study was to determine if quercetin, vitamin C and niacin supplements (Q-500 = 500 mg/d of quercetin, 125 mg/d of vitamin C and 5 mg/d of niacin; Q-1000 = 1000 mg/d of quercetin, 250 mg/d of vitamin C and 10 mg/d of niacin) would alter small-molecule metabolite profiles and serum quercetin conjugate levels in adults. Healthy adults (fifty-eight women and forty-two men; aged 40-83 years) were assigned using a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial to one of three supplement groups (Q-1000, Q-500 or placebo). Overnight fasted blood samples were collected at 0, 1 and 3 months. Quercetin conjugate concentrations were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS, and metabolite profiles were measured using two MS platforms (UPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight MS (TOFMS) and GC-TOFMS). Statistical procedures included partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and linear mixed model analysis with repeated measures. After accounting for age, sex and BMI, quercetin supplementation was associated with significant shifts in 163 metabolites/quercetin conjugates (false discovery rate, P<0·05). The top five metabolite shifts were an increase in serum guaiacol, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, allocystathionine and two bile acids. Inflammatory and oxidative stress metabolites were not affected. PLS-DA revealed a clear separation only between the 1000 mg/d and placebo groups (Q(2)Y = 0·763). The quercetin conjugate, isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide, had the highest concentration at 3 months followed by quercetin-3-glucuronide, quercetin-3-sulphate and quercetin diglucuronide. In human subjects, long-term quercetin supplementation exerts disparate and wide-ranging metabolic effects and changes in quercetin conjugate concentrations. Metabolic shifts were apparent at the 1000 mg/d dose; further research is required to understand the health implications of these shifts.
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Zandi K, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Wong PF, Mustafa MR, AbuBakar S. Novel antiviral activity of baicalein against dengue virus. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:214. [PMID: 23140177 PMCID: PMC3528482 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a serious arboviral disease currently with no effective antiviral therapy or approved vaccine available. Therefore, finding the effective compound against dengue virus (DENV) replication is very important. Among the natural compounds, bioflavonoids derived mainly from plants are of interest because of their biological and medicinal benefits. METHODS In the present study, antiviral activity of a bioflavonoid, baicalein, was evaluated against different stages of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) replication in Vero cells using focus forming unit reduction assay and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Baicalein inhibited DENV-2 replication in Vero cells with IC50= 6.46 μg/mL and SI= 17.8 when added after adsorption to the cells. The IC50 against DENV-2 was 5.39 μg/mL and SI= 21.3 when cells were treated 5 hours before virus infection and continuously up to 4 days post infection. Baicalein exhibited direct virucidal effect against DENV-2 with IC 50= 1.55 μg/mL and showed anti-adsorption effect with IC50 = 7.14 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Findings presented here suggest that baicalein exerts potent antiviral activity against DENV. Baicalein possesses direct virucidal activity against DENV besides its effects against dengue virus adsorption and intracellular replication of DENV-2. Baicalein, hence, should be considered for in vivo evaluation in the development of an effective antiviral compound against DENV.
