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Brown DW, Beatty PH, Lewis JD. Molecular Targeting of the Most Functionally Complex Gene in Precision Oncology: p53. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5176. [PMID: 36358595 PMCID: PMC9654076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While chemotherapy is a key treatment strategy for many solid tumors, it is rarely curative, and most tumor cells eventually become resistant. Because of this, there is an unmet need to develop systemic treatments that capitalize on the unique mutational landscape of each patient's tumor. The most frequently mutated protein in cancer, p53, has a role in nearly all cancer subtypes and tumorigenesis stages and therefore is one of the most promising molecular targets for cancer treatment. Unfortunately, drugs targeting p53 have seen little clinical success despite promising preclinical data. Most of these drug compounds target specific aspects of p53 inactivation, such as through inhibiting negative regulation by the mouse double minute (MDM) family of proteins. These treatment strategies fail to address cancer cells' adaptation mechanisms and ignore the impact that p53 loss has on the entire p53 network. However, recent gene therapy successes show that targeting the p53 network and cellular dysfunction caused by p53 inactivation is now possible and may soon translate into successful clinical responses. In this review, we discuss p53 signaling complexities in cancer that have hindered the development and use of p53-targeted drugs. We also describe several current therapeutics reporting promising preclinical and clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Brown
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, Unit 4550, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Perrin H. Beatty
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, Unit 4550, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - John D. Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, Unit 4550, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
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52
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Conformational Heterogeneity and Frustration of the Tumor Suppressor p53 as Tuned by Punctual Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012636. [PMID: 36293489 PMCID: PMC9604312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformational heterogeneity of the p53 tumor suppressor, the wild-type (p53wt) and mutated forms, was investigated by a computational approach, including the modeling and all atoms of the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Four different punctual mutations (p53R175H, p53R248Q, p53R273H, and p53R282W) which are known to affect the DNA binding and belong to the most frequent hot-spot mutations in human cancers, were taken into consideration. The MD trajectories of the wild-type and mutated p53 forms were analyzed by essential dynamics to extract the relevant collective motions and by the frustration method to evaluate the degeneracy of the energy landscape. We found that p53 is characterized by wide collective motions and its energy landscape exhibits a rather high frustration level, especially in the regions involved in the binding to physiological ligands. Punctual mutations give rise to a modulation of both the collective motions and the frustration of p53, with different effects depending on the mutation. The regions of p53wt and of the mutated forms characterized by a high frustration level are also largely involved in the collective motions. Such a correlation is discussed also in connection with the intrinsic disordered character of p53 and with its central functional role.
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53
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Su Y, Sai Y, Zhou L, Liu Z, Du P, Wu J, Zhang J. Current insights into the regulation of programmed cell death by TP53 mutation in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1023427. [PMID: 36313700 PMCID: PMC9608511 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1023427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mutation is a complicated process that influences the onset and progression of cancer, and the most prevalent mutation involves the TP53 gene. One of the ways in which the body maintains homeostasis is programmed cell death, which includes apoptosis, autophagic cell death, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, NETosis, and the more recently identified process of cuprotosis. Evasion of these cell deaths is a hallmark of cancer cells, and our elucidation of the way these cells die helps us better understands the mechanisms by which cancer arises and provides us with more ways to treat it.Studies have shown that programmed cell death requires wild-type p53 protein and that mutations of TP53 can affect these modes of programmed cell death. For example, mutant p53 promotes iron-dependent cell death in ferroptosis and inhibits apoptotic and autophagic cell death. It is clear that TP53 mutations act on more than one pathway to death, and these pathways to death do not operate in isolation. They interact with each other and together determine cell death. This review focuses on the mechanisms via which TP53 mutation affects programmed cell death. Clinical investigations of TP53 mutation and the potential for targeted pharmacological agents that can be used to treat cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Tangshan Maternal and Child Heath Care Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yingying Sai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Tangshan Maternal and Child Heath Care Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Linfeng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Tangshan Maternal and Child Heath Care Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Zeliang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Panyan Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Tangshan Maternal and Child Heath Care Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Tangshan Maternal and Child Heath Care Hospital, Tangshan, China
- *Correspondence: Jinghua Wu, ; Jinghua Zhang,
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Tangshan Maternal and Child Heath Care Hospital, Tangshan, China
- *Correspondence: Jinghua Wu, ; Jinghua Zhang,
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54
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Zhu Z, McGray AJR, Jiang W, Lu B, Kalinski P, Guo ZS. Improving cancer immunotherapy by rationally combining oncolytic virus with modulators targeting key signaling pathways. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:196. [PMID: 36221123 PMCID: PMC9554963 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a new class of multi-modal immunotherapies for cancer, with OV-elicited antitumor immunity being key to their overall therapeutic efficacy. Currently, the clinical effectiveness of OV as monotherapy remains limited, and thus investigators have been exploring various combinations with other anti-cancer agents and demonstrated improved therapeutic efficacy. As cancer cells have evolved to alter key signaling pathways for enhanced cell proliferation, cancer progression and metastasis, these cellular and molecular changes offer promising targets for rational cancer therapy design. In this regard, key molecules in relevant signaling pathways for cancer cells or/and immune cells, such as EGFR-KRAS (e.g., KRASG12C), PI3K-AKT-mTOR, ERK-MEK, JAK-STAT, p53, PD-1-PD-L1, and epigenetic, or immune pathways (e.g., histone deacetylases, cGAS-STING) are currently under investigation and have the potential to synergize with OV to modulate the immune milieu of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby improving and sustaining antitumor immunity. As many small molecule modulators of these signaling pathways have been developed and have shown strong therapeutic potential, here we review key findings related to both OV-mediated immunotherapy and the utility of small molecule modulators of signaling pathways in immuno-oncology. Then, we focus on discussion of the rationales and potential strategies for combining OV with selected modulators targeting key cellular signaling pathways in cancer or/and immune cells to modulate the TME and enhance antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we provide perspectives and viewpoints on the application of novel experimental systems and technologies that can propel this exciting branch of medicine into a bright future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - A J Robert McGray
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Weijian Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Erazo T, Evans CM, Zakheim D, Chu KL, Refermat AY, Asgari Z, Yang X, Da Silva Ferreira M, Mehta S, Russo MV, Knezevic A, Zhang XP, Chen Z, Fennell M, Garippa R, Seshan V, de Stanchina E, Barbash O, Batlevi CL, Leslie CS, Melnick AM, Younes A, Kharas MG. TP53 mutations and RNA-binding protein MUSASHI-2 drive resistance to PRMT5-targeted therapy in B-cell lymphoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5676. [PMID: 36167829 PMCID: PMC9515221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify drivers of sensitivity and resistance to Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibition, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen. We identify TP53 and RNA-binding protein MUSASHI2 (MSI2) as the top-ranked sensitizer and driver of resistance to specific PRMT5i, GSK-591, respectively. TP53 deletion and TP53R248W mutation are biomarkers of resistance to GSK-591. PRMT5 expression correlates with MSI2 expression in lymphoma patients. MSI2 depletion and pharmacological inhibition using Ro 08-2750 (Ro) both synergize with GSK-591 to reduce cell growth. Ro reduces MSI2 binding to its global targets and dual treatment of Ro and PRMT5 inhibitors result in synergistic gene expression changes including cell cycle, P53 and MYC signatures. Dual MSI2 and PRMT5 inhibition further blocks c-MYC and BCL-2 translation. BCL-2 depletion or inhibition with venetoclax synergizes with a PRMT5 inhibitor by inducing reduced cell growth and apoptosis. Thus, we propose a therapeutic strategy in lymphoma that combines PRMT5 with MSI2 or BCL-2 inhibition. Inhibition of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 has been suggested as a promising therapy for lymphoma. Here, the authors show that TP53 loss of function and MUSASHI-2 (MSI2) expression are biomarkers of resistance to PRMT5-targeted therapy in B-cell lymphoma. Moreover, combining PRMT5 inhibition with MSI2 or BCL-2 inhibitors blocks the translation of key drivers of lymphoma, c-MYC and BCL-2, inhibiting cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Erazo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Experimental Therapeutics Center and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara M Evans
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Experimental Therapeutics Center and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Zakheim
- Gene Editing and Screening Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen L Chu
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Experimental Therapeutics Center and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Yunsi Refermat
- Gene Editing and Screening Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zahra Asgari
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuejing Yang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Experimental Therapeutics Center and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariana Da Silva Ferreira
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Experimental Therapeutics Center and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjoy Mehta
- Gene Editing and Screening Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco Vincenzo Russo
- Gene Editing and Screening Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Knezevic
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xi-Ping Zhang
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Myles Fennell
- Gene Editing and Screening Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph Garippa
- Gene Editing and Screening Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Venkatraman Seshan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olena Barbash
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Connie Lee Batlevi
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anas Younes
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michael G Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Experimental Therapeutics Center and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhao S, An L, Yang X, Wei Z, Zhang H, Wang Y. Identification and validation of the role of c-Myc in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:820587. [PMID: 36119473 PMCID: PMC9470836 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.820587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have shown that c-Myc plays a critical role in tumorigenesis. However, the molecular role of c-Myc in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) remains unclear. Methods Several biological databases, including UALCAN, TIMER2.0, TCGAportal, GEPIA, KM plotter, OncoLnc, LinkedOmics, GSCA, and TCIA, were used to analyze the molecular role of c-Myc in HNSC. The expression levels of c-Myc were validated by real-time PCR (RT–PCR) and Western blot in CAL-27 cells. Results The expression of c-Myc mRNA were significantly increased in HPV-negative HNSC tissues. The expression of c-Myc gene level was correlated with TP53 mutation status. HNSC also showed hypomethylated c-Myc compared with normal tissues. c-Myc was identified as an ominous prognostic factor for HNSC patients and correlated with immune infiltrating levels. Moreover, high c-Myc expression was associated with decreased expression of a series of immune checkpoints, resulting in a dampened immune response. c-Myc potentially mediated IL-17 signaling pathway and Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. Inhibition of c-Myc expression increased apoptosis of CAL-27 cells. Conclusions These findings suggest a new mechanism of c-Myc in the prognosis of HNSC, implying the potential of c-Myc as a therapeutic target for HNSC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufeng Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Sufeng Zhao, ; Xudong Yang,
| | - Li An
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Sufeng Zhao, ; Xudong Yang,
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Mutant p53 Depletion by Novel Inhibitors for HSP40/J-Domain Proteins Derived from the Natural Compound Plumbagin. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174187. [PMID: 36077724 PMCID: PMC9454493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tumor suppressor p53 is frequently mutated in human cancer. Accumulation of missense mutant p53 (mutp53) in tumors is crucial for malignant progression, and cancers are often addicted to oncogenic mutp53. However, strategies to deplete mutp53 have not yet been established. Recent studies have shown that misfolded or conformational mutp53 is stabilized by DNAJA1, a member of HSP40, also known as J-domain proteins (JDPs). However, no selective DNAJA1 inhibitor is clinically available. Through a molecular docking study, we identified a potential DNAJA1 inhibitor, called PLTFBH, derived from the natural compound plumbagin, as a compound that bound to and reduced protein levels of DNAJA1 and several other HSP40/JDPs. PLTFBH reduced the levels of conformational mutp53 and inhibited cancer cell migration in a manner dependent on DNAJA1 and mutp53. Abstract Accumulation of missense mutant p53 (mutp53) in cancers promotes malignant progression. DNAJA1, a member of HSP40 (also known as J-domain proteins: JDPs), is shown to prevent misfolded or conformational mutp53 from proteasomal degradation. Given frequent addiction of cancers to oncogenic mutp53, depleting mutp53 by DNAJA1 inhibition is a promising approach for cancer therapy. However, there is no clinically available inhibitor for DNAJA1. Our in silico molecular docking study with a natural compound-derived small molecule library identified a plumbagin derivative, PLIHZ (plumbagin–isoniazid analog), as a potential compound binding to the J domain of DNAJA1. PLIHZ efficiently reduced the levels of DNAJA1 and several conformational mutp53 with minimal impact on DNA contact mutp53 and wild-type p53 (wtp53). An analog, called PLTFBH, which showed a similar activity to PLIHZ in reducing DNAJA1 and mutp53 levels, inhibited migration of cancer cells specifically carrying conformational mutp53, but not DNA contact mutp53, p53 null, and wtp53, which was attenuated by depletion of DNAJA1 or mutp53. Moreover, PLTFBH reduced levels of multiple other HSP40/JDPs with tyrosine 7 (Y7) and/or tyrosine 8 (Y8) but failed to deplete DNAJA1 mutants with alanine substitution of these amino acids. Our study suggests PLTFBH as a potential inhibitor for multiple HSP40/JDPs.
