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Ahmed H, AlSadek DMM. Galectin-3 as a Potential Target to Prevent Cancer Metastasis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2015; 9:113-21. [PMID: 26640395 PMCID: PMC4662425 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s29462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between two cells or between cell and extracellular matrix mediated by protein–carbohydrate interactions play pivotal roles in modulating various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Galectin-3, a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, is involved in fibrosis as well as cancer progression and metastasis, but the detailed mechanisms of its functions remain elusive. This review discusses its structure, carbohydrate-binding properties, and involvement in various aspects of tumorigenesis and some potential carbohydrate ligands that are currently investigated to block galectin-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ahmed
- President and Chief Scientific Officer, GlycoMantra, Inc., Aldie, VA, USA
| | - Dina M M AlSadek
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Fernández‐Calotti P, Casulleras O, Antolin M, Guarner F, Pastor‐Anglada M. Galectin‐4 interacts with the drug transporter human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 to regulate its function. FASEB J 2015; 30:544-54. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández‐Calotti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of BarcelonaInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB)BarcelonaSpain
- Oncology ProgramNational Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Olga Casulleras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of BarcelonaInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB)BarcelonaSpain
- Oncology ProgramNational Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - María Antolin
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive System Research UnitInstitut de Recerca Vall d'HebronUniversity Hospital Vall d'HebronUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER EHDBarcelonaSpain
| | - Francisco Guarner
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive System Research UnitInstitut de Recerca Vall d'HebronUniversity Hospital Vall d'HebronUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER EHDBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marçal Pastor‐Anglada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of BarcelonaInstitute of Biomedicine (IBUB)BarcelonaSpain
- Oncology ProgramNational Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Ochieng J, Nangami GN, Ogunkua O, Miousse IR, Koturbash I, Odero-Marah V, McCawley LJ, Nangia-Makker P, Ahmed N, Luqmani Y, Chen Z, Papagerakis S, Wolf GT, Dong C, Zhou BP, Brown DG, Colacci AM, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Al-Temaimi R, Al-Mulla F, Bisson WH, Eltom SE. The impact of low-dose carcinogens and environmental disruptors on tissue invasion and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S128-59. [PMID: 26106135 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to stimulate new ideas regarding low-dose environmental mixtures and carcinogens and their potential to promote invasion and metastasis. Whereas a number of chapters in this review are devoted to the role of low-dose environmental mixtures and carcinogens in the promotion of invasion and metastasis in specific tumors such as breast and prostate, the overarching theme is the role of low-dose carcinogens in the progression of cancer stem cells. It is becoming clearer that cancer stem cells in a tumor are the ones that assume invasive properties and colonize distant organs. Therefore, low-dose contaminants that trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition, for example, in these cells are of particular interest in this review. This we hope will lead to the collaboration between scientists who have dedicated their professional life to the study of carcinogens and those whose interests are exclusively in the arena of tissue invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Gladys N Nangami
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Olugbemiga Ogunkua
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Valerie Odero-Marah
- Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Lisa J McCawley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yunus Luqmani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Anna Maria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze 50134, Italy and
| | - Rabeah Al-Temaimi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sakina E Eltom
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
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Ruvolo PP. Galectin 3 as a guardian of the tumor microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:427-437. [PMID: 26264495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin 3 is a member of a family of β-galactoside binding proteins and has emerged as an important regulator of diverse functions critical in cancer biology including apoptosis, metastasis, immune surveillance, molecular trafficking, mRNA splicing, gene expression, and inflammation. Galectin 3's ability to support cancer cell survival by intra-cellular and extra-cellular mechanisms suggests this molecule is an important component of the tumor microenvironment that potentially could be targeted for therapy. Data is emerging that Galectin 3 is elevated in many cancers including solid tumors and the cancers of the blood. Galectin 3 also appears to be a key molecule produced by tumor microenvironment support cells including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) to suppress immune surveillance by killing T cells and interfering with NK cell function and by supporting metastasis. Levels of Galectin 3 increase in the MSC of aging mice and perhaps this contributes to the development of cancer in the elderly. Galectin 3 modulates surface protein expression of a diverse set of glycoproteins including CD44 by regulating endocytosis of these proteins. In addition, Galectin 3 binding to receptor kinases such as CD45 and the T cell receptor is critical in the regulation of their function. In this review I will examine the various mechanisms how Galectin 3 supports chemoresistance and metastasis in solid tumors and in leukemia and lymphoma. I will also discuss possible therapeutic strategies to target this Galectin for cancer therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Tumor Microenvironment Regulation of Cancer Cell Survival, Metastasis, Inflammation, and Immune Surveillance edited by Peter Ruvolo and Gregg L. Semenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, United States.
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Labrie M, Vladoiu M, Leclerc BG, Grosset AA, Gaboury L, Stagg J, St-Pierre Y. A Mutation in the Carbohydrate Recognition Domain Drives a Phenotypic Switch in the Role of Galectin-7 in Prostate Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131307. [PMID: 26168167 PMCID: PMC4500561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that galectin-7 (gal-7) is specifically expressed in mammary myoepithelial (basal) cells prompted us to investigate whether this protein is expressed in the basal cells of other tissues. Given that breast and prostate cancer have remarkable underlying biological similarities and given the important roles of basal cells in prostate cancer, we examined the expression patterns and role of gal-7 in human prostate cancer. Using tissue microarray, we found that although gal-7 is readily expressed in basal cells in normal prostate tissue, it is downregulated in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. De novo expression of gal-7 in prostate cancer cells increases their sensitivity to apoptosis in response to etoposide and cisplatin. The assessment of a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD)-defective mutant form of gal-7 (R7S) showed that the ability of this protein to modulate apoptosis was independent of its CRD activity. This activity was also independent of its ability to translocate to the mitochondrial and nuclear compartments. However, CRD activity was necessary to inhibit the invasive behaviors of prostate cancer cells. In vivo, gal-7 overexpression in PCa cells led to a modest yet significant reduction in tumor size, while its CRD-defective mutant form significantly increased tumor growth compared to controls. Taken together, these results suggest that although de novo expression of gal-7 may be an interesting means of increasing the tumorigenic phenotypes of PCa cells, alterations in the CRD activity of this protein drive a phenotypic switch in its role in PCa cells. This CRD-independent activity represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the functions of galectin. The R74S model will be useful to distinguish CRD-dependent and CRD-independent functions of gal-7 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Vladoiu
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno G. Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrée-Anne Grosset
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Gaboury
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Hashmi S, Al-Salam S. Galectin-1: a biomarker of surgical stress in murine model of cardiac surgery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:7157-7164. [PMID: 26261609 PMCID: PMC4525943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (GAL-1) belongs to the family of β-galactoside-binding lectins. It regulates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, the immune response, apoptosis, cell cycle, RNA splicing and neoplastic transformation. We investigate the effect of heart manipulation secondary to cardiac surgery on the level of GAL-1 in murine heart and plasma. Male C57B6/J mice were used for adopted model of cardiac surgery. Heart samples were processed for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent labeling, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative RT-PCR to identify GAL-1 levels in the heart and plasma during the first 24 hours following cardiac surgery. There is significant increase of GAL-1 in the LV at 30 minutes (P<0.000), 60 minutes (P<0.001), 4 hour (P<0.003), and 24 hour (P<0.003) time points of surgically operated groups compared to non-operated control group, while GAL-1 mRNA levels in any of the surgically operated groups are not significantly different from the non-operated group suggesting extracardiac origin of this raise of GAL-1. There is significant increase of GAL-1 in the plasma at 30 minutes (P<0.000), 60 minutes (P<0.009), 4 hour (P<0.043), and 24 hour (P<0.000) time points of surgically operated groups compared to non-operated control group. In conclusion, GAL-1 is valuable biomarker of surgical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwat Hashmi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Agha Khan UniversityStadium Road, Karachi-74800, Pakistan
| | - Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of medicine and health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAlain Po Box 17666, UAE
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Deák M, Hornung Á, Novák J, Demydenko D, Szabó E, Czibula Á, Fajka-Boja R, Kriston-Pál É, Monostori É, Kovács L. Novel role for galectin-1 in T-cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Immunobiology 2015; 220:483-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pre-B cell receptor binding to galectin-1 modifies galectin-1/carbohydrate affinity to modulate specific galectin-1/glycan lattice interactions. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6194. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Abstract
Galectins are an evolutionarily ancient family of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and are found in all animals. Although they were discovered over 30 years ago, ideas about their biological functions continue to evolve. Current evidence indicates that galectins, which are the only known GBPs that occur free in the cytoplasm and extracellularly, are involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular pathways contributing to homeostasis, cellular turnover, cell adhesion, and immunity. Here we review evolving insights into galectin biology from a historical perspective and explore current evidence regarding biological roles of galectins.
