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Acar H, Srivastava S, Chung EJ, Schnorenberg MR, Barrett JC, LaBelle JL, Tirrell M. Self-assembling peptide-based building blocks in medical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 110-111:65-79. [PMID: 27535485 PMCID: PMC5922461 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and peptide-conjugates, comprising natural and synthetic building blocks, are an increasingly popular class of biomaterials. Self-assembled nanostructures based on peptides and peptide-conjugates offer advantages such as precise selectivity and multifunctionality that can address challenges and limitations in the clinic. In this review article, we discuss recent developments in the design and self-assembly of various nanomaterials based on peptides and peptide-conjugates for medical applications, and categorize them into two themes based on the driving forces of molecular self-assembly. First, we present the self-assembled nanostructures driven by the supramolecular interactions between the peptides, with or without the presence of conjugates. The studies where nanoassembly is driven by the interactions between the conjugates of peptide-conjugates are then presented. Particular emphasis is given to in vivo studies focusing on therapeutics, diagnostics, immune modulation and regenerative medicine. Finally, challenges and future perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Acar
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mathew R Schnorenberg
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - John C Barrett
- Biophysical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - James L LaBelle
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Matthew Tirrell
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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52
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Gilchuk P, Knight FC, Wilson JT, Joyce S. Eliciting Epitope-Specific CD8+ T Cell Response by Immunization with Microbial Protein Antigens Formulated with α-Galactosylceramide: Theory, Practice, and Protocols. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1494:321-352. [PMID: 27718206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes confer protection against infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Hence, significant efforts have been invested into devising ways to generate CD8+ T cell-targeted vaccines. Generation of microbe-free protein subunit vaccines requires a thorough knowledge of protective target antigens. Such antigens are proteolytically processed peptides presented by MHC class I molecules. To induce a robust antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response through vaccination, it is essential to formulate the antigen with an effective adjuvant. Here, we describe a versatile method for generating high-frequency antigen-specific CD8+ T cells through immunization of mice using the invariant natural killer T cell agonist α-galactosylceramide as the adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, A4223 Medical Centre North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA
| | - Frances C Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, A4223 Medical Centre North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA.
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Maruggi G, Chiarot E, Giovani C, Buccato S, Bonacci S, Frigimelica E, Margarit I, Geall A, Bensi G, Maione D. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy induced by self-amplifying mRNA vaccines encoding bacterial antigens. Vaccine 2016; 35:361-368. [PMID: 27939014 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccines represent an attractive approach to vaccination, combining the positive attributes of both viral vectors and live-attenuated vaccines, without the inherent limitations of each technology. We have developed a novel technology, the Self-Amplifying mRNA (SAM) platform, which is based on the synthesis of self-amplifying mRNA formulated and delivered as a vaccine. SAM vaccines have been shown to stimulate robust innate and adaptive immune responses in small animals and non-human primates against a variety of viral antigens, thus representing a safe and versatile tool against viral infections. To assess whether the SAM technology could be used for a broader range of targets, we investigated the immunogenicity and efficacy of SAM vaccines expressing antigens from Group A (GAS) and Group B (GBS) Streptococci, as models of bacterial pathogens. Two prototype bacterial antigens (the double-mutated GAS Streptolysin-O (SLOdm) and the GBS pilus 2a backbone protein (BP-2a)) were successfully expressed by SAM vectors. Mice immunized with both vaccines produced significant amounts of fully functional serum antibodies. The antibody responses generated by SAM vaccines were capable of conferring consistent protection in murine models of GAS and GBS infections. Inclusion of a eukaryotic secretion signal or boosting with the recombinant protein resulted in higher specific-antibody levels and protection. Our results support the concept of using SAM vaccines as potential solution for a wide range of both viral and bacterial pathogens, due to the versatility of the manufacturing processes and the broad spectrum of elicited protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cinzia Giovani
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Scilla Buccato
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Geall
- GSK Vaccines, 350 Massachusetts Avenue, Mail Stop 45SS, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Giuliano Bensi
