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Scott-Goodwin A, Puerto M, Moreno I. Toxic effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:120-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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52
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Leivonen S, Chudal R, Joelsson P, Ekblad M, Suominen A, Brown AS, Gissler M, Voutilainen A, Sourander A. Prenatal Maternal Smoking and Tourette Syndrome: A Nationwide Register Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:75-82. [PMID: 25796373 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This is the first nationwide register-based study to examine the relationship between prenatal maternal smoking and Tourette syndrome. A total of 767 children diagnosed with Tourette syndrome were identified from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. Each case was matched to four controls. Information on maternal smoking during pregnancy was obtained from the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Conditional logistic regression models were used for statistical analyses. Prenatal maternal smoking was associated with Tourette syndrome when comorbid with ADHD (OR 4.0, 95 % CI 1.2-13.5, p = 0.027 for exposure during first trimester, OR 1.7, 95 % CI, 1.05-2.7, p = 0.031 for exposure for the whole pregnancy). There was no association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and Tourette syndrome without comorbid ADHD (OR 0.5, 95 % CI 0.2-1.3, p = 0.166, OR 0.9, 95 % CI 0.7-1.3, p = 0.567). Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the association between prenatal maternal smoking and Tourette syndrome with comorbid ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Leivonen
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Child Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Roshan Chudal
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Joelsson
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Ekblad
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Auli Suominen
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alan S Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mika Gissler
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,National Institute of Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arja Voutilainen
- Child Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,RKBU, UiT Arctic University in Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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53
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Dürr DW, Høyer BB, Christensen LH, Pedersen HS, Zinchuk A, Jönsson BA, Lindh CH, Bonde JP, Toft G. Tobacco smoking during pregnancy and risk of adverse behaviour in offspring: A follow-up study. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:65-72. [PMID: 26327280 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines associations between prenatal exposure to tobacco smoking and adverse behaviour in the offspring. METHODS We included 1016 pregnant women from Greenland and Ukraine (526 from Greenland and 490 from Ukraine). Serum cotinine measurements were used to identify smoking pregnant women. When the children were from five to nine years of age, the parents assessed the child's behaviour using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). RESULTS Overall, smoking in pregnancy was not associated with a higher probability of adverse behaviour assessed by the total SDQ score. However, in the crude analysis smoking was associated with a higher mean difference of SDQ-total score. In Greenland the SDQ-total mean difference (MD) was (MD (95% CI)=1.31 points (0.42; 2.19)) and in Ukraine (MD (95% CI)=0.18 points (-1.2; 0.91)), whereas the adjusted mean differences were statistically non-significant. CONCLUSIONS In utero exposure to tobacco smoking was not associated with a significant higher risk of adverse behaviour in the offspring, but elevated risk of adverse behaviour among children prenatally exposed to smoking cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Wiwe Dürr
- Danish Ramazzini Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, build.2c, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Birgit Bjerre Høyer
- Danish Ramazzini Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, build.2c, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Line Høgenhof Christensen
- Danish Ramazzini Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, build.2c, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Andrii Zinchuk
- Departement of Social Medicine and Organization of Public Health, Kharkiv National Medical University, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Bo Ag Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Toft
- Danish Ramazzini Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, build.2c, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Alle 43-45, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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54
