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Romain C, Piemontese A, Battista S, Bernini F, Ossoli A, Strazzella A, Gaillet S, Rouanet JM, Cases J, Zanotti I. Anti-Atherosclerotic Effect of a Polyphenol-Rich Ingredient, Oleactiv ®, in a Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Golden Syrian Hamster Model. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1511. [PMID: 30326655 PMCID: PMC6213376 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nutraceutical ingredients has risen as a nutritional solution for health prevention. This study evaluated the effects of Oleactiv®, an ingredient developed for the prevention of atherogenesis, in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Oleactiv® is a polyphenol-rich ingredient obtained from artichoke, olive and grape extracts as part of fruit and vegetables commonly consumed within the Mediterranean diet. A total of 21 Golden Syrian hamsters were divided into three groups. The standard group (STD) was fed a normolipidemic diet for 12 weeks, while the control group (CTRL) and Oleactiv® goup (OLE) were fed a high-fat diet. After sacrifice, the aortic fatty streak area (AFSA), plasmatic total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C), non-HDL-C and triglycerides (TG), were assessed. The cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of hamster plasma was quantified using a radiolabeled technique in murine macrophages J774. OLE administration induced a significant reduction of AFSA (-69%, p < 0.0001). Hamsters of the OLE group showed a significant decrease of both non-HDL-C (-173 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and TG (-154 mmol/L, p < 0.05). Interestingly, OLE induced a significant increase of total CEC (+17,33%, p < 0,05). Oleactiv® supplementation prevented atheroma development and had positive effects on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic hamsters. The increased CEC underlines the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism at the root of the atheroma reduction observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Romain
- Fytexia SAS, Innovation and Scientific Affairs, 34350 Vendres, France.
| | - Antonio Piemontese
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Simone Battista
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Franco Bernini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Arianna Strazzella
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Sylvie Gaillet
- Nutrition & Métabolisme, UMR 204 NUTRIPASS, Prévention des Malnutritions & des Pathologies Associées, Université Montpellier Sud de France, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-Max Rouanet
- Nutrition & Métabolisme, UMR 204 NUTRIPASS, Prévention des Malnutritions & des Pathologies Associées, Université Montpellier Sud de France, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Julien Cases
- Fytexia SAS, Innovation and Scientific Affairs, 34350 Vendres, France.
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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Theofilatos D, Fotakis P, Valanti E, Sanoudou D, Zannis V, Kardassis D. HDL-apoA-I induces the expression of angiopoietin like 4 (ANGPTL4) in endothelial cells via a PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway. Metabolism 2018; 87:36-47. [PMID: 29928895 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and its main protein component, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), have numerous atheroprotective functions on various tissues including the endothelium. Therapies based on reconstituted HDL containing apoA-I (rHDL-apoA-I) have been used successfully in patients with acute coronary syndrome, peripheral vascular disease or diabetes but very little is known about the genomic effects of rHDL-apoA-I and how they could contribute to atheroprotection. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to understand the endothelial signaling pathways and the genes that may contribute to rHDL-apoA-I-mediated atheroprotection. METHODS Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with rHDL-apoA-I and their total RNA was analyzed with whole genome microarrays. Validation of microarray data was performed using multiplex RT-qPCR. The expression of ANGPTL4 in EA.hy926 endothelial cells was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The contribution of signaling kinases and transcription factors in ANGPTL4 gene regulation by HDL-apoA-I was assessed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence using chemical inhibitors or siRNA-mediated gene silencing. RESULTS It was found that 410 transcripts were significantly changed in the presence of rHDL-apoA-I and that angiopoietin like 4 (ANGPTL4) was one of the most upregulated and biologically relevant molecules. In validation experiments rHDL-apoA-I, as well as natural HDL from human healthy donors or from transgenic mice overexpressing human apoA-I (TgHDL-apoA-I), increased ANGPTL4 mRNA and protein levels. ANGPTL4 gene induction by HDL was direct and was blocked in the presence of inhibitors for the AKT or the p38 MAP kinases. TgHDL-apoA-I caused phosphorylation of the transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) and its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Importantly, a FOXO1 inhibitor or a FOXO1-specific siRNA enhanced ANGPTL4 expression, whereas administration of TgHDL-apoA-I in the presence of the FOXO1 inhibitor or the FOXO1-specific siRNA did not induce further ANGPTL4 expression. These data suggest that FOXO1 functions as an inhibitor of ANGPTL4, while HDL-apoA-I blocks FOXO1 activity and induces ANGPTL4 through the activation of AKT. CONCLUSION Our data provide novel insights into the global molecular effects of HDL-apoA-I on endothelial cells and identify ANGPTL4 as a putative mediator of the atheroprotective functions of HDL-apoA-I on the artery wall, with notable therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Theofilatos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Fotakis
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Boston University Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Efi Valanti
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, "Attikon" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, "Attikon" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Zannis
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Boston University Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.
