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Smith IN, Briggs JM. Structural mutation analysis of PTEN and its genotype-phenotype correlations in endometriosis and cancer. Proteins 2016; 84:1625-1643. [PMID: 27481051 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) gene encodes a tumor suppressor phosphatase that has recently been found to be frequently mutated in patients with endometriosis, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. Here, we present the first computational analysis of 13 somatic missense PTEN mutations associated with these phenotypes. We found that a majority of the mutations are associated in conserved positions within the active site and are clustered within the signature motif, which contain residues that play a crucial role in loop conformation and are essential for catalysis. In silico analyses were utilized to identify the putative effects of these mutations. In addition, coarse-grained models of both wild-type (WT) PTEN and mutants were constructed using elastic network models to explore the interplay of the structural and global dynamic effects that the mutations have on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. The effects of the mutations reveal that the local structure and interactions affect polarity, protein structure stability, electrostatic surface potential, and global dynamics of the protein. Our results offer new insight into the role in which PTEN missense mutations contribute to the molecular mechanism and genotypic-phenotypic correlation of endometriosis, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer. Proteins 2016; 84:1625-1643. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Smith
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-5001
| | - James M Briggs
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-5001.
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Wu YJ, Wong BS, Yea SH, Lu CI, Weng SH. Sinularin Induces Apoptosis through Mitochondria Dysfunction and Inactivation of the pI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Gastric Carcinoma Cells. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14080142. [PMID: 27472346 PMCID: PMC4999903 DOI: 10.3390/md14080142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinularin is an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis. In this study, we investigated the effects of sinularin on two human gastric cancer cell lines, AGS and NCI-N87. Our results demonstrated that sinularin suppressed the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis. In addition, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome C, the activation of Bax, Bad and caspase-3/9, and the suppression of p-Bad, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 were observed in the cells treated with sinularin. This finding suggests that sinularin-induced apoptosis is associated with mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and occurs through caspase-dependent pathways. Furthermore, sinularin inhibited the phosphoinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of the rapamycin signaling pathway. Taken together, our results show that sinularin-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of the caspase cascade and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings suggest that sinularin merits further evaluation as a chemotherapeutic agent for human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
| | - Bing-Sang Wong
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Hao Yea
- Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaoshiun 91202, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-I Lu
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Hsiang Weng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
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53
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Shah S, Jajal D, Mishra G, Kalia K. Genetic profile ofPTENgene in Indian oral squamous cell carcinoma primary tumors. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:106-111. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Shah
- Lab #103B; BRD School of Biosciences; Sardar Patel University; Gujarat India
| | - Dhara Jajal
- Lab #103B; BRD School of Biosciences; Sardar Patel University; Gujarat India
| | - Girish Mishra
- Department of E N T; P. S. Medical College; Karamsad Gujarat India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Lab #103B; BRD School of Biosciences; Sardar Patel University; Gujarat India
- National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad Gujarat India
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Cui X, Li S, Shraim A, Kobayashi Y, Hayakawa T, Kanno S, Yamamoto M, Hirano S. Subchronic Exposure to Arsenic Through Drinking Water Alters Expression of Cancer-Related Genes in Rat Liver. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:64-72. [PMID: 14713550 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490261348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although arsenic exposure causes liver disease and/or hepatoma, little is known about molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced liver toxicity or carcinogenesis. We investigated the effects of arsenic on expression of cancer-related genes in a rat liver following subchronic exposure to sodium arsenate (1, 10, 100 ppm in drinking water), by using real-time quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. Arsenic accumulated in the rat liver dose-dependently and caused hepatic histopathological changes, such as disruption of hepatic cords, sinusoidal dilation, and fatty infiltration. A 1-month exposure to arsenic significantly increased hepatic mRNA levels of cyclin D1 (10 ppm), ILK (1 ppm), and p27Kip1 (10 ppm), whereas it reduced mRNA levels of PTEN (1 ppm) and β-catenin (100 ppm). In contrast, a 4-month arsenic exposure showed increased mRNA expression of cyclin D1 (100 ppm), ILK (1 ppm), and p27Kip1 (1 and 10 ppm), and decreased expression of both PTEN and β-catenin at all 3 doses. An immunohistochemical study revealed that each protein expression accords closely with each gene expression of mRNA level. In conclusion, subchronic exposure to inorganic arsenate caused pathological changes and altered expression of cyclin D1, p27Kip1, ILK, PTEN, and β-catenin in the liver. This implies that arsenic liver toxicity involves disturbances of some cancer-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cui
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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Banasavadi-Siddegowda YK, Russell L, Frair E, Karkhanis VA, Relation T, Yoo JY, Zhang J, Sif S, Imitola J, Baiocchi R, Kaur B. PRMT5-PTEN molecular pathway regulates senescence and self-renewal of primary glioblastoma neurosphere cells. Oncogene 2016; 36:263-274. [PMID: 27292259 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common and aggressive histologic subtype among malignant astrocytoma and is associated with poor outcomes because of heterogeneous tumour cell population including mature non-stem-like cell and immature stem-like cells within the tumour. Thus, it is critical to find new target-specific therapeutic modalities. Protein arginine methyltransferase enzyme 5 (PRMT5) regulates many cellular processes through its methylation activity and its overexpression in GBM is associated with more aggressive disease. Previously, we have shown that silencing of PRMT5 expression in differentiated GBM cell lines results in apoptosis and reduced tumour growth in mice. Here, we report the critical role of PRMT5 in GBM differentiated cells (GBMDC) grown in serum and GBM neurospheres (GBMNS) grown as neurospheres in vitro. Our results uncover a very significant role for PRMT5 in GBMNS self-renewal capacity and proliferation. PRMT5 knockdown in GBMDC led to apoptosis, knockdown in GBMNS led to G1 cell cycle arrest through upregulation of p27 and hypophoshorylation of retinoblastoma protein, leading to senescence. Comparison of impact of PRMT5 on cellular signalling by the Human Phospho-Kinase Array and chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR revealed that unlike GBMDC, PRMT5 regulates PTEN expression and controls Akt and ERk activity in GBMNS. In vivo transient depletion of PRMT5 decreased intracranial tumour size and growth rate in mice implanted with both primary tumour-derived GBMNS and GBMDC. This is the first study to identify PTEN as a potential downstream target of PRMT5 and PRMT5 is vital to support both mature and immature GBM tumour cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Banasavadi-Siddegowda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L Russell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E Frair
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - V A Karkhanis
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T Relation
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Y Yoo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Sif
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - J Imitola
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Yang EJ, Ahn S, Lee K, Mahmood U, Kim HS. Early Behavioral Abnormalities and Perinatal Alterations of PTEN/AKT Pathway in Valproic Acid Autism Model Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153298. [PMID: 27071011 PMCID: PMC4829151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy has been linked with increased incidence of autism, and has repeatedly been demonstrated as a useful autism mouse model. We examined the early behavioral and anatomical changes as well as molecular changes in mice prenatally exposed to VPA (VPA mice). In this study, we first showed that VPA mice showed developmental delays as assessed with self-righting, eye opening tests and impaired social recognition. In addition, we provide the first evidence that primary cultured neurons from VPA-treated embryos present an increase in dendritic spines, compared with those from control mice. Mutations in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene are also known to be associated with autism, and mice with PTEN knockout show autistic characteristics. Protein expression of PTEN was decreased and the ratio of p-AKT/AKT was increased in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, and a distinctive anatomical change in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was observed. Taken together, our study suggests that prenatal exposure to VPA induces developmental delays and neuroanatomical changes via the reduction of PTEN level and these changes were detectable in the early days of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangzin Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Inje Univeirsity College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihwan Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Usman Mahmood
- Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (UM); (HSK)
| | - Hye-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (UM); (HSK)
