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Rodríguez-Morató J, Farré M, Pérez-Mañá C, Papaseit E, Martínez-Riera R, de la Torre R, Pizarro N. Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Soy Isoflavone Extracts in Human Plasma. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6946-53. [PMID: 26186408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The soy isoflavones daidzein and genistein produce several biological activities related to health benefits. A number of isoflavone extracts are commercially available, but there is little information concerning the specific isoflavone content of these products or differences in their bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. This study describes the development and validation of an analytical method to detect and quantify daidzein, genistein, and equol in human plasma using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method was applied in a crossover, randomized, bioavailability study. Twelve healthy volunteers were administered the same total isoflavones dose from two isoflavone supplement preparations (Super-Absorbable Soy Isoflavones (Life Extension, USA) and Fitoladius (Merck, Spain)). The pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-24/dose and Cmax/dose) of the isoflavones from the two preparations differed significantly. Such differences in bioavailability and kinetics may have relevant effects on the health benefits derived from their intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- †Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- ‡Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- §CIBER de Fisiopatologı́a Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- †Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- #Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB Campus, M Building, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- †Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- #Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB Campus, M Building, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- †Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- #Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB Campus, M Building, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Roser Martínez-Riera
- #Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB Campus, M Building, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- ⊥Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions, Adiction Unit and IMIM, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- †Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- ‡Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- §CIBER de Fisiopatologı́a Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Nieves Pizarro
- †Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- #Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB Campus, M Building, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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Production of the isoflavone aglycone and antioxidant activities in black soymilk using fermentation with Streptococcus thermophilus S10. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Yang X, Belosay A, Hartman JA, Song H, Zhang Y, Wang W, Doerge DR, Helferich WG. Dietary soy isoflavones increase metastasis to lungs in an experimental model of breast cancer with bone micro-tumors. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:323-33. [PMID: 25749878 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites for metastasis in breast cancer (BC). Micro-metastasis in bone marrow was detected in 30% of patients with stage I, II, or III BC at primary surgery and is a strong indicator of poor prognosis. The role dietary soy isoflavones play in BC with bone micro-metastasis is unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of genistein, daidzein, (-)-equol or a mixture of soy isoflavones on BC with bone micro-metastasis using an experimental model of murine mammary cancer 4T1 cells engineered with luciferase. A small number (1000) of 4T1 cells were injected into the tibia of female Balb/c mice to establish micro-tumors in bone. Soy isoflavones were supplemented in the AIN-93G diet at 750 mg/kg and were provided to mice from 3 weeks before to 3 weeks after cell injection. Bioluminescent imaging was conducted on day 2 (D2), D6, D8, D16 and D20 post cell injection and the results indicated dietary soy isoflavones enhanced the growth of bone micro-tumors on D8. Furthermore, dietary soy isoflavones stimulated metastatic tumor formation in lungs and increased Ki-67 protein expression in these metastasized tumors. In vitro, soy isoflavones (<10 µM) had limited effects on the growth, motility or invasion of 4T1 cells. Thus, the in vivo stimulatory effect could be likely due to systemic effects between the host, 4T1 tumors and soy isoflavones. In conclusion, soy isoflavones stimulate BC with bone micro-metastasis in mice and further investigations are needed regarding their consumption by BC survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujuan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 580 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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de la Parra C, Borrero-Garcia LD, Cruz-Collazo A, Schneider RJ, Dharmawardhane S. Equol, an isoflavone metabolite, regulates cancer cell viability and protein synthesis initiation via c-Myc and eIF4G. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6047-57. [PMID: 25593313 PMCID: PMC4358247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.617415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies implicate dietary soy isoflavones as breast cancer preventives, especially due to their anti-estrogenic properties. However, soy isoflavones may also have a role in promoting breast cancer, which has yet to be clarified. We previously reported that equol, a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein, may advance breast cancer potential via up-regulation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI). In estrogen receptor negative (ER-) metastatic breast cancer cells, equol induced elevated levels of eIF4G, which were associated with increased cell viability and the selective translation of mRNAs that use non-canonical means of initiation, including internal ribosome entry site (IRES), ribosome shunting, and eIF4G enhancers. These mRNAs typically code for oncogenic, survival, and cell stress molecules. Among those mRNAs translationally increased by equol was the oncogene and eIF4G enhancer, c-Myc. Here we report that siRNA-mediated knockdown of c-Myc abrogates the increase in cancer cell viability and mammosphere formation by equol, and results in a significant down-regulation of eIF4GI (the major eIF4G isoform), as well as reduces levels of some, but not all, proteins encoded by mRNAs that are translationally stimulated by equol treatment. Knockdown of eIF4GI also markedly reduces an equol-mediated increase in IRES-dependent mRNA translation and the expression of specific oncogenic proteins. However, eIF4GI knockdown did not reciprocally affect c-Myc levels or cell viability. This study therefore implicates c-Myc as a potential regulator of the cancer-promoting effects of equol via up-regulation of eIF4GI and selective initiation of translation on mRNAs that utilize non-canonical initiation, including certain oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Columba de la Parra
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and Department of Microbiology and Radiation Oncology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Luis D Borrero-Garcia
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and
| | - Ailed Cruz-Collazo
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Radiation Oncology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and
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Rayyan E, Polito S, Leung L, Bhakta A, Kang J, Willey J, Mansour W, Drumm ML, Al-Nakkash L. Effect of genistein on basal jejunal chloride secretion in R117H CF mice is sex and route specific. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2015; 8:77-87. [PMID: 25674010 PMCID: PMC4321419 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s72111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) results from the loss or reduction in function of the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatory protein) chloride channel. The third most common CFTR mutation seen clinically is R117H. Genistein, a naturally occurring phytoestrogen, is known to stimulate CFTR function in vitro. We aimed to determine whether route of administration of genistein could mediate differential effects in R117H male and female CF mice. Mice were fed (4 weeks) or injected subcutaneously (1 week) with the following: genistein 600 mg/kg diet (600Gd); genistein-free diet (0Gd); genistein injection 600 mg/kg body weight (600Gi); dimethyl sulfoxide control (0Gi). In male R117H mice fed 600Gd, basal short circuit current (Isc) was unchanged. In 600Gd-fed female mice, there was a subgroup that demonstrated a significant increase in basal Isc (53.14±7.92 μA/cm(2), n=6, P<0.05) and a subgroup of nonresponders (12.05±6.59 μA/cm(2), n=4), compared to 0Gd controls (29.3±6.5 μA/cm(2), n=7). In R117H mice injected with 600Gi, basal Isc was unchanged in both male and female mice compared to 0Gi controls. Isc was measured in response to the following: the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (10 μM, bilateral), bumetanide (100 μM, basolateral) to indicate the Cl(-) secretory component, and acetazolamide (100 μM, bilateral) to indicate the HCO3 (-) secretory component; however, there was no effect of genistein (diet or injection) on any of these parameters. Jejunal morphology (ie, villi length, number of goblet cells per villus, crypt depth, and number of goblet cells per crypt) in R117H mice suggested no genistein-mediated difference among the groups. Serum levels of genistein were significantly elevated, compared to respective controls, by either 600Gd (equally elevated in males and females) or 600Gi (elevated more in females versus males). These data suggest a sex-dependent increase in basal Isc of R117H mice and that the increase is also specific for route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Rayyan
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah Polito
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Lana Leung
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Ashesh Bhakta
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Kang
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Justin Willey
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Wasim Mansour
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Mitchell L Drumm
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Layla Al-Nakkash
