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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Metabolic activation and drug-induced liver injury: in vitro approaches for the safety risk assessment of new drugs. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:752-68. [PMID: 26691983 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant leading cause of hepatic dysfunction, drug failure during clinical trials and post-market withdrawal of approved drugs. Many cases of DILI are unexpected reactions of an idiosyncratic nature that occur in a small group of susceptible individuals. Intensive research efforts have been made to understand better the idiosyncratic DILI and to identify potential risk factors. Metabolic bioactivation of drugs to form reactive metabolites is considered an initiation mechanism for idiosyncratic DILI. Reactive species may interact irreversibly with cell macromolecules (covalent binding, oxidative damage), and alter their structure and activity. This review focuses on proposed in vitro screening strategies to predict and reduce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity associated with drug bioactivation. Compound incubation with metabolically competent biological systems (liver-derived cells, subcellular fractions), in combination with methods to reveal the formation of reactive intermediates (e.g., formation of adducts with liver proteins, metabolite trapping or enzyme inhibition assays), are approaches commonly used to screen the reactivity of new molecules in early drug development. Several cell-based assays have also been proposed for the safety risk assessment of bioactivable compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- Activation, Metabolic
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques/trends
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Coculture Techniques/trends
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques/trends
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Microfluidics/methods
- Microfluidics/trends
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tissue Scaffolds/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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52
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High-throughput imaging-based nephrotoxicity prediction for xenobiotics with diverse chemical structures. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2793-2808. [PMID: 26612367 PMCID: PMC5065616 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is a major target for xenobiotics, which include drugs, industrial chemicals, environmental toxicants and other compounds. Accurate methods for screening large numbers of potentially nephrotoxic xenobiotics with diverse chemical structures are currently not available. Here, we describe an approach for nephrotoxicity prediction that combines high-throughput imaging of cultured human renal proximal tubular cells (PTCs), quantitative phenotypic profiling, and machine learning methods. We automatically quantified 129 image-based phenotypic features, and identified chromatin and cytoskeletal features that can predict the human in vivo PTC toxicity of 44 reference compounds with ~82 % (primary PTCs) or 89 % (immortalized PTCs) test balanced accuracies. Surprisingly, our results also revealed that a DNA damage response is commonly induced by different PTC toxicants that have diverse chemical structures and injury mechanisms. Together, our results show that human nephrotoxicity can be predicted with high efficiency and accuracy by combining cell-based and computational methods that are suitable for automation.
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53
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Leite SB, Roosens T, El Taghdouini A, Mannaerts I, Smout AJ, Najimi M, Sokal E, Noor F, Chesne C, van Grunsven LA. Novel human hepatic organoid model enables testing of drug-induced liver fibrosis in vitro. Biomaterials 2015; 78:1-10. [PMID: 26618472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current models for in vitro fibrosis consist of simple mono-layer cultures of rodent hepatic stellate cells (HSC), ignoring the role of hepatocyte injury. We aimed to develop a method allowing the detection of hepatocyte-mediated and drug-induced liver fibrosis. We used HepaRG (Hep) and primary human HSCs cultured as 3D spheroids in 96-well plates. These resulting scaffold-free organoids were characterized for CYP induction, albumin secretion, and hepatocyte and HSC-specific gene expression by qPCR. The metabolic competence of the organoid over 21 days allows activation of HSCs in the organoid in a drug- and hepatocyte-dependent manner. After a single dose or repeated exposure for 14 days to the pro-fibrotic compounds Allyl alcohol and Methotrexate, hepatic organoids display fibrotic features such as HSC activation, collagen secretion and deposition. Acetaminophen was identified by these organoids as an inducer of hepatotoxic-mediated HSC activation which was confirmed in vivo in mice. This novel hepatic organoid culture model is the first that can detect hepatocyte-dependent and compound-induced HSC activation, thereby representing an important step forward towards in vitro compound testing for drug-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia B Leite
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.
| | - Tiffany Roosens
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
| | - Adil El Taghdouini
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
| | - Inge Mannaerts
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
| | - Ayla J Smout
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Germany
| | | | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.