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Kafshdooz L, Kafshdooz T, Tabrizi AD, Mohaddes Ardabili SM, Akbarzadeh A, Gharesouran J, Ghojazadeh M, Farajnia S. Role of exon 7 PTEN Gene in Endometrial Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:4521-4. [PMID: 26107197 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.11.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract and the fourth most common cancer in Iranian women after breast, colorectal and lung cancers. Various genetic alterations appear to be early events in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma and it seems that PTEN is the most commonly mutated gene in the endometrioid subtype. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between mutations in exon 7 of PTEN gene and endometrial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-five patients with endometrial carcinoma and 75 females whose underwent hysterectomy for non tumoral indication were selected for evaluation of PTEN mutations in exon 7 by PCR-SSCP and sequencing. Correlations between the frequency and type of mutation and the pathologic findings of the cancer (tumor subtype, stage and grade) were assessed. RESULTS All of the samples were obtained from Iranian patients. 60 % (45 cases) of the tumors were endometriod and 40% (30 cases) were of serous type. The grade distributions of the 75 cases according to the FIGO staging system were as follows: low grade, 20 cases; high grade 55 cases, low stage, 41 cases; high stage 34 cases. For exon 7 of the PTEN gene, the analysis showed that there were no mutations in our cases. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in the present study suggest that exon 7 of PTEN does not play any significant role in the development of endometrial carcinoma in Iranian cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kafshdooz
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail : ,
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Expression of PTEN and β-Catenin and Their Relationship With Clinicopathological and Prognostic Factors in Endometrioid Type Endometrial Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016; 26:512-20. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gutilla EA, Buyukozturk MM, Steward O. Long-term consequences of conditional genetic deletion of PTEN in the sensorimotor cortex of neonatal mice. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:27-39. [PMID: 26896833 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeted deletion of the phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten (PTEN) gene in the sensorimotor cortex of neonatal mice enables robust regeneration of corticospinal tract (CST) axons following spinal cord injury as adults. Here, we assess the consequences of long-term conditional genetic PTEN deletion on cortical structure and neuronal morphology and screen for neuropathology. Mice with a LoxP-flanked exon 5 of the PTEN gene (PTENf/f mice) received AAV-Cre injections into the sensorimotor cortex at postnatal day 1 (P1) and were allowed to survive for up to 18months. As adults, mice were assessed for exploratory activity (open field), and motor coordination using the Rotarod®. Some mice received injections of Fluorogold into the spinal cord to retrogradely label the cells of origin of the CST. Brains were prepared for neurohistology and immunostained for PTEN and phospho-S6, which is a downstream marker of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Immunostaining revealed a focal area of PTEN deletion affecting neurons in all cortical layers, although in some cases PTEN expression was maintained in many small-medium sized neurons in layers III-IV. Neurons lacking PTEN were robustly stained for pS6. Cortical thickness was significantly increased and cortical lamination was disrupted in the area of PTEN deletion. PTEN-negative layer V neurons that give rise to the CST, identified by retrograde labeling, were larger than neurons with maintained PTEN expression, and the relative area occupied by neuropil vs. cell bodies was increased. There was no evidence of tumor formation or other neuropathology. Mice with PTEN deletion exhibited open field activity comparable to controls and there was a trend for impaired Rotarod performance (not statistically significant). Our findings indicate that early postnatal genetic deletion of PTEN that is sufficient to enable axon regeneration by adult neurons causes neuronal hypertrophy but no other detectable neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Gutilla
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine, United States; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, United States; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Melda M Buyukozturk
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine, United States; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, United States; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Oswald Steward
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine, United States; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, United States; Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States; Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, United States; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States.
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Shinde SR, Maddika S. PTEN modulates EGFR late endocytic trafficking and degradation by dephosphorylating Rab7. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10689. [PMID: 26869029 PMCID: PMC4754336 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a lipid phosphatase that negatively regulates growth factor-induced survival signalling. Here, we demonstrate that PTEN attenuates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling by promoting late endosome maturation by virtue of its protein phosphatase activity. Loss of PTEN impairs the transition of ligand-bound EGFR from early to late endosomes. We unveil Rab7, a critical GTPase for endosome maturation, as a functional PTEN interacting partner. PTEN dephosphorylates Rab7 on two conserved residues S72 and Y183, which are necessary for GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI)-dependent recruitment of Rab7 on to late endosomes and subsequent maturation. Thus, our findings reveal PTEN-dependent endosome maturation through phosphoregulation of Rab7 as an important route of controlling EGFR signalling. Rab7 is a critical GTPase for endosome maturation and it is implicated in the endocytic traffic of several receptors, including EGFR. In this study, the authors reveal the potential role of PTEN in the endocytic trafficking pathway of EGFR, which is dependent on its phosphatase activity through the direct post-translational modification of Rab7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Rohidas Shinde
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cell Survival, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad 500001, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Subbareddy Maddika
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cell Survival, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad 500001, India
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Enriquez-Barreto L, Morales M. The PI3K signaling pathway as a pharmacological target in Autism related disorders and Schizophrenia. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2016; 4:2. [PMID: 26877878 PMCID: PMC4751644 DOI: 10.1186/s40591-016-0047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused in PI3K’s involvement in two widespread mental disorders: Autism and Schizophrenia. A large body of evidence points to synaptic dysfunction as a cause of these diseases, either during the initial phases of brain synaptic circuit’s development or later modulating synaptic function and plasticity. Autism related disorders and Schizophrenia are complex genetic conditions in which the identification of gene markers has proved difficult, although the existence of single-gene mutations with a high prevalence in both diseases offers insight into the role of the PI3K signaling pathway. In the brain, components of the PI3K pathway regulate synaptic formation and plasticity; thus, disruption of this pathway leads to synapse dysfunction and pathological behaviors. Here, we recapitulate recent evidences that demonstrate the imbalance of several PI3K elements as leading causes of Autism and Schizophrenia, together with the plausible new pharmacological paths targeting this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Enriquez-Barreto
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Morales
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Lepoutre-Lussey C, Thibault C, Buffet A, Morin A, Badoual C, Bénit P, Rustin P, Ottolenghi C, Janin M, Castro-Vega LJ, Trapman J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Favier J. From Nf1 to Sdhb knockout: Successes and failures in the quest for animal models of pheochromocytoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:40-8. [PMID: 26123588 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors characterized by a high frequency of hereditary forms. Based on transcriptome classification, PPGL can be classified in two different clusters. Cluster 1 tumors are caused by mutations in SDHx, VHL and FH genes and are characterized by a pseudohypoxic signature. Cluster 2 PPGL carry mutations in RET, NF1, MAX or TMEM127 genes and display an activation of the MAPK and mTOR signaling pathways. Many genetically engineered and allografted mouse models have been generated these past 30 years to investigate the mechanisms of PPGL tumorigenesis and test new therapeutic strategies. Among them, only Cluster 2-related models have been successful while no Cluster 1-related knockout mouse was so far reported to develop a PPGL. In this review, we present an overview of existing, successful or not, PPGL models, and a description of our own experience on the quest of Sdhb knockout mouse models of PPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lepoutre-Lussey
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Constance Thibault
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Buffet
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Morin
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Badoual
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Paule Bénit
- INSERM, UMR1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France; Université Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rustin
- INSERM, UMR1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France; Université Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Chris Ottolenghi
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France; Metabolic Biochemistry, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; INSERM, Unit 1124, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Janin
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France; Metabolic Biochemistry, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; INSERM, Unit 1124, Paris, France
| | - Luis-Jaime Castro-Vega
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jan Trapman
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Judith Favier
- INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, F-75006 Paris, France.