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Hsu DK, Yang RY, Saegusa J, Liu FT. Analysis of the intracellular role of galectins in cell growth and apoptosis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1207:451-63. [PMID: 25253158 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1396-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of animal lectins with conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains that recognize β-galactosides. Despite structural similarities, these proteins have diverse functions in a variety of cellular processes. While a large number of extracellular functions have been demonstrated for galectins, the existence of intracellular functions has been clearly shown for a number of galectins, including regulation of cell growth and apoptosis; these latter functions may not involve glycan binding. There is considerable interest in intracellular regulation by galectins of cell growth and apoptosis, as these are fundamental cellular processes in normal homeostasis. Their dysregulation can cause pathologies such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, and neural degenerative diseases. Here we describe methods that we routinely perform in the laboratory to investigate the role of galectins in cell growth and apoptosis. These include methods for cell isolation, cell maintenance, and genetic manipulations to perturb galectin gene expression, as well as assays for cell growth and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Blanchard H, Yu X, Collins PM, Bum-Erdene K. Galectin-3 inhibitors: a patent review (2008–present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:1053-65. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.947961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Melanocytic galectin-3 is associated with tyrosinase-related protein-1 and pigment biosynthesis. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:202-211. [PMID: 25054620 PMCID: PMC4268419 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a family member of the carbohydrate-binding proteins widely expressed by many cell types and exhibits multiple cellular functions. We demonstrate that melanocytes express galectin-3, which is predominantly localized to the cell body peripherally along the Golgi zone. Downregulation of galectin-3 in human melanocytes using short hairpin RNA technology resulted in the reduction of both melanin synthesis and expression/activity of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp-1). In the cell body, galectin-3 colocalizes with melanosome-destined cargo, specifically tyrosinase and Tyrp-1. We studied melanocytes cultured from patients with forms of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) containing defects in trafficking steps governed by biogenesis of lysosome-related organelle complex-2 (BLOC-2) (HPS-5), BLOC-3 (HPS-1), and adaptin-3 (HPS-2). We found that galectin-3 expression mimicked the defective expression of the tyrosinase cargo in dendrites of HPS-5 melanocytes, but it was not altered in HPS-1 or HPS-2 melanocytes. In addition, galectin-3 colocalized predominantly with the HPS-5 component of BLOC-2 in normal human melanocytes. These data indicate that galectin-3 is a regulatory component in melanin synthesis affecting the expression of Tyrp-1.
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Funasaka T, Raz A, Nangia-Makker P. Nuclear transport of galectin-3 and its therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:30-8. [PMID: 24657939 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a member of β-galactoside-binding gene family is a multi-functional protein, which regulates pleiotropic biological functions such as cell growth, cell adhesion, cell-cell interactions, apoptosis, angiogenesis and mRNA processing. Its unique structure enables it to interact with a plethora of ligands in a carbohydrate dependent or independent manner. Galectin-3 is mainly a cytosolic protein, but can easily traverse the intracellular and plasma membranes to translocate into the nucleus, mitochondria or get externalized. Depending on the cell type, specific experimental conditions in vitro, cancer type and stage, galectin-3 has been reported to be exclusively cytoplasmic, predominantly nuclear or distributed between the two compartments. In this review we have summarized the dynamics of galectin-3 shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, the nuclear transport mechanisms of galectin-3, how its specific interactions with the members of β-catenin signaling pathways affect tumor progression, and its implications as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States; John D. Dingell V.A. Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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Al-Salam S, Hashmi S. Galectin-1 in early acute myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86994. [PMID: 24498007 PMCID: PMC3909026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most serious manifestation of coronary artery disease and the cause of significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Galectin-1(GAL-1), a divalent 14.5-kDa protein, is present both inside and outside cells, and has both intracellular and extracellular functions. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor mediating early and late responses to myocardial ischemia. Identification of the pattern of expression of GAL-1 and HIF-1α in the heart during the first 24 hours following acute MI will help in understanding early molecular changes in this event and may provide methods to overcome serious complications. Mouse model of MI was used and heart samples were processed for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent labeling and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to identify GAL-1 and HIF 1α levels in the heart during the first 24 hours following MI. There was significant increase in left ventricular GAL-1 at 20 (p = 0.001) and 30 minutes (p = 0.004) following MI. There was also a significant increase in plasma GAL-1 at 4 hours (p = 0.012) and 24 hours (p = 0.001) following MI. A significant increase in left ventricular HIF-1 α was seen at 20 minutes (p = 0.047) following MI. In conclusion, we show for the first time that GAL-1 level in the left ventricle is increased in early ischemic period. We also report for the first time that HIF-1 α is significantly increased at 20 minutes following MI. In addition we report for the first time that mouse plasma GAL-1 level is significantly raised as early as 4 hours following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail:
| | - Satwat Hashmi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Vladoiu MC, Labrie M, St-Pierre Y. Intracellular galectins in cancer cells: potential new targets for therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1001-14. [PMID: 24452506 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of galectin expression is frequently observed in cancer tissues. Such an abnormal expression pattern often correlates with aggressiveness and relapse in many types of cancer. Because galectins have the ability to modulate functions that are important for cell survival, migration and metastasis, they also represent attractive targets for cancer therapy. This has been well-exploited for extracellular galectins, which bind glycoconjugates expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Although the existence of intracellular functions of galectins has been known for many years, an increasing number of studies indicate that these proteins can also alter tumor progression through their interaction with intracellular ligands. In fact, in some instances, the interactions of galectins with their intracellular ligands seem to occur independently of their carbohydrate recognition domain. Such findings call for a change in the basic assumptions, or paradigms, concerning the activity of galectins in cancer and may force us to revisit our strategies to develop galectin antagonists for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
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66
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Astorgues-Xerri L, Riveiro ME, Tijeras-Raballand A, Serova M, Neuzillet C, Albert S, Raymond E, Faivre S. Unraveling galectin-1 as a novel therapeutic target for cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:307-19. [PMID: 23953240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectins belong to a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with an affinity for β-galactosides. Galectin-1 is differentially expressed by various normal and pathologic tissues and displays a wide range of biological activities. In oncology, galectin-1 plays a pivotal role in tumor growth and in the multistep process of invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Evidence indicates that galectin-1 exerts a variety of functions at different steps of tumor progression. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that galectin-1 cellular localization and galectin-1 binding partners depend on tumor localization and stage. Recently, galectin-1 overexpression has been extensively documented in several tumor types and/or in the stroma of cancer cells. Its expression is thought to reflect tumor aggressiveness in several tumor types. Galectin-1 has been identified as a promising drug target using synthetic and natural inhibitors. Preclinical data suggest that galectin-1 inhibition may lead to direct antiproliferative effects in cancer cells as well as antiangiogenic effects in tumors. We provide an up-to-date overview of available data on the role of galectin-1 in different molecular and biochemical pathways involved in human malignancies. One of the major challenges faced in targeting galectin-1 is the translation of current knowledge into the design and development of effective galectin-1 inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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67