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58
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Alshammari E, Zhang YX, Yang Z. Mechanistic and functional extrapolation of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 to pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3753-3766. [PMID: 36157542 PMCID: PMC9367238 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i29.3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal neoplasms worldwide and represents the vast majority of pancreatic cancer cases. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis and the underlying mechanisms involved in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of PDAC is an urgent need, which may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this deadly cancer. Here, we review the role of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2) in initiating and maintaining PDAC development through methylating multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenic proteins. Given the broad substrate specificity of SMYD2 and its involvement in diverse oncogenic signaling pathways in many other cancers, the mechanistic extrapolation of SMYD2 from these cancers to PDAC may allow for developing new hypotheses about the mechanisms driving PDAC tumor growth and metastasis, supporting a proposition that targeting SMYD2 could be a powerful strategy for the prevention and treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Alshammari
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Ying-Xue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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Tan YR, Lu Y. Molecular mechanism of Rhubarb in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Mol Divers 2022:10.1007/s11030-022-10501-w. [PMID: 35933455 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Rhubarb, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to investigate the possible mechanism of the rhubarb herb in the treatment of NSCLC by means of network pharmacology and molecular docking and to provide a theoretical basis for experiments and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine for treating lung cancer. The main active chemical components and targets of rhubarb were screened through Swiss Target Prediction, TargetNet, and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built via an in-depth exploration of the relationships between the proteins. The enrichment analyses of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were applied to predict the potential roles in the pathogenesis of NSCLC via the R package cluster Profiler. Potential targets and active ingredients associated with anti-tumor effects of rhubarb were screened by reverse molecular docking. By searching databases and literature, a total of 295 targets were found for the 21 active ingredients in rhubarb. There were 68 common target genes associated with NSCLC, of which 9 are derived from FDA-approved drugs. GO Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) explored up to 1103 biological processes, 62 molecular functions, and 18 cellular components. KEGG GSEA explored 65 basic pathways, and 71 disease pathways. Four key targets (JUN, EGFR, BCL2, and JAK2) were screened through the protein-protein interaction network, target-pathway network, and FDA drug-target network. Molecular docking results showed that these key targets had relatively strong binding activities with rhubarb's active ingredients. The present study explored the potential pharmacological mechanisms of rhubarb on NSCLC, promoting the clinical application of rhubarb in treating NSCLC, and providing references for advanced research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ru Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of General Practice, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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60
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Proteasomal and autophagy-mediated degradation of mutp53 proteins through mitochondria-targeting aggregation-induced-emission materials. Acta Biomater 2022; 150:402-412. [PMID: 35931280 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Close to half of human cancers harbor point mutations in the tumor-suppressor p53 gene, giving rise to the cellular accumulation of mutant p53 (mutp53) proteins with novel neomorphic gain-of-function (GOF) properties. The destruction of mutp53 proteins through either autophagic or proteasomal degradation is a viable strategy for the targeted therapy of p53-mutated cancers. Several nanomaterials, including zinc-iron and ZIF-8 nanoparticles (NPs), have been reported to induce the proteasomal degradation of mutp53 proteins. However, how autophagy, the other major cellular degradative pathway, influences NP-induced mutp53 degradation has not been investigated. This article shows that AIE-Mit-TPP, a mitochondria-targeting material with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics, elicits ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation of a broad range of mutp53 proteins. Meanwhile, AIE-Mit-TPP also induces massive mitochondrial damage and autophagy. The inhibition of autophagy further increases AIE-Mit-TPP-elicited mutp53 degradation, revealing the negative impact of autophagy on AIE-Mit-TPP-induced mutp53 degradation. As expected, the degradation of mutp53 proteins by AIE-Mit-TPP abrogated mutp53-manifested GOF, leading to reductions in cell proliferation and migration and increases in cell cycle arrest and cell death. Consequently, AIE-Mit-TPP inhibited the growth of mutp53 tumors. This paper unravels the interesting interplay between the proteasomal and autophagic degradative pathways and pinpoints the modulation of autophagy as a potential strategy for optimizing NP-induced mutp53 degradation and p53-targeted cancer therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We have designed three different types of AIE materials: non-targeting (AIE-Br), mitochondria-targeting (AIE-Mit-TPP), lysosome-targeting (AIE-Lyso). Our results proved that mitochondria-targeting AIE material induced degradation of mutp53 proteins via the proteasome degradation pathway and abrogated mutp53-conferred GOF phenotypes. Furthermore, we performed in vitro studies on the effect of the tested materials in mutp53-expressing cancer cells and demonstrated our findings via in vivo investigations in a mouse subcutaneous p53R175H TOV112D ovarian cancer model. Our results confirmed the link between the proteasome pathway and autophagy and thus proposed a strategy of combining AIE-Mit-TPP with autophagy inhibitors for the targeted treatment of mutp53-associated tumors. Finally, we found that AIE-Mit-TPP could induce degradation of a wide-spectrum mutp53 proteins, which makes mitochondria-targeting AIE materials an effective therapeutic strategy for p53-mutated cancers.
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Iwahashi N, Ikezaki M, Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Noguchi T, Nishioka K, Sakai K, Nishio K, Ueda M, Ihara Y, Uchimura K, Ino K, Nishitsuji K. Cytoplasmic p53 aggregates accumulated in p53-mutated cancer correlate with poor prognosis. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac128. [PMID: 36741442 PMCID: PMC9896898 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that aggregates of mutant p53 proteins may propagate and impair normal p53 functioning in recipient cells. Our previous study showed that cancer cell-derived p53 aggregates that cells internalized interfered with p53-dependent apoptosis in recipient cells. However, involvement of p53 aggregate propagation in cancer pathology has not been fully elucidated. Here, we screened patients with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, which is characterized by an extremely high frequency of TP53 gene mutations, to show that patients with cytoplasmic p53 deposits have a poor prognosis compared with patients with complete p53 absence or strong nuclear p53 positivity. Cytoplasmic p53 in the patients with poor prognosis consisted of protein aggregates, which suggests that p53 aggregates are oncogenic drivers. Indeed, an inhibitor of p53 aggregation restored cellular apoptosis, a proper p53 function, in p53 aggregate-bearing patient-derived tumor organoids. In cell-based assays, endogenous and exogenous mutant p53 aggregates hindered chemotherapeutic activity of cisplatin, which depends on normal p53 functions. This inhibition was reduced by blocking p53 aggregation or internalization of p53 aggregates. Our study, thus indicates the involvement of p53 aggregate transmission in poor prognosis and in chemotherapy resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoko Noguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Kaho Nishioka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuko Sakai
- Department of Genome Biology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Kazuhiko Ino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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Navalkar A, Paul A, Sakunthala A, Pandey S, Dey AK, Saha S, Sahoo S, Jolly MK, Maiti TK, Maji SK. Oncogenic gain of function due to p53 amyloids by aberrant alteration of cell cycle and proliferation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276165. [PMID: 35796018 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor p53 has been shown to aggregate into cytoplasmic/nuclear inclusions, compromising its native tumor suppressive functions. Recently, p53 is shown to form amyloids, which play a role in conferring cancerous properties to cells leading to tumorigenesis. However, the exact pathways involved in p53 amyloid-mediated cellular transformations are unknown. Here, using an in cellulo model of full-length p53 amyloid formation, we demonstrate the mechanism of loss of p53 tumor-suppressive function with concomitant oncogenic gain-of functions. Global gene expression profiling of cells suggests that p53 amyloid formation dysregulates the genes associated with cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, senescence along with major signaling pathways. This is further supported by the proteome analysis, showing a significant alteration in levels of p53 target proteins and enhanced metabolism, which enables the survival of cells. Our data indicate that specifically targeting the key molecules in pathways affected by p53 amyloid formation such as cyclin-dependent kinase-1, leads to loss of oncogenic phenotype and induces apoptosis of cells. Overall, our work establishes the mechanism of the transformation of cells due to p53 amyloids leading to cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambuja Navalkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Ajoy Paul
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Arunima Sakunthala
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Satyaprakash Pandey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dey
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Sandhini Saha
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Sarthak Sahoo
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering (BSSE), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Mohit K Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering (BSSE), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Tushar K Maiti
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
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LIN28B inhibition sensitizes cells to p53-restoring PPI therapy through unleashed translational suppression. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:37. [PMID: 35780125 PMCID: PMC9250532 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is the most highly mutated tumor suppressor across multiple types of human cancers. The level and function of p53 are fine-tuned through multifaced mechanisms in which the protein–protein interaction between p53 and MDM2 is considered as a major circuit. Recent studies suggest therapeutic strategy attempts to restore p53 function by small molecule inhibitors targeting p53–MDM2 interaction can be a promising direction in treating cancers with wild-type or functional p53. Currently, clinical tests of the p53–MDM2 protein–protein interaction inhibitors (PPIs) are underway. However, it remains elusive about the biomarkers that may predict the therapeutic responses to those inhibitors. Here we report that RNA-binding protein LIN28B directly regulates p53 through binding to the 5′΄ untranslated region of p53 mRNA and blocks its translation by competing with a translation enhancer protein, ribosomal protein L26 (RPL26). This regulatory mechanism of LIN28B does not involve let-7 maturation or the canonical protein turnover pathway of p53. Furthermore, we show that inhibition of LIN28B unleashes the translational suppression of p53 through RPL26, and leads to enhanced sensitivities of cancer cells to inhibitors of p53–MDM2 interaction. Together, we demonstrate a competitive regulatory mechanism of p53 by LIN28B, which has important implications in developing biomarkers to the therapies aiming to reinstate p53 function.