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Cai MJ, Zhao WL, Jing YP, Song Q, Zhang XQ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. 20-hydroxyecdysone activates Forkhead box O to promote proteolysis during Helicoverpa armigera molting. Development 2016; 143:1005-15. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.128694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin inhibits transcription factor forkhead box O (FoxO) activity, and the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) activates FoxO; however, the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that 20E upregulates phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase (PTEN) expression to activate FoxO, thereby promoting proteolysis during molting in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. FoxO expression is increased during molting and metamorphosis. The knockdown of FoxO in fifth instar larvae results in larval molting failure. 20E induces FoxO non-phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Insulin, via Akt, induces FoxO phosphorylation and cytoplasm localization. 20E represses insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation and FoxO phosphorylation. 20E, via ecdysone receptor B1 (EcRB1) and the ultraspiracle protein (USP1), upregulates PTEN expression, which represses Akt phosphorylation, thereby repressing FoxO phosphorylation. The non-phosphorylated FoxO enters the nucleus and attaches to a FoxO binding element in the upstream region of the Broad isoform 7 (BrZ7) gene to regulate BrZ7 transcription under 20E induction. 20E upregulates FoxO expression via EcRB1 and USP1. FoxO regulation of BrZ7 expression regulates CarboxypeptidaseA expression for final proteolysis during insect molting. Hence, 20E activates FoxO via upregulating PTEN expression to counteract insulin activity and promote proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Juan Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yu-Pu Jing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Qian Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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den Hertog J. Tumor Suppressors in Zebrafish: From TP53 to PTEN and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:87-101. [PMID: 27165350 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly being used to study cancer. Almost all tumor types have been found in zebrafish. However, tumor incidence is relatively low and tumors develop late in life. Functional inactivation of tumor suppressors is a crucial step in cancer progression and more and more tumor suppressor genes are being studied in zebrafish. Most often tumor suppressors have been inactivated by reverse genetics approaches using targeted disruption. However, some tumor suppressor mutants were identified by forward genetic screens for mutants with a particular phenotype. Some of the latter genes had not been recognized as tumor suppressors yet. Similarly, a screen for genes that suppress tumor formation in zebrafish in vivo led to the identification of a novel tumor suppressor gene. In this review, I will provide an overview of what the zebrafish has taught us about tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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65
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The Antisense Transcriptome and the Human Brain. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:1-15. [PMID: 26697858 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptome of a cell is made up of a varied array of RNA species, including protein-coding RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, short non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. The cellular transcriptome is dynamic and can change depending on environmental factors, disease state and cellular context. The human brain has perhaps the most diverse transcriptome profile that is enriched for many species of RNA, including antisense transcripts. Antisense transcripts are produced when both the plus and minus strand of the DNA helix are transcribed at a particular locus. This results in an RNA transcript that has a partial or complete overlap with an intronic or exonic region of the sense transcript. While antisense transcription is known to occur at some level in most organisms, this review focuses specifically on antisense transcription in the brain and how regulation of genes by antisense transcripts can contribute to functional aspects of the healthy and diseased brain. First, we discuss different techniques that can be used in the identification and quantification of antisense transcripts. This is followed by examples of antisense transcription and modes of regulatory function that have been identified in the brain.
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Caserta E, Egriboz O, Wang H, Martin C, Koivisto C, Pecót T, Kladney RD, Shen C, Shim KS, Pham T, Karikomi MK, Mauntel MJ, Majumder S, Cuitino MC, Tang X, Srivastava A, Yu L, Wallace J, Mo X, Park M, Fernandez SA, Pilarski R, La Perle KMD, Rosol TJ, Coppola V, Castrillon DH, Timmers C, Cohn DE, O'Malley DM, Backes F, Suarez AA, Goodfellow P, Chamberlin HM, Macrae ER, Shapiro CL, Ostrowski MC, Leone G. Noncatalytic PTEN missense mutation predisposes to organ-selective cancer development in vivo. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1707-20. [PMID: 26302789 PMCID: PMC4561480 DOI: 10.1101/gad.262568.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Caserta et al. generated and analyzed Pten knock-in mice harboring a C2 domain missense mutation at phenylalanine 341 (PtenFV), found in human cancer. This PTEN noncatalytic missense mutation exposes a core tumor suppressor function distinct from inhibition of canonical AKT signaling that predisposes to organ-selective cancer development in vivo. Inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is linked to increased PI3K–AKT signaling, enhanced organismal growth, and cancer development. Here we generated and analyzed Pten knock-in mice harboring a C2 domain missense mutation at phenylalanine 341 (PtenFV), found in human cancer. Despite having reduced levels of PTEN protein, homozygous PtenFV/FV embryos have intact AKT signaling, develop normally, and are carried to term. Heterozygous PtenFV/+ mice develop carcinoma in the thymus, stomach, adrenal medulla, and mammary gland but not in other organs typically sensitive to Pten deficiency, including the thyroid, prostate, and uterus. Progression to carcinoma in sensitive organs ensues in the absence of overt AKT activation. Carcinoma in the uterus, a cancer-resistant organ, requires a second clonal event associated with the spontaneous activation of AKT and downstream signaling. In summary, this PTEN noncatalytic missense mutation exposes a core tumor suppressor function distinct from inhibition of canonical AKT signaling that predisposes to organ-selective cancer development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Caserta
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Onur Egriboz
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Chelsea Martin
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Christopher Koivisto
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thierry Pecót
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Raleigh D Kladney
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Changxian Shen
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kang-Sup Shim
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thac Pham
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Matthew K Karikomi
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Melissa J Mauntel
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sarmila Majumder
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Maria C Cuitino
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Xing Tang
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Arunima Srivastava
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Julie Wallace
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada; Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada; Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Soledad A Fernandez
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Robert Pilarski
- Department of Internal Medicine, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Krista M D La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Diego H Castrillon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Cynthia Timmers
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David E Cohn
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David M O'Malley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Floor Backes
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Adrian A Suarez
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Paul Goodfellow
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Helen M Chamberlin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Erin R Macrae