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Tazoo D, Oniga O, Bohle DS, Chua Z, Dongo E. General Two-Step Preparation of Chalcones Containing Thiazole. J Heterocycl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ovidiu Oniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu,”; 12 Ion Creanga Street; Cluj-Napoca; 400010; Romania
| | - D. Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West; Montreal; Quebec; Canada; H3A 2K6
| | - Zhijie Chua
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West; Montreal; Quebec; Canada; H3A 2K6
| | - Etienne Dongo
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Yaounde I; P.O. Box: 812; Yaounde; Cameroon
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Chen C, Jiang ZY, Yu B, Wu XL, Dai CQ, Zhao CL, Ju DH, Chen XY. Study on the anti-H1N1 virus effects of quercetin and oseltamivir and their mechanism related to TLR7 pathway. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:877-885. [PMID: 22924574 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.702108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The antivirus effect of quercetin and oseltamivir on the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling pathway was observed when dendritic cells and macrophages were infected with H1N1. Leukomonocytes were obtained from umbilical cord blood and harvested after stimulation by recombinant human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (rhGM-CSF) and recombinant human Interleukin 4 (rhIL-4). Virus-infected cell model was established by human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) infected with H1N1. After immunological cells and virus-infected cells were co-cultured, quercetin and oseltamivir were also added into the medium as a treatment intervention. Then the immunological cells were collected for Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot to determine the expression levels of genes related to TLR7 pathway. Viral infection led to cell death and increased the gene expression levels of TLR7 signal pathway. Quercetin and oseltamivir increased cell viability and reduced the expression levels of TLR7 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Bag P, Chattopadhyay D, Mukherjee H, Ojha D, Mandal N, Sarkar MC, Chatterjee T, Das G, Chakraborti S. Anti-herpes virus activities of bioactive fraction and isolated pure constituent of Mallotus peltatus: an ethnomedicine from Andaman Islands. Virol J 2012; 9:98. [PMID: 22624581 PMCID: PMC3430555 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infections, particularly the infections caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), represent one of the most serious public health concerns globally because of their devastating impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of methanolic crude extract of an ethnomedicine Mallotus peltatus, its active fraction and pure compound, against HSV-1 F and HSV-2 G. RESULT The cytotoxicity (CC(50), the concentration of 50% cellular toxicity), antiviral effective concentration (EC(50), the concentration required to achieve 50% protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect), plaque reduction and the selectivity index (SI, the ratio of CC(50) and EC(50)) was determined. Results showed that the crude methanolic extract of M. peltatus possessed weak anti-HSV activity. In contrast, the active fraction A and isolated ursolic acid from fraction A exhibited potent antiherpesvirus activity against both HSV-1 (EC(50)= 7.8 and 5.5 μg/ml; SI = 22.3 and 20) and HSV-2 (EC(50)= 8.2 and 5.8 μg/ml, and SI = 21.2 and 18.97). The fraction A and isolated ursolic acid (10 μg/ml) inhibited plaque formation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 at more than 80% levels, with a dose dependent antiviral activity, compared to acyclovir. The time response study revealed that the anti-HSV activity of fraction A and isolated ursolic acid is highest at 2-5 h post-infection. Moreover, the time kinetics study by indirect immunofluorescence assay showed a characteristic pattern of small foci of single fluorescent cells in fraction A- treated virus infected cells at 2 h and 4 h post-infection, suggesting drug inhibited viral dissemination. Further, the PCR study with infected cell cultures treated with fraction A and isolated ursolic acid at various time intervals, failed to show amplification at 48-72 h, like acyclovir treated HSV-infected cells. Moreover, fraction A or isolated ursolic acid showed no interaction in combination with acyclovir. CONCLUSION This study revealed that bioactive fraction A and isolated ursolic acid of M. peltatus has good anti-HSV activity, probably by inhibiting the early stage of multiplication (post-infection of 0-5 h), with SI value of 20, suggesting its potential use as anti-HSV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Bag
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Hemanta Mukherjee
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Nilanjan Mandal
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Mamta Chawla Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Tapan Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sekhar Chakraborti
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Hsu FL, Huang WJ, Wu TH, Lee MH, Chen LC, Lu HJ, Hou WC, Lin MH. Evaluation of antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacities of polyphenolics from pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6073-6088. [PMID: 22754350 PMCID: PMC3382783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13056073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirteen polyphenolics were isolated from fresh pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima using various methods of column chromatography. The structures of these polyphenolics were elucidated as gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), 6-O-galloyl-d-glucoside (3), methyl 6-O-galloyl-β-d-glucoside (4), methyl 3,6-di-O-galloyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (5), gentisic acid 5-O-α-d-(6'-O-galloyl)glucopyranoside (6), guaiacylglycerol 4-O-β-d-(6'-O-galloyl)glucopyranoside (7), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol 1-O-β-d-(6'-O-galloyl) glucopyranoside (8), (+)-gallocatechin (9), (+)-catechin (10), (+)-gallocatechin 3-O-gallate (11), myricetin 3-rhamnoside (12), and ampelopsin (13). All isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant activities in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and peroxynitrite radicals scavenging assays. Among those compounds, 11, 12, and 2 exhibited the best DPPH-, hydroxyl-, and peroxynitrite radical-scavenging activities, respectively. Compound 7 is a new compound, and possesses better scavenging activities towards DPPH but has equivalent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity when compared to BHT. The paper is the first report on free radical scavenging properties of components of the fresh pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. The results obtained from the current study indicate that the free radical scavenging property of fresh pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima may be one of the mechanisms by which this herbal medicine is effective in several free radical mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Tzu-Hua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (T.-H.W.); (L.-C.C.)
| | - Mei-Hsien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Lih-Chi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (T.-H.W.); (L.-C.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei City Hospital, No.145, Zhengzhou Rd., Taipei 10341, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Jen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Wen-Chi Hou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Mei-Hsiang Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (T.-H.W.); (L.-C.C.)