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Bai Y, Wang H, Wu X, Weng M, Han Q, Xu L, Zhang H, Chang C, Jin C, Chen M, Luo K, Teng X. Study on Molecular Information Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Bladder Cancer on Pathological Tissue Image. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:838182. [PMID: 35755066 PMCID: PMC9215327 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.838182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular information about bladder cancer is significant for treatment and prognosis. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) method is widely used to analyze the specific biomarkers to determine molecular subtypes. However, procedures in IHC and plenty of reagents are time and labor-consuming and expensive. This study established a computer-aid diagnosis system for predicting molecular subtypes, p53 status, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) status of bladder cancer with pathological images. Materials and Methods We collected 119 muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients who underwent radical cystectomy from January 2016 to September 2018. All the pathological sections are scanned into digital whole slide images (WSIs), and the IHC results of adjacent sections were recorded as the label of the corresponding slide. The tumor areas are first segmented, then molecular subtypes, p53 status, and PD-L1 status of those tumor-positive areas would be identified by three independent convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We measured the performance of this system for predicting molecular subtypes, p53 status, and PD-L1 status of bladder cancer with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results For the recognition of molecular subtypes, the accuracy is 0.94, the sensitivity is 1.00, and the specificity is 0.909. For PD-L1 status recognition, the accuracy is 0.897, the sensitivity is 0.875, and the specificity is 0.913. For p53 status recognition, the accuracy is 0.846, the sensitivity is 0.857, and the specificity is 0.750. Conclusion Our computer-aided diagnosis system can provide a novel and simple assistant tool to obtain the molecular subtype, PD-L1 status, and p53 status. It can reduce the workload of pathologists and the medical cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Bai
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huogen Wang
- Hithink RoyalFlush Information Network Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menghan Weng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei Han
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liming Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengdong Chang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Jin
- Hithink RoyalFlush Information Network Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Hithink RoyalFlush Information Network Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Kunfeng Luo
- Hithink RoyalFlush Information Network Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Teng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong Teng,
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Hassin O, Nataraj NB, Shreberk-Shaked M, Aylon Y, Yaeger R, Fontemaggi G, Mukherjee S, Maddalena M, Avioz A, Iancu O, Mallel G, Gershoni A, Grosheva I, Feldmesser E, Ben-Dor S, Golani O, Hendel A, Blandino G, Kelsen D, Yarden Y, Oren M. Different hotspot p53 mutants exert distinct phenotypes and predict outcome of colorectal cancer patients. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2800. [PMID: 35589715 PMCID: PMC9120190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The TP53 gene is mutated in approximately 60% of all colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. Over 20% of all TP53-mutated CRC tumors carry missense mutations at position R175 or R273. Here we report that CRC tumors harboring R273 mutations are more prone to progress to metastatic disease, with decreased survival, than those with R175 mutations. We identify a distinct transcriptional signature orchestrated by p53R273H, implicating activation of oncogenic signaling pathways and predicting worse outcome. These features are shared also with the hotspot mutants p53R248Q and p53R248W. p53R273H selectively promotes rapid CRC cell spreading, migration, invasion and metastasis. The transcriptional output of p53R273H is associated with preferential binding to regulatory elements of R273 signature genes. Thus, different TP53 missense mutations contribute differently to cancer progression. Elucidation of the differential impact of distinct TP53 mutations on disease features may make TP53 mutational information more actionable, holding potential for better precision-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Hassin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Yael Aylon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rona Yaeger
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulia Fontemaggi
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Saptaparna Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martino Maddalena
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Avioz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ortal Iancu
- The Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Anat Gershoni
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inna Grosheva
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayal Hendel
- The Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - David Kelsen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Xie F, Meves A, Lehman JS. The genomic and proteomic landscape in oral lichen planus versus oral squamous cell carcinoma: a scoping review. Int J Dermatol 2022; 61:1227-1236. [PMID: 35575880 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP), a World Health Organization (WHO)-classified oral potentially malignant condition, confers a 1% risk of transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). There does not appear to be a consensus understanding of the underlying molecular events. This scoping review aimed to identify critical molecular pathways and highlight gaps in existing knowledge on malignant transformation in OLP. METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search and methodical screening identified 61 relevant studies detailing molecular differences between OLP and OSCC. RESULTS Molecular changes shared between OLP and OSCC included those affecting cellular proliferation (altered p53 expression, hypermethylation of p16/CDKN2A, MYC gains, increased ki-67), apoptosis (increased bcl-2 and survivin expression), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling (increased matrix metalloproteinase [MMP] expression), and transcriptional control (altered bmi1 and microRNA [miRNA] expression). In addition, some molecular alterations accumulated incrementally from control to OLP to OSCC or were present in higher-risk erosive variants of OLP or transformed OLP. Few studies included rigorous diagnostic inclusion criteria or unbiased discovery methods. CONCLUSIONS Results of this review support the potentially malignant nature of OLP and imply that molecular events associated with malignant transformation may be heterogeneous. In addition, findings in this review highlight the need for additional studies using rigorous diagnostic inclusion criteria and unbiased discovery methods to further understand this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Meves
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julia S Lehman
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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67
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Xiong S, Chachad D, Zhang Y, Gencel-Augusto J, Sirito M, Pant V, Yang P, Sun C, Chau G, Qi Y, Su X, Whitley EM, El-Naggar AK, Lozano G. Differential Gain-of-Function Activity of Three p53 Hotspot Mutants In Vivo. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1926-1936. [PMID: 35320355 PMCID: PMC9117479 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The majority of TP53 missense mutations identified in cancer patients are in the DNA-binding domain and are characterized as either structural or contact mutations. These missense mutations exhibit inhibitory effects on wild-type p53 activity. More importantly, these mutations also demonstrate gain-of-function (GOF) activities characterized by increased metastasis, poor prognosis, and drug resistance. To better understand the activities by which TP53 mutations, identified in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, contribute to tumorigenesis, we generated mice harboring a novel germline Trp53R245W allele (contact mutation) and compared them with existing models with Trp53R172H (structural mutation) and Trp53R270H (contact mutation) alleles. Thymocytes from heterozygous mice showed that all three hotspot mutations exhibited similar inhibitory effects on wild-type p53 transcription in vivo, and tumors from these mice had similar levels of loss of heterozygosity. However, the overall survival of Trp53R245W/+ and Trp53R270H/+ mice, but not Trp53R172H/+ mice, was significantly shorter than that of Trp53+/- mice, providing strong evidence for p53-mutant-specific GOF contributions to tumor development. Furthermore, Trp53R245W/+ and Trp53R270H/+ mice had more osteosarcoma metastases than Trp53R172H/+ mice, suggesting that these two contact mutants have stronger GOF in driving osteosarcoma metastasis. Transcriptomic analyses using RNA sequencing data from Trp53R172H/+, Trp53R245W/+, and Trp53R270H/+ primary osteosarcomas in comparison with Trp53+/- indicated that GOF of the three mutants was mediated by distinct pathways. Thus, both the inhibitory effect of mutant over wild-type p53 and GOF activities of mutant p53 contributed to tumorigenesis in vivo. Targeting p53 mutant-specific pathways may be important for therapeutic outcomes in osteosarcoma. SIGNIFICANCE p53 hotspot mutants inhibit wild-type p53 similarly but differ in their GOF activities, with stronger tumor-promoting activity in contact mutants and distinct protein partners of each mutant driving tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunbin Xiong
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Dhruv Chachad
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Jovanka Gencel-Augusto
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Mario Sirito
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Vinod Pant
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Peirong Yang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Chang Sun
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Gilda Chau
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth M Whitley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adel K El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
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Grochans S, Cybulska AM, Simińska D, Korbecki J, Kojder K, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme–Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102412. [PMID: 35626018 PMCID: PMC9139611 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, accounting for 14.5% of all central nervous system tumors and 48.6% of malignant central nervous system tumors. The median overall survival (OS) of GBM patients is only 15 months. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the epidemiology of GBM and factors that may have a significant impact on the risk of GBM. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with a median overall survival of approximately 15 months. In this review, we analyze the pathogenesis of GBM, as well as epidemiological data, by age, gender, and tumor location. The data indicate that GBM is the higher-grade primary brain tumor and is significantly more common in men. The risk of being diagnosed with glioma increases with age, and median survival remains low, despite medical advances. In addition, it is difficult to determine clearly how GBM is influenced by stimulants, certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs), cell phone use, and exposure to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Grochans
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Anna Maria Cybulska
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48 St., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1 St., 71-281 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
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Tseng TH, Wang CJ, Lee YJ, Shao YC, Shen CH, Lee KC, Tung SY, Kuo HC. Suppression of the Proliferation of Huh7 Hepatoma Cells Involving the Downregulation of Mutant p53 Protein and Inactivation of the STAT 3 Pathway with Ailanthoidol. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095102. [PMID: 35563493 PMCID: PMC9099615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ailanthoidol (ATD) has been isolated from the barks of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides and displays anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiadipogenic, and antitumor promotion activities. Recently, we found that ATD suppressed TGF-β1-induced migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. In this report, we found that ATD exhibited more potent cytotoxicity in Huh7 hepatoma cells (mutant p53: Y220C) than in HepG2 cells (wild-type p53). A trypan blue dye exclusion assay and colony assay showed ATD inhibited the growth of Huh7 cells. ATD also induced G1 arrest and reduced the expression of cyclin D1 and CDK2. Flow cytometry analysis with Annexin-V/PI staining demonstrated that ATD induced significant apoptosis in Huh7 cells. Moreover, ATD increased the expression of cleaved PARP and Bax and decreased the expression of procaspase 3/8 and Bcl-xL/Bcl-2. In addition, ATD decreased the expression of mutant p53 protein (mutp53), which is associated with cell proliferation with the exploration of p53 siRNA transfection. Furthermore, ATD suppressed the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the expression of mevalonate kinase (MVK). Consistent with ATD, the administration of S3I201 (STAT 3 inhibitor) reduced the expression of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL, cyclin D1, mutp53, and MVK. These results demonstrated ATD’s selectivity against mutp53 hepatoma cells involving the downregulation of mutp53 and inactivation of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Hwa Tseng
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (T.-H.T.); (Y.-C.S.)
