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Comparative Genomics Analysis of Two Different Virulent Bovine Pasteurella multocida Isolates. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:4512493. [PMID: 28070502 PMCID: PMC5192330 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4512493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pasteurella multocida capsular type A isolates can cause pneumonia and bovine respiratory disease (BRD). In this study, comparative genomics analysis was carried out to identify the virulence genes in two different virulent P. multocida capsular type A isolates (high virulent PmCQ2 and low virulent PmCQ6). The draft genome sequence of PmCQ2 is 2.32 Mbp and contains 2,002 protein-coding genes, 9 insertion sequence (IS) elements, and 1 prophage region. The draft genome sequence of PmCQ6 is 2.29 Mbp and contains 1,970 protein-coding genes, 2 IS elements, and 3 prophage regions. The genome alignment analysis revealed that the genome similarity between PmCQ2 and PmCQ6 is 99% with high colinearity. To identify the candidate genes responsible for virulence, the PmCQ2 and PmCQ6 were compared together with that of the published genomes of high virulent Pm36950 and PmHN06 and avirulent Pm3480 and Pm70 (capsular type F). Five genes and two insertion sequences are identified in high virulent strains but not in low virulent or avirulent strains. These results indicated that these genes or insertion sequences might be responsible for the virulence of P. multocida, providing prospective candidates for further studies on the pathogenesis and the host-pathogen interactions of P. multocida.
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Cameron A, McAllister TA. Antimicrobial usage and resistance in beef production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:68. [PMID: 27999667 PMCID: PMC5154118 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are critical to contemporary high-intensity beef production. Many different antimicrobials are approved for beef cattle, and are used judiciously for animal welfare, and controversially, to promote growth and feed efficiency. Antimicrobial administration provides a powerful selective pressure that acts on the microbial community, selecting for resistance gene determinants and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria resident in the bovine flora. The bovine microbiota includes many harmless bacteria, but also opportunistic pathogens that may acquire and propagate resistance genes within the microbial community via horizontal gene transfer. Antimicrobial-resistant bovine pathogens can also complicate the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in beef feedlots, threatening the efficiency of the beef production system. Likewise, the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes to bovine-associated human pathogens is a potential public health concern. This review outlines current antimicrobial use practices pertaining to beef production, and explores the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in major bovine pathogens. The effect of antimicrobials on the composition of the bovine microbiota is examined, as are the effects on the beef production resistome. Antimicrobial resistance is further explored within the context of the wider beef production continuum, with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance genes in the food chain, and risk to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cameron
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada ; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB Canada
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Clawson ML, Murray RW, Sweeney MT, Apley MD, DeDonder KD, Capik SF, Larson RL, Lubbers BV, White BJ, Kalbfleisch TS, Schuller G, Dickey AM, Harhay GP, Heaton MP, Chitko-McKown CG, Brichta-Harhay DM, Bono JL, Smith TPL. Genomic signatures of Mannheimia haemolytica that associate with the lungs of cattle with respiratory disease, an integrative conjugative element, and antibiotic resistance genes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:982. [PMID: 27894259 PMCID: PMC5127058 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannheimia haemolytica typically resides in cattle as a commensal member of the upper respiratory tract microbiome. However, some strains can invade their lungs and cause respiratory disease and death, including those with multi-drug resistance. A nucleotide polymorphism typing system was developed for M. haemolytica from the genome sequences of 1133 North American isolates, and used to identify genetic differences between isolates from the lungs and upper respiratory tract of cattle with and without clinical signs of respiratory disease. RESULTS A total of 26,081 nucleotide polymorphisms were characterized after quality control filtering of 48,403 putative polymorphisms. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide polymorphism genotypes split M. haemolytica into two major genotypes (1 and 2) that each were further divided into multiple subtypes. Multiple polymorphisms were identified with alleles that tagged genotypes 1 or 2, and their respective subtypes. Only genotype 2 M. haemolytica associated with the lungs of diseased cattle and the sequence of a particular integrative and conjugative element (ICE). Additionally, isolates belonging to one subtype of genotype 2 (2b), had the majority of antibiotic resistance genes detected in this study, which were assorted into seven combinations that ranged from 1 to 12 resistance genes. CONCLUSIONS Typing of diverse M. haemolytica by nucleotide polymorphism genotypes successfully identified associations with diseased cattle lungs, ICE sequence, and antibiotic resistance genes. Management of cattle by their carriage of M. haemolytica could be an effective intervention strategy to reduce the prevalence of respiratory disease and supplemental needs for antibiotic treatments in North American herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Clawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE USA