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Boubaker J, Mansour HB, Ghedira K, Ghedira LC. Polar extracts from (Tunisian) Acacia salicina Lindl. Study of the antimicrobial and antigenotoxic activities. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:37. [PMID: 22490278 PMCID: PMC3353866 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Methanolic, aqueous and Total Oligomer Flavonoids (TOF)-enriched extracts obtained from the leaves of Acacia salicina 'Lindl.' were investigated for antibacterial, antimutagenic and antioxidant activities. Methods The antimicrobial activity was tested on the Gram positive and Gram negative reference bacterial strains. The Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities against direct acting mutagens, methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOPD), and indirect acting mutagens, 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) and benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) were performed with S. typhimurium TA102 and TA98 assay systems. In addition, the enzymatic and nonenzymatic methods were employed to evaluate the anti-oxidative effects of the tested extracts. Results A significant effect against the Gram positive and Gram negative reference bacterial strains was observed with all the extracts. The mutagenic and antimutagenic studies revealed that all the extracts decreased the mutagenicity induced by B(a)P (7.5 μg/plate), 2-AA (5 μg/plate), MMS (1.3 mg/plate) and NOPD (10 μg/plate). Likewise, all the extracts showed an important free radical scavenging activity towards the superoxide anion generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay system, as well as high Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), against the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)+• radical. TOF-enriched extract exhibited the highest protective effect against free radicals, direct acting-mutagen and metabolically activated S9-dependent mutagens. Conclusions The present study indicates that the extracts from A. salicina leaves are a significant source of compounds with the antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and this may be useful for developing potential chemopreventive substances.
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Kumbhare MR, Sivakumar T, Udavant PB, Dhake AS, Surana AR. In vitro antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity and total phenolic content in extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Caesalpiniaceae) pods. Pak J Biol Sci 2012; 15:325-332. [PMID: 24163958 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2012.325.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. Swartz (Caesalpiniaceae) is an ornamental plant also used as a common medicinal plant in India, Taiwan and South-East Asian countries. Majority of the diseases/disorders are mainly linked to oxidative stress due to free radicals. The aims of this study were to screen for phytochemical constituents, evaluate cytotoxicity, in vitro antioxidant activity and estimation of total phenolic content of extracts of pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids. Brine Shrimp Lethality (BSL) bioassay was used to investigate the cytotoxic effects. The LC50(microg mL(-1)) values obtained for extracts as 750 microg mL(-1) for petroleum ether extract, 800 microg mL(-1) for chloroform extract and 900 microg mL(-1) for methanol extract. The total phenolic content of the methanolic extract was 38.04% w/w, equivalent to gallic acid. Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanolic extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and standard ascorbic acid were found to be scavenger of DPPH radical with an IC50 of 124.75, 112.08, 54.34 and 13.86 microg mL(-1), respectively. Methanolic extract was good scavenger of DPPH radical. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate soluble fraction of methanolic extracts of pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and ascorbic acid were found to be scavenger of nitric oxide radical with an IC50 of 93.32, 65.12, 54.83 and 12.59 microg mL(-1), respectively. Ethyl acetate soluble fraction was found to be good scavenger of nitric oxide radical. Our conclusion provides support that the crude extracts of C. pulcherrima is a probable source of natural antioxidants and this justified its uses in folkloric medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kumbhare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SMBT College of Pharmacy, Nandihills, Dhamangaon, Igatpuri, Nashik 422403, India
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85