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Charles L Shapiro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Pérez-Ramírez C, Cañadas-Garre M, Molina MÁ, Faus-Dáder MJ, Calleja-Hernández MÁ. PTEN and PI3K/AKT in non-small-cell lung cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1843-62. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In the last years, the identification of activating EGFR mutations, conferring increased sensitivity and disease response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, has changed the prospect of NSCLC patients. The PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway regulates multiple cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, survival, motility, invasion and intracellular trafficking. Alterations in this pathway, mainly PTEN inactivation, have been associated with resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and lower survival in NSCLC patients. In this review, we will briefly discuss the main PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway alterations found in NSCLC, as well as the cell processes regulated by PTEN/PI3K/AKT leading to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pérez-Ramírez
- Pharmacogenetics Unit. UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada. Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2. 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry. Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Granada Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s/n. 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Marisa Cañadas-Garre
- Pharmacogenetics Unit. UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada. Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2. 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Molina
- PANGAEA BIOTECH, S.L. Hospital Universitario Quirón Dexeus. C/Sabino Arana, 5-19. 08028 Barcelona
| | - María José Faus-Dáder
- Department of Biochemistry. Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Granada Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s/n. 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Calleja-Hernández
- Pharmacogenetics Unit. UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada. Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2. 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology. Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Granada. Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s/n. 18071 Granada, Spain
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Berry M, Ahmed Z, Morgan-Warren P, Fulton D, Logan A. Prospects for mTOR-mediated functional repair after central nervous system trauma. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:99-110. [PMID: 26459109 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that the growth of central nervous system (CNS) axons during development is mediated through the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) intracellular signalling axis and that suppression of activity in this pathway occurs during maturity as levels of the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) rise and inhibit PI3K activation of mTOR, accounting for the failure of axon regeneration in the injured adult CNS. This hypothesis is supported by findings confirming that suppression of PTEN in experimental adult animals promotes impressive axon regeneration in the injured visual and corticospinal motor systems. This review focuses on these recent developments, discussing the therapeutic potential of a mTOR-based treatment aimed at promoting functional recovery in CNS trauma patients, recognising that to fulfil this ambition, the new therapy should aim to promote not only axon regeneration but also remyelination of regenerated axons, neuronal survival and re-innervation of denervated targets through accurate axonal guidance and synaptogenesis, all with minimal adverse effects. The translational challenges presented by the implementation of this new axogenic therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Peter Morgan-Warren
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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69
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Xing Y, Wang R, Li C, Minoo P. PTEN regulates lung endodermal morphogenesis through MEK/ERK pathway. Dev Biol 2015; 408:56-65. [PMID: 26460096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pten is a multifunctional tumor suppressor. Deletions and mutations in the Pten gene have been associated with multiple forms of human cancers. Pten is a central regulator of several signaling pathways that influences multiple cellular functions. One such function is in cell motility and migration, although the precise mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we deleted Pten in the embryonic lung epithelium using Gata5-cre mice. Absence of Pten blocked branching morphogenesis and ERK and AKT phosphorylation at E12.5. In an explant model, Pten(Δ/Δ) mesenchyme-free embryonic lung endoderm failed to branch. Inhibition of budding in Pten(Δ/Δ) explants was associated with major changes in cell migration, while cell proliferation was not affected. We further examined the role of ERK and AKT in branching morphogenesis by conditional, endodermal-specific mutants which blocked ERK or AKT phosphorylation. MEK(DM/+); Gata5-cre (blocking of ERK phosphorylation) lung showed more severe phenotype in branching morphogenesis. The inhibition of budding was also associated with disruption of cell migration. Thus, the mechanisms by which Pten is required for early endodermal morphogenesis may involve ERK, but not AKT, mediated cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xing
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Runming Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Changgong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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70
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An optogenetic system for interrogating the temporal dynamics of Akt. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14589. [PMID: 26423353 PMCID: PMC4589684 DOI: 10.1038/srep14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic activity of the serine/threonine kinase Akt is crucial for the regulation of diverse cellular functions, but the precise spatiotemporal control of its activity remains a critical issue. Herein, we present a photo-activatable Akt (PA-Akt) system based on a light-inducible protein interaction module of Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochrome2 (CRY2) and CIB1. Akt fused to CRY2phr, which is a minimal light sensitive domain of CRY2 (CRY2-Akt), is reversibly activated by light illumination in several minutes within a physiological dynamic range and specifically regulates downstream molecules and inducible biological functions. We have generated a computational model of CRY2-Akt activation that allows us to use PA-Akt to control the activity quantitatively. The system provides evidence that the temporal patterns of Akt activity are crucial for generating one of the downstream functions of the Akt-FoxO pathway; the expression of a key gene involved in muscle atrophy (Atrogin-1). The use of an optical module with computational modeling represents a general framework for interrogating the temporal dynamics of biomolecules by predictive manipulation of optogenetic modules.
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71
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Hu ZI, Bangiyev L, Seidman RJ, Cohen JA. Dysphagia and Neck Swelling in a Case of Undiagnosed Lhermitte-Duclos Disease and Cowden Syndrome. Case Rep Oncol Med 2015; 2015:546297. [PMID: 26448889 PMCID: PMC4581503 DOI: 10.1155/2015/546297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 37-year-old woman presenting with dysphagia and thyroid masses who was subsequently diagnosed with Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) based on MRI scan and histopathology. Additional imaging subsequently revealed the presence of thyroid nodules and bilateral breast cancers. Genetic testing later confirmed the diagnosis of Cowden syndrome. This case illustrates the importance of the overlap between LDD, Cowden syndrome, thyroid disease, and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuo Ian Hu
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Lev Bangiyev
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Roberta J. Seidman
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jules A. Cohen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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72
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Deubiquitylase OTUD3 regulates PTEN stability and suppresses tumorigenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1169-81. [PMID: 26280536 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is one of the most frequently mutated tumour suppressors and reduction in PTEN protein stability also plays a role in tumorigenesis. Although several ubiquitin ligases for PTEN have been identified, the deubiquitylase for de-polyubiquitylation and stabilization of PTEN is less defined. Here, we report OTUD3 as a deubiquitylase of PTEN. OTUD3 interacts with, de-polyubiquitylates and stabilizes PTEN. Depletion of OTUD3 leads to the activation of Akt signalling, induction of cellular transformation and cancer metastasis. OTUD3 transgenic mice exhibit higher levels of the PTEN protein and are less prone to tumorigenesis. Reduction of OTUD3 expression, concomitant with decreased PTEN abundance, correlates with human breast cancer progression. Furthermore, we identified loss-of-function OTUD3 mutations in human cancers, which either abolish OTUD3 catalytic activity or attenuate the interaction with PTEN. These findings demonstrate that OTUD3 is an essential regulator of PTEN and that the OTUD3-PTEN signalling axis plays a critical role in tumour suppression.