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Smetana K, André S, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ. Context-dependent multifunctionality of galectin-1: a challenge for defining the lectin as therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:379-92. [PMID: 23289445 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.750651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One route of translating the information encoded in the glycan chains of cellular glycoconjugates into physiological effects is via receptor (lectin) binding. A family of endogenous lectins, sharing folding, a distinct sequence signature and affinity for β-galactosides (thus termed galectins), does so effectively in a context-dependent manner. AREAS COVERED An overview is given on the multifunctional nature of galectins, with emphasis on galectin-1. The broad range of functions includes vital processes such as adhesion via glycan bridging, glycoconjugate transport or triggering signaling relevant, for example, for growth regulation. Besides distinct glycoconjugates, this lectin can also interact with certain proteins so that it can target counterreceptors at all sites of location, that is, in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus, at both sides of the membrane or extracellularly. Approaches to strategically exploit galectin activities with therapeutic intentions are outlined. EXPERT OPINION The wide versatility of sugar coding and the multifunctionality of galectin-1 explain why considering to turn the protein into a therapeutic target is an ambitious aim. Natural pathways shaped by physiologic master regulators (e.g., the tumor suppressor p16(INK4a)) are suggested to teach inspiring lessons as to how the lectin might be recruited to clinical service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Elantak L, Espeli M, Boned A, Bornet O, Bonzi J, Gauthier L, Feracci M, Roche P, Guerlesquin F, Schiff C. Structural basis for galectin-1-dependent pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) activation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44703-13. [PMID: 23124203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During B cell differentiation in the bone marrow, the expression and activation of the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) constitute crucial checkpoints for B cell development. Both constitutive and ligand-dependent pre-BCR activation modes have been described. The pre-BCR constitutes an immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igμ) and a surrogate light chain composed of the invariant λ5 and VpreB proteins. We previously showed that galectin-1 (GAL1), produced by bone marrow stromal cells, is a pre-BCR ligand that induces receptor clustering, leading to efficient pre-BII cell proliferation and differentiation. GAL1 interacts with the pre-BCR via the unique region of λ5 (λ5-UR). Here, we investigated the solution structure of a minimal λ5-UR motif that interacts with GAL1. This motif adopts a stable helical conformation that docks onto a GAL1 hydrophobic surface adjacent to its carbohydrate binding site. We identified key hydrophobic residues from the λ5-UR as crucial for the interaction with GAL1 and for pre-BCR clustering. These residues involved in GAL1-induced pre-BCR activation are different from those essential for autonomous receptor activation. Overall, our results indicate that constitutive and ligand-induced pre-BCR activation could occur in a complementary manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Elantak
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, CNRS UMR7255, Aix-Marseille Université, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
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Mussche S, De Paepe B, Smet J, Devreese K, Lissens W, Rasic VM, Murnane M, Devreese B, Van Coster R. Proteomic analysis in giant axonal neuropathy: new insights into disease mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 2012; 46:246-56. [PMID: 22806374 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a progressive hereditary disease that affects the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is characterized morphologically by aggregates of intermediate filaments in different tissues. Mutations have been reported in the gene that codes for gigaxonin. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanism remains obscure. METHODS Cell lines from 4 GAN patients and 4 controls were analyzed by iTRAQ. RESULTS Among the dysregulated proteins were ribosomal protein L29, ribosomal protein L37, galectin-1, glia-derived nexin, and aminopeptidase N. Also, nuclear proteins linked to formin-binding proteins were found to be dysregulated. Although the major role of gigaxonin is reported to be degradation of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, the amount of 76 structural cytoskeletal proteins was unaltered. CONCLUSIONS Several of the dysregulated proteins play a role in cytoskeletal reorganization. Based on these findings, we speculate that disturbed cytoskeletal regulation is responsible for formation of aggregates of intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Mussche
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Ose R, Oharaa O, Nagase T. Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 Mediate Protocadherin-24-Dependent Membrane Localization of β-catenin in Colon Cancer Cell Line HCT116. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2012; 6:18-26. [PMID: 23115611 PMCID: PMC3480823 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301206010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protocadherin-24 (PCDH24) is linked to the suppression of tumor growth and the inhibition of cell proliferation in the colon cancer cell line HCT116. We previously observed that β-catenin is localized to the plasma membrane when PCDH24 is expressed in these cells, but the molecular mechanisms by which PCDH24 induces the membrane localization of β-catenin remain largely unknown. To clarify these mechanisms, we identified molecules that interact with ectopically expressed PCDH24 in HCT116 cells using a HaloTag® pull-down assay. We found that galectin-1 and galectin-3 physically interact with PCDH24 and are retained at the plasma membrane in association with PCDH24 expression. A luciferase-based pull-down assay using HaloTag-fused galectins revealed that an intracellular region of PCDH24 (amino acids 1186–1280) is essential for this interaction. Furthermore, the over-expression of galectin-1 or -3, or the depletion of endogenous galectins by small interfering RNA modulates β-catenin translocation. We also revealed that the retention of galectin-1 and -3 at the plasma membrane results in the inactivation of PI3K activity. From these findings, we propose a model in which the galectin-anchoring activity of PCDH24 leads to the suppression of β-catenin signaling by the localization of β-catenin at the plasma membrane in PCDH24-expressing HCT116 colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ose
- Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan ; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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71
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Braeuer RR, Shoshan E, Kamiya T, Bar-Eli M. The sweet and bitter sides of galectins in melanoma progression. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:592-601. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Galectins and their ligands: negative regulators of anti-tumor immunity. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:619-25. [PMID: 22544342 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are major players of anti-tumor immune responses, as their functional activity can limit tumor growth and progression. Data show that cytotoxic T cells efficiently control the proliferation of tumor cells through major histocompatibility complex class I-mediated mechanisms; nevertheless, the presence of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells in lesional tissue does not always correlate with better prognosis and increased survival of cancer patients. Similarly, adoptive transfer of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells has only shown marginal improvement in life spans of patients with metastatic disease. In this report, we discuss experimental evidence showing that expression of tumor-derived galectins, galectin (Gal)-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9, and concomitant presence of their ligands on the surface of anti-tumor immunocytes directly compromise anti-tumor CD8(+) T cell immune responses and, perhaps, undermine the promise of adoptive CD8(+) T cell immunotherapy. Furthermore, we describe novel strategies designed to counteract Gal-1-, Gal-3- and Gal-9-mediated effects and highlight their targeting potential for creating more effective anti-tumor immune responses. We believe that Gal and their ligands represent an efficacious targeted molecular paradigm that warrants clinical evaluation.