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Ganesan S, Faris AN, Comstock AT, Wang Q, Nanua S, Hershenson MB, Sajjan US. Quercetin inhibits rhinovirus replication in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:258-71. [PMID: 22465313 PMCID: PMC3360794 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV), which is responsible for the majority of common colds, also causes exacerbations in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. So far, there are no drugs available for treatment of rhinovirus infection. We examined the effect of quercetin, a plant flavanol on RV infection in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment of airway epithelial cells with quercetin decreased Akt phosphosphorylation, viral endocytosis and IL-8 responses. Addition of quercetin 6 h after RV infection (after viral endocytosis) reduced viral load, IL-8 and IFN responses in airway epithelial cells. This was associated with decreased levels of negative and positive strand viral RNA, and RV capsid protein, abrogation of RV-induced eIF4GI cleavage and increased phosphorylation of eIF2α. In mice infected with RV, quercetin treatment decreased viral replication as well as expression of chemokines and cytokines. Quercetin treatment also attenuated RV-induced airway cholinergic hyperresponsiveness. Together, our results suggest that quercetin inhibits RV endocytosis and replication in airway epithelial cells at multiple stages of the RV life cycle. Quercetin also decreases expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improves lung function in RV-infected mice. Based on these observations, further studies examining the potential benefits of quercetin in the prevention and treatment of RV infection are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Ganesan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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86
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Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved for the development of novel anti-viral drugs. These newly developed drugs belong to three groups of compounds, nucleoside analogues, thymidine kinase-dependent nucleotide analogues and specific viral enzyme inhibitors. It has been found that the natural products, like plant-derived compounds (phytochemicals) as well as traditional medicines, like traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), Ayurvedic medicines and so on, are the important sources for potential and novel anti-viral drugs. In this chapter, the history of natural products as antiviral drugs, the approaches to discover potential lead compounds, and the anti-viral properties of phytochemicals with different action mechanisms are discussed. The key conclusion is that natural products are most important sources for novel anti-viral drugs.
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87
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Zandi K, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Wong PF, Mustafa MR, Abubakar S. Antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type-2. Virol J 2011; 8:560. [PMID: 22201648 PMCID: PMC3271998 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue is a major mosquito-borne disease currently with no effective antiviral or vaccine available. Effort to find antivirals for it has focused on bioflavonoids, a plant-derived polyphenolic compounds with many potential health benefits. In the present study, antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type -2 (DENV-2) in Vero cell was evaluated. Anti-dengue activity of these compounds was determined at different stages of DENV-2 infection and replication cycle. DENV replication was measured by Foci Forming Unit Reduction Assay (FFURA) and quantitative RT-PCR. Selectivity Index value (SI) was determined as the ratio of cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) to inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) for each compound. Results The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of quercetin against dengue virus was 35.7 μg mL-1 when it was used after virus adsorption to the cells. The IC50 decreased to 28.9 μg mL-1 when the cells were treated continuously for 5 h before virus infection and up to 4 days post-infection. The SI values for quercetin were 7.07 and 8.74 μg mL-1, respectively, the highest compared to all bioflavonoids studied. Naringin only exhibited anti-adsorption effects against DENV-2 with IC50 = 168.2 μg mL-1 and its related SI was 1.3. Daidzein showed a weak anti-dengue activity with IC50 = 142.6 μg mL-1 when the DENV-2 infected cells were treated after virus adsorption. The SI value for this compound was 1.03. Hesperetin did not exhibit any antiviral activity against DENV-2. The findings obtained from Foci Forming Unit Reduction Assay (FFURA) were corroborated by findings of the qRT-PCR assays. Quercetin and daidzein (50 μg mL-1) reduced DENV-2 RNA levels by 67% and 25%, respectively. There was no significant inhibition of DENV-2 RNA levels with naringin and hesperetin. Conclusion Results from the study suggest that only quercetin demonstrated significant anti-DENV-2 inhibitory activities. Other bioflavonoids, including daidzein, naringin and hesperetin showed minimal to no significant inhibition of DENV-2 virus replication. These findings, together with those previously reported suggest that select group of bioflavonoids including quercetin and fisetin, exhibited significant inhibitory activities against dengue virus. This group of flavonoids, flavonol, could be investigated further to discover the common mechanisms of inhibition of dengue virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Zandi
