51
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Townsend MH, Shrestha G, Robison RA, O’Neill KL. The expansion of targetable biomarkers for CAR T cell therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:163. [PMID: 30031396 PMCID: PMC6054736 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are an integral part of cancer management due to their use in risk assessment, screening, differential diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of response to treatment, and monitoring progress of disease. Recently, with the advent of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, a new category of targetable biomarkers has emerged. These biomarkers are associated with the surface of malignant cells and serve as targets for directing cytotoxic T cells. The first biomarker target used for CAR T cell therapy was CD19, a B cell marker expressed highly on malignant B cells. With the success of CD19, the last decade has shown an explosion of new targetable biomarkers on a range of human malignancies. These surface targets have made it possible to provide directed, specific therapy that reduces healthy tissue destruction and preserves the patient's immune system during treatment. As of May 2018, there are over 100 clinical trials underway that target over 25 different surface biomarkers in almost every human tissue. This expansion has led to not only promising results in terms of patient outcome, but has also led to an exponential growth in the investigation of new biomarkers that could potentially be utilized in CAR T cell therapy for treating patients. In this review, we discuss the biomarkers currently under investigation and point out several promising biomarkers in the preclinical stage of development that may be useful as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Gajendra Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
- Thunder Biotech, Highland, UT USA
| | - Richard A. Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Kim L. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
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52
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Septiadi D, Crippa F, Moore TL, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. Nanoparticle-Cell Interaction: A Cell Mechanics Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704463. [PMID: 29315860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of nanoparticles has enabled the rapid development of multiple products and technologies; however, some nanoparticles can pose both a threat to the environment and human health. To enable their safe implementation, a comprehensive knowledge of nanoparticles and their biological interactions is needed. In vitro and in vivo toxicity tests have been considered the gold standard to evaluate nanoparticle safety, but it is becoming necessary to understand the impact of nanosystems on cell mechanics. Here, the interaction between particles and cells, from the point of view of cell mechanics (i.e., bionanomechanics), is highlighted and put in perspective. Specifically, the ability of intracellular and extracellular nanoparticles to impair cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, stiffness, and migration are discussed. Furthermore, the development of cutting-edge, nanotechnology-driven tools based on the use of particles allowing the determination of cell mechanics is emphasized. These include traction force microscopy, colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic manipulation, and particle tracking microrheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Federica Crippa
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lee Moore
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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53
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Jennewein L, Bartsch G, Gust K, Kvasnicka HM, Haferkamp A, Blaheta R, Mittelbronn M, Harter PN, Mani J. Increased tumor vascularization is associated with the amount of immune competent PD-1 positive cells in testicular germ cell tumors. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9852-9860. [PMID: 29928359 PMCID: PMC6004709 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell cancer in a metastatic state is curable with a cisplatin-based first line chemotherapy. However, 10-15% of these patients are resistant to first line chemotherapy and are thus left with only palliative options. Immunotherapies and inhibition of angiogenesis used in multiple types of cancer; however, the molecular context of angiogenesis and immune checkpoints in the development and progression of testicular cancers is still unknown. Therefore, the present study performed tissue micro array based analysis of 84 patients with immunohistochemistry of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) of testicular cancer and corresponding normal appearing testis tissue, matching the results with clinical data. The results demonstrated that PD-L1 was significantly upregulated in testicular tumors and that PD-1 positive cells significantly infiltrated the testicular tumor when compared with normal testicular tissue. VEGFR2 was significantly upregulated in testicular cancer. It was indicated that PD-1 expressing cytotoxic cells may require pathologic tumor vessels to pass the blood-testis-barrier in order to migrate into the tumor. Notably, when matching the clinical data for PD-1, PD-L1 and VEGFR2 there were no differences in expression in the different International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group stages of non-seminoma. These data suggested that the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and the anti-angiogenic therapy, sequentially or in combination, may be a promising option in the treatment of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Jennewein
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, D-60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Georg Bartsch