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Plochberger B, Axmann M, Röhrl C, Weghuber J, Brameshuber M, Rossboth BK, Mayr S, Ros R, Bittman R, Stangl H, Schütz GJ. Direct observation of cargo transfer from HDL particles to the plasma membrane. Atherosclerosis 2018; 277:53-59. [PMID: 30173079 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Exchange of cholesterol between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and cells is a key process for maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Recently, we have shown that amphiphilic cargo derived from HDL can be transferred directly to lipid bilayers. Here we pursued this work using a fluorescence-based method to directly follow cargo transfer from HDL particles to the cell membrane. METHODS HDL was either immobilized on surfaces or added directly to cells, while transfer of fluorescent cargo was visualized via fluorescence imaging. RESULTS In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), transfer of amphiphilic cargo from HDL particles to the plasma membrane was observed immediately after contact, whereas hydrophobic cargo remained associated with the particles; about 60% of the amphiphilic cargo of surface-bound HDL was transferred to the plasma membrane. Essentially no cargo transfer was observed in cells with low endogenous SR-B1 expression. Interestingly, transfer of fluorescently-labeled cholesterol was also facilitated by using an artificial linker to bind HDL to the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS Our data hence indicate that the tethering function of SR-B1 is sufficient for efficient transfer of free cholesterol to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Plochberger
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna, 1040, Austria; Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Axmann
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Clemens Röhrl
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Julian Weghuber
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Wels, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600, Wels, Austria
| | | | | | - Sandra Mayr
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Robert Ros
- Arizona State University, Department of Physics, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1504, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
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Cholesterol efflux capacity of large, small and total HDL particles is unaltered by atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2018; 277:72-79. [PMID: 30176567 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Research on the biologic activities of HDL, such as cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL composition, has allowed the understanding of the effect of interventions directed to improve cardiovascular risk. Previously, statin therapy has shown conflicting results about its effects on cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL; the underlying mechanisms are unclear but studies with positive effects are associated with an increase of HDL-cholesterol levels. We investigated if 10 weeks of atorvastatin therapy changes HDL efflux capacity and the chemical composition of its subpopulations. METHODS In a before-after design basis, HDL-cholesterol levels, chemical composition and cholesterol efflux capacity from HDL subpopulations isolated by isophynic ultracentrifugation were assessed in plasma samples from 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellito (T2DM) at baseline and after 10 weeks of treatment with 20 mg atorvastatin. Cholesterol efflux was measured from human THP-1 cells using large, light HDL2b and small, dense 3c subpopulations as well as total HDL as acceptors. Changes of cholesterol efflux and chemical composition of HDL after treatment were analyzed. Correlations among variables potentially involved in cholesterol efflux were evaluated. RESULTS A significant decrease of 4% in HDL-cholesterol levels was observed from 47 (42-54) to 45 (39-56) mg/dL, p = 0.02. Cholesterol efflux from total-HDL and HDL2b and 3c subfractions was maintained unchanged after treatment. The total mass of HDL remained unaffected, except for the HDL3a subpopulation accounted for by a significant increase in total protein content. No significant correlations for variables previously known to be associated with cholesterol efflux were found in our study. CONCLUSIONS Short therapy of 10 weeks with 20 mg of atorvastatin does not modify the cholesterol efflux capacity neither the total mass of HDL2b, HDL3c and total HDL. The discrepancy with previous reports may be due to the selective effects among different classes of statins or differences in the approaches to measure cellular cholesterol efflux.