| | | | | | | | - Keith D. DeDonder
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
- Veterinary and Biomedical Research Center, Inc, Manhattan, KS USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gennie Schuller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE USA
| | - Aaron M. Dickey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE USA
| | - Gregory P. Harhay
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE USA
| | - Michael P. Heaton
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE USA
| | - Carol G. Chitko-McKown
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE USA
| | - Dayna M. Brichta-Harhay
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE USA
| | - James L. Bono
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE USA
| | - Timothy P. L. Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE USA
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Lopes GV, Michael GB, Cardoso M, Schwarz S. Antimicrobial resistance and class 1 integron-associated gene cassettes in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from pigs at slaughter and abattoir environment. Vet Microbiol 2016; 194:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schwarz S, Loeffler A, Kadlec K. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents and its impact on veterinary and human medicine. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:82-e19. [PMID: 27581211 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance has become a major challenge in veterinary medicine, particularly in the context of bacterial pathogens that play a role in both humans and animals. OBJECTIVES This review serves as an update on acquired resistance mechanisms in bacterial pathogens of human and animal origin, including examples of transfer of resistant pathogens between hosts and of resistance genes between bacteria. RESULTS Acquired resistance is based on resistance-mediating mutations or on mobile resistance genes. Although mutations are transferred vertically, mobile resistance genes are also transferred horizontally (by transformation, transduction or conjugation/mobilization), contributing to the dissemination of resistance. Mobile genes specifying any of the three major resistance mechanisms - enzymatic inactivation, reduced intracellular accumulation or modification of the cellular target sites - have been found in a variety of bacteria that may be isolated from animals. Such resistance genes are associated with plasmids, transposons, gene cassettes, integrative and conjugative elements or other mobile elements. Bacteria, including zoonotic pathogens, can be exchanged between animals and humans mainly via direct contact, but also via dust, aerosols or foods. Proof of the direction of transfer of resistant bacteria can be difficult and depends on the location of resistance genes or mutations in the chromosomal DNA or on a mobile element. CONCLUSION The wide variety in resistance and resistance transfer mechanisms will continue to ensure the success of bacterial pathogens in the future. Our strategies to counteract resistance and preserve the efficacy of antimicrobial agents need to be equally diverse and resourceful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Höltystr. 10, 31535, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Höltystr. 10, 31535, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
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DeDonder KD, Harhay DM, Apley MD, Lubbers BV, Clawson ML, Schuller G, Harhay GP, White BJ, Larson RL, Capik SF, Riviere JE, Kalbfleisch T, Tessman RK. Observations on macrolide resistance and susceptibility testing performance in field isolates collected from clinical bovine respiratory disease cases. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:186-193. [PMID: 27527782 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were; first, to describe gamithromycin susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni isolated from cattle diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and previously treated with either gamithromycin for control of BRD (mass medication=MM) or sham-saline injected (control=CON); second, to describe the macrolide resistance genes present in genetically typed M. haemolytica isolates; third, use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to correlate the phenotypic resistance and genetic determinants for resistance among M. haemolytica isolates. M. haemolytica (n=276), P. multocida (n=253), and H. somni (n=78) were isolated from feedlot cattle diagnosed with BRD. Gamithromycin susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution. Whole-genome sequencing was utilized to determine the presence/absence of macrolide resistance genes and to genetically type M. haemolytica. Generalized linear mixed models were built for analysis. There was not a significant difference between MM and CON groups in regards to the likelihood of culturing a resistant isolate of M. haemolytica or P. multocida. The likelihood of culturing a resistant isolate of M. haemolytica differed significantly by state of origin in this study. A single M. haemolytica genetic subtype was associated with an over whelming majority of the observed resistance. H. somni isolation counts were low and statistical models would not converge. Phenotypic resistance was predicted with high sensitivity and specificity by WGS. Additional studies to elucidate the relationships between phenotypic expression of resistance/genetic determinants for resistance and clinical response to antimicrobials are necessary to inform judicious use of antimicrobials in the context of relieving animal disease and suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D DeDonder
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States.