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kilian Gust
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Michael Kvasnicka
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University of Frankfurt/Main, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Patrick N Harter
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, D-60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Mani
- Department of Urology, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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54
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van IJzendoorn DGP, Bovée JVMG. Vascular Tumors of Bone: The Evolvement of a Classification Based on Molecular Developments. Surg Pathol Clin 2018; 10:621-635. [PMID: 28797505 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The classification of vascular tumors of bone has been under debate over time. Vascular tumors in bone are rare, display highly overlapping morphology, and, therefore, are considered difficult by pathologists. Compared with their soft tissue counterparts, they are more often multifocal and sometimes behave more aggressively. Over the past decade, with the advent of next-generation sequencing, recurrent molecular alterations have been found in some of the entities. The integration of morphology and molecular changes has led to a better characterization of these separate entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G P van IJzendoorn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone L1-Q, Postbus 9600, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone L1-Q, Postbus 9600, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
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55
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Bozzi F, Brich S, Dagrada GP, Negri T, Conca E, Cortelazzi B, Belfiore A, Perrone F, Gualeni AV, Gloghini A, Cabras A, Brenca M, Maestro R, Zaffaroni N, Casali P, Bertulli R, Deraco M, Pilotti S. Epithelioid peritoneal mesothelioma: a hybrid phenotype within a mesenchymal-epithelial/epithelial-mesenchymal transition framework. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75503-75517. [PMID: 27705913 PMCID: PMC5342756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reconsider the biological characteristics of epithelioid malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (E-MpM) in the light of new concepts about epithelial mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal epithelial reverse transition (EMT/MErT) and the role of epigenetic reprogramming in this context. To this end we profiled surgical specimens and derived cells cultures by a number of complementary approaches i.e. immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, biochemistry, pluripotent stem cell arrays, treatments with cytokines, growth factors and specific inhibitors.The analyses of the surgical specimens showed that i) EZH2 is expressed throughout the spectrum of MpM, ii) that E-MpM (including the high-grade undifferentiated form) are characterised by c-MYC and miRNA 17-5p expression, and iii) that progression to sarcomatoid MpM is dictated by EMT regulators. They also showed that E-MpM expressed c-MET and are enriched in E- and P-cadherins- and VEGFR2-expressing CSCs, thus strongly supporting a role for MErT reprogramming in endowing E-MpM tumour cells with stemness and plasticity, and hence with a drug resistant phenotype. The cell culture-based experiments confirmed the stemness traits and plasticity of E-MpM, and support the view that EZH2 is a druggable target in this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bozzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brich
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.,MOSE-DEA University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Dagrada
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Negri
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Conca
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cortelazzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Perrone
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Vittoria Gualeni
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonello Cabras
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Brenca
- Experimental Oncology 1, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Roberta Maestro
- Experimental Oncology 1, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Casali
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumor Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Cancer Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Bertulli
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumor Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Cancer Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Deraco
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Pilotti
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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56
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Tamura R, Ohara K, Sasaki H, Morimoto Y, Yoshida K, Toda M. Histopathological vascular investigation of the peritumoral brain zone of glioblastomas. J Neurooncol 2017; 136:233-241. [PMID: 29188530 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, no histopathological vascular investigation focusing on peritumoral brain zone (PBZ) has been reported for glioblastoma. We analyzed 10 newly diagnosed cases of glioblastomas. For these PBZs, histopathological investigation was performed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry was analyzed for CD31, CD34, Factor VIII, VEGF, VEGFR-1/2, Ki67, p53 and nestin. Although it was difficult to identify PBZ by H&E, Ki67 and p53 staining, there were apparent differences in nestin staining among PBZ, tumor core (TC), and normal zone (NZ). Therefore, in this study, we divided PBZ from TC and NZ by nestin staining. Differences in histological features, microvessel density, expression of VEGF and its receptors were assessed for PBZ, TC and NZ. The microvessel density, as determined by counting CD31, CD34 and VEGF receptors, and VEGF-A expression were lower in PBZ than TC. The expression patterns for CD31, CD34 and VEGF receptors in vessels show dissociation in PBZ. In addition, the vascular characteristics of the PBZ may correlate with findings of radiographic imaging. We provide the first clinicopathological evidence that PBZ exhibits unique angiogenic characteristics. These in situ observations will help to elucidate the mechanisms of tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohara
