51
|
Chen Y, Chen C, Tan Z, Liu J, Zhuang L, Yang Z, Huang B. Functional Identification and Characterization of Genes Cloned from Halophyte Seashore Paspalum Conferring Salinity and Cadmium Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:102. [PMID: 26904068 PMCID: PMC4746305 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Salinity-affected and heavy metal-contaminated soils limit the growth of glycophytic plants. Identifying genes responsible for superior tolerance to salinity and heavy metals in halophytes has great potential for use in developing salinity- and Cd-tolerant glycophytes. The objective of this study was to identify salinity- and Cd-tolerance related genes in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), a halophytic perennial grass species, using yeast cDNA expression library screening method. Based on the Gateway-compatible vector system, a high-quality entry library was constructed, which contained 9.9 × 10(6) clones with an average inserted fragment length of 1.48 kb representing a 100% full-length rate. The yeast expression libraries were screened in a salinity-sensitive and a Cd-sensitive yeast mutant. The screening yielded 32 salinity-tolerant clones harboring 18 salinity-tolerance genes and 20 Cd-tolerant clones, including five Cd-tolerance genes. qPCR analysis confirmed that most of the 18 salinity-tolerance and five Cd-tolerance genes were up-regulated at the transcript level in response to salinity or Cd stress in seashore paspalum. Functional analysis indicated that salinity-tolerance genes from seashore paspalum could be involved mainly in photosynthetic metabolism, antioxidant systems, protein modification, iron transport, vesicle traffic, and phospholipid biosynthesis. Cd-tolerance genes could be associated with regulating pathways that are involved in phytochelatin synthesis, HSFA4-related stress protection, CYP450 complex, and sugar metabolism. The 18 salinity-tolerance genes and five Cd-tolerance genes could be potentially used as candidate genes for genetic modification of glycophytic grass species to improve salinity and Cd tolerance and for further analysis of molecular mechanisms regulating salinity and Cd tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Turfgrass Science, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Chuanming Chen
- Department of Turfgrass Science, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhiqun Tan
- Department of Turfgrass Science, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Turfgrass Science, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhuang
- Department of Turfgrass Science, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Yang
- Department of Turfgrass Science, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Singh D, Yadav NS, Tiwari V, Agarwal PK, Jha B. A SNARE-Like Superfamily Protein SbSLSP from the Halophyte Salicornia brachiata Confers Salt and Drought Tolerance by Maintaining Membrane Stability, K(+)/Na(+) Ratio, and Antioxidant Machinery. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:737. [PMID: 27313584 PMCID: PMC4889606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
About 1000 salt-responsive ESTs were identified from an extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata. Among these, a novel salt-inducible gene SbSLSP (Salicornia brachiata SNARE-like superfamily protein), showed up-regulation upon salinity and dehydration stress. The presence of cis-regulatory motifs related to abiotic stress in the putative promoter region supports our finding that SbSLSP gene is inducible by abiotic stress. The SbSLSP protein showed a high sequence identity to hypothetical/uncharacterized proteins from Beta vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea, Eucalyptus grandis, and Prunus persica and with SNARE-like superfamily proteins from Zostera marina and Arabidopsis thaliana. Bioinformatics analysis predicted a clathrin adaptor complex small-chain domain and N-myristoylation site in the SbSLSP protein. Subcellular localization studies indicated that the SbSLSP protein is mainly localized in the plasma membrane. Using transgenic tobacco lines, we establish that overexpression of SbSLSP resulted in elevated tolerance to salt and drought stress. The improved tolerance was confirmed by alterations in a range of physiological parameters, including high germination and survival rate, higher leaf chlorophyll contents, and reduced accumulation of Na(+) ion and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, overexpressing lines also showed lower water loss, higher cell membrane stability, and increased accumulation of proline and ROS-scavenging enzymes. Overexpression of SbSLSP also enhanced the transcript levels of ROS-scavenging and signaling enzyme genes. This study is the first investigation of the function of the SbSLSP gene as a novel determinant of salinity/drought tolerance. The results suggest that SbSLSP could be a potential candidate to increase salinity and drought tolerance in crop plants for sustainable agriculture in semi-arid saline soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinkar Singh