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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Hati S, Vij S, Singh BP, Mandal S. β-Glucosidase activity and bioconversion of isoflavones during fermentation of soymilk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:216-220. [PMID: 24838442 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus rhamnosus C6 strain showed higher β-glucosidase activity as well as biotransformation of isoflavones from glycones (daidzin and genistin) to aglycones (daidzein and genistein) in soymilk. However, L. rhamnosus C2 and Lactobacillus casei NCDC297 also exhibited similar activity during soymilk fermentation. These three strains can be selected for the development of functional fermented soy foods enriched with aglycone forms of isoflavones, such as soy yoghurt, soy cheese, soy beverages and soy dahi. RESULTS The study determined β-glucosidase activity of probiotic Lactobacillus cultures for bioconversion of isoflavones to aglycones in fermenting soymilk medium. Soymilk was fermented with six strains (L. rhamnosus C6 and C2, L. rhamnosus NCDC19 and NCDC24 and L. casei NCDC17 and NCDC297) at 37 °C for 12 h. The highest β-glucosidase activity and isoflavone bioconversion after 12 h occurred by L. rhamnosus C6 culture during fermentation in soymilk. Increased isoflavone aglycone content in fermented soymilk is likely to improve the biological functionality of soymilk (e.g. antioxidant activity, alleviation of hormonal disorders in postmenopausal women, etc.). CONCLUSION Lactobacillus rhamnosus C6 culture can be used for the development of functional fermented soy-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrota Hati
- Dairy Microbiology Department, S.M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388110, (Gujarat), India
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57
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Zhai Q, Xiao Y, Tian F, Wang G, Zhao J, Liu X, Chen YQ, Zhang H, Chen W. Protective effects of lactic acid bacteria-fermented soymilk against chronic cadmium toxicity in mice. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria-fermented soymilk protects against chronic cadmium toxicity in mice by increasing cadmium excretion and antioxidative abilities during fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
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Michikawa T, Inoue M, Sawada N, Tanaka Y, Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Mizokami M, Tsugane S. Plasma isoflavones and risk of primary liver cancer in Japanese women and men with hepatitis virus infection: a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 24:532-7. [PMID: 25542831 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that estrogen plays a preventive role in primary liver cancer development, and it might be thought that isoflavones, which are structurally similar to estrogens and bind to estrogen receptors, are associated with the risk of liver cancer. We investigated this suspected association by measuring plasma concentrations of isoflavones in a nested case-control study of a population-based prospective cohort in Japan. METHODS From 18,628 target participants ages 40 to 69 years who returned the baseline questionnaire and provided blood samples, we selected those with either hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection at baseline (n = 1,544). Among these, 90 (28 women and 62 men) were newly diagnosed with primary liver cancer from 1993 through 2006; they were matched with 175 controls (54 women and 121 men). Plasma concentrations of isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and equol) were measured using triple quadrupole tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ORs of liver cancer development based on plasma concentrations were estimated with a conditional logistic regression model. RESULTS Basically, distributions of plasma isoflavone concentrations did not differ between the cases and controls. No statistically significant associations of genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and equol with primary liver cancer risk were found in either women or men. CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged Japanese women and men with hepatitis virus infection, plasma isoflavones were unassociated with the occurrence of primary liver cancer. IMPACT The role of isoflavones in liver carcinogenesis merits further study using both biomarkers and data on dietary intake of isoflavones. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 532-7. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Michikawa
- Environmental Epidemiology Section, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan. Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Sasazuki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang Y, Han E, Xing Q, Yan J, Arrington A, Wang C, Tully D, Kowolik CM, Lu DM, Frankel PH, Zhai J, Wen W, Horne D, Yip MLR, Yim JH. Baicalein upregulates DDIT4 expression which mediates mTOR inhibition and growth inhibition in cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 358:170-179. [PMID: 25543165 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein is a natural flavone that exhibits anticancer properties. Using microarrays we found that DDIT4 was the highest transcript induced by baicalein in cancer cells. We confirmed in multiple cancer cell lines large, dose-related expression of DDIT4 by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot, which correlates with growth inhibition. Time course experiments demonstrate that DDIT4 is rapidly inducible, with high expression maintained for several days in vitro. Induction of DDIT4 expression is p53 independent based on evaluation of p53 knockout cells. Since DDIT4 is known to inhibit mTORC1 activity we confirmed that baicalein suppresses phosphorylation of mTORC1 targets. Using RNA interference we demonstrate that mTORC1 activity and growth inhibition by baicalein is attenuated by knockdown of DDIT4. We furthermore demonstrate suppression of established tumors by baicalein in a mouse model of breast cancer with increased DDIT4 expression in the tumors. Finally, we demonstrate that baicalein upregulates DDIT4 and causes mTORC1 and growth inhibition in platinum resistant cancer cells in marked contrast to platinum chemotherapy treatment. These studies demonstrate that baicalein inhibits mTORC1 through DDIT4 expression, and may be useful in cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wang
- Departments of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ernest Han
- Departments of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Quanhua Xing
- Departments of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jin Yan
- Departments of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Amanda Arrington
- Departments of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Dylan Tully
- Departments of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Claudia M Kowolik
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David M Lu
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Paul H Frankel
- Biostatistics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jing Zhai
- Pathology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Departments of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David Horne
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - M L Richard Yip
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John H Yim
- Departments of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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60
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Franke AA, Lai JF, Halm BM. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of isoflavonoids after soy intake. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 559:24-8. [PMID: 24946051 PMCID: PMC4439254 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Soy is the major source of dietary exposure to isoflavonoids (IFLs). Accumulating evidence supports a role for soy and IFLs in the protection against many chronic diseases including cancer. After soy intake we found a biphasic IFL appearance pattern in plasma as well as in urine that we suggest to be due to IFL absorption in the small intestine (ca. 10%) during the first 2h after intake and IFL absorption in the large intestine (ca. 90%) 4-6 h after intake. While each IFL disappears from the circulation at different times excellent correlations between urinary and circulating IFL values were discovered and algorithms to convert urinary excretion values into circulating levels were established. We suggest the term 'apparent bioavailability' when using urinary data to describe IFL exposure. The IFL bioavailability was found to be influenced by gut bacteria, oral antibiotic treatment (OABX), and an individual's age and health status. While daidzein (DE) and genistein start to be absorbed minutes after intake, equol (EQ) appears in plasma only after a minimum of 8h following soy intake owing to the required transit time of DE to the colon where the conversion of DE to EQ takes place by intestinal microbiota. We have also shown that the apparent IFL bioavailability is higher in children than adults, higher in healthy versus non-healthy individuals, and decreased in children but increased in adults during OABX. Finally, we propose to use a urinary EQ/DE ratio of 0.018 with a DE threshold to identify EQ producers. With this cutoff definition we observed that EQ production is inconsistent over time in 5-30% of both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Franke
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States.
| | - Jennifer F Lai
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brunhild M Halm
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
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61
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Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, soy foods have been the subject of a vast amount of research, primarily because they are uniquely rich sources of isoflavones. Isoflavones are classified as both phytoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators. The phytoestrogenic effects of isoflavones have led some to view soy foods and isoflavone supplements as alternatives to conventional hormone therapy. However, clinical research shows that isoflavones and estrogen exert differing effects on a variety of health outcomes. Nevertheless, there is substantial evidence that soy foods have the potential to address several conditions and diseases associated with the menopausal transition. For example, data suggest that soy foods can potentially reduce ischemic heart disease through multiple mechanisms. Soy protein directly lowers blood low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, and the soybean is low in saturated fat and a source of both essential fatty acids, the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid and the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid. In addition, soflavones improve endothelial function and possibly slow the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Isoflavone supplements also consistently alleviate menopausal hot flashes provided they contain sufficient amounts of the predominant soybean isoflavone genistein. In contrast, the evidence that isoflavones reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women is unimpressive. Whether adult soy food intake reduces breast cancer risk is unclear. Considerable evidence suggests that for soy to reduce risk, consumption during childhood and/or adolescence is required. Although concerns have been raised that soy food consumption may be harmful to breast cancer patients, an analysis in 9514 breast cancer survivors who were followed for 7.4 y found that higher postdiagnosis soy intake was associated with a significant 25% reduction in tumor recurrence. In summary, the clinical and epidemiologic data indicate that adding soy foods to the diet can contribute to the health of postmenopausal women.