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Melchior M, Hersi R, van der Waerden J, Larroque B, Saurel-Cubizolles MJ, Chollet A, Galéra C. Maternal tobacco smoking in pregnancy and children's socio-emotional development at age 5: The EDEN mother-child birth cohort study. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30:562-8. [PMID: 25843027 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is debate as to whether maternal tobacco use in pregnancy is related to offspring behaviour later on. We tested this association examining multiple aspects of children's behaviour at age 5 and accounting for parental smoking outside of pregnancy, as well as child and family characteristics. METHODS Data come from a prospective community based birth cohort study (EDEN; n=1113 families in France followed since pregnancy in 2003-2005 until the child's 5th birthday). Maternal tobacco use in pregnancy was self-reported. Children's socio-emotional development (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, prosocial behaviour) was assessed by mothers using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age 5 years. Logistic regression analyses controlled for Inverse Probability Weights (IPW) of maternal tobacco use calculated based on study center, children's characteristics (sex, premature birth, low birth weight, breastfeeding), maternal characteristics (age at the child's birth, psychological difficulties and alcohol use in pregnancy, post-pregnancy depression, and smoking), paternal smoking in and post-pregnancy, parental educational attainment, family income, parental separation, and maternal negative life events. RESULTS Maternal smoking in pregnancy only predicted children's high symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention (sex and study center-adjusted ORs: maternal smoking in the 1st trimester: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.13-3.38; maternal smoking throughout pregnancy: OR=2.11, 95%CI: 1.36-3.27). In IPW-controlled regression models, only children of mothers who smoked throughout pregnancy had significantly elevated levels of hyperactivity/inattention (OR=2.20, 95%CI: 1.21-4.00). CONCLUSIONS Maternal tobacco smoking in pregnancy may contribute directly or through epigenetic mechanisms to children's symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melchior
- INSERM, UMR-S 1136, Department of Social Epidemiology, Pierre-Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, 75013 Paris, France; UMR-S 1136, Department of Social Epidemiology, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Paris 06, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - R Hersi
- INSERM, UMR-S 1136, Department of Social Epidemiology, Pierre-Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, 75013 Paris, France; UMR-S 1136, Department of Social Epidemiology, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Paris 06, 75013 Paris, France
| | - J van der Waerden
- INSERM, UMR-S 1136, Department of Social Epidemiology, Pierre-Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, 75013 Paris, France; UMR-S 1136, Department of Social Epidemiology, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Paris 06, 75013 Paris, France
| | - B Larroque
- INSERM, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U1153), Paris-Descartes University, 75020 Paris, France; UMR-S 953, UPMC - Université Paris 06, 75020 Paris, France
| | - M-J Saurel-Cubizolles
- INSERM, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U1153), Paris-Descartes University, 75020 Paris, France; UMR-S 953, UPMC - Université Paris 06, 75020 Paris, France
| | - A Chollet
- INSERM, UMR-S 1136, Department of Social Epidemiology, Pierre-Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, 75013 Paris, France; UMR-S 1136, Department of Social Epidemiology, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Paris 06, 75013 Paris, France
| | - C Galéra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charles-Perrens Hospital, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U897, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, prévention et prise en charge des traumatismes, Bordeaux, France
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55
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Moylan S, Gustavson K, Øverland S, Karevold EB, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. The impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on depressive and anxiety behaviors in children: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Med 2015; 13:24. [PMID: 25644294 PMCID: PMC4314755 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is associated with multiple adverse childhood outcomes including externalizing behaviors. However, the association between MSDP and internalizing (anxiety and depressive) behaviors in offspring has received less investigation. We aimed to assess the association between MSDP and childhood internalizing (anxiety and depressive) behaviors in a very large, well-characterized cohort study. METHODS We assessed the association between MSDP and internalizing behaviors in offspring utilizing information drawn from 90,040 mother-child pairs enrolled in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Mothers reported smoking information, including status and frequency of smoking, twice during pregnancy. Mothers also reported their child's internalizing behaviors at 18 months, 36 months, and 5 years. Associations between MSDP and childhood internalizing behaviors, including dose-response and timing of smoking in pregnancy, were assessed at each time point. RESULTS MSDP was associated with increased internalizing behaviors when offspring were aged 18 months (B = 0.11, P <0.001) and 36 months (B = 0.06, P <0.01), adjusting for numerous potential confounders. Higher rates of smoking (e.g., >20 cigarettes per day) were associated with higher levels of internalizing behaviors. Maternal smoking during early pregnancy appeared to be the critical period for exposure. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence supporting a potential role for MSDP in increasing internalizing (anxiety and depressive) behaviors in offspring. We also found evidence supportive of a possible causal relationship, including dose-dependency and support for a predominant role of early pregnancy exposure. Further investigation utilizing genetically informed designs are warranted to assess this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Moylan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia.