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Impaired HDL cholesterol efflux capacity in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11691. [PMID: 30076407 PMCID: PMC6076293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with a substantial increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which is partly related to dyslipidemia and low HDL-C level. The cardioprotective activity of HDL in the body is closely connected to its role in promoting cholesterol efflux, which is determined by cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC). Hitherto, the role of HDL, as defined by CEC has not been assessed in NAFLD patients. In this research study, we present the results of a study of cAMP-treated J774 CEC and THP-1 macrophage CEC in ApoB-depleted plasma of 55 newly diagnosed NAFLD patients and 30 controls. Circulating levels of ApoA-I, ApoB, preβ-HDL, plasma activity of CETP, PLTP, LCAT and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) were estimated. cAMP-treated J774 and THP-1 macrophage CEC were found to be significantly lower in NAFLD patients compared to controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). In addition, it was discovered that both ApoA-I and preβ1-HDL were significantly lower in NAFLD patients (P < 0.001). Furthermore, cAMP-treated J774 CEC showed independent negative correlation with cIMT, as well as the presence of atherosclerotic plaque in NAFLD patients. In conclusion, our findings showed that HDL CEC was suppressed in NAFLD patients, and impaired cAMP-treated J774 CEC was an independent risk factor for subclinical atherosclerosis in NAFLD patients, suggesting that impaired HDL functions as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in NAFLD.
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Cholesterol Efflux: Does It Contribute to Aortic Stiffening? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5020023. [PMID: 29724005 PMCID: PMC6023341 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic stiffness during cardiac contraction is defined by the rigidity of the aorta and the elastic resistance to deformation. Recent studies suggest that aortic stiffness may be associated with changes in cholesterol efflux in endothelial cells. This alteration in cholesterol efflux may directly affect endothelial function, extracellular matrix composition, and vascular smooth muscle cell function and behavior. These pathological changes favor an aortic stiffness phenotype. Among all of the proteins participating in the cholesterol efflux process, ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) appears to be the main contributor to arterial stiffness changes in terms of structural and cellular function. ABCA1 is also associated with vascular inflammation mediators implicated in aortic stiffness. The goal of this mini review is to provide a conceptual hypothesis of the recent advancements in the understanding of ABCA1 in cholesterol efflux and its role and association in the development of aortic stiffness, with a particular emphasis on the potential mechanisms and pathways involved.
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Zimetti F, Freitas WM, Campos AM, Daher M, Adorni MP, Bernini F, Sposito AC, Zanotti I. Cholesterol efflux capacity does not associate with coronary calcium, plaque vulnerability, and telomere length in healthy octogenarians. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:714-721. [PMID: 29436385 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p079525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that traditional risk factors are less effective in predicting CVD risk in the elderly, suggesting the need to identify new biomarkers. Here, we evaluated the association between serum cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), an atheroprotective property of HDL recently identified as a novel marker of CVD risk, and atherosclerotic burden in a cohort of very old, healthy individuals. Serum CEC values were not significantly correlated either with calcium score or with markers of vulnerable plaque, such as positive remodeling, hypodensity, spotty calcification, or napking-ring sign. In addition, no association was detected between CEC and telomere length, a marker of biological aging that has been linked to atherosclerosis extent. Interestingly, elderly subjects presented a remarkably higher CEC (+30.2%; P < 0.0001) compared with values obtained from a cohort of sex-matched, cardiovascular event-free, middle-aged individuals. In conclusion, serum CEC is not related to traditional risk factors in very old, cardiovascular event-free subjects, but has significantly higher values compared with a healthy, younger population. Whether this improved HDL functionality may represent a protective factor in CVD onset must be established in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wladimir M Freitas
- Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Campos
- Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Daher
- Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Bernini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Abstract
The transcriptional signature of Kupffer cells & Alveolar macrophages are enriched for lipid metabolism genes. Lipid metabolism may control macrophage phenotype. Dysregulated lipid metabolism in macrophages contributes to disease pathology.