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Yamagata K, Tagami M, Yamori Y. Dietary polyphenols regulate endothelial function and prevent cardiovascular disease. Nutrition 2014; 31:28-37. [PMID: 25466651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction strongly induces development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Epidemiologic studies demonstrated a preventative effect of dietary polyphenols toward cardiovascular disease. In studies using cultured vascular ECs, polyphenols were recognized to regulate nitric oxide and endothelin-1 (ET-1) production. Furthermore, epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibited the expression of adhesion molecules by a signaling pathway that is similar to that of high-density lipoprotein and involves induction of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, liver kinase B, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase expression. The effects of polyphenols on ECs include antioxidant activity and enhancement of the expression of several protective proteins, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase and paraoxonase 1. However, the observed effects of dietary polyphenols in vitro do not always translate to an in vivo setting. As such, there are many questions concerning their physiological mode of action. In this review, we discuss research on the effect of dietary polyphenols on cardiovascular disease and their protective effect on EC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan; Advance Research Center on Food Function, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan.
| | - Motoki Tagami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanraku Hospital, Lifestyle Disease Clinic, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Zheng W, Hou Y, Yao W. Lactulose increases equol production and improves liver antioxidant status in barrows treated with Daidzein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93163. [PMID: 24667812 PMCID: PMC3965542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol, one of the intestinal microflora metabolites of daidzein, has gained much attention for having greater bioactivity than its precursor (daidzein and daidzin) and seeming to be promoted by hydrogen gas. The effects of lactulose on the equol-producing capacity and liver antioxidant status of barrows treated with daidzein were investigated in this study. Male castrated piglets (barrows) of Landrace × Duroc, aged 40 days, were randomly divided into the following three groups: control group (C, n = 12, fed an isoflavones-free basic diet), daidzein group (D, n = 12, fed an isoflavones-free basic diet with 50 mg/kg of daidzein supplementation) and daidzein+lactulose group (D+L, n = 12, fed an isoflavones-free basic diet with 1% of lactulose and 50 mg/kg of daidzein supplementation). After 20 days, the profile of short-chain fatty acids in the colon digesta showed that lactulose significantly increased the fermented capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of the barrows. First-void urinary equol concentrations were significantly higher in the D+L group than in the D group (3.13 ± 0.93 compared to 2.11 ± 0.82 μg/ml, respectively). Furthermore, fecal equol levels were also significantly higher in the D+L group than in the D group (12.00 ± 2.68 compared to 10.00 ± 2.26 μg/g, respectively). The population of bacteroidetes and the percentage of bacteroidetes to bacteria in feces were higher in the D+L group than in the D group. The DGGE profiles results indicate that lactulose might shift the pathways of hydrogen utilization, and changing the profiles of SRB in feces. Moreover, the D+L group had weak enhancement of T-SOD and CuZn-SOD activities in the livers of barrows treated with daidzein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjun Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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A Critical Appraisal of Solubility Enhancement Techniques of Polyphenols. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2014; 2014:180845. [PMID: 26556188 PMCID: PMC4590825 DOI: 10.1155/2014/180845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols constitute a family of natural substances distributed widely in plant kingdom. These are produced as secondary metabolites by plants and so far 8000 representatives of this family have been identified. Recently, there is an increased interest in the polyphenols because of the evidence of their role in prevention of degenerative diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Although a large number of drugs are available in the market for treatment of these diseases, however, the emphasis these days is on the exploitation of natural principles derived from plants. Most polyphenols show low in vivo bioavailability thus limiting their application for oral drug delivery. This low bioavailability could be associated with low aqueous solubility, first pass effect, metabolism in GIT, or irreversible binding to cellular DNA and proteins. Therefore, there is a need to devise strategies to improve oral bioavailability of polyphenols. Various approaches like nanosizing, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), microencapsulation, complexation, and solid dispersion can be used to increase the bioavailability. This paper will highlight the various methods that have been employed till date for the solubility enhancement of various polyphenols so that a suitable drug delivery system can be formulated.
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Vilela D, González MC, Escarpa A. (Bio)-synthesis of Au NPs from soy isoflavone extracts as a novel assessment tool of their antioxidant capacity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Vilela D, Martín A, González MC, Escarpa A. Fast and reliable class-selective isoflavone index determination on carbon nanotube press-transferred electrodes using microfluidic chips. Analyst 2014; 139:2342-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00025k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct microfluidic electrochemical sensing of class-isoflavones in complex soy samples on press-transferred carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Vilela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - A. Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - M. C. González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - A. Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Alcalá
- E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Liu Z, Xu X, Li X, Liu S, Simoneau AR, He F, Wu XR, Zi X. Kava chalcone, flavokawain A, inhibits urothelial tumorigenesis in the UPII-SV40T transgenic mouse model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1365-75. [PMID: 24121102 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Flavokawain A (FKA) is the predominant chalcone identified from the kava plant. We have previously shown that FKA preferentially inhibits the growth of p53 defective bladder cancer cell lines. Here, we examined whether FKA could inhibit bladder cancer development and progression in vivo in the UPII-SV40T transgenic model that resembles human urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) with defects in the p53 and the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein pathways. Genotyped UPII-SV40T mice were fed orally with vehicle control (AIN-93M) or FKA (6 g/kg food; 0.6%) for 318 days starting at 28 days of age. More than 64% of the male mice fed with FKA-containing food survived beyond 318 days of age, whereas only about 38% of the male mice fed with vehicle control food survived to that age (P = 0.0383). The mean bladder weights of surviving male transgenic mice with the control diet versus the FKA diet were 234.6 ± 72.5 versus 96.1 ± 69.4 mg (P = 0.0002). FKA was excreted primarily through the urinary tract and concentrated in the urine up to 8.4 μmol/L, averaging about 38 times (males) and 15 times (females) more concentrated than in the plasma (P = 0.0001). FKA treatment inhibited the occurrence of high-grade papillary UCC, a precursor to invasive urothelial cancer, by 42.1%. A decreased expression of Ki67, survivin, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptotic proteins (XIAP) and increased expression of p27 and DR5, and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells were observed in the urothelial tissue of FKA-fed mice. These results suggest a potential of FKA in preventing the recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive UCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Rt. 81 Bldg. 55 Rm. 302, Orange, CA 92868.