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
| | - Narendra Singh Yadav
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
| | - Vivekanand Tiwari
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
| | - Pradeep K. Agarwal
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchCSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchCSIR, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Bhavanath Jha
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Baral A, Shruthi KS, Mathew MK. Vesicular trafficking and salinity responses in plants. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:677-86. [PMID: 26314939 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Research spanning three decades has demonstrated that vesicles pinch off from the plasma membrane and traffic through the cytoplasm of plant cells, much as previously reported in animal cells. Although the well-conserved clathrin-mediated mechanism of endocytosis has been well characterized, relatively little is known about clathrin-independent pathways in plants. Modulation of endocytosis by both physical stimuli and chemical ligands has been reported in plants. Here, we review the effect of salinity-one of the most deleterious environmental assaults-on endocytosis and intracellular trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Baral
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Shruthi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M K Mathew
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Tarte VN, Seok HY, Woo DH, Le DH, Tran HT, Baik JW, Kang IS, Lee SY, Chung T, Moon YH. Arabidopsis Qc-SNARE gene AtSFT12 is involved in salt and osmotic stress responses and Na(+) accumulation in vacuoles. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1127-38. [PMID: 25689889 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
AtSFT12, an Arabidopsis Qc-SNARE protein, is localized to Golgi organelles and is involved in salt and osmotic stress responses via accumulation of Na (+) in vacuoles. To reduce the detrimental effects of environmental stresses, plants have evolved many defense mechanisms. Here, we identified an Arabidopsis Qc-SNARE gene, AtSFT12, involved in salt and osmotic stress responses using an activation-tagging method. Both activation-tagged plants and overexpressing transgenic plants (OXs) of the AtSFT12 gene were tolerant to high concentrations of NaCl, LiCl, and mannitol, whereas loss-of-function mutants were sensitive to NaCl, LiCl, and mannitol. AtSFT12 transcription increased under NaCl, ABA, cold, and mannitol stresses but not MV treatment. GFP-fusion AtSFT12 protein was juxtaposed with Golgi marker, implying that its function is associated with Golgi-mediated transport. Quantitative measurement of Na(+) using induced coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy revealed that AtSFT12 OXs accumulated significantly more Na(+) than WT plants. In addition, Na(+)-dependent fluorescence analysis of Sodium Green showed comparatively higher Na(+) accumulation in vacuoles of AtSFT12 OX cells than in those of WT plant cells after salt treatments. Taken together, our findings suggest that AtSTF12, a Golgi Qc-SNARE protein, plays an important role in salt and osmotic stress responses and functions in the salt stress response via sequestration of Na(+) in vacuoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Tarte
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Garcia de la Garma J, Fernandez-Garcia N, Bardisi E, Pallol B, Asensio-Rubio JS, Bru R, Olmos E. New insights into plant salt acclimation: the roles of vesicle trafficking and reactive oxygen species signalling in mitochondria and the endomembrane system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:216-39. [PMID: 25187269 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate salt acclimation. The main objective was to obtain new insights into the molecular mechanisms that control salt acclimation. Therefore, we carried out a multidisciplinary study using proteomic, transcriptomic, subcellular and physiological techniques. We obtained a Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cell line acclimated to be grown at 258 mM NaCl as a model for this study. The proteomic and transcriptomic data indicate that the molecular response to stress (chaperones, defence proteins, etc.) is highly induced in these salt-acclimated cells. The subcellular results show that salt induces sodium compartmentalization in the cell vacuoles and seems to be mediated by vesicle trafficking in tobacco salt-acclimated cells. Our results demonstrate that abscisic acid (ABA) and proline metabolism are crucial in the cellular signalling of salt acclimation, probably regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the mitochondria. ROS may act as a retrograde signal, regulating the cell response. The network of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus is highly altered in salt-acclimated cells. The molecular and subcellular analysis suggests that the unfolded protein response is induced in salt-acclimated cells. Finally, we propose that this mechanism may mediate cell death in salt-acclimated cells.