Distinct macrophage populations throughout the body display highly heterogeneous transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Recent research has highlighted that these profiles enable the different macrophage populations to perform distinct functions as required in their tissue of residence, in addition to the prototypical macrophage functions such as in innate immunity. These ‘extra’ tissue-specific functions have been termed accessory functions. One such putative accessory function is lipid metabolism, with macrophages in the lung and liver in particular being associated with this function. As it is now appreciated that cell metabolism not only provides energy but also greatly influences the phenotype and function of the cell, here we review how lipid metabolism affects macrophage phenotype and function and the specific roles played by macrophages in the pathogenesis of lipid-related diseases. In addition, we highlight the current questions limiting our understanding of the role of macrophages in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Remmerie
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte L Scott
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Mangat R, Borthwick F, Haase T, Jacome M, Nelson R, Kontush A, Vine DF, Proctor SD. Intestinal lymphatic HDL miR‐223 and ApoA‐I are reduced during insulin resistance and restored with niacin. FASEB J 2018; 32:1602-1612. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600298rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabban Mangat
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Faye Borthwick
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Tina Haase
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Miriam Jacome
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Randy Nelson
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Salpétrière University Hospital Paris France
| | - Donna F. Vine
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Spencer D. Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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Kjellmo CA, Karlsson H, Nestvold TK, Ljunggren S, Cederbrant K, Marcusson-Ståhl M, Mathisen M, Lappegård KT, Hovland A. Bariatric surgery improves lipoprotein profile in morbidly obese patients by reducing LDL cholesterol, apoB, and SAA/PON1 ratio, increasing HDL cholesterol, but has no effect on cholesterol efflux capacity. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Qiu C, Zhao X, Zhou Q, Zhang Z. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol efflux capacity is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:212. [PMID: 29126414 PMCID: PMC5681808 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A low plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) is associated with cardiovascular risk. A key cardioprotective property of HDL is cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), the ability of HDL to accept cholesterol from macrophages. In this study, we aimed to identify the predictive value of CEC for cardiovascular risk. Methods The relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to analyze the association between CEC and the incidence of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were pooled to estimate the association of CEC and the prevalence of cardiovascular events. Results A total of 15 studies were included. Results showed that the highest CEC was significantly associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events incidents compared to the lowest CEC (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.85; I2, 89%); the pooled RR of cardiovascular risk for per unit SD increase was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.73 to 1.04; I2, 67%). Dose-response curve indicated that cardiovascular risk decreased by 39% (RR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.74) for per unit CEC increase. Similarly, an inverse association was observed between CEC and the prevalence of cardiovascular events (highest vs. lowest, OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.5; I2 = 63%; per unit SD increase, OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90 to 0.98; I2 = 71%). However, based on the current data, CEC was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality. Conclusions Findings from this meta-analysis suggest that HDL-mediated CEC is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk, which appears to be independent of HDL concentration. The growing understanding of CEC and its role in cardiovascular risk decrease may improve the accuracy of cardiovascular risk prediction and also open important avenues to develop novel therapeutic targeting HDL metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12944-017-0604-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Qiu
- Xiangya school of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua City, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua City, Huaihua, Hunan, 418000, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Science and Education, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, 415003, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China. .,Centre for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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Milasan A, Jean G, Dallaire F, Tardif JC, Merhi Y, Sorci-Thomas M, Martel C. Apolipoprotein A-I Modulates Atherosclerosis Through Lymphatic Vessel-Dependent Mechanisms in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006892. [PMID: 28939717 PMCID: PMC5634311 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Subcutaneously injected lipid‐free apoA‐I (apolipoprotein A‐I) reduces accumulation of lipid and immune cells within the aortic root of hypercholesterolemic mice without increasing