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54
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Bomo J, Ezan F, Tiaho F, Bellamri M, Langouët S, Theret N, Baffet G. Increasing 3D Matrix Rigidity Strengthens Proliferation and Spheroid Development of Human Liver Cells in a Constant Growth Factor Environment. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:708-20. [PMID: 26331987 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces influence the growth and shape of virtually all tissues and organs. Recent studies show that increased cell contractibility, growth and differentiation might be normalized by modulating cell tensions. Particularly, the role of these tensions applied by the extracellular matrix during liver fibrosis could influence the hepatocarcinogenesis process. The objective of this study is to determine if 3D stiffness could influence growth and phenotype of normal and transformed hepatocytes and to integrate extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness to tensional homeostasis. We have developed an appropriate 3D culture model: hepatic cells within three-dimensional collagen matrices with varying rigidity. Our results demonstrate that the rigidity influenced the cell phenotype and induced spheroid clusters development whereas in soft matrices, Huh7 transformed cells were less proliferative, well-spread and flattened. We confirmed that ERK1 played a predominant role over ERK2 in cisplatin-induced death, whereas ERK2 mainly controlled proliferation. As compared to 2D culture, 3D cultures are associated with epithelial markers expression. Interestingly, proliferation of normal hepatocytes was also induced in rigid gels. Furthermore, biotransformation activities are increased in 3D gels, where CYP1A2 enzyme can be highly induced/activated in primary culture of human hepatocytes embedded in the matrix. In conclusion, we demonstrated that increasing 3D rigidity could promote proliferation and spheroid developments of liver cells demonstrating that 3D collagen gels are an attractive tool for studying rigidity-dependent homeostasis of the liver cells embedded in the matrix and should be privileged for both chronic toxicological and pharmacological drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Bomo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - François Tiaho
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Theret
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Georges Baffet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
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55
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Wagner A, Röhrs V, Materne EM, Hiller T, Kedzierski R, Fechner H, Lauster R, Kurreck J. Use of a three-dimensional humanized liver model for the study of viral gene vectors. J Biotechnol 2015; 212:134-43. [PMID: 26356676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reconstituted three-dimensional (3D) liver models obtained by engrafting hepatic cells into an extracellular matrix (ECM) are valuable tools to study tissue regeneration, drug action and toxicology ex vivo. The aim of the present study was to establish a system for the functional investigation of a viral vector in a 3D liver model composed of human HepG2 cells on a rat ECM. An adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing the Emerald green fluorescent protein (EmGFP) and a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) directed against human cyclophilin b (hCycB) was injected into the portal vein of 3D liver models. Application of the vector did not exert toxic effects, as shown by analysis of metabolic parameters. Six days after transduction, fluorescence microscopy analysis of EmGFP production revealed widespread distribution of the AAV vectors. After optimization of the recellularization and transduction conditions, averages of 55 and 90 internalized vector genomes per cell in two replicates of the liver model were achieved, as determined by quantitative PCR analysis. Functionality of the AAV vector was confirmed by efficient shRNA-mediated knockdown of hCycB by 70-90%. Our study provides a proof-of-concept that a recellularized biological ECM provides a valuable model to study viral vectors ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wagner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Röhrs
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Materne
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hiller
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Kedzierski
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Lauster
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
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56
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Abstract
The development of safe, effective and patient-acceptable drug products is an expensive and lengthy process and the risk of failure at different stages of the development life-cycle is high. Improved biopharmaceutical tools which are robust, easy to use and accurately predict the in vivo response are urgently required to help address these issues. In this review the advantages and challenges of in vitro 3D versus 2D cell culture models will be discussed in terms of evaluating new drug products at the pre-clinical development stage. Examples of models with a 3D architecture including scaffolds, cell-derived matrices, multicellular spheroids and biochips will be described. The ability to simulate the microenvironment of tumours and vital organs including the liver, kidney, heart and intestine which have major impact on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and toxicity will be evaluated. Examples of the application of 3D models including a role in formulation development, pharmacokinetic profiling and toxicity testing will be critically assessed. Although utilisation of 3D cell culture models in the field of drug delivery is still in its infancy, the area is attracting high levels of interest and is likely to become a significant in vitro tool to assist in drug product development thus reducing the requirement for unnecessary animal studies.
