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Cadenas-Fernández E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Kosowska A, Rivera B, Mayoral-Alegre F, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Yao J, Bray J, Lokhandwala S, Mwangi W, Barasona JA. Adenovirus-vectored African Swine Fever Virus Antigens Cocktail Is Not Protective against Virulent Arm07 Isolate in Eurasian Wild Boar. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030171. [PMID: 32121082 PMCID: PMC7157622 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of domestic and wild suids for which there is currently no vaccine or treatment available. The recent spread of ASF virus (ASFV) through Europe and Asia is causing enormous economic and animal losses. Unfortunately, the measures taken so far are insufficient and an effective vaccine against ASFV needs to be urgently developed. We hypothesized that immunization with a cocktail of thirty-five rationally selected antigens would improve the protective efficacy of subunit vaccine prototypes given that the combination of fewer immunogenic antigens (between 2 and 22) has failed to elicit protective efficacy. To this end, immunogenicity and efficacy of thirty-five adenovirus-vectored ASFV antigens were evaluated in wild boar. The treated animals were divided into different groups to test the use of BioMize adjuvant and different inoculation strategies. Forty-eight days after priming, the nine treated and two control wild boar were challenged with the virulent ASFV Arm07 isolate. All animals showed clinical signs and pathological findings consistent with ASF. This lack of protection is in line with other studies with subunit vaccine prototypes, demonstrating that there is still much room for improvement to obtain an effective subunit ASFV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.S.-V.); (A.K.); (B.R.); (F.M.-A.); (A.R.-B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.C.-F.); (W.M.)
| | - Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.S.-V.); (A.K.); (B.R.); (F.M.-A.); (A.R.-B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Kosowska
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.S.-V.); (A.K.); (B.R.); (F.M.-A.); (A.R.-B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Rivera
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.S.-V.); (A.K.); (B.R.); (F.M.-A.); (A.R.-B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Mayoral-Alegre
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.S.-V.); (A.K.); (B.R.); (F.M.-A.); (A.R.-B.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.S.-V.); (A.K.); (B.R.); (F.M.-A.); (A.R.-B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jianxiu Yao
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (J.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Jocelyn Bray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas, TX 77843-4467, USA;
| | - Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (J.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (J.Y.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.-F.); (W.M.)
| | - Jose A. Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.S.-V.); (A.K.); (B.R.); (F.M.-A.); (A.R.-B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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52
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Sang H, Miller G, Lokhandwala S, Sangewar N, Waghela SD, Bishop RP, Mwangi W. Progress Toward Development of Effective and Safe African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:84. [PMID: 32154279 PMCID: PMC7047163 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a major concern due to its negative impact on pork production in affected regions. Due to lack of treatment and a safe vaccine, it has been extremely difficult to control this devastating disease. The mechanisms of virus entry, replication within the host cells, immune evasion mechanisms, correlates of protection, and antigens that are effective at inducing host immune response, are now gradually being identified. This information is required for rational design of novel disease control strategies. Pigs which recover from infection with less virulent ASFV isolates can be protected from challenge with related virulent isolates. This strongly indicates that an effective vaccine against ASFV could be developed. Nonetheless, it is clear that effective immunity depends on both antibody and cellular immune responses. This review paper summarizes the key studies that have evaluated three major approaches for development of African Swine Fever virus vaccines. Recent immunization strategies have involved development and in vivo evaluation of live attenuated virus, and recombinant protein- and DNA-based and virus-vectored subunit vaccine candidates. The limitations of challenge models for evaluating ASFV vaccine candidates are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huldah Sang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Gabrielle Miller
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Neha Sangewar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Suryakant D. Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Richard P. Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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53