high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol concentrations. Lymphatic vessels are now recognized as prerequisite players in the modulation of cholesterol removal from the artery wall in experimental conditions of plaque regression, and particular attention has been brought to the role of the collecting lymphatic vessels in early atherosclerosis‐related lymphatic dysfunction. In the present study, we address whether and how preservation of collecting lymphatic function contributes to the protective effect of apoA‐I. Methods and Results Atherosclerotic Ldlr−/− mice treated with low‐dose lipid‐free apoA‐I showed enhanced lymphatic transport and abrogated collecting lymphatic vessel permeability in atherosclerotic Ldlr−/− mice when compared with albumin‐control mice. Treatment of human lymphatic endothelial cells with apoA‐I increased the adhesion of human platelets on lymphatic endothelial cells, in a bridge‐like manner, a mechanism that could strengthen endothelial cell–cell junctions and limit atherosclerosis‐associated collecting lymphatic vessel dysfunction. Experiments performed with blood platelets isolated from apoA‐I‐treated Ldlr−/− mice revealed that apoA‐I decreased ex vivo platelet aggregation. This suggests that in vivo apoA‐I treatment limits platelet thrombotic potential in blood while maintaining the platelet activity needed to sustain adequate lymphatic function. Conclusions Altogether, we bring forward a new pleiotropic role for apoA‐I in lymphatic function and unveil new potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Milasan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Jean
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yahye Merhi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Martel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Chistiakov DA, Melnichenko AA, Myasoedova VA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Mechanisms of foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1153-1165. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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64
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Pamir N, Hutchins PM, Ronsein GE, Wei H, Tang C, Das R, Vaisar T, Plow E, Schuster V, Koschinsky ML, Reardon CA, Weinberg R, Dichek DA, Marcovina S, Getz GS, Heinecke JW. Plasminogen promotes cholesterol efflux by the ABCA1 pathway. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92176. [PMID: 28768900 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we investigated proteins that regulate macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) and ABCA1-specific CEC (ABCA1 CEC), 2 functional assays that predict cardiovascular disease (CVD). Macrophage CEC and the concentration of HDL particles were markedly reduced in mice deficient in apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) or apolipoprotein E (APOE) but not apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA4). ABCA1 CEC was markedly reduced in APOA1-deficient mice but was barely affected in mice deficient in APOE or APOA4. High-resolution size-exclusion chromatography of plasma produced 2 major peaks of ABCA1 CEC activity. The early-eluting peak, which coeluted with HDL, was markedly reduced in APOA1- or APOE-deficient mice. The late-eluting peak was modestly reduced in APOA1-deficient mice but little affected in APOE- or APOA4-deficient mice. Ion-exchange chromatography and shotgun proteomics suggested that plasminogen (PLG) accounted for a substantial fraction of the ABCA1 CEC activity in the peak not associated with HDL. Human PLG promoted cholesterol efflux by the ABCA1 pathway, and PLG-dependent efflux was inhibited by lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Our observations identify APOA1, APOE, and PLG as key determinants of CEC. Because PLG and Lp(a) associate with human CVD risk, interplay among the proteins might affect atherosclerosis by regulating cholesterol efflux from macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pamir
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patrick M Hutchins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Hao Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chongren Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Riku Das
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edward Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Volker Schuster
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty of Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Richard Weinberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A Dichek
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Santica Marcovina
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ganjali S, Momtazi AA, Banach M, Kovanen PT, Stein EA, Sahebkar A. HDL abnormalities in familial hypercholesterolemia: Focus on biological functions. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 67:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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66