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Department of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yean-Jang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 50007, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Chia Shao
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (T.-H.T.); (Y.-C.S.)
| | - Chien-Heng Shen
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan;
| | - Ko-Chao Lee
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Shui-Yi Tung
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.T.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Research Fellow, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.T.); (H.-C.K.)
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Zhao L, Yin XX, Qin J, Wang W, He XF. Association Between the TP53 Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:807466. [PMID: 35571038 PMCID: PMC9091657 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.807466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The relationship of TP53 codons 72, IVS3 16 bp, and IVS6+62A > G polymorphisms with breast cancer (BC) risk has been analyzed in seventeen published meta-analyses. However, the credibility of statistically significant associations was ignored and many new studies have been reported on these themes. Objectives: To explore whether TP53 codons 72, IVS3 16 bp, and IVS6+62A > G polymorphisms are associated with BC risk and the clinical phenomena. Methods: To comprehensively search the data (through October 25, 2021), we provided a clear search strategy and reviewed the references of published meta-analyses. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used. Results: The current meta-analysis had a larger sample size than the previous ones: 99 studies with 43,951 BC and 48,479 controls for TP53 codon 72 polymorphism, 35 studies with 8,705 BC and 7,516 controls for IVS3 16 bp polymorphism, and 25 studies with 12,222 BC and 12,895 controls for IVS6+62A > G polymorphism. Five gene models were used to explore the association between the three polymorphisms and BC risk, and partial positive results were similar to published meta-analyses results. However, a large number of significant results were considered to be unreliable after correcting with Bayesian false-discovery probability (BFDP), except for the association between TP53 IVS3 16 bp polymorphism and BC risk in overall analysis (GG vs. CC: BFDP = 0.738), matched studies (GG vs. CC: BFDP = 0.173; GG vs. CC + CG: BFDP = 0.447), and tumor size below 2 cm (GG vs. CC: BFDP = 0.088; GG + CG vs. CC: BFDP = 0.730; GG vs. CC + CG: BFDP = 0.311). These unreliable results were confirmed again without new solid results emerging in further sensitivity analysis (only studies in compliance with the quality assessment standard). Conclusion: After considering the quality of the included studies and the reliability of the results, the present meta-analysis suggested that TP53 codons 72, IVS3 16 bp, and IVS6+62A > G polymorphisms were not significantly associated with the BC risk. Those results which prove that these three polymorphisms increase BC risk are more likely to be false-positive results due to various confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Teaching Reform Class of 2018 of the First Clinical College, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Xiang-Xiongyi Yin
- Fifth Class of 2018 of the Second Clinical College, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Jun Qin
- General Surgery, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Zhendong Guangming Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang, ; Xiao-Feng He,
| | - Xiao-Feng He
- Institute of Evidence-Based Medicine, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang, ; Xiao-Feng He,
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71
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Cross-talk between mutant p53 and p62/SQSTM1 augments cancer cell migration by promoting the degradation of cell adhesion proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119644119. [PMID: 35439056 PMCID: PMC9173583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119644119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the TP53 gene, encoding the p53 tumor suppressor, are very frequent in human cancer. Some of those mutations, particularly the more common (“hotspot”) ones, not only abrogate p53’s tumor suppressor activities but also endow the mutant protein with oncogenic gain of function (GOF). We report that p53R273H, the most common p53 mutant in pancreatic cancer, interacts with the SQSTM1/p62 protein to accelerate the degradation of cell adhesion proteins. This enables pancreatic cancer cells to detach from the epithelial sheet and engage in individualized cell migration, probably augmenting metastatic spread. By providing insights into mechanisms that underpin mutant p53 GOF, this study may suggest ways to interfere with the progression of cancers bearing particular p53 mutants. Missense mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor abound in human cancer. Common (“hotspot”) mutations endow mutant p53 (mutp53) proteins with oncogenic gain of function (GOF), including enhanced cell migration and invasiveness, favoring cancer progression. GOF is usually attributed to transcriptional effects of mutp53. To elucidate transcription-independent effects of mutp53, we characterized the protein interactome of the p53R273H mutant in cells derived from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), where p53R273H is the most frequent p53 mutant. We now report that p53R273H, but not the p53R175H hotspot mutant, interacts with SQSTM1/p62 and promotes cancer cell migration and invasion in a p62-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the p53R273H-p62 axis drives the proteasomal degradation of several cell junction–associated proteins, including the gap junction protein Connexin 43, facilitating scattered cell migration. Concordantly, down-regulation of Connexin 43 augments PDAC cell migration, while its forced overexpression blunts the promigratory effect of the p53R273H-p62 axis. These findings define a mechanism of mutp53 GOF.
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72
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Liu S, Yu J, Zhang H, Liu J. TP53 Co-Mutations in Advanced EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prognosis and Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860563. [PMID: 35444951 PMCID: PMC9013831 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. As the most prevalent molecular mutation subtypes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), EGFR-TKIs are currently a standard first-line therapy for targeting the mutated EGFR in advanced NSCLC patients. However, 20-30% of this subset of patients shows primary resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Patients with co-mutations of EGFR and several other genes have a poor response to EGFR-TKIs, whereas the prognostic and predictive significance of EGFR/TP53 co-mutation in NSCLC patients remains controversial. Meanwhile, little is known about how to choose an optimal therapeutic strategy for this subset of patients. Presently, no drugs targeting TP53 mutations are available on the market, and some p53 protein activators are in the early stage of clinical trials. A combination of EGFR-TKIs with antiangiogenic agents or chemotherapy or other agents might be a more appropriate strategy to tackle the problem. In this review, we describe the prognostic and predictive value of EGFR/TP53 co-mutation in NSCLC patients, investigate the mechanisms of this co-mutation affecting the response to EGFR-TKIs, and further explore optimal regimens effectively to prolong the survival time of the NSCLC patients harboring this co-mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surui Liu
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China
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73
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Wei J, Xiao M, Mao Z, Wang N, Cao Y, Xiao Y, Meng F, Sun W, Wang Y, Yang X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Zhang S, Zhang T, Zhou J, Huang L. Outcome of aggressive B-cell lymphoma with TP53 alterations administered with CAR T-cell cocktail alone or in combination with ASCT. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:101. [PMID: 35399106 PMCID: PMC8995369 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
TP53 gene alteration confers inferior prognosis in refractory/relapse aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (r/r B-NHL). From September 2016 to September 2020, 257 r/r B-NHL patients were assessed for eligibility for two trials in our center, assessing anti-CD19 and anti-CD22 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR19/22) T-cell cocktail treatment alone or in combination with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). TP53 alterations were screened in 123 enrolled patients and confirmed in 60. CAR19/22 T-cell administration resulted in best objective (ORR) and complete (CRR) response rate of 87.1% and 45.2% in patients with TP53 alterations, respectively. Following a median follow-up of 16.7 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 14.8 months, and 24-month overall survival (OS) was estimated at 56.3%. Comparable ORR, PFS, and OS were determined in individuals with or without TP53 alterations, and in individuals at different risk levels based on functional stratification of TP53 alterations. CAR19/22 T-cell treatment in combination with ASCT resulted in higher ORR, CRR, PFS, and OS, but reduced occurrence of severe CRS in this patient population, even in individuals showing stable or progressive disease before transplantation. The best ORR and CRR in patients with TP53 alterations were 92.9% and 82.1%, respectively. Following a median follow-up of 21.2 months, 24-month PFS and OS rates in patients with TP53 alterations were estimated at 77.5% and 89.3%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, this combination strategy predicted improved OS. In conclusion, CAR19/22 T-cell therapy is efficacious in r/r aggressive B-NHL with TP53 alterations. Combining CAR-T cell administration with ASCT further improves long-term outcome of these patients.