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56
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Abstract
The impact of toxins on the developing brain is usually subtle for an individual child, but the damage can be substantial at the population level. Numerous challenges must be addressed to definitively test the impact of toxins on brain development in children: We must quantify exposure using a biologic marker or pollutant; account for an ever-expanding set of potential confounders; identify critical windows of vulnerability; and repeatedly examine the association of biologic markers of toxins with intellectual abilities, behaviors, and brain function in distinct cohorts. Despite these challenges, numerous toxins have been implicated in the development of intellectual deficits and mental disorders in children. Yet, too little has been done to protect children from these ubiquitous but insidious toxins. The objective of this review is to provide an overview on the population impact of toxins on the developing brain and describe implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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57
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Ekblad M, Korkeila J, Lehtonen L. Smoking during pregnancy affects foetal brain development. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:12-8. [PMID: 25169748 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Environmental factors such as maternal smoking can significantly modulate genetically programmed brain development during foetal life. This review looks at how prenatal smoking exposure modulates brain development, including new evidence on the effects of smoking on foetal brain development and function. CONCLUSION Smoking during pregnancy exposes the foetus to thousands of health-threatening chemicals, restricting foetal body and head growth. Alterations in brain structure and function have been seen in children exposed to prenatal smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Ekblad
- Department of Pediatrics; Turku University Hospital, and University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - Jyrki Korkeila
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Psychiatry; Harjavalta Hospital; Satakunta Hospital District; Harjavalta Finland
| | - Liisa Lehtonen
- Department of Pediatrics; Turku University Hospital, and University of Turku; Turku Finland
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Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD. Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:61-87. [PMID: 24938210 PMCID: PMC4262892 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most drugs of abuse easily cross the placenta and can affect fetal brain development. In utero exposures to drugs thus can have long-lasting implications for brain structure and function. These effects on the developing nervous system, before homeostatic regulatory mechanisms are properly calibrated, often differ from their effects on mature systems. In this review, we describe current knowledge on how alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, Ecstasy, and opiates (among other drugs) produce alterations in neurodevelopmental trajectory. We focus both on animal models and available clinical and imaging data from cross-sectional and longitudinal human studies. Early studies of fetal exposures focused on classic teratological methods that are insufficient for revealing more subtle effects that are nevertheless very behaviorally relevant. Modern mechanistic approaches have informed us greatly as to how to potentially ameliorate the induced deficits in brain formation and function, but conclude that better delineation of sensitive periods, dose-response relationships, and long-term longitudinal studies assessing future risk of offspring to exhibit learning disabilities, mental health disorders, and limited neural adaptations are crucial to limit the societal impact of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Ross
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Devon L Graham
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli M Money
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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59
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Cooper S, Taggar J, Lewis S, Marlow N, Dickinson A, Whitemore R, Coleman T. Effect of nicotine patches in pregnancy on infant and maternal outcomes at 2 years: follow-up from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled SNAP trial. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:728-37. [PMID: 25127405 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SNAP (Smoking and Nicotine in Pregnancy) trial compared nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches with placebo in pregnant smokers; although NRT doubled cessation rates in the first 4 weeks, by delivery no differences in maternal smoking or birth outcomes were noted. As a result, NRT used in standard doses during pregnancy is considered ineffective for smoking cessation. Subsequent effects of NRT on the children of treated mothers are unknown because no trials have investigated the effect of gestational NRT use beyond birth. To assess whether NRT use in pregnancy might cause harm to infants, we aimed to compare effects of NRT and placebo on infant development 2 years after delivery. METHODS 1050 pregnant smokers aged 16-45 years, at 12-24 weeks' gestation, and smoking at least five cigarettes per day were recruited from seven hospitals in England between May 1, 2007, and Feb 26, 2010, and followed up until their infants were 2 years old. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive up to 8-weeks treatment with NRT (15 mg/16 h transdermal patches) or identically packaged and visually matched placebo patches (all patches manufactured by and purchased at market rate from United Pharmaceuticals, Amman, Jordan), issued as two 4-week supplies (521 for NRT group, 529 for placebo group) [Corrected]. Randomisation was stratified by site with participants, health-care professionals, and research staff masked to treatment allocation. The primary results for participants and infants at delivery were published in 2012; we present results from the trial cohort 2 years after birth. After delivery, questionnaires were posted to participants and, if there was no response, to family physicians. The primary outcome at 2 years was infants' survival without developmental impairment (ie, no disability or problems with behaviour or development). Treatment groups were compared on an intention-to-treat basis. The trial is registered with Controlled-Trials.com, number ISRCTN07249128. FINDINGS Questionnaires were returned at 2 years for 891 (88%) of 1010 live singleton births (445 of (88%) 503 given NRT and 446 (88%) of 507 given placebo). Because of missing data, developmental outcomes, including four infant deaths, were documented for 888 of (88%) 1010 singleton infants; 445 (88%) of 503 infants in NRT group and 443 (87%) of 507 infants in placebo. In the NRT group, 323 (73%) of 445 infants had no impairment compared with 290 (65%) of 443 infants in the placebo group (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% CI 1.05-1.86, p=0.023). At 2 years, 15 (3%) of 521 mothers in the NRT group and nine (2%) of 529 mothers in the placebo groups self-reported prolonged smoking abstinence since a quit date set in pregnancy (OR 1.71, 95% CI 0.74-3.94, p=0.20). Adverse events were not collected after delivery, but previously reported adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes were similar in the two groups. INTERPRETATION Infants born to women who used NRT for smoking cessation in pregnancy were more likely to have unimpaired development. NRT had no effect on prolonged abstinence from smoking but did cause a temporary doubling of smoking cessation shortly after randomisation during pregnancy, which could explain findings. If findings are confirmed by subsequent research, this has potential implications for the management of smoking in pregnancy. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Cooper
- Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Jaspal Taggar
- Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Neil Marlow
- Academic Neonatology, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, UK
| | - Anne Dickinson
- Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rachel Whitemore
- Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tim Coleman
- Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Black MM, Nair P, Spanier AJ. Dose and timing of prenatal tobacco exposure: threats to early child development. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:677-9. [PMID: 25127406 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen M Black
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Prasanna Nair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adam J Spanier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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61
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Balsevich G, Poon A, Goldowitz D, Wilking JA. The effects of pre- and post-natal nicotine exposure and genetic background on the striatum and behavioral phenotypes in the mouse. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:7-18. [PMID: 24607511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal tobacco use increases the risk of complications in pregnancy and also the risk of adverse fetal outcomes. Studies have established nicotine as the principal component of tobacco smoke that leads to the majority of negative reproductive outcomes associated with maternal tobacco use. It appears the neuroteratogenicity of nicotine is mediated by complex gene-environment interactions. Genetic background contributes to individual differences in nicotine-related phenotypes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the interaction between pre- and post-natal nicotine exposure and genetic background on the histology of the striatum and behavioral measures using DBA/2J (D2) and C57BL/6J (B6) inbred mice. Alterations in neuronal cell populations, striatal brain volume, and behavior - open field (OF) activity, novel object recognition (NOR), elevated plus maze (EPM), and passive avoidance (PA) - were evaluated on post-natal day (PN) 24 and PN75. Histological data showed that pre- and post-natal nicotine exposure resulted in decreased striatal volume among preadolescent B6 and reduced neuronal number within the striatum of preadolescent B6 mice. Behavioral data showed that pre- and post-natal nicotine exposure promoted hyperactivity in D2 female mice and disrupted NOR and PA memory. Specifically, NOR deficits were significant amongst adult male mice whereas PA deficits were seen across genetic background and sex. These data suggest that nicotine treatment, genetic background, developmental stage, and sex effect striatal morphology can lead to neurobehavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Balsevich
- Department of Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Anna Poon
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Dan Goldowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Jennifer A Wilking
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4.
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Tiesler CMT, Heinrich J. Prenatal nicotine exposure and child behavioural problems. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:913-29. [PMID: 25241028 PMCID: PMC4186967 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In utero exposure to tobacco smoke has been related to numerous adverse health effects in new-borns, infants, children, adolescents and adults. The aim of this review was to summarise findings on prenatal nicotine exposure and its relationship with behavioural problems in the offspring. The majority of studies, and especially several recent epidemiological studies, observed a higher likelihood for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or ADHD symptoms in exposed subjects. However, both human and animal studies have failed to provide clear evidence on causality. Existing literature on studies investigating the association between prenatal nicotine exposure and conduct or externalising problems in the offspring suggests a causal effect. The establishment of a final conclusion concerning the relationship between prenatal nicotine exposure and internalising problems in the offspring is complicated by insufficient data and mixed results in epidemiological studies. Prenatal nicotine exposure has been associated with altered brain structure and function in human offspring, and a proposed biological mechanism is related to nicotine's adverse influence on neurotransmitter systems during brain development. In conclusion, establishing a statement on the causality of the relationship between prenatal nicotine exposure and behavioural problems in children remains a challenging task. Nevertheless, considering the results of an increasing number of studies which link prenatal exposure to nicotine to externalising problems applying different methodologies to account for confounding and in view of other adverse health effects known to be caused by this exposure, parents should consider smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. T. Tiesler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany ,Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Stroud LR, Papandonatos G, Shenassa E, Rodriguez D, Niaura R, LeWinn K, Lipsitt LP, Buka SL. Prenatal glucocorticoids and maternal smoking during pregnancy independently program adult nicotine dependence in daughters: a 40-year prospective study. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:47-55. [PMID: 24034414 PMCID: PMC3858529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is an independent risk factor for offspring nicotine dependence (ND), but mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated prenatal glucocorticoid (cortisol) and androgen (testosterone) associations with offspring ND over 40 years and the possibility that prenatal glucocorticoids and androgens would mediate links between MSDP and offspring ND. METHODS Participants were 1086 mother-adult offspring pairs (59% female) from the New England Family Study, a 40-year longitudinal follow-up of the Collaborative Perinatal Project. MSDP was assessed prospectively at each prenatal visit. Maternal cortisol, testosterone, and cotinine (nicotine metabolite) were assayed from third trimester maternal sera. Offspring lifetime ND was assessed via structured interview. RESULTS Significant bivariate associations emerged for: 1) MSDP/cotinine and lifetime ND; and 2) maternal cortisol and lifetime ND, for daughters only. In multivariate models, maternal cortisol and MSDP/cotinine remained significantly and independently associated with increased odds of lifetime ND of daughters. However, cortisol did not mediate the MSDP-lifetime ND relation. No associations emerged between maternal testosterone and offspring ND. CONCLUSIONS Results provide the first evidence in support of prenatal glucocorticoid programming of adult ND over 40 years in daughters only. Our study highlights two independent prenatal pathways leading to increased risk for ND in daughters: elevated prenatal glucocorticoids and MSDP/nicotine exposure. Daughter-specific effects of glucocorticoid and MSDP programming over 40 years highlight the breadth and persistence of sexually dimorphic programming effects in humans. Results do not support androgen programming of offspring ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | | | - Edmond Shenassa
- Program in Maternal-Child Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland
| | - Daniel Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Raymond Niaura
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, American Legacy Foundation
| | - Kaja LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Stephen L. Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University
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Alkam T, Kim HC, Mamiya T, Yamada K, Hiramatsu M, Nabeshima T. Evaluation of cognitive behaviors in young offspring of C57BL/6J mice after gestational nicotine exposure during different time-windows. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:451-63. [PMID: 23793357 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gestational nicotine exposure is associated with cognitive abnormalities in young offspring. However, practical strategies for prevention or treatment of impaired cognitive behaviors of offspring are not available due to the lack of systematic investigation of underlying mechanism. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the effects of gestational and/or perinatal nicotine exposure (GPNE) on cognitive behaviors in offspring of C57BL/6J mice to provide systematic behavioral data. Pregnant mice were exposed to nicotine via sweetened drinking water during six time-windows, including gestational day 0 to day 13 (G0-G13), G14-postnatal day 0 (P0), G0-P0, G14-P7, G0-P7, and P0-P7. During P42-P56 days, both male and female offspring were given a battery of behavioral tests. Depending on the time of exposure, GPNE impaired working memory, object-based attention, and prepulse inhibition in male and female offspring to different extents. Nicotine exposure during G14-P0 also decreased norepinephrine turnover in the prefrontal cortex on P28 and P56. Overall results indicate that nicotine exposure during any time-windows of development impairs cognitive behaviors in offspring, and suggest that certain time-windows, e.g., G14-P0, should be selected for further studies on the underlying neurochemical or molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tursun Alkam
- Research Project on the Risk of Chemical Substances, Food Hygiene Association, The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo, 100-8916, Japan
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Smoking and pregnancy--a review on the first major environmental risk factor of the unborn. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:6485-99. [PMID: 24351784 PMCID: PMC3881126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10126485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoking cigarettes throughout pregnancy is one of the single most important avoidable causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes and it represents the first major environmental risk of the unborn. If compared with other risk factors in the perinatal period, exposure to tobacco smoke is considered to be amongst the most harmful and it is associated with high rates of long and short term morbidity and mortality for mother and child. A variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes are linked with cigarette consumption before and during pregnancy. Maternal prenatal cigarette smoke disturbs the equilibrium among the oxidant and antioxidant system, has negative impact on the genetic and cellular level of both mother and fetus and causes a large quantity of diseases in the unborn child. These smoking-induced damages for the unborn offspring manifest themselves at various times in life and for most only a very limited range of causal treatment exists. Education, support and assistance are of high importance to decrease maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, as there are few other avoidable factors which influence a child's health that profoundly throughout its life. It is imperative that smoking control should be seen as a public health priority.