| | - Dayna M Harhay
- USDA ARS US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Michael D Apley
- Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Brian V Lubbers
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Michael L Clawson
- USDA ARS US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Gennie Schuller
- USDA ARS US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Gregory P Harhay
- USDA ARS US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Brad J White
- Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Robert L Larson
- Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sarah F Capik
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Ted Kalbfleisch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ronald K Tessman
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Merial, Duluth, GA, United States
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Ryan MP, Armshaw P, Pembroke JT. SXT/R391 Integrative and Conjugative Elements (ICEs) Encode a Novel 'Trap-Door' Strategy for Mobile Element Escape. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:829. [PMID: 27303400 PMCID: PMC4885824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are a class of bacterial mobile elements that have the ability to mediate their own integration, excision, and transfer from one host genome to another by a mechanism of site-specific recombination, self-circularisation, and conjugative transfer. Members of the SXT/R391 ICE family of enterobacterial mobile genetic elements display an unusual UV-inducible sensitization function which results in stress induced killing of bacterial cells harboring the ICE. This sensitization has been shown to be associated with a stress induced overexpression of a mobile element encoded conjugative transfer gene, orf43, a traV homolog. This results in cell lysis and release of a circular form of the ICE. Induction of this novel system may allow transfer of an ICE, enhancing its survival potential under conditions not conducive to conjugative transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Ryan
- Molecular and Structural Biochemistry Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland
| | - Patricia Armshaw
- Molecular and Structural Biochemistry Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland
| | - J Tony Pembroke
- Molecular and Structural Biochemistry Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland
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Raszek MM, Guan LL, Plastow GS. Use of Genomic Tools to Improve Cattle Health in the Context of Infectious Diseases. Front Genet 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 27014337 PMCID: PMC4780072 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infectious diseases impose a heavy economic burden on the cattle industry, the etiology of many disorders that affect livestock is not fully elucidated, and effective countermeasures are often lacking. The main tools available until now have been vaccines, antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs. Although these have been very successful in some cases, the appearance of parasite and microbial resistance to these treatments is a cause of concern. Next-generation sequencing provides important opportunities to tackle problems associated with pathogenic illnesses. This review describes the rapid gains achieved to track disease progression, identify the pathogens involved, and map pathogen interactions with the host. Use of novel genomic tools subsequently aids in treatment development, as well as successful creation of breeding programs aimed toward less susceptible livestock. These may be important tools for mitigating the long term effects of combating infection and helping reduce the reliance on antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj M Raszek
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Le L Guan
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Klima CL, Cook SR, Zaheer R, Laing C, Gannon VP, Xu Y, Rasmussen J, Potter A, Hendrick S, Alexander TW, McAllister TA. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Mannheimia haemolytica from Bovine Sources. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149520. [PMID: 26926339 PMCID: PMC4771134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease is a common health problem in beef production. The primary bacterial agent involved, Mannheimia haemolytica, is a target for antimicrobial therapy and at risk for associated antimicrobial resistance development. The role of M. haemolytica in pathogenesis is linked to serotype with serotypes 1 (S1) and 6 (S6) isolated from pneumonic lesions and serotype 2 (S2) found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy animals. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 11 strains of M. haemolytica, representing all three serotypes and performed comparative genomics analysis to identify genetic features that may contribute to pathogenesis. Possible virulence associated genes were identified within 14 distinct prophage, including a periplasmic chaperone, a lipoprotein, peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase and a stress response protein. Prophage content ranged from 2–8 per genome, but was higher in S1 and S6 strains. A type I-C CRISPR-Cas system was identified in each strain with spacer diversity and organization conserved among serotypes. The majority of spacers occur in S1 and S6 strains and originate from phage suggesting that serotypes 1 and 6 may be more resistant to phage predation. However, two spacers complementary to the host chromosome targeting a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase and a glycosyl transferases group 1 gene are present in S1 and S6 strains only indicating these serotypes may employ CRISPR-Cas to regulate gene expression to avoid host immune responses or enhance adhesion during infection. Integrative conjugative elements are present in nine of the eleven genomes. Three of these harbor extensive multi-drug resistance cassettes encoding resistance against the majority of drugs used to combat infection in beef cattle, including macrolides and tetracyclines used in human medicine. The findings here identify key features that are likely contributing to serotype related pathogenesis and specific targets for vaccine design intended to reduce the dependency on antibiotics to treat respiratory infection in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy L. Klima