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57
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Yan X, Wang J, Zhu L, Lowrey JJ, Zhang Y, Hou W, Dong J, Du Y. A ready-to-use, versatile, multiplex-able three-dimensional scaffold-based immunoassay chip for high throughput hepatotoxicity evaluation. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2634-2646. [PMID: 25987291 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel as three-dimensional (3D) substrate has been employed in miniaturized high throughput protein detection platforms to increase the number of effective antibodies and signal augmentation. However, the high water content of the hydrogel can dilute samples and create barrier to mass transfer, limiting hydrogel height to several microns in most platforms. Moreover, these platforms cannot achieve widespread use in common laboratories as they usually rely heavily on expensive robotic liquid handlers and custom-built components. Here we developed a ready-to-use, easy to store and handle, versatile and multiplex-able 3D scaffold-based immunoassay chip (3D immunoChip) possible for high throughput protein quantification using bench-top equipment in common laboratories. Sample dilution, mass transfer, signal scattering and storage problems can be avoided by using dry scaffolds that regain transparency upon rehydration. When combined with hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterned reagent loading slides, manual high throughput handling of samples can be achieved. As these micro-scaffolds are patterned without barriers in between, simultaneous and effortless washing of all the reaction zones is possible in a Petri dish. Such features aid the 3D immunoChip in saving up to 100 times reagent and about 6 times labour. The 3D immunoChip is able to detect albumin (ALB), as a model analyte, from 5 ng mL(-1) to 1000 ng mL(-1), making it comparable to the commercialized ELISA kit based on a 96-well plate (0.22-400 ng mL(-1)). This thus enables the 3D immunoChip to directly detect ALB secreted by HepaRG cells cultured in a 3D cell culture array chip for high throughput drug hepatotoxicity evaluation, which could potentially accelerate drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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58
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3D spheroid cultures improve the metabolic gene expression profiles of HepaRG cells. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150034. [PMID: 26182370 PMCID: PMC4613666 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apo (Apolipoprotein)B secretion, as well as albumin secretion, increased in 3D HepG2 and HepaRG spheroids. Liver metabolic gene expression was up-regulated in 3D HepaRG spheroids. These results suggest that hanging drop 3D cultures can improve hepatocellular responses as a functional liver. 3D (three-dimensional) cultures are considered to be an effective method for toxicological studies; however, little evidence has been reported whether 3D cultures have an impact on hepatocellular physiology regarding lipid or glucose metabolism. In the present study, we conducted physiological characterization of hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and HepaRG cells cultured in 3D conditions using a hanging drop method to verify the effect of culture environment on cellular responses. Apo (Apolipoprotein)B as well as albumin secretion was augmented by 3D cultures. Expression of genes related to not only drug, but also glucose and lipid metabolism were significantly enhanced in 3D cultured HepaRG spheroids. Furthermore, mRNA levels of CYP (cytochrome P450) enzymes following exposure to corresponding inducers increased under the 3D condition. These data suggest that this simple 3D culture system without any special biomaterials can improve liver-specific characteristics including lipid metabolism. Considering that the system enables high-throughput assay, it may become a powerful tool for compound screening concerning hepatocellular responses in order to identify potential drugs.