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74
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Das T, Mukhopadhyay C. Computational studies suggest compounds restoring function of p53 cancer mutants can bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3368-3381. [PMID: 35333136 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2048081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is reasonable to think that cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or immunotherapy may have a more aggressive course if they are positive for the novel coronavirus disease. Their compulsive condition requires investigation into effective drugs. We applied computational techniques to a series of compounds known for restoring the function of p53 cancer mutant p53R175H and p53G245S. Two potent inhibitors, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(1, 3 -thiazol-2-yl) urea (CTU, PubChem NSC321792) with the highest binding affinity -6.92 kcal/mol followed by a thiosemicarbazone compound N'-(1-(Pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene) azetidine - 1 -carbothiohydrazide (NPC, PubChem NSC319726) with -6.75 kcal/mol were subjected to Molecular Dynamics simulation with receptor binding domain (RBD) and compared with control ligand dexamethasone. In particular, CTU adheres to pocket 1 with an average free energy of binding -21.65 ± 2.89 kcal/mol at the RBD - angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding region with the highest frequency of amino acid residues after reaching a local equilibrium in 100 ns MD simulation trajectory. A significant enthalpy contribution from the independent simulations unfolds the possibility of dual binding sites for NPC as shifted pocket 1 (-15.59 ± 5.98 kcal/mol) and pocket 2 (-18.90 ± 5.02 kcal/mol). The obtained results for these two compounds are in good agreement with dexamethasone (-18.45 ± 2.42 kcal/mol). Taken together our findings could facilitate the discovery of small molecules that restore the function of p53 cancer mutants newly against COVID-19 in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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75
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Interaction between TMEFF1 and AHNAK proteins in ovarian cancer cells: Implications for clinical prognosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108726. [PMID: 35338959 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TMEFF1 is a newly discovered protein involved in the physiological functions of the central nervous system, embryonic development, and other biological processes. Our previous study revealed that TMEFF1 acts as a tumor-promoting gene in ovarian cancer. AHNAK, as a giant scaffolding protein, plays a role in the formation of the blood-brain barrier, cell architecture and the regulation of cardiac calcium channels. However, its role in ovarian cancer remains poorly researched. In this study, we detected the expression of AHNAK and TMEFF1 in 148 different ovarian cancer tissues, determined their relationship with pathological parameters and prognosis, clarified the interaction between the two proteins, and explored the related cancer-promoting mechanisms through immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence double staining, western blotting, and bioinformatics. The high expression of ANHAK and TMEFF1 in ovarian cancer indicated a higher degree of tumor malignancy and a worse prognosis. Furthermore, the expression of TMEFF1 and AHNAK was significantly positively correlated. The results also showed that AHNAK and TMEFF1 co-localized and interacted with each other in ovarian cancer tissues and cells. And knockdown of AHNAK promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses showed that AHNAK and related genes were enriched during mitosis regulation, cytoskeleton formation, gene epigenetics, etc., whereas TMEFF1 and related genes are enriched during immune regulation and other processes. We also clarified the network of kinases, microRNA, and transcription factor targets, and the impact of genetic mutations on prognosis. Notably, AHNAK was regulated by the expression of TMEFF1 and can activate the MAPK pathways. Overall, high expression of AHNAK and TMEFF1 in ovarian cancer cells indicated a higher degree of tumor malignancy and a worse prognosis. Therefore, the interaction between AHNAK and TMEFF1 may become a potential anti-tumor target for ovarian cancer treatment.
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76
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Haraoka Y, Akieda Y, Nagai Y, Mogi C, Ishitani T. Zebrafish imaging reveals TP53 mutation switching oncogene-induced senescence from suppressor to driver in primary tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1417. [PMID: 35304872 PMCID: PMC8933407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most tumours are thought to arise through oncogenic cell generation followed by additional mutations. How a new oncogenic cell primes tumorigenesis by acquiring additional mutations remains unclear. We show that an additional TP53 mutation stimulates primary tumorigenesis by switching oncogene-induced senescence from a tumour suppressor to a driver. Zebrafish imaging reveals that a newly emerged oncogenic cell with the RasG12V mutation becomes senescent and is eliminated from the epithelia, which is prevented by adding a TP53 gain-of-function mutation (TP53R175H) into RasG12V cells. Surviving RasG12V-TP53R175H double-mutant cells senesce and secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related inflammatory molecules that convert neighbouring normal cells into SASP factor-secreting senescent cells, generating a heterogeneous tumour-like cell mass. We identify oncogenic cell behaviours that may control the initial human tumorigenesis step. Ras and TP53 mutations and cellular senescence are frequently detected in human tumours; similar switching may occur during the initial step of human tumorigenesis. It is unclear how a single oncogenic cell primes tumorigenesis. Here the authors visualised this behaviour using a zebrafish larval skin as a model and show that RasG12V oncogenic cell is eliminated through oncogene-senescence while a gain of function mutation in p53 alters this behaviour from tumour suppressive to tumour promoting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinari Haraoka
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Akieda
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuri Nagai
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mogi
- Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan. .,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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77
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Rangel R, Pickering CR, Sikora AG, Spiotto MT. Genetic Changes Driving Immunosuppressive Microenvironments in Oral Premalignancy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840923. [PMID: 35154165 PMCID: PMC8829003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) are the precursors to oral cavity cancers, and have variable rates of progression to invasive disease. As an intermediate state, OPLs have acquired a subset of the genomic alterations while arising in an oral inflammatory environment. These specific genomic changes may facilitate the transition to an immune microenvironment that permits malignant transformation. Here, we will discuss mechanisms by which OPLs develop an immunosuppressive microenvironment that facilitates progression to invasive cancer. We will describe how genomic alterations and immune microenvironmental changes co-evolve and cooperate to promote OSCC progression. Finally, we will describe how these immune microenvironmental changes provide specific and unique evolutionary vulnerabilities for targeted therapies. Therefore, understanding the genomic changes that drive immunosuppressive microenvironments may eventually translate into novel biomarker and/or therapeutic approaches to limit the progression of OPLs to potential lethal oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rangel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Curtis R Pickering
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael T Spiotto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Kumari S, Sharma V, Tiwari R, Maurya JP, Subudhi BB, Senapati D. Therapeutic potential of p53 reactivation in prostate cancer: Strategies and opportunities. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Özkan H, Öztürk DG, Korkmaz G. Transcriptional Factor Repertoire of Breast Cancer in 3D Cell Culture Models. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041023. [PMID: 35205770 PMCID: PMC8870600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of breast cancer tumorigenesis is largely based on studies performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture models, which lack tissue architecture and therefore fail to represent tumor heterogeneity. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are better at mimicking in vivo tumor microenvironment, which is critical in regulating cellular behavior. Hence, 3D cell culture models hold great promise for translational breast cancer research. Abstract Intratumor heterogeneity of breast cancer is driven by extrinsic factors from the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as tumor cell–intrinsic parameters including genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic traits. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a major structural component of the TME, impacts every stage of tumorigenesis by providing necessary biochemical and biomechanical cues that are major regulators of cell shape/architecture, stiffness, cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration. Moreover, ECM and tissue architecture have a profound impact on chromatin structure, thereby altering gene expression. Considering the significant contribution of ECM to cellular behavior, a large body of work underlined that traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures depriving cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions as well as spatial cellular distribution and organization of solid tumors fail to recapitulate in vivo properties of tumor cells residing in the complex TME. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture models are increasingly employed in cancer research, as these culture systems better mimic the physiological microenvironment and shape the cellular responses according to the microenvironmental cues that will regulate critical cell functions such as cell shape/architecture, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and drug response as well as gene expression. Therefore, 3D cell culture models that better resemble the patient transcriptome are critical in defining physiologically relevant transcriptional changes. This review will present the transcriptional factor (TF) repertoire of breast cancer in 3D culture models in the context of mammary tissue architecture, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, cell death mechanisms, cancer therapy resistance and differential drug response, and stemness and will discuss the impact of culture dimensionality on breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Özkan
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Deniz Gülfem Öztürk
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
| | - Gozde Korkmaz
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
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80
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Xie F, Gleue CA, Deschaine M, Dasari S, Lau JS, Sartori-Valinotti JC, Meves A, Lehman JS. Whole-Exome Sequencing of Transforming Oral Lichen Planus Reveals Mutations in DNA Damage Repair and Apoptosis Pathway Genes. J Oral Pathol Med 2022; 51:395-404. [PMID: 35146808 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus confers a 1% risk of transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma. While prior exome sequencing studies have identified multiple genetic mutations in oral squamous cell carcinoma, mutational analyses of lichen planus-derived OSCC are lacking. We sought to clarify genomic events associated with oral lichen planus transformation. METHODS Using rigorous diagnostic criteria, we retrospectively identified patients with non-transforming oral lichen planus (i.e. known to be non-transforming with 5 years of clinical follow-up; n=17), transforming oral lichen planus (tissue marginal to oral squamous cell carcinoma, n=9), or oral squamous cell carcinoma arising in lichen planus (n=17). Gene mutational profiles derived from whole-exome sequencing on fixed mucosal specimens were compared amongst the groups. RESULTS The four most frequently mutated genes in transforming oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma (TP53, CELSR1, CASP8 and KMT2D) identified 12/17 (71%) of oral squamous cell carcinomas and 5/9 (56%) of transforming oral lichen planus but were absent in non-transforming oral lichen planus. These findings suggest alterations in DNA damage response and apoptosis pathways underlie lichen planus-related oral squamous cell carcinoma transformation and are supported by mutational signatures indicative of DNA damage. We identified other known oral squamous cell carcinoma mutations (TRRAP, OBSCN, LRP2) but also previously unreported mutations (TENM3 and ASH1L) in lichen planus-associated oral squamous cell carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS This study characterized patterns of mutational events present in oral lichen planus associated with squamous cell carcinoma, and in squamous cell carcinoma associated with oral lichen planus, but not in non-transforming oral lichen planus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Casey A Gleue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Maria Deschaine
- Department of Dermatology, Florida State University, 1115 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Qualitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Julie S Lau
- Medical Genome Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Alexander Meves
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Julia S Lehman
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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81
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Esposito D, Pant I, Shen Y, Qiao RF, Yang X, Bai Y, Jin J, Poulikakos PI, Aaronson SA. ROCK1 mechano-signaling dependency of human malignancies driven by TEAD/YAP activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:703. [PMID: 35121738 PMCID: PMC8817028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho family mechano-signaling through the actin cytoskeleton positively regulates physiological TEAD/YAP transcription, while the evolutionarily conserved Hippo tumor suppressor pathway antagonizes this transcription through YAP cytoplasmic localization/degradation. The mechanisms responsible for oncogenic dysregulation of these pathways, their prevalence in tumors, as well as how such dysregulation can be therapeutically targeted are not resolved. We demonstrate that p53 DNA contact mutants in human tumors, indirectly hyperactivate RhoA/ROCK1/actomyosin signaling, which is both necessary and sufficient to drive oncogenic TEAD/YAP transcription. Moreover, we demonstrate that recurrent lesions in the Hippo pathway depend on physiological levels of ROCK1/actomyosin signaling for oncogenic TEAD/YAP transcription. Finally, we show that ROCK inhibitors selectively antagonize proliferation and motility of human tumors with either mechanism. Thus, we identify a cancer driver paradigm and a precision medicine approach for selective targeting of human malignancies driven by TEAD/YAP transcription through mechanisms that either upregulate or depend on homeostatic RhoA mechano-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Esposito
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ila Pant
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Rui F Qiao
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xiaobao Yang
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yiyang Bai