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sohail MN, Rasul F, Karim A, Kanwal U, Attitalla IH. Plant as a Source of Natural Antiviral Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2011.1125.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sharma V, Rajani GP. Evaluation of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Linn. for anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:168-71. [PMID: 21572651 PMCID: PMC3081455 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.77354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Linn.) Sw. for anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory action of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. pulcherrima (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) (CPE and CPA) were evaluated by cotton pellet granuloma models. Pylorus ligation and aspirin induced ulcer models were employed for evaluating antiulcer activity for both the extracts. Ulcerogenic potential of CP was also evaluated. RESULT The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. pulcherrima significantly decreased (P<0.01) the granuloma tissue development. CPE and CPA at both the doses exhibited significant (P<0.01) antiulcer activity by decreasing the ulcer score in both the ulcer models and it was not ulcerogenic. CONCLUSION The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of C. pulcherrima (CPE and CPA) possess significant anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, K. L. E. Society's College of Pharmacy, Bangalore - 560 010, Karnataka, India
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Wang YZ, Sun SQ, Zhou YB. Extract of the dried heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. attenuates collagen-induced arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 136:271-278. [PMID: 21557995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THIS STUDY To confirm the anti-arthritic effect and explore the potential mechanism of the dried heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. (HCS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats, an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS CIA was induced in male Wistar rats by intradermal injection of bovine collagen-II in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA). The rats in the onset of arthritis were treated daily with oral administration of an ethanol extract from HCS (EHCS) at different doses (1.2, 2.4 and 3.6g/kg) or olive oil-vehicle for 10 days. Paw swelling, arthritis index, radiographic and histopathologic changes were evaluated to confirm the anti-arthritic effect of EHCS on CIA in rats. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in blood and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and transcription factor NF-κB p65 in paw cartilage were detected to further study the molecular mechanism of the anti-arthritic effects of EHCS on CIA in rats. In addition, the adverse effects of EHCS on liver and kidney of rats were also evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that the EHCS markedly attenuated collagen-induced arthritis and reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2 in serum and the expression of COX-2 and transcription factor NF-κB p65 in paw cartilage of CIA rats. EHCS (3.6g/kg) induced slight hepatotoxicity and body weight loss. CONCLUSION These results indicate that EHCS significantly attenuates CIA in rats by decreasing the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2 in serum and the expression of COX-2 and transcription factor NF-κB in paw cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
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Zhao L, Wu J, Yang J, Wei J, Gao W, Guo C. Dietary quercetin supplementation increases serum antioxidant capacity and alters hepatic gene expression profile in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:701-6. [PMID: 21565894 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of quercetin on hepatic gene expression profile in rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into the control group and the quercetin-treated group, in which a diet containing 0.5% quercetin was provided. After two weeks of feeding, serum and liver samples were collected. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, including serum ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values and levels of ascorbic acid, vitamin E (VE), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. The hepatic gene expression profile was examined using a microarray technique. The results showed that serum FRAP value, levels of ascorbic acid and VE were increased significantly, whereas serum levels of GSH and MDA were not changed significantly after quercetin supplementation. The microarray analysis revealed that some hepatic genes involved in phase 2 reaction, metabolism of cholesterol and homocysteine, and energy production were expressed differentially in response to quercetin administration. These findings provide a molecular basis for the elucidation of the actions played by quercetin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhao
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin, China