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59
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Materne EM, Maschmeyer I, Lorenz AK, Horland R, Schimek KMS, Busek M, Sonntag F, Lauster R, Marx U. The multi-organ chip--a microfluidic platform for long-term multi-tissue coculture. J Vis Exp 2015:e52526. [PMID: 25992921 PMCID: PMC4541596 DOI: 10.3791/52526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need for new solutions for substance testing. Many drugs that have been removed from the market due to drug-induced liver injury released their toxic potential only after several doses of chronic testing in humans. However, a controlled microenvironment is pivotal for long-term multiple dosing experiments, as even minor alterations in extracellular conditions may greatly influence the cell physiology. We focused within our research program on the generation of a microengineered bioreactor, which can be dynamically perfused by an on-chip pump and combines at least two culture spaces for multi-organ applications. This circulatory system mimics the in vivo conditions of primary cell cultures better and assures a steadier, more quantifiable extracellular relay of signals to the cells. For demonstration purposes, human liver equivalents, generated by aggregating differentiated HepaRG cells with human hepatic stellate cells in hanging drop plates, were cocultured with human skin punch biopsies for up to 28 days inside the microbioreactor. The use of cell culture inserts enables the skin to be cultured at an air-liquid interface, allowing topical substance exposure. The microbioreactor system is capable of supporting these cocultures at near physiologic fluid flow and volume-to-liquid ratios, ensuring stable and organotypic culture conditions. The possibility of long-term cultures enables the repeated exposure to substances. Furthermore, a vascularization of the microfluidic channel circuit using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells yields a physiologically more relevant vascular model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilka Maschmeyer
- Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin; TissUse GmbH
| | | | - Reyk Horland
- Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin; TissUse GmbH
| | | | | | | | | | - Uwe Marx
- Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin; TissUse GmbH
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60
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Hickman JA, Graeser R, de Hoogt R, Vidic S, Brito C, Gutekunst M, van der Kuip H. Three-dimensional models of cancer for pharmacology and cancer cell biology: capturing tumor complexity in vitro/ex vivo. Biotechnol J 2015; 9:1115-28. [PMID: 25174503 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are complex and heterogeneous pathological "organs" in a dynamic interplay with their host. Models of human cancer in vitro, used in cancer biology and drug discovery, are generally highly reductionist. These cancer models do not incorporate complexity or heterogeneity. This raises the question as to whether the cancer models' biochemical circuitry (not their genome) represents, with sufficient fidelity, a tumor in situ. Around 95% of new anticancer drugs eventually fail in clinical trial, despite robust indications of activity in existing in vitro pre-clinical models. Innovative models are required that better capture tumor biology. An important feature of all tissues, and tumors, is that cells grow in three dimensions. Advances in generating and characterizing simple and complex (with added stromal components) three-dimensional in vitro models (3D models) are reviewed in this article. The application of stirred bioreactors to permit both scale-up/scale-down of these cancer models and, importantly, methods to permit controlled changes in environment (pH, nutrients, and oxygen) are also described. The challenges of generating thin tumor slices, their utility, and potential advantages and disadvantages are discussed. These in vitro/ex vivo models represent a distinct move to capture the realities of tumor biology in situ, but significant characterization work still remains to be done in order to show that their biochemical circuitry accurately reflects that of a tumor.
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61
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Uchea C, Owen SF, Chipman JK. Functional xenobiotic metabolism and efflux transporters in trout hepatocyte spheroid cultures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:494-507. [PMID: 25893091 PMCID: PMC4384106 DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of xenobiotic fate in fish is important for the regulatory assessment of chemicals under current legislation. Trout hepatocyte spheroids are a promising in vitro model for this assessment. In this investigation, the gene expression and function for xenobiotic metabolism and cellular efflux were characterised. Using fluorescence, transport and real time PCR analysis, the expression and functionality of a variety of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism and drug efflux were assessed in a range of trout hepatocyte culture preparations. Significantly greater levels of expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and efflux were measured in spheroids (which have been shown to remain viable in excess of 30 days), compared to hepatocytes cultured using conventional suspension and monolayer culture techniques. A transient decline in the expression of genes related to both xenobiotic metabolism and transport was determined during spheroid development, with a subsequent recovery in older spheroids. The most mature spheroids also exhibited an expression profile most comparable to that reported in vivo. Functionality of efflux transporters in spheroids was also demonstrated using fluorescent markers and specific inhibitors. In conclusion, the more physiologically relevant architecture in spheroid cultures provides a high functional integrity in relation to xenobiotic metabolism and efflux. Together with the enhanced gene expression and longevity of the model, hepatocytes in spheroid culture may prove to be an accurate alternative model to study the mechanisms of these processes in fish liver and provide an assay to determine the bioaccumulation potential of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzor Uchea
- University of Birmingham , School of Biosciences , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK ; AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TF , UK .