Collapse
|
56
|
Zhu ZX, Ye HB, Xuan YH, Yao DN. Overexpression of a SNARE protein AtBS14b alters BR response in Arabidopsis. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:55. [PMID: 28510978 PMCID: PMC5430330 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-014-0055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor adaptor protein receptor (SNAREs) domain-containing proteins were known as key players in vesicle-associated membrane fusion. Genetic screening has revealed the function of SNAREs in different aspects of plant biology, but the role of many SNAREs are still unknown. In this study, we have characterized the role of Arabidopsis Qc-SNARE protein AtBS14b in brassinosteroids (BRs) signaling pathway. RESULTS AtBS14b overexpression (AtBS14b ox) plants exhibited short hypocotyl and petioles lengths as well as insensitivity to exogenously supplied BR, while AtBS14b mutants did not show any visible BR-dependent morphological differences. BR biosynthesis enzyme BR6OX2 expression was slightly lower in AtBS14b ox than in wild type plants. Further BR-mediated repression of BR6OX2, CPD and DWF4 was inhibited in AtBS14b ox plants. AtBS14b-mCherry fusion protein localized in vesicular compartments surrounding plasma membrane in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, isolation of AtBS14b-interacting BR signaling protein, which localized in plasma membrane, showed that AtBS14b directly interacted with membrane steroid binding protein 1 (MSBP1), but did not interact with BAK1 or BRI1. CONCLUSION These data suggested that Qc-SNARE protein AtBS14b is the first SNARE protein identified that interacts with MSBP1, and the overexpression of AtBS14b modulates BR response in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Xin Zhu
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiangxi Road 130, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Hong Bo Ye
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, N. Service Road, Stanford, 94305-5020 CA USA
| | - Yuan Hu Xuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuanxi Road 82, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang China
| | - Da Nian Yao
- Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiangxi Road 130, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Bassil E, Blumwald E. The ins and outs of intracellular ion homeostasis: NHX-type cation/H(+) transporters. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:1-6. [PMID: 25173972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical characterization of cation/H(+) exchange has been known since 1985 [1], yet only recently have we begun to understand the contribution of individual exchangers to ion homeostasis in plants. One particularly important class of exchangers is the NHX-type that is associated with Na(+) transport and therefore salinity tolerance. New evidence suggests that under normal growth conditions NHXs are critical regulators of K(+) and pH homeostasis and have important roles, depending on their cellular localization, in the generation of turgor as well as in vesicular trafficking. Recent advances highlight novel and exciting functions of intracellular NHXs in growth and development, stress adaptation and osmotic adjustment. Here, we elaborate on new and emerging cellular and physiological functions of this group of H(+)-coupled cation exchangers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Bassil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Uemura T, Ueda T. Plant vacuolar trafficking driven by RAB and SNARE proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:116-121. [PMID: 25460076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bounded organelles are connected to each other by membrane trafficking, which is accomplished by membrane fusion between transport vesicles and target organelles mediated by RAB GTPases and SNARE proteins. Of those trafficking pathways networking plant organelles, the vacuolar trafficking pathway has recently been shown to be uniquely diversified from non-plant systems, most likely reflecting unique functions of plant vacuoles such as the storage of proteins and other organic compounds, generation of turgor pressure, and space-filling to enlarge plant bodies. Plant-unique trafficking machineries in addition to evolutionarily conserved molecular components are allocated to this trafficking pathway in distinctive ways. In this review, we summarize recent findings on SNARE proteins and RAB GTPases mediating vacuolar transport in plants, especially focusing on the functions and regulation of two distinct trans-SNARE complexes and RAB5 and RAB7 in multiple vacuolar trafficking pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bojórquez-Quintal E, Velarde-Buendía A, Ku-González Á, Carillo-Pech M, Ortega-Camacho D, Echevarría-Machado I, Pottosin I, Martínez-Estévez M. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in habanero pepper plants (Capsicum chinense Jacq.): Proline accumulation, ions dynamics and sodium root-shoot partition and compartmentation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:605. [PMID: 25429292 PMCID: PMC4228851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite its economic relevance, little is known about salt tolerance mechanisms in pepper plants. To address this question, we compared differences in responses to NaCl in two Capsicum chinense varieties: Rex (tolerant) and Chichen-Itza (sensitive). Under salt stress (150 mM NaCl over 7 days) roots of Rex variety accumulated 50 times more compatible solutes such as proline compared to Chichen-Itza. Mineral analysis indicated that Na(+) is restricted to roots by preventing its transport to leaves. Fluorescence analysis suggested an efficient Na(+) compartmentalization in vacuole-like structures and in small intracellular compartments in roots of Rex variety. At the same time, Na(+) in Chichen-Itza plants was compartmentalized in the apoplast, suggesting substantial Na(+) extrusion. Rex variety was found to retain more K(+) in its roots under salt stress according to a mineral analysis and microelectrode ion flux estimation (MIFE). Vanadate-sensitive H(+) efflux was higher in Chichen-Itza variety plants, suggesting a higher activity of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase, which fuels the extrusion of Na(+), and, possibly, also the re-uptake of K(+). Our results suggest a combination of stress tolerance mechanisms, in order to alleviate the salt-induced injury. Furthermore, Na(+) extrusion to apoplast does not appear to be an efficient strategy for salt tolerance in pepper plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Bojórquez-Quintal