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Large Animal Clinial Science, Western Colledge of Verterinary Medicine, University of Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Shaun R. Cook
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Chad Laing
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vick P. Gannon
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jay Rasmussen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Steve Hendrick
- Department of Large Animal Clinial Science, Western Colledge of Verterinary Medicine, University of Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Trevor W. Alexander
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- * E-mail: (TAM); (TWA)
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- * E-mail: (TAM); (TWA)
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Michael GB, Freitag C, Wendlandt S, Eidam C, Feßler AT, Lopes GV, Kadlec K, Schwarz S. Emerging issues in antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from food-producing animals. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:427-43. [PMID: 25812464 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food-producing animals has become a major research topic. In this review, different emerging resistance properties related to bacteria of food-producing animals are highlighted. These include: extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae; carbapenemase-producing bacteria; bovine respiratory tract pathogens, such as Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica, which harbor the multiresistance mediating integrative and conjugative element ICEPmu1; Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that carry the multiresistance gene cfr; and the occurrence of numerous novel antimicrobial resistance genes in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The emergence of the aforementioned resistance properties is mainly based on the exchange of mobile genetic elements that carry the respective resistance genes.
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Draft Genome Sequence of Pasteurella multocida Isolate P1062, Isolated from Bovine Respiratory Disease. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/5/e01254-15. [PMID: 26494687 PMCID: PMC4616194 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01254-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the draft genome of Pasteurella multocida isolate P1062 recovered from pneumonic bovine lung in the United States in 1959.
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Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer plays a major role in microbial evolution, allowing microbes to acquire new genes and phenotypes. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs, a.k.a. conjugative transposons) are modular mobile genetic elements integrated into a host genome and are passively propagated during chromosomal replication and cell division. Induction of ICE gene expression leads to excision, production of the conserved conjugation machinery (a type IV secretion system), and the potential to transfer DNA to appropriate recipients. ICEs typically contain cargo genes that are not usually related to the ICE life cycle and that confer phenotypes to host cells. We summarize the life cycle and discovery of ICEs, some of the regulatory mechanisms, and how the types of cargo have influenced our view of ICEs. We discuss how ICEs can acquire new cargo genes and describe challenges to the field and various perspectives on ICE biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Johnson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; ,
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Zhao JY, Mu XD, Zhu YQ, Xi L, Xiao Z. Identification of an integron containing the quinolone resistance geneqnrA1inShewanella xiamenensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv146. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Moustafa AM, Seemann T, Gladman S, Adler B, Harper M, Boyce JD, Bennett MD. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Asian Haemorrhagic Septicaemia-Associated Strains of Pasteurella multocida Identifies More than 90 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia-Specific Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130296. [PMID: 26151935 PMCID: PMC4495038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is the primary causative agent of a range of economically important diseases in animals, including haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), a rapidly fatal disease of ungulates. There is limited information available on the diversity of P. multocida strains that cause HS. Therefore, we determined draft genome sequences of ten disease-causing isolates and two vaccine strains and compared these genomes using a range of bioinformatic analyses. The draft genomes of the 12 HS strains were between 2,298,035 and 2,410,300 bp in length. Comparison of these genomes with the North American HS strain, M1404, and other available P. multocida genomes (Pm70, 3480, 36950 and HN06) identified a core set of 1,824 genes. A set of 96 genes was present in all HS isolates and vaccine strains examined in this study, but absent from Pm70, 3480, 36950 and HN06. Moreover, 59 genes were shared only by the Asian B:2 strains. In two Pakistani isolates, genes with high similarity to genes in the integrative and conjugative element, ICEPmu1 from strain 36950 were identified along with a range of other antimicrobial resistance genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HS strains formed clades based on their country of isolation. Future analysis of the 96 genes unique to the HS isolates will aid the identification of HS-specific virulence attributes and facilitate the development of disease-specific diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Moustafa