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Kimura H, Mikawa S, Mizuguchi C, Horie Y, Morita I, Oyama H, Ohgita T, Nishitsuji K, Takeuchi A, Lund-Katz S, Akaji K, Kobayashi N, Saito H. Immunochemical Approach for Monitoring of Structural Transition of ApoA-I upon HDL Formation Using Novel Monoclonal Antibodies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2988. [PMID: 28592796 PMCID: PMC5462821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) undergoes a large conformational reorganization during remodeling of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. To detect structural transition of apoA-I upon HDL formation, we developed novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Splenocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with a recombinant human apoA-I, with or without conjugation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, were fused with P3/NS1/1-Ag4-1 myeloma cells. After the HAT-selection and cloning, we established nine hybridoma clones secreting anti-apoA-I mAbs in which four mAbs recognize epitopes on the N-terminal half of apoA-I while the other five mAbs recognize the central region. ELISA and bio-layer interferometry measurements demonstrated that mAbs whose epitopes are within residues 1–43 or 44–65 obviously discriminate discoidal and spherical reconstituted HDL particles despite their great reactivities to lipid-free apoA-I and plasma HDL, suggesting the possibility of these mAbs to detect structural transition of apoA-I on HDL. Importantly, a helix-disrupting mutation of W50R into residues 44–65 restored the immunoreactivity of mAbs whose epitope being within residues 44–65 against reconstituted HDL particles, indicating that these mAbs specifically recognize the epitope region in a random coil state. These results encourage us to develop mAbs targeting epitopes in the N-terminal residues of apoA-I as useful probes for monitoring formation and remodeling of HDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kimura
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Shiho Mikawa
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Chiharu Mizuguchi
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Horie
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Izumi Morita
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oyama
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohgita
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Atsuko Takeuchi
- Analytical Laboratory, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Sissel Lund-Katz
- Lipid Research Group, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-4318, USA
| | - Kenichi Akaji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.
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67
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Shiu SW, Wong Y, Tan KC. Pre-β1 HDL in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2017; 263:24-28. [PMID: 28595104 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pre-β1 HDL, being a major acceptor of free cholesterol from cells, plays an important role in reverse cholesterol transport. This study was performed to determine whether abnormalities in pre-β1 HDL concentration were present in type 2 diabetes irrespective of their HDL-cholesterol levels, and the impact on cholesterol efflux. METHODS 640 type 2 diabetic patients with or without cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 360 non-diabetic controls matched for serum HDL-cholesterol levels were recruited. Plasma pre-β1 HDL was measured by ELISA, and cholesterol efflux to serum, mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), was determined by measuring the transfer of [3H]cholesterol from cultured cells expressing ABCA1 to the medium containing the tested serum. RESULTS Despite the diabetic subjects having matched HDL-cholesterol and total apoA1 as controls, plasma pre-β1 HDL was significantly reduced in both male (p < 0.01) and female diabetic patients (p < 0.05), and patients with CVD had the lowest pre-β1 HDL level. Serum capacity to induce ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux was impaired in the diabetic group (p < 0.01) and cholesterol efflux correlated with pre-β1 HDL (Pearson's r = 0.38, p < 0.01), and this association remained significantly even after controlling for age, gender, body mass index, diabetes status, smoking, apoA1, triglyceride and LDL. CONCLUSIONS Plasma pre-β1 HDL level was significantly decreased in type 2 diabetes and was associated with a reduction in cholesterol efflux mediated by ABCA1. Our data would suggest that low pre-β1 HDL might cause impairment in reverse cholesterol transport in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Shiu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Y Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - K C Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Kaul S, Xu H, Zabalawi M, Maruko E, Fulp BE, Bluemn T, Brzoza-Lewis KL, Gerelus M, Weerasekera R, Kallinger R, James R, Zhang YS, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG. Lipid-Free Apolipoprotein A-I Reduces Progression of Atherosclerosis by Mobilizing Microdomain Cholesterol and Attenuating the Number of CD131 Expressing Cells: Monitoring Cholesterol Homeostasis Using the Cellular Ester to Total Cholesterol Ratio. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004401. [PMID: 27821400 PMCID: PMC5210328 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder whose development is inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein concentration. Current therapies involve pharmaceuticals that significantly elevate plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Our studies were conducted to investigate the effects of low-dose lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) on chronic inflammation. The aims of these studies were to determine how subcutaneously injected lipid-free apoA-I reduces accumulation of lipid and immune cells within the aortic root of hypercholesterolemic mice without sustained elevations in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS Ldlr-/- and Ldlr-/- apoA-I-/- mice were fed a Western diet for a total of 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, a subset of mice from each group received subcutaneous injections of 200 μg of lipid-free human apoA-I 3 times a week, while the other subset received 200 μg of albumin, as a control. Mice treated with lipid-free apoA-I showed a decrease in cholesterol deposition and immune cell retention in the aortic root compared with albumin-treated