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánYucatán, México
| | - Ana Velarde-Buendía
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de ColimaColima, México
| | - Ángela Ku-González
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánYucatán, México
| | - Mildred Carillo-Pech
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánYucatán, México
| | - Daniela Ortega-Camacho
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánYucatán, México
| | - Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánYucatán, México
| | - Igor Pottosin
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de ColimaColima, México
| | - Manuel Martínez-Estévez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánYucatán, México
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Kissoudis C, van de Wiel C, Visser RGF, van der Linden G. Enhancing crop resilience to combined abiotic and biotic stress through the dissection of physiological and molecular crosstalk. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:207. [PMID: 24904607 PMCID: PMC4032886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in their natural habitats are often challenged simultaneously by multiple stress factors, both abiotic and biotic. Research has so far been limited to responses to individual stresses, and understanding of adaptation to combinatorial stress is limited, but indicative of non-additive interactions. Omics data analysis and functional characterization of individual genes has revealed a convergence of signaling pathways for abiotic and biotic stress adaptation. Taking into account that most data originate from imposition of individual stress factors, this review summarizes these findings in a physiological context, following the pathogenesis timeline and highlighting potential differential interactions occurring between abiotic and biotic stress signaling across the different cellular compartments and at the whole plant level. Potential effects of abiotic stress on resistance components such as extracellular receptor proteins, R-genes and systemic acquired resistance will be elaborated, as well as crosstalk at the levels of hormone, reactive oxygen species, and redox signaling. Breeding targets and strategies are proposed focusing on either manipulation and deployment of individual common regulators such as transcription factors or pyramiding of non- (negatively) interacting components such as R-genes with abiotic stress resistance genes. We propose that dissection of broad spectrum stress tolerance conferred by priming chemicals may provide an insight on stress cross regulation and additional candidate genes for improving crop performance under combined stress. Validation of the proposed strategies in lab and field experiments is a first step toward the goal of achieving tolerance to combinatorial stress in crops.
Collapse
|
61
|
Mano S, Nakamura T, Kondo M, Miwa T, Nishikawa SI, Mimura T, Nagatani A, Nishimura M. The Plant Organelles Database 3 (PODB3) update 2014: integrating electron micrographs and new options for plant organelle research. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:e1. [PMID: 24092884 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Plant Organelles Database 2 (PODB2), which was first launched in 2006 as PODB, provides static image and movie data of plant organelles, protocols for plant organelle research and external links to relevant websites. PODB2 has facilitated plant organellar research and the understanding of plant organelle dynamics. To provide comprehensive information on plant organelles in more detail, PODB2 was updated to PODB3 (http://podb.nibb.ac.jp/Organellome/). PODB3 contains two additional components: the electron micrograph database and the perceptive organelles database. Through the electron micrograph database, users can examine the subcellular and/or suborganellar structures in various organs of wild-type and mutant plants. The perceptive organelles database provides information on organelle dynamics in response to external stimuli. In addition to the extra components, the user interface for access has been enhanced in PODB3. The data in PODB3 are directly submitted by plant researchers and can be freely downloaded for use in further analysis. PODB3 contains all the information included in PODB2, and the volume of data and protocols deposited in PODB3 continue to grow steadily. We welcome contributions of data from all plant researchers to enhance the utility and comprehensiveness of PODB3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Asaoka R, Uemura T, Nishida S, Fujiwara T, Ueda T, Nakano A. New insights into the role of Arabidopsis RABA1 GTPases in salinity stress tolerance. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25377. [PMID: 23803751 PMCID: PMC4002589 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
RAB11 GTPases, widely conserved members of RAB small GTPases, have evolved in a unique way in plants; plant RAB11 has notable diversity compared with animals and yeast. Recently, we have shown that members of RABA1, a subgroup in Arabidopsis RAB11 group, are required for salinity stress tolerance. To obtain a clue to understand its underlying mechanism, here we investigate whether RABA1 regulates sodium transport across the plasma membrane and accumulation in the vacuole. The results indicate that the raba1 quadruple mutant is not defective in the import and intracellular distribution of sodium, implying that RABA1 members are involved in a more indirect way in the responses to salinity stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rin Asaoka
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Nishida
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); PRESTO; Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