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukina Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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57
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Ahani R, Roohvand F, Cohan RA, Etemadzadeh MH, Mohajel N, Behdani M, Shahosseini Z, Madani N, Azadmanesh K. Sindbis Virus-Pseudotyped Lentiviral Vectors Carrying VEGFR2-Specific Nanobody for Potential Transductional Targeting of Tumor Vasculature. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 58:738-747. [PMID: 27647452 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of selectivity/specificity into viral-based gene delivery systems, such as lentiviral vectors (LVs), is crucial in their systemic administration for cancer gene therapy. The pivotal role of tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) in tumor angiogenesis and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2 or KDR) in TAECs makes them a potent target in cancer treatment. Herein, we report the development of VEGFR2-targeted LVs pseudotyped with chimeric sindbis virus E2 glycoprotein (cSVE2s). For this purpose, either sequence of a VEGFR2-specific nanobody or its natural ligand (VEGF121) was inserted into the binding site of sindbis virus E2 glycoprotein. In silico modeling data suggested that the inserted targeting motifs were exposed in the context of cSVE2s. Western blot analysis of LVs indicated the incorporation of cSVE2s into viral particles. Capture ELISA demonstrated the specificity/functionality of the incorporated cSVE2s. Transduction of 293/KDR (expressing VEGFR2) or 293T cells (negative control) by constructed LVs followed by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometric analyses indicated selective transduction of 293/KDR cells (30 %) by both targeting motifs compared to 293T control cells (1-2 %). These results implied similar targeting properties of VEGFR2-specific nanobody compared to the VEGF121 and indicated the potential for transductional targeting of tumor vasculature by the nanobody displaying LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshank Ahani
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Avenue, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Avenue, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- New Technologies Research Group, Department of Pilot Nanobiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasir Mohajel
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Avenue, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shahosseini
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Avenue, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Avenue, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.
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58
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Antiperoxynitrite Treatment Ameliorates Vasorelaxation of Resistance Arteries in Aging Rats: Involvement With Protection of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 68:334-341. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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59
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Peckova K, Michal M, Hadravsky L, Suster S, Damjanov I, Miesbauerova M, Kazakov DV, Vernerova Z, Michal M. Littoral cell angioma of the spleen: a study of 25 cases with confirmation of frequent association with visceral malignancies. Histopathology 2016; 69:762-774. [PMID: 27374010 DOI: 10.1111/his.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Littoral cell angioma (LCA) is a rare primary splenic tumour that is frequently associated with internal malignancies. Immunohistochemistry can demonstrate a distinct hybrid endothelial-histiocytic phenotype of littoral cells, and is a helpful adjunct for making the correct diagnosis. The aims of this study were to present a series of 25 LCAs, with an emphasis on the frequent association of the neoplasm with visceral malignancies, and to provide a detailed immunohistochemical analysis by employing new markers. METHODS AND RESULTS All 25 cases with available tissue blocks were immunohistochemically stained for endothelial and histiocytic markers. Clinical and follow-up data were retrieved from the respective institutions. The tumours were obtained from 16 males and nine females, whose age ranged from 32 to 86 years (mean 56.2 years). Clinical information was available for 24 of 25 patients, and follow-up for 11 of 25 patients (range 2-19 years; mean 11.6 years). Immunohistochemically, all cases were positive for LYVE-1, factor VIII, FLI-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, VEGFR-3, claudin-5, ERG, LMO2, CD31, CD163, lysozyme, and CD4, but negative for D2-40, CD8, and factor XIIIa. Fifteen of 25 cases were associated with various malignancies, including epithelial, mesenchymal and haematological tumours. CONCLUSIONS The cohort of 25 patients is the largest series of LCAs published to date. By using antibodies against recently introduced endothelial markers, we have expanded the immunoprofile of LCA. We have further highlighted the clinical significance of LCA, as more than half of the patients in this study also harboured a coexisting visceral malignancy. Therefore, we conclude that the finding of splenic LCA mandates a thorough clinical evaluation for a concomitant malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvetoslava Peckova