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Chang Y, Choue R. Plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of isoflavones after ingestion of soy products with different aglycone/glucoside ratios in South Korean women. Nutr Res Pract 2013; 7:393-9. [PMID: 24133619 PMCID: PMC3796665 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2013.7.5.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian populations are thought to receive significant health benefits from traditional diets rich in soybeans due to high isoflavone contents. However, available epidemiologic data only weakly support this hypothesis. The present study was carried out to assess the pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in South Korean women after ingestion of soy-based foods. Twenty-six healthy female volunteers (20-30 y old) consumed three different soy products (i.e., isogen, soymilk, and fermented soybeans) with different aglycone/glucoside ratios. Plasma and urine isoflavone concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after ingestion of one of the soy products. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the WinNonlin program. The area under the curve (AUC) for plasma daidzein levels of the soymilk group (2,101 ± 352 ng · h/mL) was significantly smaller than those of the isogen (2,628 ± 573 ng · h/mL) and fermented soybean (2,593 ± 465 ng · h/mL) groups. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of daidzein for the soymilk group (231 ± 44 ng/mL) was significantly higher than those of the isogen (160 ± 32 ng/mL) and fermented soybean (195 ± 35 ng/mL) groups. The half-lives of daidzein and genistein in the soymilk group (5.9 and 5.6 h, respectively) were significantly shorter than those in the individuals given isogen (9.6 and 8.5 h, respectively) or fermented soybean (9.5 and 8.2 h, respectively). The urinary recovery rates of daidzein and genistein were 42% and 17% for the isogen group, 46% and 23% for the fermented soybean group, and 33% and 22% for the soymilk group. In conclusion, our data indicated that soy products containing high levels of isoflavone aglycone are more effective for maintaining plasma isoflavone concentrations. Additional dose-response, durational, and interventional studies are required to evaluate the ability of soy-based foods to increase the bioavailability of isoflavones that positively affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngeun Chang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Gyeonggi 441-853, Korea
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Wang S, Zhang J, Chen M, Wang Y. Delivering flavonoids into solid tumors using nanotechnologies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1411-28. [PMID: 23862581 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.807795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term epidemiological studies have demonstrated that regular ingestion of flavonoids contained in dietary sources is associated with a reduced risk for many chronic diseases including cancer. However, although flavonoids are largely consumed in the diet and high concentrations may exist in the intestine after oral administration, the plasma/tissue concentrations of flavonoids are lower than their effective therapeutic doses due to poor bioavailability, resulting in the limited efficacy of flavonoids in various clinical studies. Therefore, the application of nanotechnology to deliver flavonoids to tumor sites has received considerable attention in recent years. AREAS COVERED In this review, after a general review of the potential benefits of flavonoids in cancer therapy and several key factors affecting their bioavailability, the current efforts in improving the delivery efficacy of promising candidates that are particularly important in the human diet, namely quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and genistein were focused on. Finally, the challenges of developing flavonoid delivery systems that improve flavonoid bioavailability and their anticancer therapy potentials were summarized. EXPERT OPINION The design of suitable molecular carriers for flavonoids is an area of research that is in rapid progress. A large number of unheeded promising favonoids are suffering from poor in vivo parameters, their potential benefits deserves further research. Furthermore, more effort should be placed on developing active targeting systems, evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of novel flavonoid delivery systems through small and large scale clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpeng Wang
- Assistant Professor, University of Macau, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine , Av. Padre Tomas Pereira S.J, Taipa, Macau, 999078 , China
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UPLC-Q-TOF/MS for Analysis of the Metabolites of Flavone Glycosides from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi by Human Fecal Flora in Vitro. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Isoflavones: estrogenic activity, biological effect and bioavailability. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 38:15-25. [PMID: 23161396 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytoestrogens with potent estrogenic activity; genistein, daidzein and glycitein are the most active isoflavones found in soy beans. Phytoestrogens have similarity in structure with the human female hormone 17-β-estradiol, which can bind to both alpha and beta estrogen receptors, and mimic the action of estrogens on target organs, thereby exerting many health benefits when used in some hormone-dependent diseases. Numerous clinical studies claim benefits of genistein and daidzein in chemoprevention of breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis as well as in relieving postmenopausal symptoms. The ability of isoflavones to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases largely depends on pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds, in particular absorption and distribution to the target tissue. The chemical form in which isoflavones occur is important because it influences their bioavailability and, therefore, their biological activity. Glucose-conjugated isoflavones are highly polar, water-soluble compounds. They are hardly absorbed by the intestinal epithelium and have weaker biological activities than the corresponding aglycone. Different microbial families of colon can transform glycosylated isoflavones into aglycones. Clinical studies show important differences between the aglycone and conjugated forms of genistein and daidzein. The evaluation of isoflavone metabolism and bioavailability is crucial to understanding their biological effects. Lipid-based formulations such as drug incorporation into oils, emulsions and self-microemulsifying formulations have been introduced to increase bioavailability. Complexation with cyclodextrin also represent a valid method to improve the physicochemical characteristics of these substances in order to be absorbed and distributed to target tissues. We review and discuss pharmacokinetic issues that critically influence the biological activity of isoflavones.
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Seo SG, Yang H, Shin SH, Min S, Kim YA, Yu JG, Lee DE, Chung MY, Heo YS, Kwon JY, Yue S, Kim KH, Cheng JX, Lee KW, Lee HJ. A metabolite of daidzein, 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone, suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via ATP-competitive inhibition of PI3K. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1446-55. [PMID: 23737351 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Daidzein is one of the major soy isoflavones. Following ingestion, daidzein is readily metabolized in the liver and converted into hydroxylated metabolites. One such metabolite is 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (6,7,4'-THIF), which has been the focus of recent studies due to its various health benefits, however, its anti-adipogenic activity has not been investigated. Our objective was to determine the effects of 6,7,4'-THIF on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and elucidate the mechanisms of action involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Adipogenesis was stimulated in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Both 6,7,4'-THIF and daidzein were treated in the presence and absence of mixture of isobutylmethylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI). We observed that 6,7,4'-THIF, but not daidzein, inhibited MDI-induced adipogenesis significantly at 40 and 80 μM, associated with decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and C/EBP-α protein expression. 6,7,4'-THIF significantly suppressed MDI-induced lipid accumulation in the early stage of adipogenesis, attributable to a suppression of cell proliferation and the induction of cell cycle arrest. We also determined that 6,7,4'-THIF, but not daidzein, attenuated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. 6,7,4'-THIF was found to inhibit PI3K activity via direct binding in an ATP-competitive manner. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 6,7,4'-THIF suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by directly targeting PI3K. Soy isoflavones like 6,7,4'-THIF may have potential for development into novel treatment strategies for chronic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gwon Seo
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hwang SJ, Park SJ, Kim JD. Component Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Oenanthe javanica Extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2013.45.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhao X, Shao T, Wang YQ, Lu XL, Luo JB, Zhou WD. The phytoestrogen daidzein may affect reproductive performance of Zhedong White geese by regulating gene mRNA levels in the HPG axis. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:252-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.767439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wright B, Spencer JPE, Lovegrove JA, Gibbins JM. Insights into dietary flavonoids as molecular templates for the design of anti-platelet drugs. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 97:13-22. [PMID: 23024269 PMCID: PMC3527766 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are low-molecular weight, aromatic compounds derived from fruits, vegetables, and other plant components. The consumption of these phytochemicals has been reported to be associated with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, attributed to their anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-thrombotic actions. Flavonoids exert these effects by a number of mechanisms which include attenuation of kinase activity mediated at the cell-receptor level and/or within cells, and are characterized as broad-spectrum kinase inhibitors. Therefore, flavonoid therapy for CVD is potentially complex; the use of these compounds as molecular templates for the design of selective and potent small-molecule inhibitors may be a simpler approach to treat this condition. Flavonoids as templates for drug design are, however, poorly exploited despite the development of analogues based on the flavonol, isoflavonone, and isoflavanone subgroups. Further exploitation of this family of compounds is warranted due to a structural diversity that presents great scope for creating novel kinase inhibitors. The use of computational methodologies to define the flavonoid pharmacophore together with biological investigations of their effects on kinase activity, in appropriate cellular systems, is the current approach to characterize key structural features that will inform drug design. This focussed review highlights the potential of flavonoids to guide the design of clinically safer, more selective, and potent small-molecule inhibitors of cell signalling, applicable to anti-platelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Wright
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Schools of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, Reading RG6 6UB, UK.
