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Abstract
ABSTRACT A 68-year-old man with right cheek melanoma after resection underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT, which was unremarkable except for multiple FDG-avid subcentimeter but rounded lymph nodes in the left axilla. The patient had undergone a COVID-19 vaccination in the left arm 3 weeks prior. As under vaccinations have been documented to cause reactive FDG-avid lymph nodes, the nodes in our patient were considered benign, reactive to the COVID-19 vaccination. Although FDG-avid benign, reactive nodes have been an uncommon finding in the past, the upcoming surge in COVID-19 vaccinations makes this an important finding for the interpreting physician to consider and recognize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Ulaner
- From the Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA
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52
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Smith MV, Yang M. Reactive Axillary Lymphadenopathy to COVID-19 Vaccination on 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med Technol 2021; 49:286-287. [PMID: 33820864 PMCID: PMC8712634 DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.121.262008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of reactive left axillary and supraclavicular hypermetabolic lymphadenopathy, as well as ipsilateral deltoid muscle injection site radiotracer uptake, related to recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in a patient with osteosarcoma. With the growing number of patients receiving COVID-19 vaccine, recognition of benign characteristic 18F-FDG PET/CT image findings will ensure staging and restaging accuracy and avoid unnecessary biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew V Smith
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
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53
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Win Z, Weiner Rd J, Listanco A, Patel N, Sharma R, Greenwood A, Maertzdorf J, Mollenkopf HJ, Pizzoferro K, Cole T, Bodinham CL, Kaufmann SHE, Denoel P, Del Giudice G, Lewis DJM. Systematic Evaluation of Kinetics and Distribution of Muscle and Lymph Node Activation Measured by 18F-FDG- and 11C-PBR28-PET/CT Imaging, and Whole Blood and Muscle Transcriptomics After Immunization of Healthy Humans With Adjuvanted and Unadjuvanted Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613496. [PMID: 33613536 PMCID: PMC7893084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems vaccinology has been applied to detect signatures of human vaccine induced immunity but its ability, together with high definition in vivo clinical imaging is not established to predict vaccine reactogenicity. Within two European Commission funded high impact programs, BIOVACSAFE and ADITEC, we applied high resolution positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanning using tissue-specific and non-specific radioligands together with transcriptomic analysis of muscle biopsies in a clinical model systematically and prospectively comparing vaccine-induced immune/inflammatory responses. 109 male participants received a single immunization with licensed preparations of either AS04-adjuvanted hepatitis B virus vaccine (AHBVV); MF59C-adjuvanted (ATIV) or unadjuvanted seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (STIV); or alum-OMV-meningococcal B protein vaccine (4CMenB), followed by a PET/CT scan (n = 54) or an injection site muscle biopsy (n = 45). Characteristic kinetics was observed with a localized intramuscular focus associated with increased tissue glycolysis at the site of immunization detected by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT, peaking after 1–3 days and strongest and most prolonged after 4CMenB, which correlated with clinical experience. Draining lymph node activation peaked between days 3–5 and was most prominent after ATIV. Well defined uptake of the immune cell-binding radioligand 11C-PBR28 was observed in muscle lesions and draining lymph nodes. Kinetics of muscle gene expression module upregulation reflected those seen previously in preclinical models with a very early (~6hrs) upregulation of monocyte-, TLR- and cytokine/chemokine-associated modules after AHBVV, in contrast to a response on day 3 after ATIV, which was bracketed by whole blood responses on day 1 as antigen presenting, inflammatory and innate immune cells trafficked to the site of immunization, and on day 5 associated with activated CD4+ T cells. These observations confirm the use of PET/CT, including potentially tissue-, cell-, or cytokine/chemokine-specific radioligands, is a safe and ethical quantitative technique to compare candidate vaccine formulations and could be safely combined with biopsy to guide efficient collection of samples for integrated whole blood and tissue systems vaccinology in small-scale but intensive human clinical models of immunization and to accelerate clinical development and optimisation of vaccine candidates, adjuvants, and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarni Win
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiological Sciences Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, United Kingdom
| | - January Weiner Rd
- Department for Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Core Unit for Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Allan Listanco
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Clinical Research Facility (NICRF), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neva Patel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiological Sciences Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, United Kingdom
| | - Rohini Sharma
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London (ICL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Aldona Greenwood
- Surrey Clinical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department for Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kat Pizzoferro
- Surrey Clinical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cole
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Clinical Research Facility (NICRF), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline L Bodinham
- Surrey Clinical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department for Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - David J M Lewis
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Clinical Research Facility (NICRF), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Surrey Clinical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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54
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COVID-19 vaccine is here: practical considerations for clinical imaging applications. Clin Imaging 2021; 76:38-41. [PMID: 33548891 PMCID: PMC7842197 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Imaging tools are potentially able to provide valuable data regarding the development of an efficient vaccine against viral diseases. Tracking immune cells in vivo by imaging modalities can help us understand the intrinsic behaviors of immune cells in response to vaccine components. Imaging patterns at the vaccination site and draining lymph nodes might provide useful information about the vaccine potency. Besides, serial lung CT imaging has been purposed to evaluate vaccine efficiency regarding its protection against typical lung lesions of viral pneumonias. On the other hand, vaccination causes various confusing radiologic patterns that pose diagnostic challenges for clinicians and pitfalls for reading radiologists. This manuscript reviews potential applications of imaging modalities in the process of vaccine development and also goes over some of the imaging findings/pitfalls following vaccination.