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TF , UK .
| | - J Kevin Chipman
- University of Birmingham , School of Biosciences , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK
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62
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Wang Z, Luo X, Anene-Nzelu C, Yu Y, Hong X, Singh NH, Xia L, Liu S, Yu H. HepaRG culture in tethered spheroids as an in vitro three-dimensional model for drug safety screening. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:909-17. [PMID: 25512232 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures of HepaRG cells allow in vitro maintenance of many liver-specific functions. However, cellular dedifferentiation and functional deterioration over an extended culture period in the conventional 2D HepaRG culture have hampered its applications in drug testing. To address this issue, we developed tethered spheroids of HepaRG cells on Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and galactose-conjugated substratum with an optimized hybrid ratio as an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) human hepatocyte model. The liver-specific gene expression level and drug metabolizing enzyme activities in HepaRG-tethered spheorids were markedly higher than those in 2D cultures throughout the culture period of 7 days. The inducibility of three major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, namely CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, was improved in both mRNA and activity level in tethered spheroids. Drug-induced cytotoxic responses to model hepatotoxins (acetaminophen, chlorpromazine and ketoconazole) in tethered spheroids were comparable to 2D cultures as well as other studies in the literature. Our results suggested that the HepaRG-tethered spheroid would be an alternative in vitro model suitable for drug safety screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North of Guangzhou Dadao, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Workers' Gymnasium, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xiaobei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North of Guangzhou Dadao, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chukwuemeka Anene-Nzelu
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA, #03-12, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Clinical Research Center, #04-25, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Clinical Research Center, #04-25, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Nisha Hari Singh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Clinical Research Center, #04-25, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Side Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North of Guangzhou Dadao, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA, #03-12, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Clinical Research Center, #04-25, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.,Singapore-MIT Alliance, Computational and System Biology Program, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, DSO Labs, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 3 Science Drive 2, S16-05-08, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Wilk-Zasadna I, Bernasconi C, Pelkonen O, Coecke S. Biotransformation in vitro: An essential consideration in the quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) of toxicity data. Toxicology 2014; 332:8-19. [PMID: 25456264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early consideration of the multiplicity of factors that govern the biological fate of foreign compounds in living systems is a necessary prerequisite for the quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) of toxicity data. Substantial technological advances in in vitro methodologies have facilitated the study of in vitro metabolism and the further use of such data for in vivo prediction. However, extrapolation to in vivo with a comfortable degree of confidence, requires continuous progress in the field to address challenges such as e.g., in vitro evaluation of chemical-chemical interactions, accounting for individual variability but also analytical challenges for ensuring sensitive measurement technologies. This paper discusses the current status of in vitro metabolism studies for QIVIVE extrapolation, serving today's hazard and risk assessment needs. A short overview of the methodologies for in vitro metabolism studies is given. Furthermore, recommendations for priority research and other activities are provided to ensure further widespread uptake of in vitro metabolism methods in 21st century toxicology. The need for more streamlined and explicitly described integrated approaches to reflect the physiology and the related dynamic and kinetic processes of the human body is highlighted i.e., using in vitro data in combination with in silico approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wilk-Zasadna
- Systems Toxicology Unit/EURL ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese I-21027, Italy
| | - Camilla Bernasconi
- Systems Toxicology Unit/EURL ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese I-21027, Italy
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sandra Coecke
- Systems Toxicology Unit/EURL ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese I-21027, Italy.