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Poulikos I Poulikakos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Li J, Liang W, Liu Y, Ren Z, Ci D, Chang J, Qian W. The Arabidopsis ATR-SOG1 signaling module regulates pleiotropic developmental adjustments in response to 3'-blocked DNA repair intermediates. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:852-866. [PMID: 34791445 PMCID: PMC8824664 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Base excision repair and active DNA demethylation produce repair intermediates with DNA molecules blocked at the 3'-OH end by an aldehyde or phosphate group. However, both the physiological consequences of these accumulated single-strand DNAs break with 3'-blocked ends (DNA 3'-blocks) and the signaling pathways responding to unrepaired DNA 3'-blocks remain unclear in plants. Here, we investigated the effects of DNA 3'-blocks on plant development using the zinc finger DNA 3'-phosphoesterase (zdp) AP endonuclease2 (ape2) double mutant, in which 3'-blocking residues are poorly repaired. The accumulation of DNA 3'-blocked triggered diverse developmental defects that were dependent on the ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)-suppressor of gamma response 1 (SOG1) signaling module. SOG1 mutation rescued the developmental defects of zdp ape2 leaves by preventing cell endoreplication and promoting cell proliferation. However, SOG1 mutation caused intensive meristematic cell death in the radicle of zdp ape2 following germination, resulting in rapid termination of radicle growth. Notably, mutating FORMAMIDOPYRIMIDINE DNA GLYCOSYLASE (FPG) in zdp ape2 sog1 partially recovered its radicle growth, demonstrating that DNA 3'-blocks generated by FPG caused the meristematic defects. Surprisingly, despite lacking a functional radicle, zdp ape2 sog1 mutants compensated the lack of root growth by generating anchor roots having low levels of DNA damage response. Our results reveal dual roles of SOG1 in regulating root establishment when seeds germinate with excess DNA 3'-blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjie Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhitong Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Ci
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinjie Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiqiang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Use of RNA-Seq and a Transgenic Mouse Model to Identify Genes Which May Contribute to Mutant p53-Driven Prostate Cancer Initiation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020218. [PMID: 35205085 PMCID: PMC8869245 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We use RNA-seq analysis to identify genes that may contribute to mutant p53-mediated prostate cancer initiation in a genetically engineered mouse model (B6.129S4-Trp53tm3.1Tyj/J). A total of 1378 differentially expressed genes, including wildtype p53 target genes (e.g. Cdkn1a, Bax, Bcl2, Kras, Mdm2), p53 gain-of-function-related genes (Mgmt, Id4), and prostate cancer-related genes (Cav-1, Raf1, Kras), were identified. Mice that were homozygous or heterozygous for the Trp53 R270H mutation developed grade one PIN lesions at 3 months and 5 months, respectively, whereas wildtype mice did not develop PIN. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased levels of irradiation-mediated apoptosis in homozygous and heterozygous mice when compared to wildtype counterparts, and this aligned with observed differences in apoptosis-related gene expression. Abstract We previously demonstrated that the Trp53-R270H mutation can drive prostate cancer (CaP) initiation using the FVB.129S4 (Trp53tm3Tyj/wt); FVB.129S (Nkx3-1tm3(cre)Mmswt) genetically engineered mouse model (GEM). We now validate this finding in a different model (B6.129S4-Trp53tm3.1Tyj/J mice) and use RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify genes which may contribute to Trp53 R270H-mediated prostate carcinogenesis. Wildtype (Trp53WT/WT), heterozygous (Trp53R270H/WT), and homozygous mice (Trp53R270H/R270H) were exposed to 5 Gy irradiation to activate and stabilize p53, and thereby enhance our ability to identify differences in transcriptional activity between the three groups of mice. Mouse prostates were harvested 6 h post-irradiation and processed for histological/immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis or were snap-frozen for RNA extraction and transcriptome profiling. IHC analyses determined that presence of the Trp53-R270H mutation impacts apoptosis (lower caspase 3 activity) but not cell proliferation (Ki67). RNA-Seq analysis identified 1378 differentially expressed genes, including wildtype p53 target genes (E.g., Cdkn1a, Bax, Bcl2, Kras, Mdm2), p53 gain-of-function (GOF)-related genes (Mgmt, Id4), and CaP-related genes (Cav-1, Raf1, Kras). Further understanding the mechanisms which contribute to prostate carcinogenesis could allow for the development of improved preventive methods, diagnostics, and treatments for CaP.
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Rahman MA, Park MN, Rahman MDH, Rashid MM, Islam R, Uddin MJ, Hannan MA, Kim B. p53 Modulation of Autophagy Signaling in Cancer Therapies: Perspectives Mechanism and Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:761080. [PMID: 35155422 PMCID: PMC8827382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.761080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The key tumor suppressor protein p53, additionally known as p53, represents an attractive target for the development and management of anti-cancer therapies. p53 has been implicated as a tumor suppressor protein that has multiple aspects of biological function comprising energy metabolism, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, growth and differentiation, senescence, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cancer biology. Autophagy, a cellular self-defense system, is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process involved in various physiological processes that maintain cellular homeostasis. Numerous studies have found that p53 modulates autophagy, although the relationship between p53 and autophagy is relatively complex and not well understood. Recently, several experimental studies have been reported that p53 can act both an inhibitor and an activator of autophagy which depend on its cellular localization as well as its mode of action. Emerging evidences have been suggested that the dual role of p53 which suppresses and stimulates autophagy in various cencer cells. It has been found that p53 suppression and activation are important to modulate autophagy for tumor promotion and cancer treatment. On the other hand, activation of autophagy by p53 has been recommended as a protective function of p53. Therefore, elucidation of the new functions of p53 and autophagy could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches in cancer biology. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of p53 and autophagy shows reciprocal functional interaction that is a major importance for cancer treatment and manegement. Additionally, several synthetic drugs and phytochemicals have been targeted to modulate p53 signaling via regulation of autophagy pathway in cancer cells. This review emphasizes the current perspectives and the role of p53 as the main regulator of autophagy-mediated novel therapeutic approaches against cancer treatment and managements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Global Biotechnology & Biomedical Research Network (GBBRN), Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Md Ataur Rahman, ; Bonglee Kim,
| | - Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - MD Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mamunur Rashid
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Md Abdul Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Md Ataur Rahman, ; Bonglee Kim,
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Pairawan S, Akcakanat A, Kopetz S, Tapia C, Zheng X, Chen H, Ha MJ, Rizvi Y, Holla V, Wang J, Evans KW, Zhao M, Busaidy N, Fang B, Roth JA, Dumbrava EI, Meric-Bernstam F. Combined MEK/MDM2 inhibition demonstrates antitumor efficacy in TP53 wild-type thyroid and colorectal cancers with MAPK alterations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1248. [PMID: 35075200 PMCID: PMC8786858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Most tumors with activating MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway alterations respond poorly to MEK inhibitors alone. Here, we evaluated combination therapy with MEK inhibitor selumetinib and MDM2 inhibitor KRT-232 in TP53 wild-type and MAPK altered colon and thyroid cancer models. In vitro, we showed synergy between selumetinib and KRT-232 on cell proliferation and colony formation assays. Immunoblotting confirmed p53 upregulation and MEK pathway inhibition. The combination was tested in vivo in seven patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models (five colorectal carcinoma and two papillary thyroid carcinoma models) with different KRAS, BRAF, and NRAS mutations. Combination therapy significantly prolonged event-free survival compared with monotherapy in six of seven models tested. Reverse-phase protein arrays and immunohistochemistry, respectively, demonstrated upregulation of the p53 pathway and in two models cleaved caspase 3 with combination therapy. In summary, combined inhibition of MEK and MDM2 upregulated p53 expression, inhibited MAPK signaling and demonstrated greater antitumor efficacy than single drug therapy in both in vitro and in vivo settings. These findings support further clinical testing of the MEK/MDM2 inhibitor combination in tumors of epithelial origin with MAPK pathway alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Pairawan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Argun Akcakanat
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Coya Tapia
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Epizyme Inc., Boston, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Min Jin Ha
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yasmeen Rizvi
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vijaykumar Holla
- Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kurt W Evans
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Naifa Busaidy
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jack A Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ecaterina Ileana Dumbrava
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, FC8.3044, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Marker DF, Agnihotri S, Amankulor N, Murdoch GH, Pearce TM. The dominant TP53 hotspot mutation in IDH -mutant astrocytoma, R273C, has distinctive pathologic features and sex-specific prognostic implications. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdab182. [PMID: 35047821 PMCID: PMC8760900 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infiltrative astrocytic tumors with and without isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation frequently contain mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. Disruption of normal p53 protein activity confers neoplastic cells with a number of oncogenic properties and is a common feature of aggressive malignancies. However, the high prevalence of TP53 mutation and its pathogenic role in IDH-mutant (IDHmut) astrocytoma is not well understood. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of molecular and clinical data from patients with IDHmut astrocytoma at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between 2015 and 2019 as our initial cohort. We validated and expanded our findings using molecular and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Results We show that the TP53 mutational spectrum in IDHmut astrocytomas is dominated by a single hotspot mutation that codes for the R273C amino acid change. This mutation is not enriched in IDH-wildtype astrocytomas. The high prevalence of TP53R273C mutation is not readily explained by known mutagenic mechanisms, and TP53R273C mutant tumors have lower transcriptional levels of proliferation-related genes compared to IDHmut astrocytomas harboring other forms of mutant p53. Despite lower proliferation, TP53R273C mutant tumors tend to progress more quickly and have a shorter overall survival than those with other TP53 mutations, particularly in male patients. Conclusions Our findings suggest that compared to other TP53 mutations, IDHmut astrocytomas may select for TP53R273C mutations during tumorigenesis. The genotype, sex, and mutation-specific findings are clinically relevant and should prompt further investigation of TP53R273C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Marker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Center, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Geoffrey H Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas M Pearce
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Pan M, Jiang C, Tse P, Achacoso N, Alexeeff S, Solorzano AV, Chung E, Hu W, Truong TG, Arora A, Sundaresan T, Suga JM, Thomas S, Habel LA. TP53 Gain-of-Function and Non-Gain-of-Function Mutations Are Differentially Associated With Sidedness-Dependent Prognosis in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:171-179. [PMID: 34843402 PMCID: PMC8718185 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association of gain-of-function (GOF) and non-gain-of-function (non-GOF) TP53 mutations with prognosis of metastatic right-sided (RCC) versus left-sided colorectal cancer (LCC). METHODS This cohort study included patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) who had next-generation sequencing performed from November 2017 to January 2021. We defined R175H, R248W, R248Q, R249S, R273H, R273L, and R282W as GOF and all other mutp53 as non-GOF. We used Cox regression modeling to examine the association between GOF and non-GOF mutp53 and overall survival (OS), adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, performance status, Charlson comorbidity index and receipt of chemotherapy. RESULTS Of total 1,043 patients, 735 had tumors with mutp53 and 308 had wild-type p53 (wtp53). GOF was associated with worse OS than non-GOF mutp53 only in LCC (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.66 [95% CI, 1.20 to 2.29]), but not in RCC (HR = 0.79 [95% CI, 0.49 to 1.26]). Importantly, RCC was associated with worse OS than LCC only in the subset of patients whose CRC carried non-GOF (HR = 1.76 [95% CI, 1.30 to 2.39]), but not GOF mutp53 (HR = 0.92 [95% CI, 0.55 to 1.53]) or wtp53 (HR = 0.88 [95% CI, 0.60 to 1.28]). These associations were largely unchanged after also adjusting for RAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations, and microsatellite instability-high. CONCLUSION Poorer survival of patients with metastatic RCC versus LCC appeared to be restricted to the subset with non-GOF mutp53, whereas GOF versus non-GOF mutp53 was associated with poorer survival only among patients with LCC. This approach of collectively classifying mutp53 into GOF and non-GOF provides new insight for prognostic stratification and for understanding the mechanism of sidedness-dependent prognosis. If confirmed, future CRC clinical trials may benefit from incorporating this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggui Pan
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kaiser Permanente, Santa Clara, CA,Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA,Minggui Pan, MD, PhD, Division of Research and Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kaiser Permanente, 710 Lawrence Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051; e-mail:
| | - Chen Jiang
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA
| | - Pam Tse
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA
| | | | | | | | - Elaine Chung
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Thach-Giao Truong
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kaiser Permanente, Vallejo, CA
| | - Amit Arora
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kaiser Permanente, Fremont, CA
| | - Tilak Sundaresan
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Sachdev Thomas
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kaiser Permanente, Vallejo, CA
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Ou A, Zhao X, Lu Z. The potential roles of p53 signaling reactivation in pancreatic cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188662. [PMID: 34861354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Globally, pancreatic cancer (PC) is a common and highly malignant gastrointestinal tumor that is characterized by an insidious onset and ready metastasis and recurrence. Over recent decades, the incidence of PC has been increasing on an annual basis; however, the pathogenesis of this condition remains enigmatic. PC is not sensitive to radio- or chemotherapy, and except for early surgical resection, there is no curative treatment regime; consequently, the prognosis for patients with PC is extremely poor. Transcription factor p53 is known to play key roles in many important biological processes in vertebrates, including normal cell growth, differentiation, cell cycle progression, senescence, apoptosis, metabolism, and DNA damage repair. However, there is a significant paucity of basic and clinical studies to describe how p53 gene mutations or protein dysfunction facilitate the occurrence, progression, invasion, and resistance to therapy, of malignancies, including PC. Herein, we describe the involvement of p53 signaling reactivation in PC treatment as well as its underlying molecular mechanisms, thereby providing useful insights for targeting p53-related signal pathways in PC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixin Ou
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China.