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73
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Turner JG, Dawson J, Sullivan DM. Nuclear export of proteins and drug resistance in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1021-32. [PMID: 22209898 PMCID: PMC4521586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular location of a protein is crucial to its normal functioning in a cell. Cancer cells utilize the normal processes of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport through the nuclear pore complex of a cell to effectively evade anti-neoplastic mechanisms. CRM1-mediated export is increased in various cancers. Proteins that are exported in cancer include tumor-suppressive proteins such as retinoblastoma, APC, p53, BRAC1, FOXO proteins, INI1/hSNF5, galectin-3, Bok, nucleophosmin, RASSF2, Merlin, p21(CIP), p27(KIP1), N-WASP/FAK, estradiol receptor and Tob, drug targets topoisomerase I and IIα and BCR-ABL, and the molecular chaperone protein Hsp90. Here, we review in detail the current processes and known structures involved in the export of a protein through the nuclear pore complex. We also discuss the export receptor molecule CRM1 and its binding to the leucine-rich nuclear export signal of the cargo protein and the formation of a nuclear export trimer with RanGTP. The therapeutic potential of various CRM1 inhibitors will be addressed, including leptomycin B, ratjadone, KOS-2464, and specific small molecule inhibitors of CRM1, N-azolylacrylate analogs, FOXO export inhibitors, valtrate, acetoxychavicol acetate, CBS9106, and SINE inhibitors. We will also discuss examples of how drug resistance may be reversed by targeting the exported proteins topoisomerase IIα, BCR-ABL, and galectin-3. As effective and less toxic CRM1 export inhibitors become available, they may be used as both single agents and in combination with current chemotherapeutic drugs. We believe that the future development of low-toxicity, small-molecule CRM1 inhibitors may provide a new approach to treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Turner
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jana Dawson
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Kolundžić N, Bojić-Trbojević Ž, Kovačević T, Stefanoska I, Kadoya T, Vićovac L. Galectin-1 is part of human trophoblast invasion machinery--a functional study in vitro. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28514. [PMID: 22174828 PMCID: PMC3234277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions of glycoconjugates with endogenous galectins, have been long proposed to participate in several reproductive processes including implantation. In human placenta gal-1, gal-3, gal-8, and gal-13 proteins are known to be present. Each of them has been proposed to play multiple functions, but so far no clear picture has emerged. We hypothesized that gal-1 participates in trophoblast invasion, and conducted Matrigel invasion assay using isolated cytotrophoblast from first trimester placenta and HTR-8/SVneo cell line to test it. METHODS AND FINDINGS Function blocking anti-gal-1 antibody was employed to assess participation of endogenous gal-1 in cell adhesion, cell invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells. When gal-1 was blocked in isolated trophoblast cell invasion was reduced to 75% of control (SEM ± 6.3, P<0.001) and to 66% of control (SEM ± 1.7, P<0.001) in HTR-8/SVneo cell line. Increased availability of gal-1, as two molecular forms of recombinant human gal-1 (CS-gal-1 and Ox-gal-1), resulted in increased cell invasion by cytotrophoblast to 151% (SEM ± 16, P<0.01) with 1 ng/ml of CS-gal-1, and to 192% (SEM ± 51, P<0.05) with 1 µg/ml of Ox-gal-1. Stimulation was also observed in HTR-8/SVneo cells, to 317% (SEM ± 58, P<0.001) by CS-gal-1, and to 200% (SEM ± 24, P<0.001) by Ox-gal-1 at 1 µg/ml. Both sets of results confirmed involvement of gal-1 in trophoblast invasion. Galectin profile of isolated cytotrophoblast and HTR-8/SVneo cells was established using RT-PCR and real-time PCR and found to consist of gal-1, gal-3 and gal-8 for both cell types. Only gal-1 was located at the trophoblast cell membrane, as determined by FACS analysis, which is consistent with the results of the functional tests. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE These findings qualify gal-1 as a member of human trophoblast cell invasion machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Kolundžić
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Žanka Bojić-Trbojević
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Kovačević
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stefanoska
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Toshihiko Kadoya
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ljiljana Vićovac
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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St-Pierre Y. Galectins in hematological malignancies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2011; 1:119-29. [PMID: 22432074 PMCID: PMC3301428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are traditionally considered to be an important source of energy for living organisms. In the field of biology, they are defined as organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are organized into ring structures. The analysis of these structures and their functions has led to a new field of biology called "glycobiology." In the biomedical sciences, glycobiology is rapidly emerging to be an integral part of complex biological processes. Changes in glycan structures and the interactions of these structures with endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins, known as lectins, are now considered to be potential biomarkers on cancer cells for monitoring tumor progression. Evidence suggesting that the interactions between lectins and their ligands have a major role in the different steps of cancer progression has accumulated at a rapid pace and has gained the attention of several oncologists. This is particularly true for galectin family members because changes in their expression levels correlate with alterations in cancer cell growth, apoptosis, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Here we provide an integrated view of the role of galectins in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier Laval, Québec, Canada, H7V 1B7
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Wilker EH, Alexeeff SE, Suh H, Vokonas PS, Baccarelli A, Schwartz J. Ambient pollutants, polymorphisms associated with microRNA processing and adhesion molecules: the Normative Aging Study. Environ Health 2011; 10:45. [PMID: 21600003 PMCID: PMC3124411 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate air pollution has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but it remains unclear which time windows and pollutant sources are most critical. MicroRNA (miRNA) is thought to be involved in cardiovascular regulation. However, little is known about whether polymorphisms in genes that process microRNAs influence response to pollutant exposure. We hypothesized that averaging times longer than routinely measured one or two day moving averages are associated with higher soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) levels, and that stationary and mobile sources contribute differently to these effects. We also investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA-processing genes modify these associations. METHODS sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were measured from 1999-2008 and matched to air pollution monitoring for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) black carbon, and sulfates (SO42-). We selected 17 SNPs in five miRNA-processing genes. Mixed-effects models were used to assess effects of pollutants, SNPs, and interactions under recessive inheritance models using repeated measures. RESULTS 723 participants with 1652 observations and 1-5 visits were included in our analyses for black carbon and PM2.5. Sulfate data was available for 672 participants with 1390 observations. An interquartile range change in seven day moving average of PM2.5 (4.27 μg/m3) was associated with 3.1% (95%CI: 1.6, 4.6) and 2.5% (95%CI: 0.6, 4.5) higher sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. Interquartile range changes in sulfates (1.39 μg/m3) were associated with 1.4% higher (95%CI: 0.04, 2.7) and 1.6% (95%CI: -0.4, 3.7) higher sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 respectively. No significant associations were observed for black carbon. In interaction models with PM2.5, both sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels were lower in rs1062923 homozygous carriers. These interactions remained significant after multiple comparisons adjustment. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 seven day moving averages are associated with higher sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels. SO4-2 seven day moving averages are associated with higher sICAM-1 and a suggestive association was observed with sVCAM-1 in aging men. SNPs in miRNA-processing genes may modify associations between ambient pollution and sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1, which are correlates of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa H Wilker