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Michael Michal
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen and Charles University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Hadravsky
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Saul Suster
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ivan Damjanov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Marketa Miesbauerova
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry V Kazakov
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Vernerova
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Third Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Michal
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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60
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Dodd LG, Ware P, Duncan D, Hertel J. Doing more with less: New markers for sarcoma diagnosis and their applicability to cytology specimens. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 44:351-60. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie G Dodd
- Department of Pathology; Section of Cytopathology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27514
| | - Patrick Ware
- Department of Pathology; Section of Cytopathology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27514
| | - Daniel Duncan
- Department of Pathology; Section of Cytopathology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27514
| | - Johann Hertel
- Department of Pathology; Section of Cytopathology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC 27514
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61
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Yan JD, Liu Y, Zhang ZY, Liu GY, Xu JH, Liu LY, Hu YM. Expression and prognostic significance of VEGFR-2 in breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:539-43. [PMID: 25976977 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in the world. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) was not only found to play a key role in the development of tumor angiogenesis, but has also been located in tumor cells of a variety of tumors. This study investigated the expression pattern of VEGFR-2 in breast cancer tissue specimens in order to evaluate the role of VEGFR-2 in the prognosis of breast cancer. Expression and localization of VEGFR-2 in tumor cells of breast cancer specimens from 98 invasive breast cancer patients were determined by immunohistochemistry. The relationships between VEGFR-2 expression and clinicopathological features were also analyzed. The results showed that VEGFR-2 expression correlated positively with lymph node (LN) metastasis of breast cancer. Patients with high expression of VEGFR-2 had a significantly worse OS. It was also observed that the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker, including Twist1 and Vimentin, was higher in the tumors with higher VEGFR-2 expression, while the E-cadherin expression was lower in the same tumors, suggesting that VEGFR-2 may serve as a possible mediator of EMT in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yanrong Liu
- High-Throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China.
| | - Guang-Yin Liu
- Department of Mammary Surgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Jin-Heng Xu
- Department of Pathology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Li-Yun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yue-Ming Hu
- Department of Pathology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China
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62
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Aung PP, Leone D, Feller JK, Yang S, Hernandez M, Yaar R, Singh R, Helm T, Mahalingam M. Microvessel density, lymphovascular density, and lymphovascular invasion in primary cutaneous melanoma-correlation with histopathologic prognosticators and BRAF status. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:304-12. [PMID: 25537974 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between microvessel density (MVD), lymphovascular density (LVD), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM) remains unclear. Given this, a total of 102 PCMs were assessed for MVD (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and Endocan), LVD (D2-40), and LVI (immunostaining with D2-40/S-100 and hematoxylin and eosin); tumoral S-100A13, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and Endocan; and BRAF status. LVD was associated with MVD (P = .01). MVD was higher in PCMs with depth greater than or equal to 2 mm and ulceration (P = .04, .05), whereas LVD was higher in PCMs with depth greater than or equal to 2 mm and mitoses (P = .03, .02). After adjusting for MVD and LVD, only ulceration was associated with LVI (P < .02). A BRAF mutation was seen in 30.4% cases, and when present, both LVD and host response (P = .0008 and .04, respectively) were significantly associated with MVD. Immunostaining with S-100A13 was noted in 99% of cases and a significant association noted only with ulceration (P = .05). Immunostaining increased LVI positivity (46.5% versus 4.9% by hematoxylin and eosin, P < .0001). MVD and LVD are not associated with LVI, appear to be closely related with each other, and are associated with select markers of poor prognosticative value. The association between a host response and LVD and MVD in PCMs with a BRAF mutation suggests that they exhibit potential for strategizing immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyu Phyu Aung
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - Dominick Leone
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - John Kyle Feller
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - Shi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - Marier Hernandez
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.
| | - Ron Yaar
- Aurora Diagnostics, Greensboro, NC 27408.