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73
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Nguyen HN, Yang JM, Miyamoto T, Itoh K, Rho E, Zhang Q, Inoue T, Devreotes PN, Sesaki H, Iijima M. Opening the conformation is a master switch for the dual localization and phosphatase activity of PTEN. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26216063 PMCID: PMC4517176 DOI: 10.1038/srep12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor PTEN mainly functions at two subcellular locations, the plasma membrane and the nucleus. At the plasma membrane, PTEN dephosphorylates the tumorigenic second messenger PIP3, which drives cell proliferation and migration. In the nucleus, PTEN controls DNA repair and genome stability independently of PIP3. Whereas the concept that a conformational change regulates protein function through post-translational modifications has been well established in biology, it is unknown whether a conformational change simultaneously controls dual subcellular localizations of proteins. Here, we discovered that opening the conformation of PTEN is the crucial upstream event that determines its key dual localizations of this crucial tumor suppressor. We identify a critical conformational switch that regulates PTEN's localization. Most PTEN molecules are held in the cytosol in a closed conformation by intramolecular interactions between the C-terminal tail and core region. Dephosphorylation of the tail opens the conformation and exposes the membrane-binding regulatory interface in the core region, recruiting PTEN to the membrane. Moreover, a lysine at residue 13 is also exposed and when ubiquitinated, transports PTEN to the nucleus. Thus, opening the conformation of PTEN is a key mechanism that enhances its dual localization and enzymatic activity, providing a potential therapeutic strategy in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jr-Ming Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kie Itoh
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elmer Rho
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Xi Y, Chen Y. Oncogenic and Therapeutic Targeting of PTEN Loss in Bone Malignancies. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1837-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics; Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; China
| | - Yan Chen
- Division in Signaling Biology; Princess Margaret Cancer Center; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
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75
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76
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Nguyen HN, Yang JM, Rahdar M, Keniry M, Swaney KF, Parsons R, Park BH, Sesaki H, Devreotes PN, Iijima M. A new class of cancer-associated PTEN mutations defined by membrane translocation defects. Oncogene 2015; 34:3737-43. [PMID: 25263454 PMCID: PMC4377315 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which negatively regulates tumorigenic phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) signaling, is a commonly mutated tumor suppressor. The majority of cancer-associated PTEN mutations block its essential PIP3 phosphatase activity. However, there is a group of clinically identified PTEN mutations that maintain enzymatic activity, and it is unknown how these mutations contribute to tumor pathogenesis. Here, we show that these enzymatically competent PTEN mutants fail to translocate to the plasma membrane where PTEN converts PIP3 to PI(4,5)P2. Artificial membrane tethering of the PTEN mutants effectively restores tumor suppressor activity and represses excess PIP3 signaling in cells. Thus, our findings reveal a novel mechanism of tumorigenic PTEN deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jr-Ming Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Meghdad Rahdar
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Megan Keniry
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kristen F. Swaney
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter N. Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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77
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Evodiamine inhibits the proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells by blocking PI3K/Akt signaling. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1388-96. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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78
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Yang JM, Nguyen HN, Sesaki H, Devreotes PN, Iijima M. Engineering PTEN function: membrane association and activity. Methods 2015; 77-78:119-24. [PMID: 25448479 PMCID: PMC4388803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many tumors are associated with deficiency of the tumor suppressor, PTEN, a PIP3 phosphatase that turns off PIP3 signaling. The major site of PTEN action is the plasma membrane, where PIP3 is produced by PI3 kinases. However, the mechanism and functional importance of PTEN membrane recruitment are poorly defined. Using the heterologous expression system in which human PTEN is expressed in Dictyostelium discoideum, we defined the molecular mechanisms that regulate the membrane-binding site through inhibitory interactions with the phosphorylated C-terminal tail. In addition, we potentiated mechanisms that mediate PTEN membrane association and engineered an enhanced PTEN with increased tumor suppressor functions. Moreover, we identified a new class of cancer-associated PTEN mutations that are specifically defective in membrane association. In this review, we summarize recent advances in PTEN-membrane interactions and methods useful in addressing PTEN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Ming Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hoai-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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79
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Fragoso R, Barata JT. Kinases, tails and more: regulation of PTEN function by phosphorylation. Methods 2015; 77-78:75-81. [PMID: 25448482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation regulates the conformation, stability, homo- and heterotypic protein interactions, localization, and activity of the tumor suppressor PTEN. From a simple picture, at the beginning of this millennium, recognizing that CK2 phosphorylated PTEN at the C-terminus and thereby impacted on PTEN stability and activity, research has led to a significantly more complex scenario today, where for instance GSK3, Plk3, ATM, ROCK or Src-family kinases are also gaining the spotlight in this evolving play. Here, we review the current knowledge on the kinases that phosphorylate PTEN, and on the impact that specific phosphorylation events have on PTEN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fragoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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80
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von Karstedt S, Conti A, Nobis M, Montinaro A, Hartwig T, Lemke J, Legler K, Annewanter F, Campbell AD, Taraborrelli L, Grosse-Wilde A, Coy JF, El-Bahrawy MA, Bergmann F, Koschny R, Werner J, Ganten TM, Schweiger T, Hoetzenecker K, Kenessey I, Hegedüs B, Bergmann M, Hauser C, Egberts JH, Becker T, Röcken C, Kalthoff H, Trauzold A, Anderson KI, Sansom OJ, Walczak H. Cancer cell-autonomous TRAIL-R signaling promotes KRAS-driven cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:561-73. [PMID: 25843002 PMCID: PMC6591140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers harbor oncogenic mutations of KRAS. Effectors mediating cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis in KRAS-mutated cancers are only incompletely understood. Here we identify cancer cell-expressed murine TRAIL-R, whose main function ascribed so far has been the induction of apoptosis as a crucial mediator of KRAS-driven cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis and in vivo Rac-1 activation. Cancer cell-restricted genetic ablation of murine TRAIL-R in autochthonous KRAS-driven models of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) reduces tumor growth, blunts metastasis, and prolongs survival by inhibiting cancer cell-autonomous migration, proliferation, and invasion. Consistent with this, high TRAIL-R2 expression correlates with invasion of human PDAC into lymph vessels and with shortened metastasis-free survival of KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia von Karstedt
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Annalisa Conti
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Max Nobis
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Torsten Hartwig
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Johannes Lemke
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Karen Legler
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franka Annewanter
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew D Campbell
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lucia Taraborrelli
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anne Grosse-Wilde
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Johannes F Coy
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; TAVARLIN AG, Biotechpark Pfungstadt, Reißstraße 1a, 64319 Pfungstadt, Germany
| | - Mona A El-Bahrawy
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Koschny
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom M Ganten
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schweiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Kenessey
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Ulloi ut 93, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Hegedüs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Molecular Oncology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte Hauser
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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81
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Yu X, Xu Z, Lei J, Li T, Wang Y. VP22 mediates intercellular trafficking and enhances the in vitro antitumor activity of PTEN. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1286-90. [PMID: 25816150 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN acts as a phosphatidylinositol phosphatase with a possible role in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. Mutations in PTEN are frequent and their presence is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer, which is the most common type of non-cutaneous malignancy in females. Delivery of the tumor suppressor PTEN gene represents a powerful strategy for breast cancer therapy, but a present limitation of gene therapy is the ability to deliver sufficient quantities of active proteins to target cells. The capacity of HSV-1VP22 fusion proteins to spread from the primary transduced cell to surrounding cells could improve gene therapeutics, particularly in cancer. To assess the potential efficacy of VP22 as a gene therapy for breast cancer, expression vectors for N- and C-terminal PTEN-VP22 fusion proteins were constructed. VP22‑mediated intercellular transport and antitumor efficacy in BT549 (PTEN-null) breast tumor cells were investigated. The results showed that PTEN-VP22 has the same spreading abilities as VP22. In cell proliferation and apoptosis assays, PTEN-VP22 gene transfer induces a stronger anti-proliferative effect and apoptotic activity compared with PTEN gene transfer alone. In addition, VP22 enhanced the PTEN‑mediated decrease in the level of phosphorylated AKT. The results show that PTEN-VP22 can spread in vitro and PTEN-VP22 gene induces significantly greater antitumor activity than the PTEN gene alone. This study confirms the utility of VP22-mediated delivery in vitro and suggests that PTEN-VP22 may have applications in breast cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Zhengmin Xu
- Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lei
- Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, P.R. China
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82
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Kartal-Yandim M, Adan-Gokbulut A, Baran Y. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance and its reversal in cancer. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:716-26. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1015957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melis Kartal-Yandim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey and
| | - Aysun Adan-Gokbulut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey and
| | - Yusuf Baran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey and
- Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
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83
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Zhang WL, Zhang JH. miR-181c promotes proliferation via suppressing PTEN expression in inflammatory breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2011-20. [PMID: 25695913 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) accounts for ~6% of new breast cancer cases. Even with multimodality treatment, the 5-year disease-free survival is <45%, thus making IBC the most deadly form of locally advanced breast cancer. Better understanding of the pathogenesis of IBC is essential to the design of effective therapy. We found that miR-181c was upregulated in IBC, implying that it could be a useful prognostic marker for IBC and a novel therapeutic target for the intervention of disease. Elucidating why the gene is overexpressed and how to downregulate it will help us to further understand the pathogenesis and progression of the disease and offer new targets for therapies. In this study, we showed that miR-181c as an oncogene promoted proliferation and it inhibited PTEN protein expression by targeting 3'-UTR of PTEN mRNA in IBC SUM149 cells. Moreover, PTEN was not only downregulated in IBC, but also inhibited proliferation in SUM149 cells and introduction of PTEN cDNA lacking the predicted sites of 3'-UTR abrogated miR-181c cellular function, suggesting that miR-181c inhibited proliferation by downregulating PTEN expression in IBC. Thus, targeting miR-181c and restoration of PTEN can be used in conjunction with other therapies to prevent progression of IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Zhang
- General Surgery Department, The Second Artillery General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- General Surgery Department, The Second Artillery General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
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84
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Liu H, Yin J, Wang H, Jiang G, Deng M, Zhang G, Bu X, Cai S, Du J, He Z. FOXO3a modulates WNT/β-catenin signaling and suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells. Cell Signal 2015; 27:510-8. [PMID: 25578861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has revealed a negative correlation between Forkhead box-O (FOXO) expression and prostate cancer grade and spread, indicating its role as a suppressor of prostate cancer metastasis. However, there is still incomplete understanding about the role of FOXO transcription factors in prostate cancer progression. In this investigation, we demonstrate that FOXO3a significantly inhibits the expression β-catenin in prostate cancer cells. The mechanism of inhibiting β-catenin expression involves the FOXO3a-mediated transactivated microRNA-34b/c, which consequently suppressed β-catenin mRNA expression by targeting the untranslated regions (UTRs) of β-catenin. Additionally, FOXO3a can directly bind to β-catenin, and competes with TCF for interaction with β-catenin, thereby inhibiting β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity and reducing the expression of β-catenin target genes. Furthermore, prostate cancer cells expressing FOXO3a shRNAs display mesenchymal characteristics, including enhanced cell migration and differential regulation of the EMT markers, whereas knockdown of β-catenin results in reversal of shFOXO3a-mediated EMT phenotypic changes. Collectively, these observations demonstrated that FOXO3a inhibits malignant phenotypes that are dependent on β-catenin-dependent modulation of EMT-related genes, and provided fresh insight into the mechanisms by which a FOXO3a-miR-34b/c axis restrains canonical β-catenin signaling cascades in prostate cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Yin
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Guanmin Jiang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410015, P.R. China
| | - Min Deng
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, P.R. China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhang Bu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shaohui Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Zhimin He
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, P.R. China.
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85
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Abstract
Mice with T-cell-specific loss of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN early in T-cell ontogeny develop thymic lymphomas that invariably harbor a reciprocal translocation involving the T-cell receptor α/δ locus and c-myc, t(14;15). In addition to its known function as a lipid phosphatase opposing PI3K signaling, PTEN has also been described as playing a prominent role in promoting genomic stability. As a result, it has been uncertain which one(s) of these 2 separable features were required to block the development of lymphoma. Here, using a conditional model in which T cells selectively express 1 phosphatase-dead PTEN mutant (C124S) and maintain 1 null allele, we show that PTEN phosphatase activity is required for preventing the emergence of a malignant T-cell population harboring t(14;15), thus constituting a critical function of PTEN in preventing lymphomagenesis.
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86
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Tait IS, Li Y, Lu J. Effects of PTEN on the longevity of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells: the role of antioxidants. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:277-84. [PMID: 25395086 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a major cause of illness, disease and mortality, mainly due to the shortening of telomeres, resulting in cells undergoing senescence and apoptosis. Increasing autophagy and the levels of antioxidants removes oxidants that cause DNA and telomere damage, thus reducing the rate at which telomeres shorten, resulting in a longer cellular lifespan. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has been shown to increase the lifespan of organisms by upregulating pathways involved in DNA damage repair, autophagy/antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the overexpression of PTEN on the longevity of human cell cultures by examining the increase in antioxidant potential. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures were transfected with PTEN plasmids using lipofectamine. An assay was performed to quantify the protein levels of PTEN and the antioxidant potential of the cell cultures. The cell cultures were maintained until senescence occurred in order to determine longevity. The results of each assay were then compared and correlated with each other and with the longevity of the cells. The transfected cultures showed a significant increase in PTEN protein levels, total antioxidant potential and longevity (all P-values <0.001) compared with the non-transfected cell cultures. The correlation coefficient between cell longevity and PTEN levels was 0.8727; and the correlation coefficient between cell longevity and antioxidant potential was 0.6564. The successful transfection of PTEN led to an increase in PTEN levels, antioxidant potential and an increased cellular longevity. This study demonstrates that there is a potential for PTEN to be used to extend human longevity. This can lay the foundation for further studies to be carried out on humans involving PTEN and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izak S Tait
- School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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87
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Stumpf M, Choorapoikayil S, den Hertog J. Pten function in zebrafish: anything but a fish story. Methods 2014; 77-78:191-6. [PMID: 25461815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is an excellent model system for the analysis of gene function. We and others use zebrafish to investigate the function of the tumor suppressor, Pten, in tumorigenesis and embryonic development. Zebrafish have two pten genes, ptena and ptenb. The recently identified N-terminal extension of human PTEN that may facilitate cell membrane transfer, appears not to be conserved in zebrafish Ptena or Ptenb. Mutants that retain a single wild type pten allele develop tumors, predominantly hemangiosarcomas. Homozygous double mutants are embryonic lethal. Zebrafish embryos lacking functional Pten display enhanced proliferation of endothelial cells, resulting in hyperbranching of blood vessels. In addition, ptena-/-ptenb-/- mutant embryos display enhanced proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and concomitant arrest of differentiation, although Pten-deficient cells commit to all blood cell lineages. Zebrafish is an ideal model for intravital imaging and future work using ptena-/-ptenb-/- mutants will enhance our understanding of the function of Pten in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Stumpf
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suma Choorapoikayil
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; CNRS, UMR 5235, Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Univ Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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88
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Vinculin negatively regulates transcription of MT1-MMP through MEK/ERK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:251-5. [PMID: 25449281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vinculin regulates a variety of cellular functions partly through stabilization of tumor suppressor PTEN. In order to study the role of vinculin in tumor progression other than PTEN stabilization, vinculin was knocked down in PTEN-deficient squamous cell carcinoma HSC-4 cells. Knockdown of vinculin induced phenotypical change by reducing cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesions, and enhanced MT1-MMP expression at transcription level and subsequent cell migration. Up-regulation of MT1-MMP transcription by vinculin knockdown was abrogated by ERK inhibition. These results suggest that vinculin negatively regulates malignant phenotype of tumor cells including MT1-MMP transcription through MEK/ERK pathway.