mice, regardless of genotype. This reduction in atherosclerosis appeared to be directly related to a decrease in the number of CD131 expressing cells and the esterified cholesterol to total cholesterol content in several immune cell compartments. In addition, apoA-I treatment altered microdomain cholesterol composition that shifted CD131, the common β subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor, from lipid raft to nonraft fractions of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-I treatment reduced lipid and immune cell accumulation within the aortic root by systemically reducing microdomain cholesterol content in immune cells. These data suggest that lipid-free apoA-I mediates beneficial effects through attenuation of immune cell lipid raft cholesterol content, which affects numerous types of signal transduction pathways that rely on microdomain integrity for assembly and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kaul
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elisa Maruko
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brian E Fulp
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Theresa Bluemn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kristina L Brzoza-Lewis
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mark Gerelus
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Rachel Kallinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Roland James
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yi Sherry Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The clinical utility of HDLs has been scrutinized upon the publication of Mendelian randomization studies showing no effect of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) modifying variants on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcome. The failures of randomized controlled HDL-C-directed intervention trials have further fueled this skepticism. This general criticism originates from oversimplification that has equated 'HDL-C' with 'HDL' and misconceived both as the 'good cholesterol'. RECENT FINDINGS HDL particles are heterogeneous and carry hundreds of different lipids, proteins, and microRNAs. Many of them but not cholesterol, that is, HDL-C, contributes to the multiple protective functions of HDLs that probably evolved to manage potentially life-threatening crises. Inflammatory processes modify the composition of HDL particles as well as their individual protein and lipid components, and, as a consequence, also their functionality. Gain of dominant-negative functions makes dysfunctional HDL a part rather than a solution of the endangering situation. Quantification of HDL particle numbers, distinct proteins or lipids, and modifications thereof as well as bioassays of HDL functionality are currently explored toward their diagnostic performance in risk prediction and monitoring of treatment response. SUMMARY Any successful clinical exploitation of HDLs will depend on the identification of the most relevant (dys)functions and their structural correlates. Stringent or prioritized structure-(dys)function relationships may provide biomarkers for better risk assessment and monitoring of treatment response. The most relevant agonists carried by either functional or dysfunctional HDLs as well as their cellular responders are interesting targets for drug development.
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70
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Banach M, Aronow WS, Serban MC, Rysz J, Voroneanu L, Covic A. Lipids, blood pressure and kidney update 2015. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:167. [PMID: 26718096 PMCID: PMC4696333 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important studies and guidelines in the topics of lipid, blood pressure and kidney published in 2015 were reviewed. In lipid research, the IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial (IMPROVE-IT) trial revalidated the concept "lower is better" for low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol as a target for therapy, increasing the necessity of treatment the high-risk patients to achieve LDL-C goals. After these results, ezetimibe might become the preferred additional drug in the combination therapy of lipid disorders because of oral dosage form and lower acquisition cost. However, for the statin-intolerant patients and those patients requiring essential reductions in LDL-C to achieve their goals, new therapies, including PCSK9 inhibitors remain promising drugs. In blood pressure research, American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) 2015 guidelines recommended a target for blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg in stable or unstable coronary artery disease patients and below 150/90 mmHg in patients older than 80 years of age, however the recent results of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) trial have suggested that there might be significant benefits, taking into account cardiovascular risk, for hypertensive patients over 50 without diabetes and blood pressure levels <120/80. In kidney research, reducing the progression of chronic kidney disease and related complications such as anemia, metabolic acidosis, bone and mineral diseases, acute kidney injury and cardiovascular disease is still a goal for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Maria-Corina Serban
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549, Lodz, Poland
| | - Luminita Voroneanu
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, C.I. Parhon University Hospital and Grigore. T. Popa, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, C.I. Parhon University Hospital and Grigore. T. Popa, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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