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Grattan Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Gladman
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Grattan Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina Harper
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D. Boyce
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark D. Bennett
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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He T, Shen J, Schwarz S, Wu C, Wang Y. Characterization of a genomic island in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia that carries a novel floR gene variant. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:1031-6. [PMID: 25477328 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the chromosomally encoded novel floR gene variant floRv from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia of porcine origin and elucidate the gene order and content of the floRv-flanking regions in an MDR genomic island (GI). METHODS Whole genome sequencing was used to identify the unknown florfenicol resistance gene in S. maltophilia strain GZP-Sm1. The candidate gene was cloned into pMD19-T and Escherichia coli transformants carrying this vector were tested for phenicol MICs. Flanking sequences of the florfenicol resistance gene were identified by a de novo assembly and a primer walking strategy. RESULTS GZP-Sm1 carried a floR gene variant, designated floRv. E. coli clones carrying this gene were resistant to chloramphenicol and florfenicol. The deduced 404 amino acid FloRv protein showed 84.1%-91.8% amino acid identity to various FloR proteins. The gene floRv was located in an MDR region within a 40 226 bp GI region. Six resistance genes, including floRv (phenicol resistance), tetR-tetA(A) (tetracycline resistance), strA/strB (streptomycin resistance), sul1 (sulphonamide resistance) and aadA2 (streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance), were located in this MDR region. PCR analysis revealed that the GI was not stable and could be excised from the chromosome as a circular intermediate. CONCLUSIONS The floRv gene was identified in a porcine S. maltophilia isolate. Six resistance genes including floRv were located in a novel GI. As an opportunistic pathogen in animals and humans, S. maltophilia might act as a resistance gene reservoir in farm environments. Its contribution to the spread of resistance genes to other pathogens should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Höltystr. 10, 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Congming Wu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Eidam C, Poehlein A, Leimbach A, Michael GB, Kadlec K, Liesegang H, Daniel R, Sweeney MT, Murray RW, Watts JL, Schwarz S. Analysis and comparative genomics of ICEMh1, a novel integrative and conjugative element (ICE) of Mannheimia haemolytica. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:93-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Homogeneity of VacJ outer membrane lipoproteins among Pasteurella multocida strains and heterogeneity among members of Pasteurellaceae. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:415-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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69
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Schwarz S, Wang S, Chen L, Wu C, Shen J. Investigation of a multiresistance gene cfr that fails to mediate resistance to phenicols and oxazolidinones in Enterococcus faecalis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:892-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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70
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Pathogens of bovine respiratory disease in North American feedlots conferring multidrug resistance via integrative conjugative elements. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:438-48. [PMID: 24478472 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02485-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the prevalence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD)-associated viral and bacterial pathogens in cattle and characterized the genetic profiles, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and nature of antimicrobial resistance determinants in collected bacteria. Nasopharyngeal swab and lung tissue samples from 68 BRD mortalities in Alberta, Canada (n = 42), Texas (n = 6), and Nebraska (n = 20) were screened using PCR for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza type 3 virus, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Excepting bovine herpesvirus 1, all agents were detected. M. haemolytica (91%) and BVDV (69%) were the most prevalent, with cooccurrence in 63% of the cattle. Isolates of M. haemolytica (n = 55), P. multocida (n = 8), and H. somni (n = 10) from lungs were also collected. Among M. haemolytica isolates, a clonal subpopulation (n = 8) was obtained from a Nebraskan feedlot. All three bacterial pathogens exhibited a high rate of antimicrobial resistance, with 45% exhibiting resistance to three or more antimicrobials. M. haemolytica (n = 18), P. multocida (n = 3), and H. somni (n = 3) from Texas and Nebraska possessed integrative conjugative elements (ICE) that conferred resistance for up to seven different antimicrobial classes. ICE were shown to be transferred via conjugation from P. multocida to Escherichia coli and from M. haemolytica and H. somni to P. multocida. ICE-mediated multidrug-resistant profiles of bacterial BRD pathogens could be a major detriment to many of the therapeutic antimicrobial strategies currently used to control BRD.