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Simmons AL, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Vodovotz Y, Failla ML. Isoflavone retention during processing, bioaccessibility, and transport by Caco-2 cells: effects of source and amount of fat in a soy soft pretzel. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12196-203. [PMID: 23167916 PMCID: PMC4214257 DOI: 10.1021/jf3037209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of source and amount of lipid used to prepare a soy soft pretzel on the bioaccessibility and transport of isoflavones was investigated using the coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 human cell model. Pretzels were prepared without or with 2.9 or 6.0% exogenous lipid from either shortening, canola oil, ground almond, or ground hazelnut. The isoflavone backbone structure was stable during pretzel production, although there was partial conversion from malonyl and acetyl glucosides to simple glucosides and aglycones. Endogenous β-glucosidase activity in ground almond facilitated partial conversion of simple glucosides to aglycones during proofing, resulting in a slight decrease in bioaccessibility of isoflavones as compared with other sources of lipid. Amount and source of lipid did not affect bioaccessibility or uptake and metabolism of isoflavones by Caco-2 cells, although transport across the monolayer was greater with the lesser amount of shortening. These results suggest that the isoflavone structure, but not source or amount of lipid in a soy pretzel, may affect bioavailability of isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Simmons
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Yael Vodovotz
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mark L. Failla
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 1 (614) 247-2412. Fax: 1 (614) 247-5048.
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de la Parra C, Otero-Franqui E, Martinez-Montemayor M, Dharmawardhane S. The soy isoflavone equol may increase cancer malignancy via up-regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor eIF4G. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41640-50. [PMID: 23095751 PMCID: PMC3516715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.393470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary soy is thought to be cancer-preventive; however, the beneficial effects of soy on established breast cancer is controversial. We recently demonstrated that dietary daidzein or combined soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) increased primary mammary tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer-promoting molecules, including eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factors (eIF) eIF4G and eIF4E, were up-regulated in mammary tumors from mice that received dietary daidzein. Herein, we show that increased eIF expression in tumor extracts of mice after daidzein diets is associated with protein expression of mRNAs with internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) that are sensitive to eIF4E and eIF4G levels. Results with metastatic cancer cell lines show that some of the effects of daidzein in vivo can be recapitulated by the daidzein metabolite equol. In vitro, equol, but not daidzein, up-regulated eIF4G without affecting eIF4E or its regulator, 4E-binding protein (4E-BP), levels. Equol also increased metastatic cancer cell viability. Equol specifically increased the protein expression of IRES containing cell survival and proliferation-promoting molecules and up-regulated gene and protein expression of the transcription factor c-Myc. Moreover, equol increased the polysomal association of mRNAs for p 120 catenin and eIF4G. The elevated eIF4G in response to equol was not associated with eIF4E or 4E-binding protein in 5' cap co-capture assays or co-immunoprecipitations. In dual luciferase assays, IRES-dependent protein synthesis was increased by equol. Therefore, up-regulation of eIF4G by equol may result in increased translation of pro-cancer mRNAs with IRESs and, thus, promote cancer malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Columba de la Parra
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and
| | - Elisa Otero-Franqui
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and
| | | | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and
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78
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Galluzzo P, Marino M. Nutritional flavonoids impact on nuclear and extranuclear estrogen receptor activities. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 1:161-76. [PMID: 18850212 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large group of nonnutrient compounds naturally produced from plants as part of their defence mechanisms against stresses of different origins. They emerged from being considered an agricultural oddity only after it was observed that these compounds possess a potential protective function against several human degenerative diseases. This has led to recommending the consumption of food containing high concentrations of flavonoids, which at present, especially as soy isoflavones, are even available as overthecounter nutraceuticals. The increased use of flavonoids has occurred even though their mechanisms are not completely understood, in particular those involving the flavonoid impact on estrogen signals. In fact, most of the human health protective effects of flavonoids are described either as estrogenmimetic, or as antiestrogenic, while others do not involve estrogen signaling at all. Thus, the same molecule is reported as an endocrine disruptor, an estrogen mimetic or as an antioxidant without estrogenic effects. This is due in part to the complexity of the estrogen mechanism, which is conducted by different pathways and involves two different receptor isoforms. These pathways can be modulated by flavonoids and should be considered for a reliable evaluation of flavonoid, both estrogenicity and antiestrogenicity, and for a correct prediction of their effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Galluzzo
- Department of Biology, University "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146, Roma, Italy
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79
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Seppen J. A diet containing the soy phytoestrogen genistein causes infertility in female rats partially deficient in UDP glucuronyltransferase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:335-42. [PMID: 23000043 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Soy beans contain genistein, a natural compound that has estrogenic effects because it binds the estrogen receptor with relatively high affinity. Genistein is therefore the most important environmental estrogen in the human diet. Detoxification of genistein is mediated through conjugation by UDP-glucuronyltransferase 1 and 2 (UGT1 and UGT2) isoenzymes. Gunn rats have a genetic deficiency in UGT1 activity, UGT2 activities are not affected. Because our Gunn rats stopped breeding after the animal chow was changed to a type with much higher soy content, we examined the mechanism behind this soy diet induced infertility. Gunn and control rats were fed diets with and without genistein. In these rats, plasma levels of genistein and metabolites, fertility and reproductive parameters were determined. Enzyme assays showed reduced genistein UGT activity in Gunn rats, as compared to wild type rats. Female Gunn rats were completely infertile on a genistein diet, wild type rats were fertile. Genistein diet caused a persistent estrus, lowered serum progesterone and inhibited development of corpora lutea in Gunn rats. Concentrations of total genistein in Gunn and control rat plasma were identical and within the range observed in humans after soy consumption. However, Gunn rat plasma contained 25% unconjugated genistein, compared to 3.6% in control rats. This study shows that, under conditions of reduced glucuronidation, dietary genistein exhibits a strongly increased estrogenic effect. Because polymorphisms that reduce UGT1 expression are prevalent in the human population, these results suggest a cautionary attitude towards the consumption of large amounts of soy or soy supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, S1-166, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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80
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Roomans GM. Pharmacological Approaches to Correcting the Ion Transport Defect in Cystic Fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:413-31. [PMID: 14719993 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal genetic disease caused by a mutation in a membrane protein, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which mainly (but not exclusively) functions as a chloride channel. The main clinical symptoms are chronic obstructive lung disease, which is responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with CF, and pancreatic insufficiency. About 1000 mutations of the gene coding for CFTR are currently known; the most common of these, present in the great majority of the patients (Delta508) results in the deletion of a phenylalanine at position 508. In this mutation, the aberrant CFTR is not transported to the membrane but degraded in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the pharmacologic strategies currently used in attempts to overcome the ion transport defect in CF. One strategy to develop pharmacologic treatment for CF is to inhibit the breakdown of DeltaF508-CFTR by interfering with the chaperones involved in the folding of CFTR. At least in in vitro systems, this can be accomplished by sodium phenylbutyrate, or S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and also by genistein or benzo[c]quinolizinium compounds. It is also possible to stimulate CFTR or its mutated forms, when present in the plasma membrane, using xanthines, genistein, and various other compounds, such as benzamidizoles and benzoxazoles, benzo[c]quinolizinium compounds or phenantrolines. Experimental results are not always unambiguous, and adverse effects have been incompletely tested. Some clinical tests have been done on sodium phenyl butyrate, GSNO and genistein, mostly in respect to other diseases, and the results demonstrate that these drugs are reasonably well tolerated. Their efficiency in the treatment of CF has not yet been demonstrated, however. An alternative strategy is to compensate for the defective chloride transport by CFTR by stimulation of other chloride channels. This can be done via purinergic receptors. A phase I study using a stable uridine triphosphate analog has recently been completed. A second alternative strategy is to attempt to maintain hydration of the airway mucus by inhibiting Na(+) uptake by the epithelial Na(+) channel using amiloride or stable analogs of amiloride. Clinical tests so far have been inconclusive. A number of other suggestions are currently being explored. The minority of patients with CF who have a stop mutation may benefit from treatment with gentamicin. The difficulties in finding a pharmacologic treatment for CF may be due to the fact that CFTR has additional functions besides chloride transport, and interfering with CFTR biosynthesis or activation implies interference with central cellular processes, which may have undesirable adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfried M Roomans