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Borca MV, O'Donnell V, Holinka LG, Risatti GR, Ramirez-Medina E, Vuono EA, Shi J, Pruitt S, Rai A, Silva E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Gladue DP. Deletion of CD2-like gene from the genome of African swine fever virus strain Georgia does not attenuate virulence in swine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:494. [PMID: 31949276 PMCID: PMC6965178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD2-like African swine fever virus (ASFV) gene 8DR, (also known as EP402R) encodes for a structural transmembrane glycoprotein that has been shown to mediate hemadsorption and be involved in host immunomodulation as well as the induction of protective immune response. In addition, several natural ASFV isolates showing decreased virulence in swine has been shown to be non-hemadsorbing suggesting an association between altered or deleted forms of 8DR and virus attenuation. Here we demonstrate that deletion of 8DR gene from the genome of ASFV Georgia2010 isolate (ASFV-G-Δ8DR) does not significantly alter the virulence of the virus. ASFV-G-Δ8DR inoculated intramuscularly or intranasally (in a range of 102 to 104 TCID50) produced a clinical disease in domestic pigs indistinguishable from that induced by the same doses of the virulent parental ASFV Georgia2010 isolate. In addition, viremia values in ASFV-G-Δ8DR do not differ from those detected in animals infected with parental virus. Therefore, deletion of 8DR gene is not associated with a noticeable decrease in virulence of the ASFV Georgia isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel V Borca
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
| | - Vivian O'Donnell
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Lauren G Holinka
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Guillermo R Risatti
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Vuono
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box: 6100, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Ediane Silva
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
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54
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Ye C, Wu X, Chen T, Huang Q, Fang R, An T. The updated analysis of African swine fever virus genomes: Two novel genotypes are identified. J Infect 2019; 80:232-254. [PMID: 31669379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xingping Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rendong Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin 150069, China.
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55
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Malogolovkin A, Kolbasov D. Genetic and antigenic diversity of African swine fever virus. Virus Res 2019; 271:197673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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56
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Lokhandwala S, Petrovan V, Popescu L, Sangewar N, Elijah C, Stoian A, Olcha M, Ennen L, Bray J, Bishop RP, Waghela SD, Sheahan M, Rowland RRR, Mwangi W. Adenovirus-vectored African Swine Fever Virus antigen cocktails are immunogenic but not protective against intranasal challenge with Georgia 2007/1 isolate. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:10-20. [PMID: 31282366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) causes a hemorrhagic disease in swine and wild boars with a fatality rate close to 100%. Less virulent strains cause subchronic or chronic forms of the disease. The virus is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and an outbreak in Georgia in 2007 spread to Armenia, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia. In August 2018, there was an outbreak in China and in April 2019, ASFV was reported in Vietnam and Cambodia. Since no vaccine or treatment exists, a vaccine is needed to safeguard the swine industry. Previously, we evaluated immunogenicity of two adenovirus-vectored cocktails containing ASFV antigens and demonstrated induction of unprecedented robust antibody and T cell responses, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In the present study, we evaluated protective efficacy of both cocktails by intranasal challenge of pigs with ASFV-Georgia 2007/1. A nine antigen cocktail-(I) formulated in BioMize adjuvant induced strong IgG responses, but when challenged, the vaccinees had more severe reaction relative to the controls. A seven antigen cocktail-(II) was evaluated using two adjuvants: BioMize and ZTS-01. The BioMize formulation induced stronger antibody responses, but 8/10 vaccinees and 4/5 controls succumbed to the disease or reached experimental endpoint at 17 days post-challenge. In contrast, the ZTS-01 formulation induced weaker antibody responses, but 4/9 pigs succumbed to the disease while the 5 survivors exhibited low clinical scores and no viremia at 17 days post-challenge, whereas 4/5 controls succumbed to the disease or reached experimental endpoint. Overall, none of the immunogens conferred statistically significant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Vlad Petrovan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Luca Popescu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Neha Sangewar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Catherine Elijah
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Ana Stoian
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Matthew Olcha
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Lindsey Ennen
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jocelyn Bray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Richard P Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman WA, United States
| | - Suryakant D Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Maureen Sheahan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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57