- Live Cell Molecular Imaging Team; RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics; Wako, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhou LZ, Li S, Feng QN, Zhang YL, Zhao X, Zeng YL, Wang H, Jiang L, Zhang Y. Protein S-ACYL Transferase10 is critical for development and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1093-107. [PMID: 23482856 PMCID: PMC3634679 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-acylation, commonly known as palmitoylation, is a reversible posttranslational modification that catalyzes the addition of a saturated lipid group, often palmitate, to the sulfhydryl group of a Cys. Palmitoylation regulates enzyme activity, protein stability, subcellular localization, and intracellular sorting. Many plant proteins are palmitoylated. However, little is known about protein S-acyl transferases (PATs), which catalyze palmitoylation. Here, we report that the tonoplast-localized PAT10 is critical for development and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PAT10 loss of function resulted in pleiotropic growth defects, including smaller leaves, dwarfism, and sterility. In addition, pat10 mutants are hypersensitive to salt stresses. We further show that PAT10 regulates the tonoplast localization of several calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), including CBL2, CBL3, and CBL6, whose membrane association also depends on palmitoylation. Introducing a C192S mutation within the highly conserved catalytic motif of PAT10 failed to complement pat10 mutants, indicating that PAT10 functions through protein palmitoylation. We propose that PAT10-mediated palmitoylation is critical for vacuolar function by regulating membrane association or the activities of tonoplast proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Zi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xinying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yong-lun Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Seidel T, Siek M, Marg B, Dietz KJ. Energization of vacuolar transport in plant cells and its significance under stress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:57-131. [PMID: 23809435 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plant vacuole is of prime importance in buffering environmental perturbations and in coping with abiotic stress caused by, for example, drought, salinity, cold, or UV. The large volume, the efficient integration in anterograde and retrograde vesicular trafficking, and the dynamic equipment with tonoplast transporters enable the vacuole to fulfill indispensible functions in cell biology, for example, transient and permanent storage, detoxification, recycling, pH and redox homeostasis, cell expansion, biotic defence, and cell death. This review first focuses on endomembrane dynamics and then summarizes the functions, assembly, and regulation of secretory and vacuolar proton pumps: (i) the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) which represents a multimeric complex of approximately 800 kDa, (ii) the vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase, and (iii) the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. These primary proton pumps regulate the cytosolic pH and provide the driving force for secondary active transport. Carriers and ion channels modulate the proton motif force and catalyze uptake and vacuolar compartmentation of solutes and deposition of xenobiotics or secondary compounds such as flavonoids. ABC-type transporters directly energized by MgATP complement the transport portfolio that realizes the multiple functions in stress tolerance of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Seidel
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Shitan N, Yazaki K. New insights into the transport mechanisms in plant vacuoles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 305:383-433. [PMID: 23890387 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407695-2.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vacuole is the largest compartment in plant cells, often occupying more than 80% of the total cell volume. This organelle accumulates a large variety of endogenous ions, metabolites, and xenobiotics. The compartmentation of divergent substances is relevant for a wide range of biological processes, such as the regulation of stomata movement, defense mechanisms against herbivores, flower coloration, etc. Progress in molecular and cellular biology has revealed that a large number of transporters and channels exist at the tonoplast. In recent years, various biochemical and physiological functions of these proteins have been characterized in detail. Some are involved in maintaining the homeostasis of ions and metabolites, whereas others are related to defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we provide an updated inventory of vacuolar transport mechanisms and a comprehensive summary of their physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Shitan
- Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Bassil E, Coku A, Blumwald E. Cellular ion homeostasis: emerging roles of intracellular NHX Na+/H+ antiporters in plant growth and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5727-40. [PMID: 22991159 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights novel roles for intracellular Na(+)/H(+) antiporters (NHXs) in plants. The availability of knockouts and overexpressors of specific NHX isoforms has provided compelling genetic evidence to support earlier physiological and biochemical data which suggested the involvement of NHX antiporters in ion and pH regulation. Most plants sequenced to date contain multiple NHX members and, based on their sequence identity and localization, can be grouped into three distinct functional classes: plasma membrane, vacuolar, and endosomal associated. Orthologues of each functional class are represented in all sequenced plant genomes, suggesting conserved and fundamental roles across taxa. In this review we seek to highlight recent findings which demonstrate that intracellular NHX antiporters (i.e. vacuolar and endosomal isoforms) play roles in growth and development, including cell expansion, cell volume regulation, ion homeostasis, osmotic adjustment, pH regulation, vesicular trafficking, protein processing, cellular stress