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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81
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Chin YP, Tsui KC, Chen MC, Wang CY, Yang CY, Lin YL. Bactericidal activity of soymilk fermentation broth by in vitro and animal models. J Med Food 2012; 15:520-6. [PMID: 22468646 PMCID: PMC3359628 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean fermentation broth (SFB) exhibits potent antibacterial activity against different species of bacteria in in vitro assays and animal models. Four isoflavone compounds-daidzin, genistin, genistein, and daidzein-of SFB were analyzed and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the in vitro test, daidzin and daidzein had more potent antibacterial activity than genistin. The minimum inhibition concentration values for these bacteria of SFB ranged from 1.25% to 5%, and the minimum bactericidal concentration values of strains ranged from 2.5% to 10%, depending on the species or strain. Vancomycin-resistant Entercoccus faecalis (VRE) strains were also tested for susceptibility to SFB in two species of animal model: the Sprague-Dawley rat and the BALB/c mouse. SFB-fed Sprague-Dawley rats showed excellent elimination efficiency against VRE, close to 99% compared with the phosphate-buffered saline-fed control group. In the BALB/c mouse model, SFB antibacterial activity was 65-80% against VRE compared with the control. In conclusion, SFB contains natural antibacterial substances such as daidzin, genistin, and daidzein that inhibit bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Chin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chung Tsui
- Department of Infection, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chieh Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yuh Yang
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ling Lin
- College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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82
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Cederroth CR, Zimmermann C, Nef S. Soy, phytoestrogens and their impact on reproductive health. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:192-200. [PMID: 22210487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the potential health threats posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to the reproductive system. Soybean is the most important dietary source of isoflavones, an important class of phytoestrogen. While consumption of soy food or phytoestrogen supplements has been frequently associated with beneficial health effects, the potentially adverse effects on development, fertility, and the reproductive and endocrine systems are likely underappreciated. Here we review the available epidemiological, clinical and animal data on the effects of soy and phytoestrogens on the development and function of the male and female reproductive system, and weigh the evidence as to their detrimental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Robin Cederroth
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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83
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Yanaka K, Takebayashi J, Matsumoto T, Ishimi Y. Determination of 15 isoflavone isomers in soy foods and supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4012-4016. [PMID: 22433078 DOI: 10.1021/jf205154x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soy isoflavone is the generic name for the isoflavones found in soy. We determined the concentrations of 15 soy isoflavone species, including 3 succinyl glucosides, in 22 soy foods and isoflavone supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total isoflavone contents in 14 soy foods and 8 supplements ranged from 45 to 735 μg/g and from 1,304 to 90,224 μg/g, respectively. Higher amounts of succinyl glucosides were detected in natto, a typical fermented soy product in Japan; these ranged from 30 to 80 μg/g and comprised 4.1-10.9% of the total isoflavone content. In soy powder, 59 μg/g of succinyl glucosides were detected, equivalent to 4.6% of the total isoflavone content. These data suggest that the total isoflavone contents may be underestimated in the previous studies that have not included succinyl glucosides, especially for Bacillus subtilis -fermented soy food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yanaka
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
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84
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Franke AA, Lai JF, Pagano I, Morimoto Y, Maskarinec G. Equol production changes over time in pre-menopausal women. Br J Nutr 2012; 107:1201-6. [PMID: 21920062 PMCID: PMC3319310 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Equol (EQ) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria through the chemical reduction of the soya isoflavone daidzein (DE), but only by 30-60% of the population. EQ is believed to provide benefits derived from soya intake and its production is widely viewed as a relatively stable phenomenon. In a randomised, cross-over intervention with soya foods, seventy-nine pre-menopausal women were challenged with a high-soya and a low-soya diet each for 6 months, separated by a 1-month washout period. Overnight urine was collected at three time points during each diet period and analysed for DE and EQ by liquid chromatography tandem MS. Remaining an EQ producer (EP) or non-producer (NP) or changing towards an EP or NP was assessed using an EQ:DE ratio of ≥0·018 combined with a DE threshold of ≥2 nmol/mg creatinine as a cut-off point. We observed 19 and 24% EP during the low-soya and high-soya diet periods, respectively, and found that 6-11% of our subjects changed EQ status 'within' each study period (on an average of 1·2 times), while 16% changed 'between' the two diet periods. The present finding challenges the widely held conviction that EQ production within an individual remains stable over time. The precise factors contributing to changes in EQ status, however, remain elusive and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Franke
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Program, 1236 Lauhala Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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85
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Dietary isoflavone absorption, excretion, and metabolism in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 42:658-70. [PMID: 22204061 DOI: 10.1638/2011-0060.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary isoflavones, capable of influencing reproductive parameters in domestic cats (Felis catus), have been detected in commercial diets fed to captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). However, the absorptive and metabolic capacity of cheetahs towards isoflavones has not yet been studied. Experiments were designed to describe the plasma concentration-time curve, metabolite profile, and urinary and fecal excretion of genistein and daidzein in cheetahs following consumption of isoflavones. Four adult cheetahs were administered a single oral bolus of genistein and daidzein, and five juvenile cheetahs consuming a milk replacer formula found to contain isoflavones were also included. Urine was collected from all animals, and blood and feces were also collected from adult cheetahs following isoflavone exposure. Samples were analyzed for isoflavone metabolite concentration by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-multiple reaction ion monitoring mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Sulfate conjugates were the primary metabolites detected of both genistein and daidzein (60-80% of total isoflavones present) in the plasma and urine of cheetahs. A smaller proportion of daidzein was detected as conjugates in the urine of juvenile cheetahs, compared to adult cheetahs. Other metabolites included unconjugated genistein and daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, and dihydrodaidzein, but not equol. Only 33% of the ingested genistein dose, and 9% of daidzein, was detected in plasma from adult cheetahs. However, of the ingested dose, 67% of genistein and 45% of daidzein were detected in the feces of adults. This study revealed that cheetahs appear efficient in their conjugation of absorbed dietary isoflavones and only a small fraction of ingested dose is absorbed. However, the capacity of the cheetah to conjugate genistein and daidzein with sulfate moieties appears lower than reported in the domestic cat. This may confer greater opportunity for biologic activity of isoflavones in the cheetah than would be predicted from findings in the domestic cat. However, further investigation is required.