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Arcia D, Acevedo-Sáenz L, Rugeles MT, Velilla PA. Role of CD8 + T Cells in the Selection of HIV-1 Immune Escape Mutations. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:3-12. [PMID: 27805477 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection represents one of the biggest public health problems worldwide. The immune response, mainly the effector mechanisms mediated by CD8+ T cells, induces the selection of mutations that allows the virus to escape the immune control. These mutations are generally selected within CD8+ T cell epitopes restricted to human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I), leading to a decrease in the presentation and recognition of the epitope, decreasing the activation of CD8+ T cells. However, these mutations may also affect cellular processing of the peptide or recognition by the T cell receptor. Escape mutations often carry a negative impact in viral fitness that is partially or totally compensated by the selection of compensatory mutations. The selection of either escape mutations or compensatory mutations may negatively affect the course of the infection. In addition, these mutations are a major barrier for the development of new therapeutic strategies focused on the induction of specific CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Arcia
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
| | - Liliana Acevedo-Sáenz
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paula A Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
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Chesson CB, Ekpo-Otu S, Endsley JJ, Rudra JS. Biomaterials-Based Vaccination Strategies for the Induction of CD8 +T Cell Responses. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:126-143. [PMID: 33450791 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic biomaterials are increasingly being used for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies as alternatives to traditional live-attenuated formulations due to their improved safety profiles and no risk of reversion to virulence. Polymeric materials in particular enjoy attention due to the ease of fabrication, control over physicochemical properties, and their wide range of immunogenicity. While the majority of studies focus on inducing protective antibody responses, in recent years, materials-based strategies for the delivery of antigens and immunomodulators to improve CD8+T cell immunity against infectious and non-infectious diseases have gained momentum. Notably, platforms based on polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, virus-like particles, self-assembling peptides and peptidomimetics, and multilayer thin films show considerable promise in preclinical studies. In this Review, we first introduce the concepts of CD8+T cell activation, effector and memory functions, and cytotoxic activity, followed by vaccine design for eliciting robust and protective long-lived CD8+T cell immunity. We then discuss different materials-based vaccines developed in the past decade to elicit CD8+T cell responses based on molecular composition or fabrication methods and conclude with a summary and glimpse at the future trends in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Chesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and §Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Shaunte Ekpo-Otu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and §Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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56
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Sabah SN, Gazi MA, Sthity RA, Husain AB, Quyyum SA, Rahman M, Islam MR. Designing of Epitope-Focused Vaccine by Targeting E6 and E7 Conserved Protein Sequences: An Immuno-Informatics Approach in Human Papillomavirus 58 Isolates. Interdiscip Sci 2016; 10:251-260. [PMID: 27640170 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-016-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the papillomavirus family and is capable of infecting humans. Currently, few vaccines are available to prevent infection by HPV. However, they are not so much effective and provide little benefit to women who have already been infected with HPV. The aim of this study was to design epitope-based vaccines of HPV58 by targeting E6 and E7 proteins of HPV58. Proteomic sequences were retrieved from different isolates at different time periods and later analyzed by performing alignment of these sequences. To ensure the capacity of humoral and cell-mediated immunity, both B cell and T cell immunity were checked for the peptides. For E6 protein, the peptide sequence from 48 to 54 amino acids and one 9-m epitope ETSVHEIEL were the most potential B cell and T cell epitopes, respectively. This peptide could interact with as many as eight MHC-1 alleles and showed high population coverage up to 90.31 %. On the other hand, the peptide region for the E7 protein ranged from 27 to 33 amino acids and two 9-m epitopes QAQPATANY, SSDEDEIGL were found as the most potential B cell and T cell epitopes, respectively. The peptide sequences could interact with as many as seven MHC-1 alleles and showed population coverage up to 90.31 %. Furthermore, conservancy analysis was also performed using in silico tools and showed a conservancy of 100 % for all the selected epitopes. In addition to this, the allergenicity of the epitopes was also evaluated. Although the study requires further in vitro and in vivo screening, this epitope-focused peptide vaccine designing opens up a new skyline that holds a prospective future in HPV research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Amran Gazi
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Rahvia Alam Sthity
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amena Binte Husain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salwa Abdul Quyyum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Center for Bio-Medical Research, Manarat University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- International Max Planck Research School, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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57