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Dixon LK, Islam M, Nash R, Reis AL. African swine fever virus evasion of host defences. Virus Res 2019; 266:25-33. [PMID: 30959069 PMCID: PMC6505686 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus causes a haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The continuing spread in Africa, Europe and Asia threatens the global pig industry. The lack of a vaccine limits disease control. To underpin rational strategies for vaccine development improved knowledge is needed of how the virus interacts with and modulates the host's responses to infection. The virus long double-stranded DNA genome codes for more than 160 proteins of which many are non-essential for replication in cells but can have important roles in evading the host's defences. Here we review knowledge of the pathways targeted by ASFV and the mechanisms by which these are inhibited. The impact of deleting single or multiple ASFV genes on virus replication in cells and infection in pigs is summarised providing information on strategies for rational development of modified live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - M Islam
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - R Nash
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - A L Reis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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58
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Burmakina G, Malogolovkin A, Tulman ER, Xu W, Delhon G, Kolbasov D, Rock DL. Identification of T-cell epitopes in African swine fever virus CD2v and C-type lectin proteins. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:259-265. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Burmakina
- 1Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | | | - Edan R. Tulman
- 2Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Weidong Xu
- 3Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- †Present address: 10 Xinghuo Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Gustavo Delhon
- 4School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Denis Kolbasov
- 1Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Daniel L. Rock
- 5Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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59
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Netherton CL, Goatley LC, Reis AL, Portugal R, Nash RH, Morgan SB, Gault L, Nieto R, Norlin V, Gallardo C, Ho CS, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Taylor G, Dixon LK. Identification and Immunogenicity of African Swine Fever Virus Antigens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1318. [PMID: 31275307 PMCID: PMC6593957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs for which there is no vaccine. Strains of the virus with reduced virulence can provide protection against related virulent strains of ASFV, but protection is not 100% and there are concerns about the safety profile of such viruses. However, they provide a useful tool for understanding the immune response to ASFV and previous studies using the low virulent isolate OUR T88/3 have shown that CD8+ cells are crucial for protection. In order to develop a vaccine that stimulates an effective anti-ASFV T-cell response we need to know which of the >150 viral proteins are recognized by the cellular immune response. Therefore, we used a gamma interferon ELIspot assay to screen for viral proteins recognized by lymphocytes from ASF-immune pigs using peptides corresponding to 133 proteins predicted to be encoded by OUR T88/3. Eighteen antigens that were recognized by ASFV-specific lymphocytes were then incorporated into adenovirus and MVA vectors, which were used in immunization and challenge experiments in pigs. We present a systematic characterization of the cellular immune response to this devastating disease and identify proteins capable of inducing ASFV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in pigs. Pools of viral vectors expressing these genes did not protect animals from severe disease, but did reduce viremia in a proportion of pigs following ASFV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lynden Gault
- Gift of Life Michigan Histocompatibility Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Raquel Nieto
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Norlin
- Gift of Life Michigan Histocompatibility Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chak-Sum Ho
- Gift of Life Michigan Histocompatibility Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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60
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Burmakina G, Bliznetsov K, Malogolovkin A. Real-time analysis of the cytopathic effect of African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2018; 257:58-61. [PMID: 29627336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods, which quantitatively assess virus replication, are based on direct examination of viral cytopathic effect (CPE), which is time consuming, tedious and based on endpoint reading. The Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) xCELLigence® system offers an alternative approach to evaluate virus-induced CPE, and here was evaluated as a means to dynamically assess CPE caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). RTCA was used to identify optimum time for ASFV infection based on cell index (CI) and to evaluate ASFV CPE kinetics in COS-1 cells. Data indicated that the RTCA has tremendous potential to methodologically and quantitatively improve assays used to study efficiency of ASFV drug inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Burmakina
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125, Volginskiy, Bakulova 1, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Malogolovkin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125, Volginskiy, Bakulova 1, Russia.