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Kayano ACAV, Lopes SCP, Bueno FG, Cabral EC, Souza-Neiras WC, Yamauchi LM, Foglio MA, Eberlin MN, Mello JCP, Costa FTM. In vitro and in vivo assessment of the anti-malarial activity of Caesalpinia pluviosa. Malar J 2011; 10:112. [PMID: 21535894 PMCID: PMC3112450 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To overcome the problem of increasing drug resistance, traditional medicines are an important source for potential new anti-malarials. Caesalpinia pluviosa, commonly named "sibipiruna", originates from Brazil and possess multiple therapeutic properties, including anti-malarial activity. Methods Crude extract (CE) was obtained from stem bark by purification using different solvents, resulting in seven fractions. An MTT assay was performed to evaluate cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells. The CE and its fractions were tested in vitro against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and -resistant (S20) strains of Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo in Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice. In vitro interaction with artesunate and the active C. pluviosa fractions was assessed, and mass spectrometry analyses were conducted. Results At non-toxic concentrations, the 100% ethanolic (F4) and 50% methanolic (F5) fractions possessed significant anti-malarial activity against both 3D7 and S20 strains. Drug interaction assays with artesunate showed a synergistic interaction with the F4. Four days of treatment with this fraction significantly inhibited parasitaemia in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed the presence of an ion corresponding to m/z 303.0450, suggesting the presence of quercetin. However, a second set of analyses, with a quercetin standard, showed distinct ions of m/z 137 and 153. Conclusions The findings show that the F4 fraction of C. pluviosa exhibits anti-malarial activity in vitro at non-toxic concentrations, which was potentiated in the presence of artesunate. Moreover, this anti-malarial activity was also sustained in vivo after treatment of infected mice. Finally, mass spectrometry analyses suggest that a new compound, most likely an isomer of quercetin, is responsible for the anti-malarial activity of the F4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina A V Kayano
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Mercorelli B, Lembo D, Palù G, Loregian A. Early inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus: state-of-art and therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:309-29. [PMID: 21570424 PMCID: PMC7112563 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with severe morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, mainly transplant recipients and AIDS patients, and is the most frequent cause of congenital malformations in newborn children. To date, few drugs are licensed for the treatment of HCMV infections, most of which target the viral DNA polymerase and suffer from many drawbacks, including long-term toxicity, low potency, and poor bioavailability. In addition, the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains is becoming an increasing problem for disease management. Finally, none of the current anti-HCMV drugs have been approved for the treatment of congenital infections. For all these reasons, there is still a strong need for new anti-HCMV drugs with novel mechanisms of action. The first events of the virus replication cycle, including attachment, entry, immediate-early gene expression, and immediate-early functions—in particular that of Immediate-Early 2 protein—represent attractive targets for the development of novel antiviral compounds. Such inhibitors would block not only the expression of viral immediate-early proteins, which play a key role in the pathogenesis of HCMV infection, but also the host immunomodulation and the changes to cell physiology induced by the first events of virus infection. This review describes the current knowledge on the initial phases of HCMV replication, their validation as potential novel antiviral targets, and the development of compounds that block such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Mercorelli
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA, Gomes OA, Bortolini DE, Martins ML, Almeida MR, Martins CS, Carvalho LD, Souza JG, Vilela JMC, Andrade MS, Barbosa-Stancioli EF. Evaluation of the effects of Quercetin and Kaempherol on the surface of MT-2 cells visualized by atomic force microscopy. J Virol Methods 2011; 174:47-52. [PMID: 21507333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-viral effects of the polyphenolic compounds Quercetin and Kaempherol on the release of HTLV-1 from the surface of MT-2 cells. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to scan the surface of the MT-2 cells. MT-2 cells were fixed with 100% methanol on round glass lamina or cleaved mica and dried under UV light and laminar flow. The images were captured on a Multimode equipment monitored by a NanoScope IIId controller from Veeco Instruments Inc operated in tapping mode and equipped with phase-imaging hardware. The images demonstrated viral budding structures 131 ± 57 nm in size, indicating profuse viral budding. Interestingly, cell-free viruses and budding structures visualized on the surface of cells were less common when MT-2 was incubated with Quercetin, and no particles were seen on the surface of cells incubated with Kaempherol. In summary, these data indicate that HTLV-1 is budding constantly from the MT-2 cell surface and that polyphenolic compounds were able to reduce this viral release. Biological samples were analyzed with crude cell preparations just after cultivation in the presence of Quercetin and Kaempherol, showing that the AFM technique is a rapid and powerful tool for analysis of antiviral activity of new biological compounds.