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71
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Armshaw P, Pembroke JT. Control of expression of the ICE R391 encoded UV-inducible cell-sensitising function. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:195. [PMID: 23987503 PMCID: PMC3765746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many SXT/R391-like enterobacterial Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICEs) have been found to express an atypical, recA-dependent, UV-inducible, cell-sensitising phenotype observed as a reduction in post-irradiation cell survival rates in host cells. Characterisation of a complete deletion library of the prototype ICE R391 identified the involvement of three core ICE genes, orfs90/91 encoding a putative transcriptional enhancer complex, and orf43, encoding a putative type IV secretion system, outer membrane-associated, conjugative transfer protein. Results In this study, expression analysis of orf43 indicated that it was up-regulated as a result of UV irradiation in an orfs90/91-dependent manner. Induced expression was found to be controlled from a site preceding the gene which required functional orfs90/91. Expression of orfs90/91 was in turn found to be regulated by orf96, a λ cI-like regulator. Targeted construction of ICE R391 deletions, RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analysis confirmed a regulatory link between orfs90/91 and orf43 while site-directed mutagenesis of orf43 suggested an association with the cell membrane was a prerequisite for the cytotoxic effect. Conclusions Because of the recA-dependence of the effect, we hypothesise that UV induction of RecA results in cleavage of the cI-like ICE-encoded repressor protein, the product of orf96. This in turn allows expression of the transcriptional enhancer complex encoded by orfs90/91, which we conclude stimulates transcription of orf43, whose product is directly responsible for the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Armshaw
- Molecular and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Diene SM, Rolain JM. Investigation of antibiotic resistance in the genomic era of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:277-96. [PMID: 23458768 DOI: 10.1586/eri.13.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The increase and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species, have become major concerns worldwide. Although the frequent misuse of antibiotic drugs has greatly contributed to worldwide antibiotic resistance by causing a large dispersal of resistance determinants, recent studies demonstrate that these resistance determinants could have emerged from ancient or environmental sources. Moreover, during the last 10 years, we have been witnessing the emergence and development of technologies for high-throughput sequencing, coinciding with an exponential increase in the number of bacterial genomes sequenced. These sequencing technologies allow a complete study of MDR bacterial genomes and are the best way to investigate the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance. Accordingly, studies using genome sequencing to decipher resistance determinants in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species have demonstrated several advantages including, among others: an exhaustive identification of resistance determinants from any clinical, epidemiological or environmental MDR bacterium; identification of the acquisition mechanisms for resistance determinants exchanged between bacterial species through mobile genetic elements and elucidation and understanding, in record time (less than 1 week), of some critical or epidemic events caused by particular pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, it is clear today that the bacterial genome sequencing approach has revolutionized all fields of scientific research and represents a powerful tool to explore the world of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seydina M Diene
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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Oliveira CS, Moura A, Henriques I, Brown CJ, Rogers LM, Top EM, Correia A. Comparative genomics of IncP-1ε plasmids from water environments reveals diverse and unique accessory genetic elements. Plasmid 2013; 70:412-9. [PMID: 23831558 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine and compare the complete genome sequences of three new broad-host-range conjugative plasmids. Plasmids pMLUA1, pMLUA3 and pMLUA4 were previously recovered from estuarine water by exogenous plasmid isolation and ranged in size from ∼55 to 59 kb. Comparative genomics showed that their backbone region was identical to the prototype pKJK5 and other IncP1-ε plasmids captured from soils. The accessory region was inserted between the tra region and parA, and presented the typical IncP-1ε ISPa17 and Tn402-like transposon modules. Nevertheless, new class 1 integrons were identified (In794, carrying aadA5 and In795, carrying qacF5-aadA5), as well as a composite transposon IS26-msr(E)-mph(E)-IS26 carrying genes that confer resistance to macrolides. A new insertion sequence, termed ISUnCu17, was also identified on pMLUA3. The architecture of the accessory regions implies the occurrence of multiple insertions and deletions. These data support the notion that IncP-1 plasmids from the ε subgroup are proficient in the capture of diverse genetic elements, including antibiotic resistance genes, and thus may contribute to the co-selection of several resistance determinants. This study constitutes the first report of completely sequenced IncP-1ε plasmids from water environments, and enhances our understanding of the geographic distribution and genetic diversity of these replicons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Abstract
In a world where most emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and our contacts with both domestic and wild animals abound, there is growing awareness of the potential for human acquisition of animal diseases. Like other Pasteurellaceae, Pasteurella species are highly prevalent among animal populations, where they are often found as part of the normal microbiota of the oral, nasopharyngeal, and upper respiratory tracts. Many Pasteurella species are opportunistic pathogens that can cause endemic disease and are associated increasingly with epizootic outbreaks. Zoonotic transmission to humans usually occurs through animal bites or contact with nasal secretions, with P. multocida being the most prevalent isolate observed in human infections. Here we review recent comparative genomics and molecular pathogenesis studies that have advanced our understanding of the multiple virulence mechanisms employed by Pasteurella species to establish acute and chronic infections. We also summarize efforts being explored to enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately identify and distinguish among clinical isolates and to control pasteurellosis by improved development of new vaccines and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Host-Microbe Systems Theme of the Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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Carboxyl terminus heterogeneity of type IV fimbrial subunit protein of Pasteurella multocida isolates. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:269-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Complete Genome Sequence of Mannheimia haemolytica Strain 42548 from a Case of Bovine Respiratory Disease. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/3/e00318-13. [PMID: 23723408 PMCID: PMC3668016 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00318-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica is the major bacterial component in the bovine respiratory disease complex, which accounts for considerable economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. The complete genome sequence of M. haemolytica strain 42548 was determined. It has a size of 2.73 Mb and contains 2,888 genes, including several antibiotic resistance genes.