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Helen Suh
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pantel S Vokonas
- VA Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Joel Schwartz
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Coady TH, Lorson CL. SMN in spinal muscular atrophy and snRNP biogenesis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2011; 2:546-64. [PMID: 21957043 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes function in nearly every facet of cellular activity. The spliceosome is an essential RNP that accurately identifies introns and catalytically removes the intervening sequences, providing exquisite control of spatial, temporal, and developmental gene expressions. U-snRNPs are the building blocks for the spliceosome. A significant amount of insight into the molecular assembly of these essential particles has recently come from a seemingly unexpected area of research: neurodegeneration. Survival motor neuron (SMN) performs an essential role in the maturation of snRNPs, while the homozygous loss of SMN1 results in the development of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. In this review, the function of SMN is examined within the context of snRNP biogenesis and evidence is examined which suggests that the SMN functional defects in snRNP biogenesis may account for the motor neuron pathology observed in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan H Coady
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Ahmed H, Guha P, Kaptan E, Bandyopadhyaya G. Galectin-3: a potential target for cancer prevention. TRENDS IN CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH 2011; 3:13-22. [PMID: 25484547 PMCID: PMC4254724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions play significant role in modulating cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, which, in turn, mediate various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Galectin-3, a member of the β-galactoside-binding protein family, is found multifunctional and is involved in normal growth development as well as cancer progression and metastasis, but the detailed mechanisms of its functions are not well understood. This review discusses its structure, binding properties, transcriptional regulation and roles in homotypic/heterotypic cell adhesion, angiogenesis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Prasun Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Engin Kaptan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gargi Bandyopadhyaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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79
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Novel Concepts About the Role of Lectins in the Plant Cell. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:271-94. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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80
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Deng Y, Johnson DR, Guan X, Ang CY, Ai J, Perkins EJ. In vitro gene regulatory networks predict in vivo function of liver. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4:153. [PMID: 21073692 PMCID: PMC2998496 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolution of toxicity testing is predicated upon using in vitro cell based systems to rapidly screen and predict how a chemical might cause toxicity to an organ in vivo. However, the degree to which we can extend in vitro results to in vivo activity and possible mechanisms of action remains to be fully addressed. RESULTS Here we use the nitroaromatic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) as a model chemical to compare and determine how we might extrapolate from in vitro data to in vivo effects. We found 341 transcripts differentially expressed in common among in vitro and in vivo assays in response to TNT. The major functional term corresponding to these transcripts was cell cycle. Similarly modulated common pathways were identified between in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we uncovered the conserved common transcriptional gene regulatory networks between in vitro and in vivo cellular liver systems that responded to TNT exposure, which mainly contain 2 subnetwork modules: PTTG1 and PIR centered networks. Interestingly, all 7 genes in the PTTG1 module were involved in cell cycle and downregulated by TNT both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The results of our investigation of TNT effects on gene expression in liver suggest that gene regulatory networks obtained from an in vitro system can predict in vivo function and mechanisms. Inhibiting PTTG1 and its targeted cell cycle related genes could be key mechanism for TNT induced liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Deng
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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81
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Laderach DJ, Compagno D, Toscano MA, Croci DO, Dergan-Dylon S, Salatino M, Rabinovich GA. Dissecting the signal transduction pathways triggered by galectin-glycan interactions in physiological and pathological settings. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:1-13. [PMID: 20014236 DOI: 10.1002/iub.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of evolutionarily conserved animal lectins with pleiotropic functions and widespread distribution. Fifteen members have been identified in a wide variety of cells and tissues. Through recognition of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids, these endogenous lectins can trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways capable of modulating cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, and migration. These cellular events are critical in a variety of biological processes including embryogenesis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and immunity and are substantially altered during tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. In addition, galectins can modulate intracellular functions and this effect involves direct interactions with distinct signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the intracellular signaling pathways triggered by this multifunctional family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins in selected physiological and pathological settings. Understanding the "galectin signalosome" will be essential to delineate rational therapeutic strategies based on the specific control of galectin expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego J Laderach
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina.
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83
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Implication of the Galectin-3 in colorectal cancer development (about 325 Tunisian patients). Bull Cancer 2010; 97:E1-8. [PMID: 20080461 DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2010.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a specific soluble lectin of the beta-galactoside family. It plays an important role in cell adherence, proliferation, and differentiation. It has also been shown that galectin-3 expression correlates with tumor progression in several types of cancers. We investigated the involvement of galectin-3 in colorectal cancer development. We performed a comparative immunohistochemical analysis of galectin-3 expression in term of intensity and distribution in normal mucosa, in primary tumor and in metastasis from 200 patients with colorectal cancer selected among 325 cases. We also compared the galectin-3 staining according to the histological subtype (mucinous vs non mucinous), tumoral differentiation and stage of tumor. We showed a strong and diffuse positive staining of galectin-3 in both adjacent and distanced normal mucosa, in well differentiated adenocarcinoma and in metastasis. However, we note a progressive decrease of galectin-3 staining according to the decreasing degree of tumoral differentiation. We also observed a loss of this protein in adenocarcinoma with mucinous component < 50%, where the positive staining was limited only to the well differentiated areas of tumor. These data suggest that galectin-3 play an important role in colorectal cancer progression concerning the non mucinous carcinoma and can be used as a prognostic factor to predict poor outcome of patients. In mucinous subtype, galectin-3 might be implicated in one or many step of its genesis perhaps through the control of cellular adhesion and interaction with mucin produced. Adenocarcinoma with mucinous component <50% would be integrate to mucinous carcinoma, not to non mucinous ones. These investigations could open perspectives for therapeutic means targeted to improve the prognosis of this neoplasm.