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Knab AM, Shanely RA, Henson DA, Jin F, Heinz SA, Austin MD, Nieman DC. Influence of Quercetin Supplementation on Disease Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:542-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen CH, Chou TW, Cheng LH, Ho CW. In vitro anti-adenoviral activity of five Allium plants. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hydrolyzable tannins (chebulagic acid and punicalagin) target viral glycoprotein-glycosaminoglycan interactions to inhibit herpes simplex virus 1 entry and cell-to-cell spread. J Virol 2011; 85:4386-98. [PMID: 21307190 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01492-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a common human pathogen that causes lifelong latent infection of sensory neurons. Non-nucleoside inhibitors that can limit HSV-1 recurrence are particularly useful in treating immunocompromised individuals or cases of emerging acyclovir-resistant strains of herpesvirus. We report that chebulagic acid (CHLA) and punicalagin (PUG), two hydrolyzable tannins isolated from the dried fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae), inhibit HSV-1 entry at noncytotoxic doses in A549 human lung cells. Experiments revealed that both tannins targeted and inactivated HSV-1 viral particles and could prevent binding, penetration, and cell-to-cell spread, as well as secondary infection. The antiviral effect from either of the tannins was not associated with induction of type I interferon-mediated responses, nor was pretreatment of the host cell protective against HSV-1. Their inhibitory activities targeted HSV-1 glycoproteins since both natural compounds were able to block polykaryocyte formation mediated by expression of recombinant viral glycoproteins involved in attachment and membrane fusion. Our results indicated that CHLA and PUG blocked interactions between cell surface glycosaminoglycans and HSV-1 glycoproteins. Furthermore, the antiviral activities from the two tannins were significantly diminished in mutant cell lines unable to produce heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate and could be rescued upon reconstitution of heparan sulfate biosynthesis. We suggest that the hydrolyzable tannins CHLA and PUG may be useful as competitors for glycosaminoglycans in the management of HSV-1 infections and that they may help reduce the risk for development of viral drug resistance during therapy with nucleoside analogues.
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Kim Y, Narayanan S, Chang KO. Inhibition of influenza virus replication by plant-derived isoquercetin. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:227-35. [PMID: 20826184 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infects the respiratory system of human and animals causing mild to severe illness which could lead to death. Although vaccines are available, there is still a great need for influenza antiviral drugs to reduce disease progression and virus transmission. Currently two classes (M2 channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors) of FDA-approved influenza antiviral drugs are available, but there are great concerns of emergence of viral resistance. Therefore, timely development of new antiviral drugs against influenza viruses is crucial. Plant-derived polyphenols have been studied for antioxidant activity, anti-carcinogenic, and cardio- and neuroprotective actions. Recently, some polyphenols, such as resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate, showed significant anti-influenza activity in vitro and/or in vivo. Therefore we investigated selected polyphenols for their antiviral activity against influenza A and B viruses. Among the polyphenols we tested, isoquercetin inhibited the replication of both influenza A and B viruses at the lowest effective concentration. In a double treatment of isoquercetin and amantadine, synergistic effects were observed on the reduction of viral replication in vitro. The serial passages of virus in the presence of isoquercetin did not lead to the emergence of resistant virus, and the addition of isoquercetin to amantadine or oseltamivir treatment suppressed the emergence of amantadine- or oseltamivir-resistant virus. In a mouse model of influenza virus infection, isoquercetin administered intraperitoneally to mice inoculated with human influenza A virus significantly decreased the virus titers and pathological changes in the lung. Our results suggest that isoquercetin may have the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of influenza virus infection and for the suppression of resistance in combination therapy with existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Pathobiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Heinz SA, Henson DA, Austin MD, Jin F, Nieman DC. Quercetin supplementation and upper respiratory tract infection: A randomized community clinical trial. Pharmacol Res 2010; 62:237-42. [PMID: 20478383 PMCID: PMC7128946 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin in culture with target cells and pathogens exerts anti-pathogenic activities against a wide variety of viruses and bacteria. A few small-scale human quercetin supplementation studies have produced conflicting results regarding quercetin's effects on upper respiratory tract infection rates, and little is known regarding the appropriate human dose. The purpose of this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was to measure the influence of two quercetin doses (500 and 1000 mg/day) compared to placebo on upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) rates in a large community group (N=1002) of subjects varying widely in age (18-85 years). Subjects ingested supplements for 12 weeks and logged URTI symptoms on a daily basis using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS). No significant group differences were measured for URTI outcomes for all subjects combined, or when analyzing separately by gender, body mass index, and age categories. Regression analysis revealed that the strongest interaction effect with group status was self-reported fitness level. A separate analysis of subjects 40 years of age and older rating themselves in the top half of the entire group for fitness level (N=325) showed lower URTI severity (36% reduction, P=0.020) and URTI total sick days (31% reduction, P=0.048) for the Q-1000 group compared to placebo. In summary, for all subjects combined, quercetin supplementation over 12 weeks had no significant influence on URTI rates or symptomatology compared to placebo. A reduction in URTI total sick days and severity was noted in middle aged and older subjects ingesting 1000 mg quercetin/day for 12 weeks who rated themselves as physically fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena A Heinz
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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