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66
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Farag MM, Selima EA, Salama MA. Impact of chronic nicotine administration on bone mineral content in young and adult rats: A comparative study. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Davis EP, Sandman CA, Buss C, Wing DA, Head K. Fetal glucocorticoid exposure is associated with preadolescent brain development. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:647-55. [PMID: 23611262 PMCID: PMC3985475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids play a critical role in normative regulation of fetal brain development. Exposure to excessive levels may have detrimental consequences and disrupt maturational processes. This may especially be true when synthetic glucocorticoids are administered during the fetal period, as they are to women in preterm labor. This study investigated the consequences for brain development and affective problems of fetal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids. METHODS Brain development and affective problems were evaluated in 54 children (56% female), aged 6 to 10, who were full term at birth. Children were recruited into two groups: those with and without fetal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids. Structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired and cortical thickness was determined. Child affective problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. RESULTS Children in the fetal glucocorticoid exposure group showed significant and bilateral cortical thinning. The largest group differences were in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). More than 30% of the rACC was thinner among children with fetal glucocorticoid exposure. Furthermore, children with more affective problems had a thinner left rACC. CONCLUSIONS Fetal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids has neurologic consequences that persist for at least 6 to 10 years. Children with fetal glucocorticoid exposure had a thinner cortex primarily in the rACC. Our data indicating that the rACC is associated with affective problems in conjunction with evidence that this region is involved in affective disorders raise the possibility that glucocorticoid-associated neurologic changes increase vulnerability to mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado; Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Orange, California.
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Paternal treadmill exercise enhances spatial learning and memory related to hippocampus among male offspring. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:297-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hoekstra PJ, Dietrich A, Edwards MJ, Elamin I, Martino D. Environmental factors in Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1040-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Himes SK, Stroud LR, Scheidweiler KB, Niaura RS, Huestis MA. Prenatal tobacco exposure, biomarkers for tobacco in meconium, and neonatal growth outcomes. J Pediatr 2013; 162:970-5. [PMID: 23211926 PMCID: PMC3745638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess relationships between marker concentrations of tobacco in meconium and weekly self-reported maternal cigarette consumption, and prediction of neonatal growth outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Pregnant mothers (n = 119) from a longitudinal maternal smoking and infant neurobehavioral study (Behavior and Mood in Babies and Mothers [BAM BAM]) provided daily tobacco smoking histories. Nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine concentrations were quantified in 111 neonatal meconium specimens by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Median self-reported third trimester smoking was 5.9 cigarettes per day among smokers. Meconium samples from infants born to non-smokers (n = 42) were negative for tobacco markers, while specimens from self-reported smokers (n = 41) were positive for (median, range) nicotine (50.1 ng/g, 3.9-294), cotinine (73.9 ng/g, 6.4-329), and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (124.5 ng/g, 10.2-478). Quitters (n = 28) self-reported stopping smoking at gestational weeks 2-39. Four meconium specimens from quitters were positive for tobacco biomarkers. Reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference significantly correlated with presence of meconium markers but not with individual or total marker concentrations. Among quitters and smokers, reduced infant birth weight, head circumference, and gestational age correlated with total and average daily cigarette consumption in the second and third trimesters. CONCLUSION Smoking cessation or reduction during pregnancy improved neonatal outcomes. The window of detection for tobacco in meconium appears to be the third trimester; however, low exposure in this trimester failed to be detected. These results will aid physicians in educating women who are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant on the negative consequences of smoking during pregnancy. In addition, infants at risk can be identified at birth to assist early intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Himes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Laura R. Stroud
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Miriam Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Raymond S. Niaura
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Collo G, Bono F, Cavalleri L, Plebani L, Mitola S, Merlo Pich E, Millan MJ, Zoli M, Maskos U, Spano P, Missale C. Nicotine-Induced Structural Plasticity in Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons Is Mediated by Dopamine D3 Receptors and Akt-mTORC1 Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1176-89. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.084863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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