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Ou A, Zhao X, Lu Z. The potential roles of p53 signaling reactivation in pancreatic cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188662. [DOI: doi10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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90
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Marei HE, Althani A, Afifi N, Hasan A, Caceci T, Pozzoli G, Morrione A, Giordano A, Cenciarelli C. p53 signaling in cancer progression and therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:703. [PMID: 34952583 PMCID: PMC8709944 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein is a transcription factor known as the "guardian of the genome" because of its critical function in preserving genomic integrity. The TP53 gene is mutated in approximately half of all human malignancies, including those of the breast, colon, lung, liver, prostate, bladder, and skin. When DNA damage occurs, the TP53 gene on human chromosome 17 stops the cell cycle. If p53 protein is mutated, the cell cycle is unrestricted and the damaged DNA is replicated, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer tumours. Tumor-associated p53 mutations are usually associated with phenotypes distinct from those caused by the loss of the tumor-suppressing function exerted by wild-type p53protein. Many of these mutant p53 proteins have oncogenic characteristics, and therefore modulate the ability of cancer cells to proliferate, escape apoptosis, invade and metastasize. Because p53 deficiency is so common in human cancer, this protein is an excellent option for cancer treatment. In this review, we will discuss some of the molecular pathways by which mutant p53 proteins might perform their oncogenic activities, as well as prospective treatment methods based on restoring tumor suppressive p53 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35116, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thomas Caceci
- Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Giacomo Pozzoli
- Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine. Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine. Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Sassu CM, Palaia I, Boccia SM, Caruso G, Perniola G, Tomao F, Di Donato V, Musella A, Muzii L. Role of Circulating Biomarkers in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413650. [PMID: 34948446 PMCID: PMC8707281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second most common cause of death in women with gynecological cancer. Considering the poor prognosis, particularly in the case of platinum-resistant (PtR) disease, a huge effort was made to define new biomarkers able to help physicians in approaching and treating these challenging patients. Currently, most data can be obtained from tumor biopsy samples, but this is not always available and implies a surgical procedure. On the other hand, circulating biomarkers are detected with non-invasive methods, although this might require expensive techniques. Given the fervent hope in their value, here we focused on the most studied circulating biomarkers that could play a role in PtR OC.
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92
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p53 Immunohistochemistry Patterns Are Surrogate Biomarkers for TP53 Mutations in Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2021; 2021:2510195. [PMID: 34956360 PMCID: PMC8695011 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2510195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. The aim of this study was to establish p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) patterns to predict TP53 mutations in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (GI-NENs) and to determine whether p53 IHC patterns could be used for the differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Methods. TP53 gene sequencing and p53 IHC were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 92 patients diagnosed with GI-NENs from five medical centers. Results. The cohort included 35 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and 57 poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Gene sequencing revealed 38 wild-type TP53 and 54 TP53 mutations. p53 expression was interpreted as follows: pattern A, p53 was absent from all tumor cells; pattern B, scattered and weak p53 expression in 1-20% of tumor cells; and pattern C was subclassified as pattern C1: variable p53 staining intensity in 21-60% of tumor cells and tumor cell nests with focal strong positive p53 staining and pattern C2: strong p53 staining in more than 60% of tumor cells. p53 IHC patterns were evaluated as a binary classifier where pattern B predicted wild-type TP53, and patterns A and C predicted TP53 mutations. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of this binary classification to predict TP53 status were 0.963, 0.868, and 0.924, respectively. p53 IHC patterns were also correlated with TP53 mutation types. Most cases with pattern A harboured loss-of-function (LOF) mutations, whereas patterns B and C tended to indicate wild-type TP53 and gain-of-function (GOF) mutations, respectively. Furthermore, most of the well-differentiated NETs showed pattern B, whereas pattern C2 was more common in poorly differentiated NECs. Finally, staining interpretation between different observers also yielded high reproducibility. Conclusions. p53 IHC patterns may be used as predictors of TP53 gene mutations and therefore could be potential surrogate markers for TP53 mutations in GI-NENs and could distinguish between well-differentiated NETs and poorly differentiated NECs.
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Umans RA, Martin J, Harrigan ME, Patel DC, Chaunsali L, Roshandel A, Iyer K, Powell MD, Oestreich K, Sontheimer H. Transcriptional Regulation of Amino Acid Transport in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246169. [PMID: 34944790 PMCID: PMC8699180 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive brain tumor that typically has poor patient outcomes. This is due in part to aggressive tumor expansion within the brain parenchyma. This process is aided by assiduous glutamate release via the System xc- (SXC) cystine–glutamate antiporter. SXC is over-expressed in roughly half of GBM tumors where it is responsible for glutamate-mediated neuronal cell death and provides excess glutamate to fuel tumor-associated epilepsy. Available pharmacological inhibitors have some promise, although they lack specificity and have poor bioavailability. Therefore, identifying regulators of SXC may provide a superior avenue to target GBM. In this study, we identify tumor protein 53 (TP53) as a molecular regulator of SXC in GBM. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly brain tumor with a large unmet therapeutic need. Here, we tested the hypothesis that wild-type p53 is a negative transcriptional regulator of SLC7A11, the gene encoding the System xc- (SXC) catalytic subunit, xCT, in GBM. We demonstrate that xCT expression is inversely correlated with p53 expression in patient tissue. Using representative patient derived (PDX) tumor xenolines with wild-type, null, and mutant p53 we show that p53 expression negatively correlates with xCT expression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation studies, we present a molecular interaction whereby p53 binds to the SLC7A11 promoter, suppressing gene expression in PDX GBM cells. Accordingly, genetic knockdown of p53 increases SLC7A11 transcript levels; conversely, over-expressing p53 in p53-null GBM cells downregulates xCT expression and glutamate release. Proof of principal studies in mice with flank gliomas demonstrate that daily treatment with the mutant p53 reactivator, PRIMA-1Met, results in reduced tumor growth associated with reduced xCT expression. These findings suggest that p53 is a molecular switch for GBM glutamate biology, with potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A. Umans
- Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.A.U.); (J.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Joelle Martin
- Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.A.U.); (J.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Megan E. Harrigan
- Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.A.U.); (J.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Dipan C. Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (D.C.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Lata Chaunsali
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (D.C.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Aarash Roshandel
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | | | - Michael D. Powell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Ken Oestreich
- Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (D.C.P.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Bizzarri AR, Cannistraro S. Direct Interaction of miRNA and circRNA with the Oncosuppressor p53: An Intriguing Perspective in Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236108. [PMID: 34885216 PMCID: PMC8657023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary MicroRNAs and circular RNAs, which are single-stranded non-coding RNAs, play a key role as regulators at post-transcriptional level. Abnormal levels or dysregulation of miRNA or circRNA are linked to several cancerous pathologies. Starting from the evidence that some miRNAs and circRNAs are involved in the regulatory networks of the tumor suppressor protein p53, the possibility that a functional inhibition of p53 could arise from a direct interaction between p53 and oncogenic miRNAs or circRNAs was explored. Along this direction, the experimental evidence of the interaction between p53 and miRNAs and/or circRNAs is reviewed and discussed in connection with the development of new anticancer strategies. Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are linear single-stranded non-coding RNAs oligonucleotides, widely distributed in cells, playing a key role as regulators of gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNA oligonucleotides forming a covalently closed continuous loop, which confers them a high structural stability and which may code for proteins or act as gene regulators. Abnormal levels or dysregulation of miRNA or circRNA are linked to several cancerous pathologies, so that they are receiving a large attention as diagnostic and prognostic tools. Some miRNAs and circRNAs are strongly involved in the regulatory networks of the transcription factor p53, which plays a pivotal role as tumor suppressor. Overexpression of miRNAs and/or circRNAs, as registered in a number of cancers, is associated to a concomitant inhibition of the p53 onco-suppressive function. Among other mechanisms, it was recently suggested that a functional inhibition of p53 could arise from a direct interaction between p53 and oncogenic miRNAs or circRNAs; a mechanism that might be reminiscent of the p53 inhibition by some E3 ubiquitin ligase such as MDM2 and COP1. Such evidence might deserve important implications for restoring the p53 anticancer functionality, and pave the way to intriguing perspectives for novel therapeutic strategies. In the present paper, the experimental evidence of the interaction between p53 and miRNAs and/or circRNAs is reviewed and discussed in connection with the development of new anticancer approaches.