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029.
| | - Thomas Helm
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203.
| | - Meera Mahalingam
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
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Kaspar HG, Crum CP. The Utility of Immunohistochemistry in the Differential Diagnosis of Gynecologic Disorders. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:39-54. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0057-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context
Immunohistochemistry has assumed an increasing role in the identification and characterization of gynecologic disorders including lesions with deceptively bland morphology, uncommon and underdiagnosed neoplasms, and neoplasms with specific genetic alterations associated with overexpression or loss of expression of specific proteins. The diagnostic accuracy has been significantly improved owing to the discovery and increasing experience with the tumor-associated biomarkers, and the increasing demand for precise tumor classification to assess suitability for the expanding therapeutic modalities including clinical trials.
Objective
To differentiate lesions of the gynecologic tract through the use of effective immunohistochemical panels.
Data Sources
Literature review and authors' personal practice experience.
Conclusions
The application of diagnostic and prognostic immunohistochemical panels has enabled pathologists to better guide therapeutic decisions and to better predict the clinical outcome. It is now well established that the use of ancillary testing, including immunohistochemistry, has a significant power in the identification, differentiation, and classification of reactive, premalignant, and malignant gynecologic disorders. This article discusses the utilities and pitfalls of the commonly used immunohistochemical markers in the context of overlapping morphologic features encountered in the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna G. Kaspar
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (Dr Kaspar)
| | - Christopher P. Crum
- and the Department of Pathology, Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Crum)
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Liszka Ł, Pająk J, Gołka D. Serous neoplasms of the pancreas share many, but not all aspects of their microvascular and angiogenic profile with low-grade clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:901-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical expression of VEGFR2 and iNOS in spinal chordoma. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 23:2416-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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66
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Palmerini E, Paioli A, Ferrari S. Emerging therapeutic targets for synovial sarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:791-806. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.901155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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67
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Angiosarcoma of the scalp successfully treated with pazopanib. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:e19-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Solomon DA, Kim JS, Bondaruk J, Shariat SF, Wang ZF, Elkahloun AG, Ozawa T, Gerard J, Zhuang D, Zhang S, Navai N, Siefker-Radtker A, Phillips JJ, Robinson BD, Rubin MA, Volkmer B, Hautmann R, Küfer R, Hogendoorn PCW, Netto G, Theodorescu D, James CD, Czerniak B, Miettinen M, Waldman T. Frequent truncating mutations of STAG2 in bladder cancer. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1428-30. [PMID: 24121789 PMCID: PMC3875130 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the discovery of truncating mutations of the gene encoding the cohesin subunit STAG2, which regulates sister chromatid cohesion and segregation, in 36% of papillary non-invasive urothelial carcinomas and 16% of invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder. Our studies suggest that STAG2 has a role in controlling chromosome number but not the proliferation of bladder cancer cells. These findings identify STAG2 as one of the most commonly mutated genes in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Solomon
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jolanta Bondaruk
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shahrokh F. Shariat
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zeng-Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Abdel G. Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julia Gerard
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - DaZhong Zhuang
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Neema Navai
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arleen Siefker-Radtker
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joanna J. Phillips
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Björn Volkmer
- Department of Urology, Hospital Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Küfer
- Department of Urology, Hospital Am Eichert, Göppingen, Germany