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64
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Conde I, Donato MT. Competency of different cell models to predict human hepatotoxic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1553-68. [PMID: 25297626 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.967680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver is the most important target for drug-induced toxicity. This vulnerability results from functional liver features and its role in the metabolic elimination of most drugs. Drug-induced liver injury is a significant leading cause of acute, chronic liver disease and an important safety issue when developing new drugs. AREAS COVERED This review describes the advantages and limitations of hepatic cell-based models for early safety risk assessment during drug development. These models include hepatocytes cultured as monolayer, collagen-sandwich; emerging complex 3D configuration; liver-derived cell lines; stem cell-derived hepatocytes. EXPERT OPINION In vitro toxicity assays performed in hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines can potentially provide rapid and cost-effective early feedback to identify toxic candidates for compound prioritization. However, their capacity to predict hepatotoxicity depends critically on cells' functional performance. In an attempt to improve and prolong functional properties of cultured cells, different strategies to recreate the in vivo hepatocyte environment have been explored. 3D cultures, co-cultures of hepatocytes with other cell types and microfluidic devices seem highly promising for toxicological studies. Moreover, hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells are emerging cell-based systems that may provide a stable source of hepatocytes to reliably screen metabolism and toxicity of candidate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS LA Fe) , Torre A Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia , Spain +34 961246619 ;
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65
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Rebelo SP, Costa R, Estrada M, Shevchenko V, Brito C, Alves PM. HepaRG microencapsulated spheroids in DMSO-free culture: novel culturing approaches for enhanced xenobiotic and biosynthetic metabolism. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1347-58. [PMID: 25107451 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The need for models that recapitulate liver physiology is perceived for drug development, study of liver disease and bioartificial liver support. The bipotent cell line HepaRG constitutes an efficient surrogate of liver function, yet its differentiated status relies on high concentrations of DMSO, which may compromise the study of drug metabolism and limit the applicability of this hepatic model. Herein, we present a three-dimensional (3D) strategy for the differentiation of HepaRG based on alginate microencapsulation of cell spheroids and culture in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-free conditions. A ratio of 2.9:1 hepatocyte-like to biliary-like cells was obtained in the 3D culture, with an improvement of 35.9 % in the hepatocyte differentiation when compared with two-dimensional (2D) cultures. The expression of the hepatic identity genes HNF4α and PXR in 3D cultures was comparable to 2D differentiated cultures, while the expression of homeostatic-associated genes albumin and carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 was higher in 3D. Moreover, the spheroids presented a polarized organization, exhibiting an interconnected bile canalicular network and excretory functionality, assessed by specific activity of MRP2. Importantly, despite variability in basal gene expression levels, the activity of the phase I enzymes cytochrome P450 family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 and cytochrome P450 family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 2 upon induction was comparable to differentiated 2D cultures and albumin production and ammonia detoxification were enhanced in 3D. The presented model is suitable for toxicological applications, as it allows high throughput analysis of multiple compounds in a DMSO-free setting. Due to the high xenobiotic metabolism and maintenance of biosynthetic functions, the applicability of this model might be broadened to understand liver physiology and for bioartificial liver applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P Rebelo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal
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66
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg H, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2014. [PMID: 25027500 DOI: 10.14573/altex1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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67
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Bhise NS, Ribas J, Manoharan V, Zhang YS, Polini A, Massa S, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Organ-on-a-chip platforms for studying drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2014; 190:82-93. [PMID: 24818770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel microfluidic tools allow new ways to manufacture and test drug delivery systems. Organ-on-a-chip systems - microscale recapitulations of complex organ functions - promise to improve the drug development pipeline. This review highlights the importance of integrating microfluidic networks with 3D tissue engineered models to create organ-on-a-chip platforms, able to meet the demand of creating robust preclinical screening models. Specific examples are cited to demonstrate the use of these systems for studying the performance of drug delivery vectors and thereby reduce the discrepancies between their performance at preclinical and clinical trials. We also highlight the future directions that need to be pursued by the research community for these proof-of-concept studies to achieve the goal of accelerating clinical translation of drug delivery nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupura S Bhise
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - João Ribas
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal; Biocant - Biotechnology Innovation Center, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Vijayan Manoharan
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Alessandro Polini
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Solange Massa
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, USA; Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia.