responses, as well as flowering. A significant new discovery demonstrated that in addition to the better known vacuolar NHX isoforms, plants also contain endosomal NHX isoforms that regulate protein processing and trafficking of cellular cargo. We draw parallels from close orthologues in yeast and mammals and discuss distinctive NHX functions in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Bassil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Yamada K, Hara-Nishimura I, Nishimura M. Unique defense strategy by the endoplasmic reticulum body in plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:2039-49. [PMID: 22102697 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a site for the production of secretory proteins. Plants have developed ER subdomains for protein storage. The ER body is one such structure, which is observed in Brassicaceae plants. ER bodies accumulate in seedlings and roots or in wounded leaves in Arabidopsis. ER bodies contain high amounts of the β-glucosidases PYK10/BGLU23 in seedlings and roots or BGLU18 in wounded tissues. These results suggest that ER bodies are involved in the metabolism of glycoside molecules, presumably to produce repellents against pests and fungi. When Arabidopsis roots are homogenized, PYK10 formed large protein aggregates that include other β-glucosidases (BGLU21 and BGLU22), GDSL lipase-like proteins (GLL22) and cytosolic jacalin-related lectins (PBP1/JAL30, JAL31, JAL33, JAL34 and JAL35). Glucosidase activity increases by the aggregate formation. NAI1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, regulates the expression of the ER body proteins PYK10 and NAI2. Reduced expression of NAI2, PYK10 and BGLU21 resulted in abnormal ER body formation, indicating that these components regulate ER body formation. PYK10, BGLU21 and BGLU22 possess hydrolytic activity for scopolin, a coumaroyl glucoside that accumulates in the roots of Arabidopsis, and nai1 and pyk10 mutants are more susceptible to the symbiotic fungus Piriformospora indica. Therefore, it appears that the ER body is a unique organelle of Brassicaceae plants that is important for defense against pests and fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigo-naka 38, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Saito C, Uemura T, Awai C, Tominaga M, Ebine K, Ito J, Ueda T, Abe H, Morita MT, Tasaka M, Nakano A. The occurrence of 'bulbs', a complex configuration of the vacuolar membrane, is affected by mutations of vacuolar SNARE and phospholipase in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:64-73. [PMID: 21645145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant vacuole fulfills a variety of functions, and is essential for plant growth and development. We previously identified complex and mobile structures on the continuous vacuolar membrane, which we refer to as 'bulbs'. To ascertain their biological significance and function, we searched for markers associated with bulbs, and mutants that show abnormalities with respect to bulbs. We observed bulb-like structures after expression of non-membranous proteins as well as the functional soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) molecules VAM3 and VTI11. Bulbs are formed in more tissues than previously reported, including flowering organs, suspension culture cells, endodermal cells in the flowering stem, and at very early stages of seed germination. Using existing and newly developed marker lines, we found that the frequency of bulb occurrence is significantly decreased in multiple shoot gravitropism (sgr) mutants, which are known to have a defect in vacuolar membrane properties in endodermal cells. Based on results with new marker lines, which enabled us to observe the process of bulb biogenesis, and analysis of the phenotypes of these mutants, we propose multiple mechanisms for bulb formation, one of which may be that used for formation of transvacuolar strands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Saito
- Molecular Membrane Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Bassil E, Tajima H, Liang YC, Ohto MA, Ushijima K, Nakano R, Esumi T, Coku A, Belmonte M, Blumwald E. The Arabidopsis Na+/H+ antiporters NHX1 and NHX2 control vacuolar pH and K+ homeostasis to regulate growth, flower development, and reproduction. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3482-97. [PMID: 21954467 PMCID: PMC3203450 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.089581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Na(+)/H(+) (NHX) antiporters have important roles in cellular pH and Na(+), K(+) homeostasis. The six Arabidopsis thaliana intracellular NHX members are divided into two groups, endosomal (NHX5 and NHX6) and vacuolar (NHX1 to NHX4). Of the vacuolar members, NHX1 has been characterized functionally, but the remaining members have largely unknown roles. Using reverse genetics, we show that, unlike the single knockouts nhx1 or nhx2, the double knockout nhx1 nhx2 had significantly reduced growth, smaller cells, shorter hypocotyls in etiolated seedlings and abnormal stamens in mature flowers. Filaments of nhx1 nhx2 did not elongate and lacked the ability to dehisce and release pollen, resulting in a near lack of silique formation. Pollen viability and germination was not affected. Quantification of vacuolar pH and intravacuolar K(+) concentrations indicated that nhx1 nhx2 vacuoles were more acidic and accumulated only 30% of the wild-type K(+) concentration, highlighting the roles of NHX1 and NHX2 in mediating vacuolar K(+)/H(+) exchange. Growth under added Na(+), but not K(+), partly rescued the flower and growth phenotypes. Our results demonstrate the roles of NHX1 and NHX2 in regulating intravacuolar K(+) and pH, which are essential to cell expansion and flower development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Bassil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hiromi Tajima
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Yin-Chih Liang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Masa-aki Ohto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Koichiro Ushijima
- Department of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakano