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61
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Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Montoya M, Reis AL, Dixon LK. African swine fever: A re-emerging viral disease threatening the global pig industry. Vet J 2018; 233:41-48. [PMID: 29486878 PMCID: PMC5844645 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) recently has spread beyond sub-Saharan Africa to the Trans-Caucasus region, parts of the Russian Federation and Eastern Europe. In this new epidemiological scenario, the disease has similarities, but also important differences, compared to the situation in Africa, including the substantial involvement of wild boar. A better understanding of this new situation will enable better control and prevent further spread of disease. In this article, these different scenarios are compared, and recent information on the pathogenesis of ASF virus strains, the immune response to infection and prospects for developing vaccines is presented. Knowledge gaps and the prospects for future control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Montoya
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - A L Reis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - L K Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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62
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Jia N, Ou Y, Pejsak Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Roles of African Swine Fever Virus Structural Proteins in Viral Infection. J Vet Res 2017; 61:135-143. [PMID: 29978065 PMCID: PMC5894393 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus and the sole member of the Asfarviridae family. ASFV infects domestic pigs, wild boars, warthogs, and bush pigs, as well as soft ticks (Ornithodoros erraticus), which likely act as a vector. The major target is swine monocyte-macrophage cells. The virus can cause high fever, haemorrhagic lesions, cyanosis, anorexia, and even fatalities in domestic pigs. Currently, there is no vaccine and effective disease control strategies against its spread are culling infected pigs and maintaining high biosecurity standards. African swine fever (ASF) spread to Europe from Africa in the middle of the 20th century, and later also to South America and the Caribbean. Since then, ASF has spread more widely and thus is still a great challenge for swine breeding. The genome of ASFV ranges in length from about 170 to 193 kbp depending on the isolate and contains between 150 and 167 open reading frames (ORFs). The ASFV genome encodes 150 to 200 proteins, around 50 of them structural. The roles of virus structural proteins in viral infection have been described. These proteins, such as pp220, pp62, p72, p54, p30, and CD2v, serve as the major component of virus particles and have roles in attachment, entry, and replication. All studies on ASFV proteins lay a good foundation upon which to clarify the infection mechanism and develop vaccines and diagnosis methods. In this paper, the roles of ASFV structural proteins in viral infection are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yunwen Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
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Arias M, de la Torre A, Dixon L, Gallardo C, Jori F, Laddomada A, Martins C, Parkhouse RM, Revilla Y, Rodriguez F, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM. Approaches and Perspectives for Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040035. [PMID: 28991171 PMCID: PMC5748602 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a complex disease of swine, caused by a large DNA virus belonging to the family Asfarviridae. The disease shows variable clinical signs, with high case fatality rates, up to 100%, in the acute forms. ASF is currently present in Africa and Europe where it circulates in different scenarios causing a high socio-economic impact. In most affected regions, control has not been effective in part due to lack of a vaccine. The availability of an effective and safe ASFV vaccines would support and enforce control-eradication strategies. Therefore, work leading to the rational development of protective ASF vaccines is a high priority. Several factors have hindered vaccine development, including the complexity of the ASF virus particle and the large number of proteins encoded by its genome. Many of these virus proteins inhibit the host's immune system thus facilitating virus replication and persistence. We review previous work aimed at understanding ASFV-host interactions, including mechanisms of protective immunity, and approaches for vaccine development. These include live attenuated vaccines, and "subunit" vaccines, based on DNA, proteins, or virus vectors. In the shorter to medium term, live attenuated vaccines are the most promising and best positioned candidates. Gaps and future research directions are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.L.T.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-916-202-300