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89
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Exosome-mediated delivery of the intrinsic C-terminus domain of PTEN protects it from proteasomal degradation and ablates tumorigenesis. Mol Ther 2014; 23:255-69. [PMID: 25327178 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN mutation is a frequent feature across a plethora of human cancers, the hot-spot being its C-terminus (PTEN-CT) regulatory domain resulting in a much diminished protein expression. In this study, the presence of C-terminus mutations was confirmed through sequencing of different human tumor samples. The kinase CKII-mediated phosphorylation of PTEN at these sites makes it a loopy structure competing with the E3 ligases for binding to its lipid anchoring C2 domain. Accordingly, it was found that PTEN-CT expressing stable cell lines could inhibit tumorigenesis in syngenic breast tumor models. Therefore, we designed a novel exosome-mediated delivery of the intrinsic PTEN domain, PTEN-CT into different cancer cells and observed reduced proliferation, migration, and colony forming ability. The delivery of exosome containing PTEN-CT to breast tumor mice model was found to result in significant regression in tumor size with the tumor sections showing increased apoptosis. Here, we also report for the first time an active PTEN when its C2 domain is bound by PTEN-CT, probably rendering its anti-tumorigenic activities through the protein phosphatase activity. Therefore, therapeutic interventions that focus on PTEN E3 ligase inhibition through exosome-mediated PTEN-CT delivery can be a probable route in treating cancers with low PTEN expression.
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90
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Bauer TM, Patel MR, Infante JR. Targeting PI3 kinase in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 146:53-60. [PMID: 25240910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is the most frequently known activated aberrant pathway in human cancers. Pathologic activation can occur at multiple levels along the signaling pathway by a variety of mechanisms, including point mutations, amplifications, and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. This pathway is also a known resistance pathway, as it can be activated by both receptor tyrosine kinases and other oncogenes. mTOR inhibitors were the first targeted molecules in this pathway, and have already been FDA-approved in multiple indications. Because of the broad potential applications of inhibiting this pathway upstream of mTOR, multiple compounds targeting PI3K are in development. In this review, we discuss the clinical development of these inhibitors, including dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, pan-PI3K inhibitors, and isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors. Common adverse events, including rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hyperglycemia, have created a narrow therapeutic window for all classes of PI3K inhibitors. Furthermore, single agent clinical activity has also been limited, with the exception of isoform-selective inhibitors, particularly the PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ inhibitors in hematologic malignancies. The future role of inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in the clinical practice of oncology likely depends on the development of patient selection strategies and the results of combination trials that are currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Bauer
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Oncology, PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Manish R Patel
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Florida Cancer Specialists, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Oncology, PLLC, Nashville, TN, USA.
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91
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Fragoso R, Barata JT. PTEN and leukemia stem cells. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 56:22-29. [PMID: 24961634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are considered responsible for leukemia initiation, relapse and resistance to chemotherapy. These cells have self-renewal capacity and originate the other cells in the leukemia pool. Therefore, in order to completely eradicate leukemia cells and consequently cure the disease, therapies should in principle necessarily target LSCs. However, the fact that LSCs share functional and phenotypic properties with normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) poses a significant challenge: how to target LSCs without damaging normal HSCs and compromising hematopoiesis? The discovery that PTEN regulates LSCs and HSCs through different mechanisms, demonstrated that it is possible to identify pathways that differentially impact leukemia and normal stem cell function and opened new therapeutic perspectives for the selective elimination of LSCs. In this review, we briefly discuss the mechanisms that regulate PTEN function in LSCs and HSCs and their potential for the development of LSC-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fragoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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92
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Ciuffreda L, Falcone I, Incani UC, Del Curatolo A, Conciatori F, Matteoni S, Vari S, Vaccaro V, Cognetti F, Milella M. PTEN expression and function in adult cancer stem cells and prospects for therapeutic targeting. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 56:66-80. [PMID: 25088603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) is a non-redundant lipid phosphatase that restrains and fine tunes the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. PTEN is involved in inherited syndromes, which predispose to different types of cancers and is among the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in sporadic cancers. Indeed, loss of PTEN function occurs in a wide spectrum of human cancers through a variety of mechanisms, including mutations, deletions, transcriptional silencing, or protein instability. PTEN prevents tumorigenesis through multiple mechanisms and regulates a plethora of cellular processes, including survival, proliferation, energy metabolism and cellular architecture. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that PTEN is able to exit, exist, and function outside the cell, allowing for inhibition of the PI3K pathway in neighboring cells in a paracrine fashion. Most recently, studies have shown that PTEN is also critical for stem cell maintenance and that PTEN loss can lead to the emergence and proliferation of cancer stem cell (CSC) clones. Depending on the cellular and tissue context of origin, PTEN deletion may result in increased self-renewal capacity or normal stem cell exhaustion and PTEN-defìcient stem and progenitor cells have been reported in prostate, lung, intestinal, and pancreatic tissues before tumor formation; moreover, reversible or irreversible PTEN loss is frequently observed in CSC from a variety of solid and hematologic malignancies, where it may contribute to the functional phenotype of CSC. In this review, we will focus on the role of PTEN expression and function and downstream pathway activation in cancer stem cell biology and regulation of the tumorigenic potential; the emerging role of PTEN in mediating the crosstalk between the PI3K and MAPK pathways will also be discussed, together with prospects for the therapeutic targeting of tumors lacking PTEN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Ciuffreda
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Italia Falcone
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Ursula Cesta Incani
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Anais Del Curatolo
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Conciatori
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Matteoni
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Vari
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanja Vaccaro
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cognetti
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
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93
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Martini M, De Santis MC, Braccini L, Gulluni F, Hirsch E. PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and cancer: an updated review. Ann Med 2014; 46:372-83. [PMID: 24897931 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.912836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite development of novel agents targeting oncogenic pathways, matching targeted therapies to the genetic status of individual tumors is proving to be a daunting task for clinicians. To improve the clinical efficacy and to reduce the toxic side effects of treatments, a deep characterization of genetic alterations in different tumors is required. The mutational profile often evidences a gain of function or hyperactivity of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) in tumors. These enzymes are activated downstream tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) and/or G proteins coupled receptors (GPCRs) and, via AKT, are able to induce mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) stimulation. Here, we elucidate the impact of class I (p110α, β, γ, and δ) catalytic subunit mutations on AKT-mediated cellular processes that control crucial mechanisms in tumor development. Moreover, the interrelation of PI3K signaling with mTOR, ERK, and RAS pathways will be discussed, exploiting the potential benefits of PI3K signaling inhibitors in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martini
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin , Italy
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94
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Yahiaoui OI, Nunès JA, Castanier C, Devillier R, Broussais F, Fabre AJ, Naimi D, Bouabdallah R, Olive D, Xerri L. Constitutive AKT activation in follicular lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:565. [PMID: 25096023 PMCID: PMC4131060 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphoinositide 3- kinase (PI3K) pathway is involved in the growth of various human cancers, including lymphoid malignancies. However its role in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL) has not been yet described. METHODS To clarify this point, biopsy tissue samples from 38 human FL cases were investigated for PIK3CA somatic mutations in exon 9 and 20 using direct sequencing. The same samples were analyzed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry to detect expression of AKT, phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), and PTEN proteins. Two cases of benign lymphadenitis were used as controls. RESULTS AKT expression was present in all FL and lymphadenitis cases. 14/38 (37%) FL and 2/2 lymphadenitis cases expressed pAKT. 9/38 (24%) FL samples showed high level of pAKT, whereas 5/38 (13%) FL cases and 2/2 benign lymphadenitis samples expressed low level of pAKT. PTEN expression was observed in 30/38 (79%) FL and 2/2 benign lymphadenitis cases, whereas 8/38 (21%) FL cases showed loss of PTEN expression. 3 cases with positive pAKT did not express PTEN. PIK3CA mutations were not detected in any sample. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway could be activated in a subset of FL cases, due to either AKT phosphorylation or PTEN downregulation, in the absence of PIK3CA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouardia I Yahiaoui
- Inserm, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France.