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84
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Haudek KC, Spronk KJ, Voss PG, Patterson RJ, Wang JL, Arnoys EJ. Dynamics of galectin-3 in the nucleus and cytoplasm. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1800:181-9. [PMID: 19616076 PMCID: PMC2815258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes selected studies on galectin-3 (Gal3) as an example of the dynamic behavior of a carbohydrate-binding protein in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells. Within the 15-member galectin family of proteins, Gal3 (M(r) approximately 30,000) is the sole representative of the chimera subclass in which a proline- and glycine-rich NH(2)-terminal domain is fused onto a COOH-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain responsible for binding galactose-containing glycoconjugates. The protein shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus on the basis of targeting signals that are recognized by importin(s) for nuclear localization and exportin-1 (CRM1) for nuclear export. Depending on the cell type, specific experimental conditions in vitro, or tissue location, Gal3 has been reported to be exclusively cytoplasmic, predominantly nuclear, or distributed between the two compartments. The nuclear versus cytoplasmic distribution of the protein must reflect, then, some balance between nuclear import and export, as well as mechanisms of cytoplasmic anchorage or binding to a nuclear component. Indeed, a number of ligands have been reported for Gal3 in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Most of the ligands appear to bind Gal3, however, through protein-protein interactions rather than through protein-carbohydrate recognition. In the cytoplasm, for example, Gal3 interacts with the apoptosis repressor Bcl-2 and this interaction may be involved in Gal3's anti-apoptotic activity. In the nucleus, Gal3 is a required pre-mRNA splicing factor; the protein is incorporated into spliceosomes via its association with the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex. Although the majority of these interactions occur via the carbohydrate recognition domain of Gal3 and saccharide ligands such as lactose can perturb some of these interactions, the significance of the protein's carbohydrate-binding activity, per se, remains a challenge for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Haudek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Kimberly J. Spronk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546
| | - Patricia G. Voss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Ronald J. Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - John L. Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Eric J. Arnoys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546
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85
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Cheong TC, Shin JY, Chun KH. Silencing of galectin-3 changes the gene expression and augments the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:94-102. [PMID: 19843071 PMCID: PMC11159305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is known to modulate cell proliferation and apoptosis and is highly expressed in human cancers, but its function in gastric cancer is still controversial. Here, we examined the role of galectin-3 in gastric cancer cells by silencing it with synthetic double-stranded siRNA. After silencing of galectin-3, cell numbers decreased and cell shape changed. Galectin-3 siRNA treatment also induced G(1) arrest. DNA microarray analysis was used to assess changes in gene expression following galectin-3 silencing. We found that silencing of galectin-3 caused changes in gene expression. RT-PCR and real-time PCR were utilized for validation of the changes found in microarray studies. Western blot analysis confirmed changes in the expression of proteins of interest: cyclin D1, survivin, XIAP, XAF, PUMA, and GADD45alpha. Generally, it tended to increase the expression of several pro-apoptotic genes, and to decrease the expression of cell cycle progressive genes. We also confirmed that changes in the expression of these genes were caused by galectin-3 overexpression. Finally, we demonstrated that silencing of galectin-3 enhanced apoptosis induction with chemotherapeutic agents by further reducing the expression of anti-apoptotic and/or cell survival molecules such as survivin, cyclin D1, and XIAP, and increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic XAF-1. We conclude that galectin-3 is involved in cancer progression and malignancy by modulating the expression of several relevant genes, and inhibition of galectin-3 may be an approach to improve chemotherapy of gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teak-Chin Cheong
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Division of Translational and Clinical Research I, National Cancer Center Research Institute and Hospital, Madu1-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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86
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Abstract
Galectin-3 is absent in resting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but is inducible by various stimuli. These include viral transactivating factors, T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation, and calcium ionophores. In addition, galectin-3 is constitutively expressed in human regulatory T cells and CD4+ memory T cells. Galectin-3 exerts extracellular functions because of its lectin activity and recognition of cell surface and extracellular matrix glycans. These include cell activation, adhesion, induction of apoptosis, and formation of lattices with cell surface glycoprotein receptors. Formation of lattices can result in restriction of receptor mobility and cause attenuation of receptor functions. Consistent with the presence of galectin-3 in intracellular locations, several functions have been described for this protein inside T cells. These include inhibition of apoptosis, promotion of cell growth, and regulation of TCR signal transduction. Studies of cell surface glycosylation have led to convergence of glycobiology and galectin biology and provided new clues on how galectin-3 may participate in the regulation of cell surface receptor activities. The rapid expansion of the field of galectin research has positioned galectin-3 as a key regulator in T-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
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87
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Niki T, Tsutsui S, Hirose S, Aradono S, Sugimoto Y, Takeshita K, Nishi N, Hirashima M. Galectin-9 is a high affinity IgE-binding lectin with anti-allergic effect by blocking IgE-antigen complex formation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32344-52. [PMID: 19776007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.035196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin (Gal)-9 was first described as an eosinophil chemoattractant. With the progress in research, Gal-9 has come to be known as a versatile immunomodulator that is involved in various aspects of immune regulations, and the entire picture of the function still remains elusive. To uncover as-yet unknown activity of Gal-9, we have been examining the effect of the protein in various disease animal models. Here we show that Gal-9 attenuated asthmatic reaction in guinea pigs and suppressed passive-cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. These results indicate the mast cell stabilizing effect of Gal-9. In vitro studies of mast cell degranulation involving RBL-2H3 cells demonstrated that Gal-9 suppressed degranulation from the cells stimulated by IgE plus antigen and that the inhibitory effect was completely abrogated in the presence of lactose, indicating lectin activity of Gal-9 is critical. We found that Gal-9 strongly and specifically bound IgE, which is a heavily glycosylated immunoglobulin, and that the interaction prevented IgE-antigen complex formation, clarifying the mode of action of the anti-degranulation effect. Gal-9 is expressed by several mast cells including mouse mast cell line MC/9. The fact that immunological stimuli of MC/9 cells augmented Gal-9 secretion from the cells implies that Gal-9 is an autocrine regulator of mast cell function to suppress excessive degranulation. Collectively, these findings shed light on a novel function of Gal-9 in mast cells and suggest a beneficial utility of Gal-9 for the treatment of allergic disorders including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Niki
- Research Division, GalPharma Company, Ltd., FROM-Kagawa, 2217-16 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan.