| | - Ana de la Torre
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.L.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.L.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Ferran Jori
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Laddomada
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna (IZS-Sardegna), 07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Carlos Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV-ULisboa), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - R. Michael Parkhouse
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolás Cabrera nº 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Institute for Research and Technology Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Jose-Manuel Sanchez-Vizcaino
- OIE Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta del Hierro, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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64
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Arias M, Jurado C, Gallardo C, Fernández-Pinero J, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Gaps in African swine fever: Analysis and priorities. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:235-247. [PMID: 28941208 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes greater sanitary, social and economic impacts on swine herds than many other swine diseases. Although ASF was first described in 1921 and it has affected more than fifty countries in Africa, Europe and South America, several key issues about its pathogenesis, immune evasion and epidemiology remain uncertain. This article reviews the main characteristics of the causative virus, its molecular epidemiology, natural hosts, clinical features, epidemiology and control worldwide. It also identifies and prioritizes gaps in ASF from a horizontal point of view encompassing fields including molecular biology, epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis and vaccine development. The purpose of this review is to promote ASF research and enhance its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Jurado
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Titov I, Burmakina G, Morgunov Y, Morgunov S, Koltsov A, Malogolovkin A, Kolbasov D. Virulent strain of African swine fever virus eclipses its attenuated derivative after challenge. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3081-3088. [PMID: 28691128 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide. No effective vaccine is currently available for disease prevention and control. Although live attenuated vaccines (LAV) have demonstrated great potential for immunizing against homologous strains of African swine fever virus (ASFV), adverse reactions from LAV remain a concern. Here, by using a homologous ASFV Congo strain system, we show passage-attenuated Congo LAV to induce an efficient protective immune response against challenge with the virulent parental Congo strain. Notably, only the parental challenge Congo strain was identified in blood and organs of recovered pigs through B602L gene PCR, long-range PCR, nucleotide sequencing and virus isolation. Thus, despite the great protective potential of homologous attenuated ASFV strain, the challenge Congo strain can persist for weeks in recovered pigs and a recrudescence of virulent virus at late time post-challenge may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Titov
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, National Research Institute of Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Volginsky, Academician Bakoulova Street, bldg. 1, Petushki, Vladimir, 601125, Russia
| | - Galina Burmakina
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, National Research Institute of Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Volginsky, Academician Bakoulova Street, bldg. 1, Petushki, Vladimir, 601125, Russia
| | - Yuriy Morgunov
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, National Research Institute of Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Volginsky, Academician Bakoulova Street, bldg. 1, Petushki, Vladimir, 601125, Russia
| | - Sergey Morgunov
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, National Research Institute of Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Volginsky, Academician Bakoulova Street, bldg. 1, Petushki, Vladimir, 601125, Russia
| | - Andrey Koltsov
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, National Research Institute of Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Volginsky, Academician Bakoulova Street, bldg. 1, Petushki, Vladimir, 601125, Russia
| | - Alexander Malogolovkin
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, National Research Institute of Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Volginsky, Academician Bakoulova Street, bldg. 1, Petushki, Vladimir, 601125, Russia.