- Department of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoya Esumi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Ardian Coku
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mark Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Kim SJ, Bassham DC. TNO1 is involved in salt tolerance and vacuolar trafficking in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:514-26. [PMID: 21521696 PMCID: PMC3177255 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.168963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor SYP41 is involved in vesicle fusion at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and interacts with AtVPS45, SYP61, and VTI12. These proteins are involved in diverse cellular processes, including vacuole biogenesis and stress tolerance. A previously uncharacterized protein, named TNO1 (for TGN-localized SYP41-interacting protein), was identified by coimmunoprecipitation as a SYP41-interacting protein. TNO1 was found to localize to the TGN by immunofluorescence microscopy. A tno1 mutant showed increased sensitivity to high concentrations of NaCl, KCl, and LiCl and also to mannitol-induced osmotic stress. Localization of SYP61, which is involved in the salt stress response, was disrupted in the tno1 mutant. Vacuolar proteins were partially secreted to the apoplast in the tno1 mutant, suggesting that TNO1 is required for efficient protein trafficking to the vacuole. The tno1 mutant had delayed formation of the brefeldin A (BFA) compartment in cotyledons upon application of BFA, suggesting less efficient membrane fusion processes in the mutant. Unlike most TGN proteins, TNO1 does not relocate to the BFA compartment upon BFA treatment. These data demonstrate that TNO1 is involved in vacuolar trafficking and salt tolerance, potentially via roles in vesicle fusion and in maintaining TGN structure or identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology (S.-J.K., D.C.B.), Plant Sciences Institute (D.C.B.), and Interdepartmental Genetics Program (S.-J.K., D.C.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Galvan-Ampudia CS, Testerink C. Salt stress signals shape the plant root. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:296-302. [PMID: 21511515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants use different strategies to deal with high soil salinity. One strategy is activation of pathways that allow the plant to export or compartmentalise salt. Relying on their phenotypic plasticity, plants can also adjust their root system architecture (RSA) and the direction of root growth to avoid locally high salt concentrations. Here, we highlight RSA responses to salt and osmotic stress and the underlying mechanisms. A model is presented that describes how salinity affects auxin distribution in the root. Possible intracellular signalling pathways linking salinity to root development and direction of root growth are discussed. These involve perception of high cytosolic Na+ concentrations in the root, activation of lipid signalling and protein kinase activity and modulation of endocytic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Galvan-Ampudia
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Mano S, Miwa T, Nishikawa SI, Mimura T, Nishimura M. The Plant Organelles Database 2 (PODB2): an updated resource containing movie data of plant organelle dynamics. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:244-53. [PMID: 21115470 PMCID: PMC3037075 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Plant Organelles Database (PODB) was launched in 2006 and provides imaging data of plant organelles, protocols for plant organelle research and external links to relevant websites. To provide comprehensive information on plant organelle dynamics and accommodate movie files that contain time-lapse images and 3D structure rotations, PODB was updated to the next version, PODB2 (http://podb.nibb.ac.jp/Organellome). PODB2 contains movie data submitted directly by plant researchers and can be freely downloaded. Through this organelle movie database, users can examine the dynamics of organelles of interest, including their movement, division, subcellular positioning and behavior, in response to external stimuli. In addition, the user interface for access and submission has been enhanced. PODB2 contains all of the information included in PODB, and the volume of data and protocols deposited in the PODB2 continues to grow steadily. Moreover, a new website, Plant Organelles World (http://podb.nibb.ac.jp/Organellome/PODBworld/en/index.html), which is based on PODB2, was recently launched as an educational tool to engage members of the non-scientific community such as students and school teachers. Plant Organelles World is written in layman's terms, and technical terms were avoided where possible. We would appreciate contributions of data from all plant researchers to enhance the usefulness of PODB2 and Plant Organelles World.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Tomoki Miwa
- Data Integration and Analysis Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
| | | | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-564-53-7400
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Bassil E, Ohto MA, Esumi T, Tajima H, Zhu Z, Cagnac O, Belmonte M, Peleg Z, Yamaguchi T, Blumwald E. The Arabidopsis intracellular Na+/H+ antiporters NHX5 and NHX6 are endosome associated and necessary for plant growth and development. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:224-39. [PMID: 21278129 PMCID: PMC3051250 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.079426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Na(+)/H(+) antiporters (NHXs) play important roles in cellular pH and Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis in all eukaryotes. Based on sequence similarity, the six intracellular Arabidopsis thaliana members are divided into two groups. Unlike the vacuolar NHX1-4, NHX5 and NHX6 are believed to be endosomal; however, little data exist to support either their function or localization. Using reverse genetics, we show that whereas single knockouts nhx5 or nhx6 did not differ from the wild type, the double knockout nhx5 nhx6 showed reduced growth, with smaller and fewer cells and increased sensitivity to salinity. Reduced growth of nhx5 nhx6 was due to slowed cell expansion. Transcriptome analysis indicated that nhx5, nhx6, and the wild type had similar gene expression profiles, whereas transcripts related to vesicular trafficking and abiotic stress were enriched in nhx5 nhx6. We show that unlike other intracellular NHX proteins, NHX5 and NHX6 are associated with punctate, motile cytosolic vesicles, sensitive to Brefeldin A, that colocalize to known Golgi and trans-Golgi network markers. We provide data to show that vacuolar trafficking is affected in nhx5 nhx6. Possible involvements of NHX5 and NHX6 in maintaining organelle pH and ion homeostasis with implications in endosomal sorting and cellular stress responses are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Bassil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Masa-aki Ohto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Tomoya Esumi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hiromi Tajima
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Olivier Cagnac
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mark Belmonte
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Zvi Peleg
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Toshio Yamaguchi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Shimada T, Koumoto Y, Shimada TL, Kondo M, Takahashi T, Okuyama Y, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I. Arabidopsis Qa-SNARE SYP2 proteins localized to different subcellular regions function redundantly in vacuolar protein sorting and plant development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:924-35. [PMID: 21143674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
SYP2 proteins are a sub-family of Qa-SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) that may be responsible for protein trafficking between pre-vacuolar compartments (PVC) and vacuoles. Arabidopsis thaliana SYP22/VAM3/SGR3 and SYP21/PEP12 proteins function independently, but are both reported to be essential for male gametophytic viability. Here, we systematically examined the redundancy of three SYP2 paralogs (i.e. SYP21, 22 and 23) using a Col-0 ecotype harboring a SYP2 paralog (SYP23/PLP) that lacked a transmembrane domain. Surprisingly, no visible phenotypes were observed, even in the double knockout syp21/pep12 syp23/plp. Deficiency of either SYP21/PEP12 or SYP23/PLP in the syp22 background resulted in a defect in vacuolar protein sorting, characterized by abnormal accumulation of protein precursors in seeds. SYP21/PEP12 knockdown enhanced the syp22 phenotype (i.e. semi-dwarfism, poor leaf vein development and abnormal development of myrosin cells), and additional knockout of SYP23/PLP further aggravated the phenotype. A GFP-SYP23/PLP fusion localized to the cytosol, but not to the PVC or vacuolar membrane, where SYP21/PEP12 or SYP22/VAM3, respectively, were localized. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that SYP23/PLP interacted with the vacuolar Qb- and Qc-SNAREs, VTI11 and SYP5, respectively, suggesting that SYP23/PLP is able to form a SNARE complex anchoring the membrane. Unexpectedly, we found that expression of multiple copies of a genomic fragment of SYP23/PLP suppressed the abnormal syp22-3 phenotype. Thus, SYP2 proteins, including cytosolic SYP23/PLP, appear to function redundantly in vacuolar trafficking and plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Uemura T, Morita MT, Ebine K, Okatani Y, Yano D, Saito C, Ueda T, Nakano A. Vacuolar/pre-vacuolar compartment Qa-SNAREs VAM3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 have interchangeable functions in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:864-73. [PMID: 21105932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) mediate specific membrane fusion between transport vesicles or organelles and target membranes. VAM3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 are Qa-SNAREs that act in the vacuolar transport pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana, and are localized predominantly on the vacuolar membrane and the pre-vacuolar compartment (PVC), respectively. Previous studies have shown that loss-of-function mutants of VAM3/SYP22 or PEP12/SYP21 showed male gametophytic lethality, suggesting that VAM3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 possess different, non-redundant functions. We have re-evaluated the effects of mutations in these genes using T-DNA insertion mutants in the Columbia accession. We found that a mutation in VAM3/SYP22 (vam3-1) caused pleiotropic abnormalities, including semi-dwarfism and wavy leaves. In contrast, a loss-of-function mutant of PEP12/SYP21 (pep12) showed no apparent abnormal phenotype. We also found that the double vam3-1 pep12 mutant had severely reduced fertilization competence, although male and female gametophytes (vam3-1(-) pep12(-) ) maintained the ability to fertilize. Moreover, promoter swapping analysis revealed that expression of a GFP-PEP12/SYP21 fusion under the control of the VAM3/SYP22 promoter suppressed all phenotypes of the vam3-1 mutant. These results indicate that the functions of VAM3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 were redundant and interchangeable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Schumacher K, Krebs M. The V-ATPase: small cargo, large effects. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 13:724-30. [PMID: 20801076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
About 30 years ago seminal reports of anion-sensitive proton-pumping activity associated with microsomal membranes initiated research on the plant vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase, VHA). Since, it has been firmly established that these complex molecular machines are essential for what can be defined as cellular logistics. In a eukaryotic cell, the flow of goods between compartments is achieved either by protein-mediated membrane transport or via vesicular trafficking. Over the past years, it has become increasingly clear that V-ATPases do not only energize secondary active transport but are also important regulators of membrane trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schumacher
- Heidelberg Institute for Plant Sciences (HIP), Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|