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68
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Chiang TS, Yang KC, Chiou LL, Huang GT, Lee HS. Enhancement of CYP3A4 activity in Hep G2 cells by lentiviral transfection of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94885. [PMID: 24733486 PMCID: PMC3986372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatoma cell lines are commonly used as alternatives to primary hepatocytes for the study of drug metabolism in vitro. However, the phase I cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activities in these cell lines occur at a much lower level than their corresponding activities in primary hepatocytes, and thus these cell lines may not accurately predict drug metabolism. In the present study, we selected hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF1α) from six transcriptional regulators for lentiviral transfection into Hep G2 cells to optimally increase their expression of the CYP3A4 enzyme, which is the major CYP enzyme in the human body. We subsequently found that HNF1α-transfected Hep G2 enhanced the CYP3A4 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner and the activity was noted to increase with time and peaked 7 days. With a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100, CYP3A4 expression increased 19-fold and enzyme activity more than doubled at day 7. With higher MOI (1,000 to 3,000), the activity increased 8- to 10-fold; however, it was noted the higher MOI, the higher cell death rate and lower cell survival. Furthermore, the CYP3A4 activity in the HNF1α-transfected cells could be induced by CYP3A4-specific inducer, rifampicin, and metabolized nifedipine in a dose-dependent manner. With an MOI of 3,000, nifedipine-metabolizing activity was 6-fold of control and as high as 66% of primary hepatocytes. In conclusion, forceful delivery of selected transcriptional regulators into human hepatoma cells might be a valuable method to enhance the CYP activity for a more accurate determination of drug metabolism in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Shin Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chiou
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Tarn Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (GTH); (HSL)
| | - Hsuan-Shu Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (GTH); (HSL)
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69
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Mueller D, Krämer L, Hoffmann E, Klein S, Noor F. 3D organotypic HepaRG cultures as in vitro model for acute and repeated dose toxicity studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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70
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Colosi C, Costantini M, Latini R, Ciccarelli S, Stampella A, Barbetta A, Massimi M, Conti Devirgiliis L, Dentini M. Rapid prototyping of chitosan-coated alginate scaffolds through the use of a 3D fiber deposition technique. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:6779-6791. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00732h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel dispensing system based on two coaxial needles is used to fabricate three dimensional, periodic scaffolds by rapid prototyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Colosi
- Department of Chemistry
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Costantini
- Department of Chemistry
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Latini
- Department of Chemistry
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Stampella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbetta
- Department of Chemistry
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Massimi
- Department of Life
- Health and Environmental Sciences
- University of L'Aquila
- 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Conti Devirgiliis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Dentini
- Department of Chemistry
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome, Italy
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71
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg HT, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX 2014; 31:441-77. [PMID: 25027500 PMCID: PMC4783151 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Bahinski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Mardas Daneshian
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Fritsche
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Goldberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - John Haycock
- Department of Materials Science of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helena T. Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lisa Hoelting
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Suzanne Kadereit
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Emily McVey
- Board for the Authorization of Plant Protection Products and Biocides, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marc Lübberstedt
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tzutzuy Ramirez
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabriele Zurich
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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72