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86
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IBARRETA DOLORES, DAXENBERGER ANDREAS, MEYER HEINRICHHD. Possible health impact of phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens in food. APMIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2001.tb05792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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87
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Al-Nakkash L, Batia L, Bhakta M, Peterson A, Hale N, Skinner R, Sears S, Jensen J. Stimulation of murine intestinal secretion by daily genistein injections: gender-dependent differences. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:239-50. [PMID: 21865731 DOI: 10.1159/000331736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The effect of daily injections with genistein (naturally occurring phytoestrogen) on intestinal chloride (Cl(-)) secretion was measured with Ussing chamber short circuit current (I(sc), μA/cm(2)), in C57BL/6J male and female mice, using 600 mg/kg genistein/day (600G), 300 mg/kg genistein/day (300G), 150 mg/kg genistein/day (150G) or genistein-free vehicle control (0G) for 1- or 2-weeks. METHODS AND RESULTS Injecting with 600G elicited significant increases in basal I(sc) in females after 1-week (ñ70 μA/cm(2), n=15, p < 0.05) and in males after 2-weeks (ñ80 μA/cm(2), n=5, p < 0.05) compared to their 0G counterparts. Chloride-free ringer significantly reduced basal I(sc) by 65% in 600G males and 72% in 600G females, suggesting that Cl(-) was the major anion comprising the genistein-stimulated secretion. The forskolin-stimulated (10 μM) I(sc) was significantly inhibited by the CFTR chloride channel inhibitors, glibenclamide (500 μM) and CFTR(inh)-172 (100 μM) in 600G males and females, suggesting some contribution by genistein-dependent CFTR-mediated Cl(-) secretion. We found no associated changes in intestinal morphology, nor change in total CFTR protein with 600G. There was a 5% increase in apical/subapical ratio in 600G males compared to controls (no change in females). CONCLUSION These data suggest that male and female mice both exhibit increased Cl- secretion with 600G, however, the mechanisms mediating this are gender-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Al-Nakkash
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
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88
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Gao J, Wang Y, Xing Q, Yan J, Senthil M, Akmal Y, Kowolik CM, Kang J, Lu DM, Zhao M, Lin Z, Cheng CHK, Yip MLR, Yim JH. Identification of a natural compound by cell-based screening that enhances interferon regulatory factor-1 activity and causes tumor suppression. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1774-83. [PMID: 21817116 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is induced by many tumor-suppressive stimuli and can mediate antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in cancer cells. Thus, identifying agents that enhance IRF-1 activity may be an effective approach to cancer therapy. A cell-based screening assay was developed to identify extracts and compounds that could enhance IRF-1 activity, using an IRF-1-dependent luciferase reporter cell line. Through this approach, we identified a natural product extract and a known active component of this extract, baicalein, which causes a marked increase in IRF-1-dependent reporter gene expression and IRF-1 protein, with modulation of known IRF-1 targets PUMA and cyclin D1. Baicalein causes suppression of growth in vitro in multiple cancer cell lines in the low micromolar range. IRF-1 plays a role in this growth suppression as shown by significant resistance to growth suppression in a breast cancer cell line stably transfected with short hairpin RNA against IRF-1. Finally, intraperitoneal administration of baicalein by repeated injection causes inhibition of growth in both xenogeneic and syngeneic mouse models of cancer without toxicity to the animals. These findings indicate that identifying enhancers of IRF-1 activity may have utility in anticancer therapies and that cell-based screening for activation of transcription factors can be a useful approach for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Gao
- Department of Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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89
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Renouf M, Hendrich S. Bacteroides uniformis is a putative bacterial species associated with the degradation of the isoflavone genistein in human feces. J Nutr 2011; 141:1120-6. [PMID: 21525249 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.140988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variation in isoflavone absorption depends on gut microbial degradation and affects the efficacy of these compounds. We hypothesized that inter-individual variation in fecal isoflavone disappearance coincided with variation in bacterial species. In vitro anaerobic fecal disappearance of isoflavones was measured from 33 participants by HPLC. Fecal microbial 16S rRNA variable region PCR products were obtained from 4 participants with the greatest and least genistein or glycitein degradation and were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. DNA bands with a homology of 90-95% to Bacteroides uniformis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were present in greater intensities in fecal samples showing a genistein disappearance rate constant of 1.47 ± 0.14 h(-1) compared with those with a genistein disappearance rate constant of 0.15 ± 0.03 h(-1) (P < 0.05). Human fecal bacterial species with DNA sequences 90-100% homologous to Tannerella forsythensis and 4 other species were present in greater intensities in fecal samples showing a glycitein disappearance rate constant of 0.57 ± 0.30 h(-1) compared with fecal samples with a glycitein disappearance rate constant of 0.08 ± 0.03 h(-1) (P < 0.05). In high degraders, B. uniformis may be a candidate for genistein degradation and T. forsythensis for glycitein degradation, based on fecal isoflavone degradation in the presence of these species. Bacteroides acidifaciens increased isoflavone disappearance in anaerobic human fecal incubations under nutrient-rich and -depleted conditions, suggesting this species as one responsible for the generally high degradation of isoflavones by humans. These fecal microbes are candidate biomarkers for interindividual variation in isoflavone uptake and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Renouf
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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90
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Lehraiki A, Chamaillard C, Krust A, Habert R, Levacher C. Genistein impairs early testosterone production in fetal mouse testis via estrogen receptor alpha. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1542-7. [PMID: 21624456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The widespread consumption of soy-based products raises the issue of the reproductive toxicity of phytoestrogens. Indeed, it is well known that genistein, an isoflavone found in soybeans and soy products, mimics the actions of estrogens and that the fetal testis is responsive to estrogens. Therefore we investigated whether genistein could have deleterious effects on fetal testis. Using organ cultures of fetal testes from wild type and ERα or ERβ knock-out mice we show that genistein inhibits testosterone secretion by fetal Leydig cells during early fetal development (E12.5), within the "masculinization programming window". This effect occurs through an ERα-dependent mechanism and starting at 10 nM genistein, a concentration which is compatible with human consumption. No effect of genistein on the number of gonocytes was detected at any of the studied developmental stages. These results suggest that fetal exposure to phytoestrogens can affect the development and function of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Lehraiki
- Laboratory of Gonad Differentiation and Radiobiology, Stem Cells and Radiation Service, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiation Biology, Life Sciences Division, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, B.P. 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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91
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Haron H, Ismail A, Shahar S, Azlan A, Peng LS. Apparent bioavailability of isoflavones in urinary excretions of postmenopausal Malay women consuming tempeh compared with milk. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 62:642-50. [PMID: 21574819 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.570742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantitation of isoflavones in humans is important to establish the benefits of these compounds to the populations. Urinary isoflavones are frequently used as a biomarker of isoflavone bioavailability from food or supplement since urine contains 100-fold higher concentrations of isoflavones. The objective of the present study was to determine and compare the urinary excretions of daidzein (DA), genistein (GE) and equol (EQ) in postmenopausal Malay women following the consumption of tempeh and milk in a calcium absorption study and to test the hypothesis that the excretion of isoflavones following consumption of tempeh maybe higher compared with milk. The amounts of DA (47.06 ± 4.18 μmol/h), GE (33.27 ± 3.71 μmol/h) and EQ (24.35 ± 4.34 μmol/h) excreted in urine following tempeh consumption were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with those in milk (3.51 ± 0.62 μmol/h DA, 2.79 ± 0.35 μmol/h GE and 0 μmol/h EQ). Almost all studied postmenopausal Malay women were able to excrete EQ following consumption of 240 g tempeh but only one subject can be classified as an equol producer. We concluded that most postmenopausal Malay women excreted DA, GE and EQ in their urine following tempeh consumption and the amount of the excreted isoflavones were higher compared with those in milk. However, further studies are needed to determine whether longer periods of time are required to capture EQ producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnah Haron
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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92