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces represent important routes of entry into the human body for the majority of pathogens, and they constitute unique sites for targeted vaccine delivery. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are emerging technologies for delivering and improving the efficacy of mucosal vaccines. Recent studies have provided new insights into formulation and delivery aspects of importance for the design of safe and efficacious mucosal subunit vaccines based on nanoparticles. These include novel nanomaterials, their physicochemical properties and formulation approaches, nanoparticle interaction with immune cells in the mucosa, and mucosal immunization and delivery strategies. Here, we present recent progress in the application of nanoparticle-based approaches for mucosal vaccine delivery and discuss future research challenges and opportunities in the field.
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56
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Youn H, Hong KJ. Non-invasive molecular imaging of immune cell dynamics for vaccine research. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2019; 8:89-93. [PMID: 31406689 PMCID: PMC6689497 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2019.8.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to develop a successful vaccine against deadly diseases with a wide range of antigenic diversity, an in-depth knowledge of the molecules and signaling mechanisms between the vaccine candidates and immune cells is required. Therefore, monitoring vaccine components, such as antigen or adjuvants, and immune cell dynamics at the vaccination site or draining lymph nodes can provide important information to understand more about the vaccine response. This review briefly introduces and describes various non-invasive molecular imaging methods for visualizing immune cell dynamics after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Youn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Pektor S, Hilscher L, Walzer KC, Miederer I, Bausbacher N, Loquai C, Schreckenberger M, Sahin U, Diken M, Miederer M. In vivo imaging of the immune response upon systemic RNA cancer vaccination by FDG-PET. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:80. [PMID: 30112704 PMCID: PMC6093825 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-2-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is commonly used in the clinic for diagnosis of cancer and for follow-up of therapy outcome. Additional to the well-established value in tumor imaging, it bears potential to depict immune processes in modern immunotherapies. T cells enhance their glucose consumption upon activation and are crucial effectors for the success of such novel therapies. In this study, we analyzed the T cell immunity in spleen after antigen-specific stimulation of T cells via highly innovative RNA-based vaccines using FDG-PET/MRI. For this purpose, we employed systemic administration of RNA-lipoplexes encoding the endogenous antigen of Moloney murine leukemia virus (gp70) which have been previously shown to induce potent innate as well as adaptive immune mechanisms for cancer immunotherapy. Feasibility of clinical imaging of increased splenic FDG uptake was demonstrated in a melanoma patient participating in a clinical phase 1 trial of a tetravalent RNA-lipoplex cancer vaccine. RESULTS We observed exclusive increase of glucose uptake in spleen compared to other organs thanks to liposome-mediated RNA targeting to this immune-relevant organ. In vivo and ex vivo FDG uptake analysis in the spleen of vaccinated mice correlated well with antigen-specific T cell activation. Moreover, the use of an irrelevant (antigen non-specific) RNA also resulted in enhanced FDG uptake early after vaccination through the activation of several other splenic cell populations. The glucose uptake was also dependent on the dose of RNA administered in line with the activation and frequencies of proliferating antigen-specific T cells as well as the general activation pattern of splenic cell populations. CONCLUSIONS Our preclinical results show rapid and transient vaccination-induced increase of FDG uptake within the spleen reflecting immune activation preceding T cell proliferation. FDG-PET/CT in patients is also capable to image this immune activation resulting in a new potential application of FDG-PET/CT to image immune processes in new immunological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Pektor
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lina Hilscher
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin C. Walzer
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabelle Miederer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Bausbacher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carmen Loquai
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Schreckenberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Miederer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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58
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Qiu J, Peng S, Yang A, Ma Y, Han L, Cheng MA, Farmer E, Hung CF, Wu TC. Intramuscular vaccination targeting mucosal tumor draining lymph node enhances integrins-mediated CD8+ T cell infiltration to control mucosal tumor growth. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1463946. [PMID: 30221059 PMCID: PMC6136882 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1463946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Mucosal immunization is suggested to be crucial for controlling tumors in the mucosal region; however, therapeutic DNA vaccination with electroporation in various mucosal sites has yet to become clinically adaptable. Since tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs) have been suggested as immune-educated sites that can be utilized to mount a potent antitumor immune response, we examined whether intramuscular DNA vaccination with electroporation at sites that target the mucosal tdLNs could elicit mucosal immune response to restrict tumor growth. Experimental Design: The efficacy and mechanism of intramuscular administration of a therapeutic DNA vaccine with electroporation at different sites was examined by lymphocyte analysis, tumor growth, mouse survival, as well as integrin expression, in mice bearing orthotopic HPV16 E6/E7+ syngeneic TC-1 tumors in various mucosal areas. Results: While provoking comparable systemic CD8+ T cell responses, intramuscular hind leg vaccination generated stronger responses in cervicovaginal-draining LNs to control cervicovaginal tumors, whereas intramuscular front leg vaccination generated stronger responses in oral-draining LNs to control buccal tumors. Surgical removal of tdLNs abolished the antitumor effects of therapeutic vaccination. Mucosal-tdLN-targeted intramuscular vaccination induced the expression of mucosal-homing integrins LPAM-1 and CD49a by tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the tdLNs. Inhibition of these integrins abolished the therapeutic effects of vaccination and the infiltration of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells into mucosal tumors. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that tumor draining lymph nodes targeted intramuscular immunization can effectively control mucosal tumors, which represents a readily adaptable strategy for treating mucosal cancers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liping Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Max A. Cheng
- Department of Pathology; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emily Farmer
- Department of Pathology; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - T.-C. Wu
- Departments of Pathology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, UnitedStates
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