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77
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Johnson TJ, Abrahante JE, Hunter SS, Hauglund M, Tatum FM, Maheswaran SK, Briggs RE. Comparative genome analysis of an avirulent and two virulent strains of avian Pasteurella multocida reveals candidate genes involved in fitness and pathogenicity. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:106. [PMID: 23672515 PMCID: PMC3660278 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pasteurella multocida is the etiologic agent of fowl cholera, a highly contagious and severe disease of poultry causing significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world. All types of poultry are susceptible to fowl cholera. Turkeys are most susceptible to the peracute/acute forms of the disease while chickens are most susceptible to the acute and chronic forms of the disease. The whole genome of the Pm70 strain of P. multocida was sequenced and annotated in 2001. The Pm70 strain is not virulent to chickens and turkeys. In contrast, strains X73 and P1059 are highly virulent to turkeys, chickens, and other poultry species. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of P. multocida strains X73 and P1059 and undertook a detailed comparative genome analysis with the avirulent Pm70 strain. The goal of this study was to identify candidate genes in the virulent strains that may be involved in pathogenicity of fowl cholera disease. RESULTS Comparison of virulent versus avirulent avian P. multocida genomes revealed 336 unique genes among the P1059 and/or X73 genomes compared to strain Pm70. Genes of interest within this subset included those encoding an L-fucose transport and utilization system, several novel sugar transport systems, and several novel hemagglutinins including one designated PfhB4. Additionally, substantial amino acid variation was observed in many core outer membrane proteins and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis confirmed a higher dN/dS ratio within proteins localized to the outer membrane. CONCLUSIONS Comparative analyses of highly virulent versus avirulent avian P. multocida identified a number of genomic differences that may shed light on the ability of highly virulent strains to cause disease in the avian host, including those that could be associated with enhanced virulence or fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St, Paul, MN, USA.
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78
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Johnson TJ, Danzeisen JL, Trampel D, Nolan LK, Seemann T, Bager RJ, Bojesen AM. Genome analysis and phylogenetic relatedness of Gallibacterium anatis strains from poultry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54844. [PMID: 23359626 PMCID: PMC3554606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritonitis is the major disease problem of laying hens in commercial table egg and parent stock operations. Despite its importance, the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease have not been completely clarified. Although avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates have been incriminated as the causative agent of laying hen peritonitis, Gallibacterium anatis are frequently isolated from peritonitis lesions. Despite recent studies suggesting a role for G. anatis in the pathogenesis of peritonitis, little is known about the organism’s virulence mechanisms, genomic composition and population dynamics. Here, we compared the genome sequences of three G. anatis isolates in an effort to understand its virulence mechanisms and identify novel antigenic traits. A multilocus sequence typing method was also established for G. anatis and used to characterize the genotypic relatedness of 71 isolates from commercial laying hens in Iowa and 18 international reference isolates. Genomic comparisons suggest that G. anatis is a highly diverse bacterial species, with some strains possessing previously described and potential virulence factors, but with a core genome containing several antigenic candidates. Multilocus sequence typing effectively distinguished 82 sequence types and several clonal complexes of G. anatis, and some clones seemed to predominate among G. anatis populations from commercial layers in Iowa. Biofilm formation and resistance to antimicrobial agents was also observed in several clades. Overall, the genomic diversity of G. anatis suggests that multiple lineages exist with differing pathogenic potential towards birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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Abstract
The first complete genome sequence of the P. multocida avian isolate Pm70 was reported in 2001. Analysis of the genome identified many predicted virulence genes, including two encoding homologues of the Bordetella pertussis filamentous haemagluttinins, and genes involved in iron transport and metabolism. Availability of the genome sequence allowed for a range of whole-genome transcriptomic and proteomic analyses and these have helped us understand how P. multocida responds to growth in the presence of antibiotics, under low iron conditions and in the host. Unfortunately, no new P. multocida genome sequences were determined during the rest of the decade, limiting any possible comparative genomic analyses until recently, when several new genome sequences have become available. Here we use the available data to identify a number of important similarities and differences between the strains and determine their phylogenetic relationships. Interestingly, based on the current data there is no clear correlation between phylogenetic relatedness and host predilection or disease.