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Huang YH, Lu TJ, Chou CC. Ripening temperature affects the content and distribution of isoflavones in sufu, a fermented soybean curd. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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93
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Choi KY, Park HY, Kim BG. Characterization of bi-functional CYP154 from Nocardia farcinica IFM10152 in the O-dealkylation and ortho-hydroxylation of formononetin. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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94
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Galeati G, Vallorani C, Bucci D, Bernardini C, Tamanini C, Parmeggiani A, Spinaci M. Daidzein does affect progesterone secretion by pig cumulus cells but it does not impair oocytes IVM. Theriogenology 2010; 74:451-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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95
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Mazué F, Colin D, Gobbo J, Wegner M, Rescifina A, Spatafora C, Fasseur D, Delmas D, Meunier P, Tringali C, Latruffe N. Structural determinants of resveratrol for cell proliferation inhibition potency: Experimental and docking studies of new analogs. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2972-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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96
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Chennaiah S, Vijayalakshmi V, Suresh C. Effect of the supplementation of dietary rich phytoestrogens in altering the vitamin D levels in diet induced osteoporotic rat model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:268-72. [PMID: 20362669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived estrogen-like compounds such as isoflavones (IF) especially daidzein and genistein are said to be preserving the bone in the osteoporotic conditions. However, it is not known whether a combination of IF and calcium (Ca) supplementation attenuates losses in bone mass and prevents the loss of vitamin D (VD). The present study addresses the role of phytoestrogens (PE) and Ca supplementation in low Ca and low VD diet induced osteoporosis (OSP). Cowpea (CP) which has high amount of the IF was selected to study its effect on diet induced osteoporotic conditions. Female weanling WNIN rats (total of 68) were divided into five groups and fed for five weeks on semisynthetic diet with low Ca (0.15%) and low VD (0.1IU/day/rat) in combination with low (10 mg/kg) or high (25 mg/kg) concentrations of PEs derived from CPIF. The study groups are: (I) normal Ca(0.47%) and normal VD (25IU/day/rat), (II) low Ca+low VD, (III) low Ca+low VD+low CPIF (10 mg/kg diet), (IV) low Ca+low VD+high CPIF (25 mg/kg diet) and (V) low Ca+low VD+17-(-estradiol (3.2 mg/kg diet). After the development of OSP the group II was subgrouped into: (SG I) continued on low Ca+VD, (SG II) low CPIF, (SG III) high CPIF, (SG IV) 17-beta-estradiol and (SG V) normal Ca and VD. Serum 25-VD levels were in the range of 14-38 ng/ml in groups I, III, IV and V, where as the values were very low in the group II (5.8 ng/ml). These were partially reversed upon supplementation of CPIF. The results correlated with altered Ca levels, body weight, bone mineral density and content and other related biochemical parameters. The paper further explains the possibility of protective and therapeutic role of VD in the presence of CPIF in osteoporotic health manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chennaiah
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India
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97
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Bhupathy P, Haines CD, Leinwand LA. Influence of sex hormones and phytoestrogens on heart disease in men and women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:77-95. [PMID: 20088732 DOI: 10.2217/whe.09.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in men and women worldwide. According to the WHO, by 2015, almost 20 million people will die from CVD each year. It is well established that men and women differ not only in baseline cardiac parameters, but also in the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment outcomes of CVD. Women tend to develop heart disease later in life than men. This difference has been attributed to the loss of estrogen during the menopausal transition; however, the biological explanations for the sexual dimorphism in CVD are more complex and seem unlikely to be due to estrogen alone. The current controversy that has arisen regarding the effects of HRT on CVD in women is a case in point. In this review, the sex-based differences in cardiac (patho-) physiology are discussed with emphasis on the impact of sex hormones, hormone receptors and diet on heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Bhupathy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-80347, USA.
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98
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Overnight urinary excretion of isoflavones as an indicator for dietary isoflavone intake in Korean girls of pubertal age. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:709-15. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the bioavailability of isoflavones in children. Previous studies have shown that children excrete more isoflavone in urine compared with adults. Thus we examined the relationship between usual dietary isoflavone intake and the urinary excretion of isoflavonoids in Korean girls of pubertal age. Twelve girls each were selected from the lowest and the highest quartiles of isoflavone intake among 252 Korean girls aged 8–11 years. Age, BMI and sexual maturation stage were matched between the two groups. Dietary intakes for 3 d by diet record and overnight urine samples were collected at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Total and individual isoflavone (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) intakes were calculated from diet records. The parent isoflavone compounds (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) and their metabolites (equol,O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA), dihydrodaidzein and dihydrogenistein) present in the urine samples were analysed using liquid chromatography–MS. Intake levels of total and individual isoflavone compounds were significantly higher in the high isoflavone (HI) group than the levels in the low isoflavone (LI) group (P < 0·05). Urinary excretion of all isoflavone parent compounds was significantly higher in the HI group than in the LI group (P < 0·0001). Among isoflavone metabolites, onlyO-DMA and total metabolites were significantly different (P < 0·05). Total isoflavone intake was highly correlated with the urinary excretion of total parent compounds (r0·68;P < 0·01), parent compounds plus their metabolites (r0·66–0·69;P < 0·01) and total isoflavonoids (r0·72;P < 0·0001). In conclusion, overnight urinary excretion of total isoflavonoids is a reliable biomarker of usual isoflavone intake in Korean girls of pubertal age.
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99
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de Cremoux P, This P, Leclercq G, Jacquot Y. Controversies concerning the use of phytoestrogens in menopause management: bioavailability and metabolism. Maturitas 2010; 65:334-9. [PMID: 20080366 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the use of phytoestrogens (PE) in menopausal therapy could be beneficial to woman health, particularly with respect to hot flushes. Indeed, PE may compensate the lack of endogenous 17beta-estradiol occurring during menopause. However, therapeutic benefits remain questionable, as highlighted by recent publications. Indeed, data are often subjected to controversy since a number of exogenous and endogenous factors influencing the responsiveness of patients are not sufficiently taken into account. In the present paper, we will discuss the role of bioavailability and metabolism in the instability of individual response to PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia de Cremoux
- Unité de Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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100
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Simons AL, Renouf M, Murphy PA, Hendrich S. Greater apparent absorption of flavonoids is associated with lesser human fecal flavonoid disappearance rates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:141-147. [PMID: 19921837 DOI: 10.1021/jf902284u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that 5,7,4'-OH-flavonoids disappeared more rapidly from human fecal incubations and were less absorbable by humans than flavonoids without 5-OH moieties. Anaerobic fecal disappearance rates over 24 h were determined for 15 flavonoids in samples from 20 men and 13 women. In these anaerobic fecal mixtures, flavonoids with 5,7,4'-OH groups, genistein, apigenin, naringenin, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin (disappearance rate, k=0.46+/-0.10 h(-1)), and methoxylated flavonoids, hesperetin and glycitein (k=0.24+/-0.21 h(-1)), disappeared rapidly compared with flavonoids lacking 5-OH (e.g., daidzein, k=0.07+/-0.03 h(-1)). Apparent absorption of flavonoids that disappeared rapidly from in vitro fecal incubations, genistein, naringenin, quercetin, and hesperetin, was compared with that of daidzein, a slowly disappearing flavonoid, in 5 men and 5 women. Subjects ingested 104 micromol of genistein and 62 micromol of daidzein (soy milk), 1549 micromol of naringenin and 26 micromol of hesperetin (grapefruit juice), and 381 micromol of quercetin (onions) in three test meals, each separated by 1 week. Blood and urine samples were collected over 24 h after each test meal. Plasma flavonoid concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 1 microM. The apparent absorption, expressed as percentage of ingested dose excreted in urine, was significantly less for naringenin (3.2+/-1.7%), genistein (7.2+/-4.6%), hesperetin (7.3+/-3.2%), and quercetin (5.6+/-3.7%) compared with daidzein (43.4+/-15.5%, p=0.02). These data affirmed the hypothesis that the 5,7,4'-OH of flavonoids limited apparent absorption of these compounds in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrean L Simons
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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