| | - Denis Kolbasov
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, National Research Institute of Veterinary Virology and Microbiology, Volginsky, Academician Bakoulova Street, bldg. 1, Petushki, Vladimir, 601125, Russia
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Lokhandwala S, Waghela SD, Bray J, Sangewar N, Charendoff C, Martin CL, Hassan WS, Koynarski T, Gabbert L, Burrage TG, Brake D, Neilan J, Mwangi W. Adenovirus-vectored novel African Swine Fever Virus antigens elicit robust immune responses in swine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177007. [PMID: 28481911 PMCID: PMC5421782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a high-consequence transboundary animal pathogen that often causes hemorrhagic disease in swine with a case fatality rate close to 100%. Lack of treatment or vaccine for the disease makes it imperative that safe and efficacious vaccines are developed to safeguard the swine industry. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of seven adenovirus-vectored novel ASFV antigens, namely A151R, B119L, B602L, EP402RΔPRR, B438L, K205R and A104R. Immunization of commercial swine with a cocktail of the recombinant adenoviruses formulated in adjuvant primed strong ASFV antigen-specific IgG responses that underwent rapid recall upon boost. Notably, most vaccinees mounted robust IgG responses against all the antigens in the cocktail. Most importantly and relevant to vaccine development, the induced antibodies recognized viral proteins from Georgia 2007/1 ASFV-infected cells by IFA and by western blot analysis. The recombinant adenovirus cocktail also induced ASFV-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells that were recalled upon boosting. Evaluation of local and systemic effects of the recombinant adenovirus cocktail post-priming and post-boosting in the immunized animals showed that the immunogen was well tolerated and no serious negative effects were observed. Taken together, these outcomes showed that the adenovirus-vectored novel ASFV antigen cocktail was capable of safely inducing strong antibody and IFN-γ+ cell responses in commercial swine. The data will be used for selection of antigens for inclusion in a multi-antigen prototype vaccine to be evaluated for protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Suryakant D Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Bray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Neha Sangewar
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Chloe Charendoff
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Cameron L Martin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Wisam S Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Lindsay Gabbert
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Thomas G Burrage
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - David Brake
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - John Neilan
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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Lopera-Madrid J, Osorio JE, He Y, Xiang Z, Adams LG, Laughlin RC, Mwangi W, Subramanya S, Neilan J, Brake D, Burrage TG, Brown WC, Clavijo A, Bounpheng MA. Safety and immunogenicity of mammalian cell derived and Modified Vaccinia Ankara vectored African swine fever subunit antigens in swine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 185:20-33. [PMID: 28241999 PMCID: PMC7112906 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reverse vaccinology was applied to identify and rank ASFV immunogenic candidates . Selected ASFV immunogenic candidate proteins were expressed in HEK-293 mammalian cells and MVA constructs . Immunizations with antigens purified from HEK-293 cells and MVA constructs in swine were safe . Immunizations with selected antigens induced ASFV-specific antibodies and T-cell responses in swine.
A reverse vaccinology system, Vaxign, was used to identify and select a subset of five African Swine Fever (ASF) antigens that were successfully purified from human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) cells and produced in Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) viral vectors. Three HEK-purified antigens [B646L (p72), E183L (p54), and O61R (p12)], and three MVA-vectored antigens [B646L, EP153R, and EP402R (CD2v)] were evaluated using a prime-boost immunization regimen swine safety and immunogenicity study. Antibody responses were detected in pigs following prime-boost immunization four weeks apart with the HEK-293-purified p72, p54, and p12 antigens. Notably, sera from the vaccinees were positive by immunofluorescence on ASFV (Georgia 2007/1)-infected primary macrophages. Although MVA-vectored p72, CD2v, and EP153R failed to induce antibody responses, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ+) spot forming cell responses against all three antigens were detected one week post-boost. The highest IFN-γ+ spot forming cell responses were detected against p72 in pigs primed with MVA-p72 and boosted with the recombinant p72. Antigen-specific (p12, p72, CD2v, and EP153R) T-cell proliferative responses were also detected post-boost. Collectively, these results are the first demonstration that ASFV subunit antigens purified from mammalian cells or expressed in MVA vectors are safe and can induce ASFV-specific antibody and T-cell responses following a prime-boost immunization regimen in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Lopera-Madrid
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
| | - Jorge E Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
| | - Yongqun He
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
| | - Zuoshuang Xiang
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
| | - L Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, United States.
| | - Richard C Laughlin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, United States.
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, United States.
| | - Sandesh Subramanya
- Bioo Scientific Corporation, 7050 Burleson Rd., Austin, TX, 78744, United States.
| | - John Neilan
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology, Greenport, New York, United States.
| | - David Brake
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology, Greenport, New York, United States.
| | - Thomas G Burrage
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology, Greenport, New York, United States.
| | - William Clay Brown
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Institute for Infectious Animal Disease, 2501 Earl Rudder Hwy, Suite 701, College Station, TX, 77845, United States.
| | - Mangkey A Bounpheng
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory,1 Sippel Rd., College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
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