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95
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Lizhi L, Rongdong H, Shaohua H, Yingquan K, Huihuang X, Shan L, Kunbin T, Di X. Association Between TP53 Mutation and Prognosis in Wilms Tumor: A Meta-Analysis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2021; 40:653-662. [PMID: 32066305 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2020.1725937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundTP53 mutation has been suggested to have prognostic value for patients with Wilms tumor (WT), but the results are still controversial. Methods: Relevant studies published until August 1, 2019 were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. A random-effect model was performed to assess pooled data. Begg's and Egger's test were used to evaluate the potential publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the stability of results. Results: A total of seven eligible articles were included. There was no significant difference in the risk of death among patients with WT with different TP53 mutation status (odds ratio [OR] = 3.09, 95% confidence interval[CI]: 0.81-11.84). Combined hazard ratio (HR) suggested that TP53 mutation had an unfavorable impact on overall survival (OS) (HR = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.97-6.36) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.29-3.17) in WT. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates that TP53 mutations are associated with poorer prognosis in WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lizhi
- Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huang Rongdong
- Fujian Provincial Health Commission, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - He Shaohua
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | | | | | - Lin Shan
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Xu Di
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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96
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Yao L, Zhong X, Huang G, Ma Q, Xu L, Xiao H, Guo X. Investigation on the Potential Correlation Between TP53 and Esophageal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730337. [PMID: 34778250 PMCID: PMC8578720 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:TP53 family members play an indispensable role in various human cancers, while the gene expression profiles, prognostic value, and potential mechanism in esophageal cancer (ESCA) are yet unclear. Methods: The expression and roles of TP53 family members in ESCA were investigated using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), Kaplan–Meier plotter, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and UALCAN databases. The expression of TP53 between ESCA and the corresponding adjacent tissues was validated using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, the effects of TP53 on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell migration and proliferation were examined using the Transwell assay, scratch test, and crystal violet assay. The correlation between TP53 and mTOR pathways was evaluated by Western blotting. Results: This study showed a correlation between high mRNA expression of TP53 members (TP53, TP63, and TP73) and clinical cancer stages and nodal metastasis status in ESCA patients. Moreover, the expression of TP53 was significantly associated with the overall survival (OS) of ESCA patients. Additional experiments verified that the mRNA of TP53 was upregulated in ESCC patients. Moreover, the downregulated expression of TP53 significantly retarded ESCC cell migration and proliferation and might activate the mTOR signaling pathway and inhibit TP53-dependent autophagy. Conclusion:TP53 has a prognostic value in ESCA and may be a leading factor in promoting ESCA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaowu Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Guangcheng Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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MDM2, MDMX, and p73 regulate cell-cycle progression in the absence of wild-type p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102420118. [PMID: 34716260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102420118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein, known to be critically important in several processes including cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, is highly regulated by multiple mechanisms, most certifiably the Murine Double Minute 2-Murine Double Minute X (MDM2-MDMX) heterodimer. The role of MDM2-MDMX in cell-cycle regulation through inhibition of p53 has been well established. Here we report that in cells either lacking p53 or expressing certain tumor-derived mutant forms of p53, loss of endogenous MDM2 or MDMX, or inhibition of E3 ligase activity of the heterocomplex, causes cell-cycle arrest. This arrest is correlated with a reduction in E2F1, E2F3, and p73 levels. Remarkably, direct ablation of endogenous p73 produces a similar effect on the cell cycle and the expression of certain E2F family members at both protein and messenger RNA levels. These data suggest that MDM2 and MDMX, working at least in part as a heterocomplex, may play a p53-independent role in maintaining cell-cycle progression by promoting the activity of E2F family members as well as p73, making them a potential target of interest in cancers lacking wild-type p53.
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98
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El Achi H, Kanagal-Shamanna R. Biomarkers in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Leveraging Next Generation Sequencing Data for Optimal Therapeutic Strategies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:748250. [PMID: 34660311 PMCID: PMC8514876 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.748250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) is routinely used for mutation profiling of acute myeloid leukemia. The extensive application of NGS in hematologic malignancies, and its significant association with the outcomes in multiple large cohorts constituted a proof of concept that AML phenotype is driven by underlying mutational signature and is amenable for targeted therapies. These findings urged incorporation of molecular results into the latest World Health Organization (WHO) sub-classification and integration into risk-stratification and treatment guidelines by the European Leukemia Net. NGS mutation profiling provides a large amount of information that guides diagnosis and management, dependent on the type and number of gene mutations, variant allele frequency and amenability to targeted therapeutics. Hence, molecular mutational profiling is an integral component for work-up of AML and multiple leukemic entities. In addition, there is a vast amount of informative data that can be obtained from routine clinical NGS sequencing beyond diagnosis, prognostication and therapeutic targeting. These include identification of evidence regarding the ontogeny of the disease, underlying germline predisposition and clonal hematopoiesis, serial monitoring to assess the effectiveness of therapy and resistance mutations, which have broader implications for management. In this review, using a few prototypic genes in AML, we will summarize the clinical applications of NGS generated data for optimal AML management, with emphasis on the recently described entities and Food and Drug Administration approved target therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi El Achi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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99
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Zeng D, Hu Z, Yi Y, Valeria B, Shan G, Chen Z, Zhan C, Lin M, Lin Z, Wang Q. Differences in genetics and microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma patients with or without TP53 mutation. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:316. [PMID: 34635074 PMCID: PMC8507221 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Differences in genetics and microenvironment of LUAD patients with or without TP53 mutation were analyzed to illustrate the role of TP53 mutation within the carcinogenesis of LUAD, which will provide new concepts for the treatment of LUAD. Methods
In this study, we used genetics and clinical info from the TCGA database, including somatic mutations data, RNA-seq, miRNA-seq, and clinical data. More than one bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the unique genomic pattern of TP53-related LUAD. Results According to TP53 gene mutation status, we divided the LUAD patients into two groups, including 265 in the mutant group (MU) and 295 in the wild-type group (WT). 787 significant somatic mutations were detected between the groups, including mutations in titin (TTN), type 2 ryanodine receptor (RYR2) and CUB and Sushi multiple domains 3(CSMD3), which were up-regulated in the MU. However, no significant survival difference was observed. At the RNA level, we obtained 923 significantly differentially expressed genes; in the MU, α-defensin 5(DEFA5), pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 5(PSG5) and neuropeptide Y(NPY) were the most up-regulated genes, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carry gametocidal (GC) were the most down-regulated genes. GSVA analysis revealed 30 significant pathways. Compared with the WT, the expression of 12 pathways in the mutant group was up-regulated, most of which pointed to cell division. There were significant differences in tumor immune infiltrating cells, such as Macrophages M1, T cells CD4 memory activated, Mast cells resting, and Dendritic cells resting. In terms of immune genes, a total of 35 immune-related genes were screened, of which VGF (VGF nerve growth factor inducible) and PGC (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator) were the most significant up-regulated and down-regulated genes, respectively. Research on the expression pattern of immunomodulators found that 9 immune checkpoint molecules and 6 immune costimulatory molecules were considerably wholly different between the two groups. Conclusions Taking the mutant group as a reference, LUAD patients in the mutant group had significant differences in somatic mutations, mRNA-seq, miRNA-seq, immune infiltration, and immunomodulators, indicating that TP53 mutation plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of LUAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-021-01671-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhengyang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanjun Yi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Besskaya Valeria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guangyao Shan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhencong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Miao Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zongwu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Saleh MM, Scheffler M, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Scheel AH, Ulmer B, Wolf J, Buettner R. Comprehensive Analysis of TP53 and KEAP1 Mutations and Their Impact on Survival in Localized- and Advanced-Stage NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 17:76-88. [PMID: 34601169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.08.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TP53 and KEAP1 are frequently mutated in NSCLC, but their prognostic value is ambiguous, particularly in localized stage tumors. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included a total of 6297 patients with NSCLC who were diagnosed between November 1998 and February 2020. The primary end point was overall survival. Patients were diagnosed in a central pathology laboratory as part of the Network Genomic Medicine collaboration, encompassing more than 300 lung cancer-treating oncology centers in Germany. All patients underwent molecular testing, including targeted next-generation panel sequencing and in situ hybridization. RESULTS A total of 6297 patients with NSCLC were analyzed. In 1518 surgically treated patients (Union for International Cancer Control [UICC] I-IIIA), truncating TP53 mutations and KEAP1 mutations were independent negative prognostic markers in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR]TP53truncating = 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.91, p = 0.015; HRKEAP1mut = 1.68, 95% CI:1.24-2.26, p = 0.001). Consistently, these mutations were associated with shorter disease-free survival. In 4779 patients with advanced-stage (UICC IIIB-IV) tumors, TP53 mutations did not predict outcome in univariable analysis. In contrast, KEAP1 mutations remained a negative prognostic factor (HRKEAP1mut = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.23-1.61, p < 0.001) in patients with advanced-stage tumors. Furthermore, those with KEAP1-mutant tumors with co-occurring TP53 missense mutations had longer overall survival than those with KEAP1-mutant tumors with wild-type or truncating TP53 mutations. CONCLUSIONS This study found that TP53 and KEAP1 mutations were prognostic for localized and advanced-stage NSCLC. The increased relative hazard of harboring TP53 or KEAP1 mutations was comparable to an increase in one UICC stage. Our data suggest that molecular stratification on the basis of TP53 and KEAP1 mutation status should be implemented for localized and advanced-stage NSCLC to optimize and modify clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahde Saleh
- Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Scheffler
- Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Merkelbach-Bruse
- Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Hans Scheel
- Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bastian Ulmer
- Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wolf
- Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Lung Cancer Group Cologne, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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