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88
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Niki T, Tsutsui S, Hirose S, Aradono S, Sugimoto Y, Takeshita K, Nishi N, Hirashima M. Galectin-9 is a high affinity IgE-binding lectin with anti-allergic effect by blocking IgE-antigen complex formation. J Biol Chem 2009. [PMID: 19776007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin (Gal)-9 was first described as an eosinophil chemoattractant. With the progress in research, Gal-9 has come to be known as a versatile immunomodulator that is involved in various aspects of immune regulations, and the entire picture of the function still remains elusive. To uncover as-yet unknown activity of Gal-9, we have been examining the effect of the protein in various disease animal models. Here we show that Gal-9 attenuated asthmatic reaction in guinea pigs and suppressed passive-cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. These results indicate the mast cell stabilizing effect of Gal-9. In vitro studies of mast cell degranulation involving RBL-2H3 cells demonstrated that Gal-9 suppressed degranulation from the cells stimulated by IgE plus antigen and that the inhibitory effect was completely abrogated in the presence of lactose, indicating lectin activity of Gal-9 is critical. We found that Gal-9 strongly and specifically bound IgE, which is a heavily glycosylated immunoglobulin, and that the interaction prevented IgE-antigen complex formation, clarifying the mode of action of the anti-degranulation effect. Gal-9 is expressed by several mast cells including mouse mast cell line MC/9. The fact that immunological stimuli of MC/9 cells augmented Gal-9 secretion from the cells implies that Gal-9 is an autocrine regulator of mast cell function to suppress excessive degranulation. Collectively, these findings shed light on a novel function of Gal-9 in mast cells and suggest a beneficial utility of Gal-9 for the treatment of allergic disorders including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Niki
- Research Division, GalPharma Company, Ltd., FROM-Kagawa, 2217-16 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan.
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89
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Haudek KC, Voss PG, Locascio LE, Wang JL, Patterson RJ. A mechanism for incorporation of galectin-3 into the spliceosome through its association with U1 snRNP. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7705-12. [PMID: 19603745 DOI: 10.1021/bi900071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that galectin-1 and galectin-3 are redundant pre-mRNA splicing factors associated with the spliceosome throughout the splicing pathway. Here we present evidence for the association of galectin-3 with snRNPs outside of the spliceosome (i.e., in the absence of pre-mRNA splicing substrate). Immunoprecipitation of HeLa nuclear extract with anti-galectin-3 resulted in the coprecipitation of the five spliceosomal snRNAs, core Sm polypeptides, and the U1-specific protein, U1 70K. When nuclear extract was fractionated on glycerol gradients, some galectin-3 molecules cosedimented with snRNP complexes. This cosedimentation represents bona fide galectin-3--snRNP complexes as (i) immunoprecipitation of gradient fractions with anti-galectin-3 yielded several complexes with varying ratios of snRNAs and associated proteins and (ii) the distribution of galectin-3--snRNP complexes was altered when the glycerol gradient was sedimented in the presence of lactose, a galectin ligand. A complex at approximately 10S showed an association of galectin-3 with U1 snRNP that was sensitive to treatment with ribonuclease A. We tested the ability of this U1 snRNP to recognize an exogenous pre-mRNA substrate. Under conditions that assemble early splicing complexes, we found this isolated galectin-3--U1 snRNP particle was sufficient to load galectin-3 onto a pre-mRNA substrate, but not onto a control RNA lacking splice sites. Pretreatment of the U1 snRNP with micrococcal nuclease abolished the assembly of galectin-3 onto this early complex. These data identify galectin-3 as a polypeptide associated with snRNPs in the absence of splicing substrate and describe a mechanism for the assembly of galectin-3 onto the forming spliceosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Haudek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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90
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St-Pierre Y, Biron-Pain K, Campion C, Lavoie G, Bouchard F, Couillard J. Potential directions for drug development against galectin-7 in cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:611-20. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440902926399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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91
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Wu MH, Hong TM, Cheng HW, Pan SH, Liang YR, Hong HC, Chiang WF, Wong TY, Shieh DB, Shiau AL, Jin YT, Chen YL. Galectin-1-mediated tumor invasion and metastasis, up-regulated matrix metalloproteinase expression, and reorganized actin cytoskeletons. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:311-8. [PMID: 19276182 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a beta-galactose-binding lectin; its expression level has been reported to correlate with tumor progression. Gal-1 is highly expressed in the invasive front of primary tumors and in the cancer cells of metastatic lesions in the lymph nodes of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanism of Gal-1 in tumor metastasis is not completely clear. We found that increased Gal-1 expression is closely associated with its high levels of invasion in lung adenocarcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Knocking down Gal-1 with small interfering RNA in highly invasive cancer cells reduced their invasion levels. Moreover, the invasion ability of poorly invasive cancer cells was significantly increased after Gal-1 overexpression of Gal-1. Mechanism studies revealed that Gal-1 promoted tumor invasion mainly by up-regulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 and by reorganizing actin cytoskeleton. Gal-1 enhanced the activation of Cdc42, a small GTPase and member of the Rho family, thus increasing the number and length of filopodia on tumor cells. Furthermore, Gal-1-overexpressing cells had higher metastatic abilities in tail vein metastasis assays in vivo. We conclude that Gal-1 is involved in tumor invasion and metastasis by increasing MMP expression and reorganizing cytoskeletons in oral cancers and lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Heng Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
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92
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Rossoll W, Bassell GJ. Spinal muscular atrophy and a model for survival of motor neuron protein function in axonal ribonucleoprotein complexes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 48:289-326. [PMID: 19343312 PMCID: PMC3718852 DOI: 10.1007/400_2009_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease that results from loss of function of the SMN1 gene, encoding the ubiquitously expressed survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein, a protein best known for its housekeeping role in the SMN-Gemin multiprotein complex involved in spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly. However, numerous studies reveal that SMN has many interaction partners, including mRNA binding proteins and actin regulators, suggesting its diverse role as a molecular chaperone involved in mRNA metabolism. This review focuses on studies suggesting an important role of SMN in regulating the assembly, localization, or stability of axonal messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes. Various animal models for SMA are discussed, and phenotypes described that indicate a predominant function for SMN in neuronal development and synapse formation. These models have begun to be used to test different therapeutic strategies that have the potential to restore SMN function. Further work to elucidate SMN mechanisms within motor neurons and other cell types involved in neuromuscular circuitry hold promise for the potential treatment of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rossoll
- Departments of Cell Biology and Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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93
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Tsai CM, Chiu YK, Hsu TL, Lin IY, Hsieh SL, Lin KI. Galectin-1 promotes immunoglobulin production during plasma cell differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4570-9. [PMID: 18802059 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding soluble lectin, has been implicated in regulating immune system homeostasis. We investigated the function of galectin-1 in plasma cell differentiation and found that it is induced in primary murine and human differentiating B cells. B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), a master regulator for plasma cell differentiation, was necessary and sufficient to induce galectin-1 expression. Notably, ectopic expression of galectin-1 in mature B cells increased Ig mu-chain transcript levels as well as the overall level of Ig production. This function of galectin-1 was dependent on binding to cell surface glycosylated counter receptors, as a galectin-1 mutant deficient in beta-galactoside binding showed diminished ability to promote Ig production. Extracellular galectin-1 bound more significantly to mature B cells than to plasma cells. Lastly, we found that the sugar compound N-acetyllactosamine blocked the binding of galectin-1 to murine splenic B cells and inhibited their differentiation. Taken together, these data are the first to demonstrate a role for galectin-1 in promoting Ig production during plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Tsai
- Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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94