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Subramanian K, Owens DJ, Raju R, Firpo M, O'Brien TD, Verfaillie CM, Hu WS. Spheroid culture for enhanced differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:124-31. [PMID: 24020366 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells hold great potential for the treatment of liver disease and for drug toxicity screening. The success of these applications hinges on the generation of differentiated cells with high liver specific activities. Many protocols have been developed to guide human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to differentiate to the hepatic lineage. Here we report cultivation of hESCs as three-dimensional aggregates that enhances their differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells. Differentiation was first carried out in monolayer culture for 20 days. Subsequently cells were allowed to self-aggregate into spheroids. Significantly higher expression of liver-specific transcripts and proteins, including Albumin, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 was observed. The differentiated phenotype was sustained for more than 2 weeks in the three-dimensional spheroid culture system, significantly longer than in monolayer culture. Cells in spheroids exhibit morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of primary hepatocytes by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in addition to mature functions, such as biliary excretion of metabolic products and cytochrome P450 activities. This three-dimensional spheroid culture system may be appropriate for generating high quality, functional hepatocyte-like cells from ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Subramanian
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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73
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Zhou M, Zhao F, Li J, Cheng Z, Tian X, Zhi X, Huang Y, Hu K. Long-term maintenance of human fetal hepatocytes and prolonged susceptibility to HBV infection by co-culture with non-parenchymal cells. J Virol Methods 2013; 195:185-93. [PMID: 24134944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Within a few days of being isolated, primary human hepatocytes undergo a rapid dedifferentiation process and lose susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in vitro. This fact has limited their further application. In this study, a convenient and feasible method of preventing this dedifferentiation was established, by co-culturing human fetal hepatocytes with hepatic non-parenchymal cells to maintain the differentiation features of human fetal hepatocytes. Isolated hepatic cells were seeded at a low density, and cultured in dimethyl sulfoxide-free medium for a month to allow rapid proliferation of non-parenchymal cells. Subsequently, 2% dimethyl sulfoxide was added to induce formation of typical hepatic islands, in which hepatocytic features could be further maintained for up to an additional 3 months. These hepatic islands, formed of piled-up hepatocytes, were surrounded and invaded by non-parenchymal cells. Protein expression profiles showed that the human fetal hepatocytes underwent a rapid maturation process, and the hepatocytic features were well preserved. Most importantly, these human fetal hepatocytes still exhibited susceptibility to HBV infection after long-term maintenance, for as long as 10 weeks. This co-culture method has overcome the pre-existing disadvantages of primary human hepatocytes for virological studies, and provides a valuable approach to long-term maintenance of primary human hepatocytes for studies of HBV infection for prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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74
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Klein S, Mueller D, Schevchenko V, Noor F. Long-term maintenance of HepaRG cells in serum-free conditions and application in a repeated dose study. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1078-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klein
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Daniel Mueller
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
| | | | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
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75
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Gunness P, Mueller D, Shevchenko V, Heinzle E, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Noor F. 3D organotypic cultures of human HepaRG cells: a tool for in vitro toxicity studies. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:67-78. [PMID: 23377618 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced human hepatotoxicity is difficult to predict using the current in vitro systems. In this study, long-term 3D organotypic cultures of the human hepatoma HepaRG cell line were prepared using a high-throughput hanging drop method. The organotypic cultures were maintained for 3 weeks and assessed for (1) liver specific functions, including phase I enzyme and transporter activities, (2) expression of liver-specific proteins, and (3) responses to three drugs (acetaminophen, troglitazone, and rosiglitazone). Our results show that the organotypic cultures maintain high liver-specific functionality during 3 weeks of culture. The immunohistochemistry analyses illustrate that the organotypic cultures express liver-specific markers such as albumin, CYP3A4, CYP2E1, and MRP-2 throughout the cultivation period. Accordingly, the production rates of albumin and glucose, as well as CYP2E1 activity, were significantly higher in the 3D versus the 2D cultures. Toxicity studies show that the organotypic cultures are more sensitive to acetaminophen- and rosiglitazone-induced toxicity but less sensitive to troglitazone-induced toxicity than the 2D cultures. Furthermore, the EC50 value (2.7mM) for acetaminophen on the 3D cultures was similar to in vivo toxicity. In summary, the results from our study suggest that the 3D organotypic HepaRG culture is a promising in vitro tool for more accurate assessment of acute and also possibly for chronic drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrina Gunness
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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