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95
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Identification of nucleolus-localized PTEN and its function in regulating ribosome biogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6383-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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96
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Nagy E, Gajjar KB, Patel II, Taylor S, Martin-Hirsch PL, Stringfellow HF, Martin FL, Phillips DH. MGMT promoter hypermethylation and K-RAS, PTEN and TP53 mutations in tamoxifen-exposed and non-exposed endometrial cancer cases. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2874-80. [PMID: 24853176 PMCID: PMC4056065 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen has anti-oestrogenic and anti-tumour activity in the breast, but is oestrogenic and carcinogenic in the endometrium. It can induce experimental tumours by both hormonal and DNA-damaging mechanisms, but its carcinogenic mode of action in human endometrium remains unclear. METHODS We investigated whether an epigenetic mechanism, involving promoter hypermethylation of the gene for the DNA repair enzyme MGMT (O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase), was associated with K-RAS, TP53 and PTEN mutations in endometrial tumours from women treated with tamoxifen (TAM, n=30) or unexposed to the drug (EC, n=38). RESULTS There were significant (P<0.05) differences in tumour grade between the TAM and EC groups, with more favourable morphology in the latter. K-RAS mutations, predominantly G>A, occurred in small numbers in both groups. TP53 mutations were of mainly A>G, C>T and indel modifications in both groups, but more frequent in TAM cases. PTEN mutations dominated in EC tumours and were of the type that has large impact on protein function, such as indel or nonsense mutations. These observations alongside the mutational spectrum in PTEN suggest that the malignancies arise from different backgrounds, hence pointing to an effect of tamoxifen. Both groups displayed MGMT promoter hypermethylation. This coincided with mutations more frequently in the TAM (78%) than in the EC (50%) group, even though there were significantly (P<0.05) fewer mutations and methylations in TAM cases. CONCLUSIONS Although the difference in coincidence did not reach significance with the current sample size, the findings suggest that epigenetic processes may play a role in the way tamoxifen induces endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nagy
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - K B Gajjar
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - I I Patel
- Cavendish Laboratories, JJ Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - S Taylor
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Gynaecology, Crown Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L8 7SS, UK
| | - P L Martin-Hirsch
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT, UK
| | - H F Stringfellow
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT, UK
| | - F L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - D H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
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97
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Wu MH, Chen YA, Chen HH, Chang KW, Chang IS, Wang LH, Hsu HL. MCT-1 expression and PTEN deficiency synergistically promote neoplastic multinucleation through the Src/p190B signaling activation. Oncogene 2014; 33:5109-20. [PMID: 24858043 PMCID: PMC4287651 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multinucleation is associated with malignant neoplasms; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the nuclear abnormality remains unclear. Loss or mutation of PTEN promotes the development of malignant tumors. We now demonstrate that increased expression of the oncogene MCT-1 (multiple copies in T-cell malignancy 1) antagonizes PTEN gene presentation, PTEN protein stability and PTEN functional activity, thereby further promoting phosphoinositide 3 kinase/AKT signaling, survival rate and malignancies of the PTEN-deficient cells. In the PTEN-null cancer cells, MCT-1 interacts with p190B and Src in vivo, supporting that they are in proximity of the signaling complexes. MCT-1 overexpression and PTEN loss synergistically augments the Src/p190B signaling function that leads to inhibition of RhoA activity. Under such a condition, the incidence of mitotic catastrophes including spindle multipolarity and cytokinesis failure is enhanced, driving an Src/p190B/RhoA-dependent neoplastic multinucleation. Targeting MCT-1 by the short hairpin RNA markedly represses the Src/p190B function, improves nuclear structures and suppresses xenograft tumorigenicity of the PTEN-null breast cancer cells. Consistent with the oncogenic effects in vitro, clinical evidence has confirmed that MCT-1 gene stimulation is correlated with p190B gene promotion and PTEN gene suppression in human breast cancer. Accordingly, MCT-1 gene induction is recognized as a potential biomarker of breast tumor development. Abrogating MCT-1 function may be a promising stratagem for management of breast cancer involving Src hyperactivation and/or PTEN dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Y-A Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H-H Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - K-W Chang
- Institute of Population Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-S Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research and Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - L-H Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H-L Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
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98
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The role of PTEN tumor suppressor pathway staining in carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:657-62. [PMID: 24840867 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The PI3k/Akt pathway has been associated with the development and progression of bladder tumors, with most studies focused on papillary or muscle-invasive tumors. We sought to characterize the expression patterns of the PI3K/Akt pathway in a large cohort of high-risk preinvasive carcinoma in situ (CIS) tumors of the bladder. Our goal was to understand whether PI3K/Akt pathway alterations associated with CIS resemble early- or late-stage bladder cancers. MATERIAL AND METHODS We evaluated tissue specimens from 97 patients with CIS of the bladder, of which 14 had a concomitant papillary tumor. All patients were treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin. All specimens were evaluated for PTEN, p-AKT, and p-S6 immunoreactivity. Markers were evaluated for percentage and intensity of staining and were scored using a 0 to 3+grading system. RESULTS PTEN staining was noted as least intense in 67% of tumor specimens and 22% of normal urothelium. P-Akt and p-S6 had intense staining in 77% and 90% of tumor specimens vs. 44% and 68% in normal tissue, respectively. Low-intensity staining for PTEN at 12 months correlated with higher recurrence risk (P = 0.026). CONCLUSION We describe a large cohort of CIS bladder tumors with decreased staining intensity of PTEN and increased staining intensity of p-AKT and p-S6, similar to high-grade and high-stage papillary tumors. Low-intensity staining of PTEN at 12 months was associated with an increased risk of recurrence.
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99
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Vural HC. PCR-SSCP-DNA Sequencing Method in DetectingPTENGene Mutation and its Significance in Human Breast Cancer in Turkish Populations. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2012.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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100
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Templeton AK, Miyamoto S, Babu A, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Cancer stem cells: progress and challenges in lung cancer. Stem Cell Investig 2014; 1:9. [PMID: 27358855 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2014.03.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a subpopulation of tumor cells with stem cell-like characteristics first in hematological malignancies and later in solid tumors has emerged into a novel field of cancer research. It has been proposed that this aberrant population of cells now called "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) drives tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance. CSCs have been shown to have the capacity of self-renewal and multipotency. Adopting strategies from the field of stem cell research has aided in identification, localization, and targeting of CSCs in many tumors. Despite the huge progress in other solid tumors such as brain, breast, and colon cancers no substantial advancements have been made in lung cancer. This is most likely due to the current rudimentary understanding of lung stem cell hierarchy and heterogeneous nature of lung disease. In this review, we will discuss the most recent findings related to identification of normal lung stem cells and CSCs, pathways involved in regulating the development of CSCs, and the importance of the stem cell niche in development and maintenance of CSCs. Additionally, we will examine the development and feasibility of novel CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at eradicating lung CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Templeton
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Shinya Miyamoto
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Anish Babu
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- 1 Department of Pathology, 2 Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, 4 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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