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Rapoport EM, Kurmyshkina OV, Bovin NV. Mammalian galectins: structure, carbohydrate specificity, and functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:393-405. [PMID: 18457568 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of beta-galactoside binding lectins, homological by a sequence of the carbohydrate-binding site. In this review literature data about structure and carbohydrate specificity of galectins are discussed. The role of galectins in the regulation of cell adhesion in immune response, inflammation, and cancer progression is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rapoport
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
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95
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Matsuda Y, Yamagiwa Y, Fukushima K, Ueno Y, Shimosegawa T. Expression of galectin-3 involved in prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2008; 38:1098-111. [PMID: 18684128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2008.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Galectins are multifunctional lectins binding to the beta-galactoside of glycoproteins that affect diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes such as development, inflammation and tumor growth. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the over-expression of galectin-1, 3, and 4 has been reported, although their function and correlation with tumor progression remain unknown. Thus, we aimed to assess the role of galectin-3 during HCC progression. METHODS Specimens were obtained during curative operations and used for immunohistochemical analysis of galectin-3 (n = 52), and statistically assessed for correlations with the clinical profiles and the prognoses of the patients. The serum galectin-3 levels from the patients with liver diseases including HCC were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS In total, galectin-3 expression was found in 34 of 52 tumors (65%) and was statistically correlated with histological differentiation and vascular invasion. Kaplan-Meier's analysis showed that patients with galectin-3 expression tended to relapse in the earlier phase and had worse overall survival. In particular, a higher expression rate of nuclear galectin-3 showed a markedly worse prognosis, and it was independent in the multivariate analysis for overall survival. Serum galectin-3 levels were significantly increased in HCC compared with chronic liver disease. The sensitivity and specificity of galectin-3 were equivalent to alpha-fetoprotein and Vitamin K absence or antagonist II, and the combination of HCC biomarkers with galectin-3 improved the diagnostic performance. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 expression was involved in the tumor progression and related to the prognosis of HCC. Our observations suggested that galectin-3 could be a novel tumor marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Matsuda
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Sendai, Japan
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96
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Okumura CYM, Baum LG, Johnson PJ. Galectin-1 on cervical epithelial cells is a receptor for the sexually transmitted human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2078-90. [PMID: 18637021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis causes the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted human infection, yet the pathogenesis of infection is poorly understood, and host cell receptors have not been described. The surface of T. vaginalis is covered with a glycoconjugate called lipophosphoglycan (LPG), which plays a role in the adherence and cytotoxicity of parasites to human cells. T. vaginalis LPG contains high amounts of galactose, making this polysaccharide a candidate for recognition by the galactose-binding galectin family of lectins. Here we show that galectin-1 (gal-1) is expressed by human cervical epithelial cells and binds T. vaginalis LPG. Gal-1 binds to parasites in a carbohydrate-dependent manner that is inhibited in the presence of T. vaginalis LPG. Addition of purified gal-1 to cervical epithelial cells also enhances parasite binding, while a decrease in gal-1 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection decreases parasite binding. In contrast, the related galectin-7 (gal-7) does not bind T. vaginalis in a carbohydrate-dependent manner, and is unable to mediate attachment of parasites to host cells. Our data are consistent with the presence of multiple host cell receptors for T. vaginalis of which gal-1 is the first to be identified and highlight the importance of glycoconjugates in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Y M Okumura
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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97
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Le Mercier M, Mathieu V, Haibe-Kains B, Bontempi G, Mijatovic T, Decaestecker C, Kiss R, Lefranc F. Knocking down galectin 1 in human hs683 glioblastoma cells impairs both angiogenesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:456-69. [PMID: 18431251 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318170f892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin (Gal) 1 is a hypoxia-regulated proangiogenic factor that also directly participates in glioblastoma cell migration. To determine how Gal-1 exerts its proangiogenic effects, we investigated Gal-1 signaling in the human Hs683 glioblastoma cell line. Galectin 1 signals through the endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane kinase/ribonuclease inositol-requiring 1alpha, which regulates the expression of oxygen-regulated protein 150. Oxygen-regulated protein 150 controls vascular endothelial growth factor maturation. Galectin 1 also modulates the expression of 7 other hypoxia-related genes (i.e. CTGF, ATF3, PPP1R15A, HSPA5, TRA1, and CYR61) that are implicated in angiogenesis. Decreasing Gal-1 expression in Hs683 orthotopic xenografts in mouse brains by siRNA administration impaired endoplasmic reticulum stress and enhanced the therapeutic benefits of the proautophagic drug temozolomide. These results suggest that decreasing Gal-1 expression (e.g. through brain delivery of nonviral infusions of anti-Gal-1 siRNA in patients) can represent an additional therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Mercier
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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98
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Mammalian lectin as tool in glycochemistry and histochemistry with relevance for diagnostic procedure. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2008; 418:171-86. [PMID: 18287659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-579-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates represent a fundamental building unit of living organisms. Many contemporary results introduce these substances as medium with remarkable data storage capacity (glycocode) that is decoded by special receptor counterpartners, lectins. Animal so-called endogenous lectins are presented here as the biotinylated tools for normal lectin histochemistry in accompany with biotinylated (neo)glycoconjugates employed in reverse lectin histochemistry. Practical lesson how to employ these probes in cell/tissue labeling including multiple cell labeling at the single-cell level is also included. Position of glycocode and endogenous lectins in squamous epithelium biology under physiological condition and after the malignant transformation is shown as example of the employment of mentioned probes in research and diagnostics.
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99
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Gray RM, Davis MJ, Ruby KM, Voss PG, Patterson RJ, Wang JL. Distinct effects on splicing of two monoclonal antibodies directed against the amino-terminal domain of galectin-3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 475:100-8. [PMID: 18455493 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous experiments had established that galectin-3 (Gal3) is a factor involved in cell-free splicing of pre-mRNA. Addition of monoclonal antibody NCL-GAL3, whose epitope maps to the NH2-terminal 14 amino acids of Gal3, to a splicing-competent nuclear extract inhibited the splicing reaction. In contrast, monoclonal antibody anti-Mac-2, whose epitope maps to residues 48-100 containing multiple repeats of a 9-residue motif PGAYPGXXX, had no effect on splicing. Consistent with the notion that this region bearing the PGAYPGXXX repeats is sequestered through interaction with the splicing machinery and is inaccessible to the anti-Mac-2 antibody, a synthetic peptide containing three perfect repeats of the sequence PGAYPGQAP (27-mer) inhibited the splicing reaction, mimicking a dominant-negative mutant. Addition of a peptide corresponding to a scrambled sequence of the same composition (27-mer-S) failed to yield the same effect. Finally, GST-hGal3(1-100), a fusion protein containing glutathione-S-transferase and a portion of the Gal3 polypeptide including the PGAYPGXXX repeats, also exhibited a dominant-negative effect on splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Gray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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100
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Saussez S, Decaestecker C, Lorfevre F, Chevalier D, Mortuaire G, Kaltner H, André S, Toubeau G, Gabius HJ, Leroy X. Increased expression and altered intracellular distribution of adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins galectins-1 and -7 during tumour progression in hypopharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Histopathology 2008; 52:483-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.02973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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