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Michael GB, Eidam C, Kadlec K, Meyer K, Sweeney MT, Murray RW, Watts JL, Schwarz S. Increased MICs of gamithromycin and tildipirosin in the presence of the genes erm(42) and msr(E)-mph(E) for bovine Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1555-7. [PMID: 22398653 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Pasteurella multocida was first discovered by Perroncito in 1878 and named after Louis Pasteur who first isolated and described this Gram-negative bacterium as the cause of fowl disease in 1880. Subsequently, P. multocida was also found to cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs, haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and respiratory diseases in many other animals. Among other factors such as lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane proteins and its capsule, the protein toxin (PMT) of P. multocida is an important virulence factor that determines the immunological response of the host's immune system. However, the exact molecular mechanisms taking place in cells of the innate and adaptive immune system are largely unknown for any of these virulence factors. Due to the obvious function of PMT on cells of the porcine skeletal system where it causes bone destruction, PMT was regarded as an osteolytic protein toxin. However, it remained unclear what the actual benefit for the bacteria would be. Recently, more attention was drawn to the osteoimmunological effects of PMT and the interplay between bone and immune cells. This review summarises the knowledge of effects of P. multocida virulence factors on the host's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina F Kubatzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Michael GB, Kadlec K, Sweeney MT, Brzuszkiewicz E, Liesegang H, Daniel R, Murray RW, Watts JL, Schwarz S. ICEPmu1, an integrative conjugative element (ICE) of Pasteurella multocida: analysis of the regions that comprise 12 antimicrobial resistance genes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 67:84-90. [PMID: 22001175 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, multiresistant Pasteurella multocida isolates from bovine respiratory tract infections have been identified. These isolates have exhibited resistance to most classes of antimicrobial agents commonly used in veterinary medicine, the genetic basis of which, however, is largely unknown. METHODS Genomic DNA of a representative P. multocida isolate was subjected to whole genome sequencing. Genes have been predicted by the YACOP program, compared with the SWISSProt/EMBL databases and manually curated using the annotation software ERGO. Susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution according to CLSI recommendations. RESULTS The analysis of one representative P. multocida isolate identified an 82 kb integrative and conjugative element (ICE) integrated into the chromosomal DNA. This ICE, designated ICEPmu1, harboured 11 resistance genes, which confer resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin (aadA25), streptomycin (strA and strB), gentamicin (aadB), kanamycin/neomycin (aphA1), tetracycline [tetR-tet(H)], chloramphenicol/florfenicol (floR), sulphonamides (sul2), tilmicosin/clindamycin [erm(42)] or tilmicosin/tulathromycin [msr(E)-mph(E)]. In addition, a complete bla(OXA-2) gene was detected, which, however, appeared to be functionally inactive in P. multocida. These resistance genes were organized in two regions of approximately 15.7 and 9.8 kb. Based on the sequences obtained, it is likely that plasmids, gene cassettes and insertion sequences have played a role in the development of the two resistance gene regions within this ICE. CONCLUSIONS The observation that 12 resistance genes, organized in two resistance gene regions, represent part of an ICE in P. multocida underlines the risk of simultaneous acquisition of multiple resistance genes via a single horizontal gene transfer event.
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