| | | | - George Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - C. David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Todd Waldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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Holzer TR, Fulford AD, Nedderman DM, Umberger TS, Hozak RR, Joshi A, Melemed SA, Benjamin LE, Plowman GD, Schade AE, Ackermann BL, Konrad RJ, Nasir A. Tumor cell expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80292. [PMID: 24244672 PMCID: PMC3828187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust immunohistochemical (IHC) assay for VEGFR2 was developed to investigate its utility for patient tailoring in clinical trials. The sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity of the IHC assay were established by siRNA knockdown, immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, and pre-absorption experiments. Characterization of the assay included screening a panel of multiple human cancer tissues and an independent cohort of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC, n = 118) characterized by TTF-1, p63, CK5/6, and CK7 IHC. VEGFR2 immunoreactivity was interpreted qualitatively (VEGFR2 positive/negative) in blood vessels and by semi-quantitative evaluation using H-scores in tumor cells (0-300). Associations were determined among combinations of VEGFR2 expression in blood vessels and tumor cells, and clinico-pathologic characteristics (age, sex, race, histologic subtype, disease stage) and overall survival using Kaplan-Meier analyses and appropriate statistical models. VEGFR2 expression both in blood vessels and in tumor cells in carcinomas of the lung, cervix, larynx, breast, and others was demonstrated. In the validation cohort, 99/118 (83.9%) NSCLC tissues expressed VEGFR2 in the blood vessels and 46/118 (39.0%) showed high tumor cell positivity (H-score ≥10). Vascular and tumor cell expression were inversely correlated (p = 0.0175). High tumor cell expression of VEGFR2 was associated with a 3.7-fold reduction in median overall survival in lung squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC, n = 25, p = 0.0134). The inverse correlation between vascular and tumor cell expression of VEGFR2 and the adverse prognosis associated with high VEGFR2 expression in immunohistochemically characterized pulmonary SCC are new findings with potential therapeutic implications. The robustness of this novel IHC assay will support further evaluation of its utility for patient tailoring in clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Holzer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Angie D. Fulford
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Drew M. Nedderman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tara S. Umberger
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Hozak
- Oncology Statistics-Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Adarsh Joshi
- Oncology Statistics-Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Symantha A. Melemed
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Benjamin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Plowman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Schade
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bradley L. Ackermann
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aejaz Nasir
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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70
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Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and Ki-M1P in skull base chordoma: a series of 145 tumors. Neurosurg Rev 2013; 37:79-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-013-0495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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71
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Chen JC, Chang YW, Hong CC, Yu YH, Su JL. The role of the VEGF-C/VEGFRs axis in tumor progression and therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:88-107. [PMID: 23344023 PMCID: PMC3565253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) has been identified as a multifaceted factor participating in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. VEGF-C is not only expressed in endothelial cells, but also in tumor cells. VEGF-C signaling is important for progression of various cancer types through both VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3). Likewise, both receptors are expressed mainly on endothelial cells, but also expressed in tumor cells. The dimeric VEGF-C undergoes a series of proteolytic cleavage steps that increase the protein binding affinity to VEGFR-3; however, only complete processing, removing both the N- and C-terminal propeptides, yields mature VEGF-C that can bind to VEGFR-2. The processed VEGF-C can bind and activate VEGFR-3 homodimers and VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 heterodimers to elicit biological responses. High levels of VEGF-C expression and VEGF-C/VEGFRs signaling correlate significantly with poorer prognosis in a variety of malignancies. Therefore, the development of new drugs that selectively target the VEGF-C/VEGFRs axis seems to be an effective means to potentiate anti-tumor therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yi-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chih-Chen Hong
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yang-Hao Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Liang Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng Shiang, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (ext. 7932); Fax: +886-4-2233-3496
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Cardiol 2012; 27:682-95. [PMID: 23075824 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e32835a0ad8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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73
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Abstract
A relatively large number of new endothelial markers that can assist in the diagnosis and classification of endothelial and vascular neoplasms have become available over the past few years. The expression of these markers, however, differs considerably among the various tumors. A selection of markers that have potential diagnostic utility or are of current interest among pathologists are reviewed and compared with some of the more traditional markers that have been employed in diagnostic pathology.
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