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Kim MT, Kurup SP, Starbeck-Miller GR, Harty JT. Manipulating Memory CD8 T Cell Numbers by Timed Enhancement of IL-2 Signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1754-61. [PMID: 27439516 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the growing burden of tumors and chronic infections, manipulating CD8 T cell responses for clinical use has become an important goal for immunologists. In this article, we show that dendritic cell (DC) immunization coupled with relatively early (days 1-3) or late (days 4-6) administration of enhanced IL-2 signals increase peak effector CD8 T cell numbers, but only early IL-2 signals enhance memory numbers. IL-2 signals delivered at relatively late time points drive terminal differentiation and marked Bim-mediated contraction and do not increase memory T cell numbers. In contrast, early IL-2 signals induce effector cell metabolic profiles that are more conducive to memory formation. Of note, downregulation of CD80 and CD86 was observed on DCs in vivo following early IL-2 treatment. Mechanistically, early IL-2 treatment enhanced CTLA-4 expression on regulatory T cells, and CTLA-4 blockade alongside IL-2 treatment in vivo prevented the decrease in CD80 and CD86, supporting a cell-extrinsic role for CTLA-4 in downregulating B7 ligand expression on DCs. Finally, DC immunization followed by early IL-2 treatment and anti-CTLA-4 blockade resulted in lower memory CD8 T cell numbers compared with the DC+early IL-2 treatment group. These data suggest that curtailed signaling through the B7-CD28 costimulatory axis during CD8 T cell activation limits terminal differentiation and preserves memory CD8 T cell formation; thus, it should be considered in future T cell-vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | | | - John T Harty
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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58
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Thompson EA, Beura LK, Nelson CE, Anderson KG, Vezys V. Shortened Intervals during Heterologous Boosting Preserve Memory CD8 T Cell Function but Compromise Longevity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3054-63. [PMID: 26903479 PMCID: PMC4799748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Developing vaccine strategies to generate high numbers of Ag-specific CD8 T cells may be necessary for protection against recalcitrant pathogens. Heterologous prime-boost-boost immunization has been shown to result in large quantities of functional memory CD8 T cells with protective capacities and long-term stability. Completing the serial immunization steps for heterologous prime-boost-boost can be lengthy, leaving the host vulnerable for an extensive period of time during the vaccination process. We show in this study that shortening the intervals between boosting events to 2 wk results in high numbers of functional and protective Ag-specific CD8 T cells. This protection is comparable to that achieved with long-term boosting intervals. Short-boosted Ag-specific CD8 T cells display a canonical memory T cell signature associated with long-lived memory and have identical proliferative potential to long-boosted T cells Both populations robustly respond to antigenic re-exposure. Despite this, short-boosted Ag-specific CD8 T cells continue to contract gradually over time, which correlates to metabolic differences between short- and long-boosted CD8 T cells at early memory time points. Our studies indicate that shortening the interval between boosts can yield abundant, functional Ag-specific CD8 T cells that are poised for immediate protection; however, this is at the expense of forming stable long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christine E Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kristin G Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
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59
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Hu H, Liu F, Kim J, Ratto-Kim S. HIV Susceptibility of human antigen-specific CD4 T cells in AIDS pathogenesis and vaccine response. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:709-17. [PMID: 26814372 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1147354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV causes infection and progressive depletion of human CD4 T cells. Emerging data have shown that antigen-specific CD4 T-cell subsets manifest differential susceptibility to HIV, potentially leading to pathogen-specific immune failure and opportunistic infections. This concept was recently explored in context of vectors utilized in HIV vaccine trials, and the data suggest that adenovirus type 5(Ad5)-specific CD4 T cells elicited by Ad5-HIV vaccine may be particularly susceptible to HIV, potentially rendering Ad5 vaccine recipients susceptible to HIV acquisition. We here examined recent data regarding the HIV susceptibility of antigen-specific CD4 T cells induced during infection or HIV vaccination and discussed its potential impact on HIV acquisition risk posed by HIV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Hu
- a Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Fengliang Liu
- a Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Jerome Kim
- b International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Ratto-Kim
- c U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation , Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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60
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A randomized pilot trial testing the safety and immunologic effects of a MAGE-A3 protein plus AS15 immunostimulant administered into muscle or into dermal/subcutaneous sites. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 65:25-36. [PMID: 26581199 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methods to induce T cell responses to protein vaccines have not been optimized. The immunostimulant AS15 has been administered with the recombinant MAGE-A3 protein (recMAGE-A3) i.m. but not i.d. or s.c. This study tests hypotheses that the i.d./s.c. route is safe and will increase CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to MAGE-A3. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with resected stage IIB-IV MAGE-A3(+) melanoma were randomized to immunization with recMAGE-A3 combined with AS15 immunostimulant (MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic) either i.m. (group A, n = 13) or i.d./s.c. (group B, n = 12). Adverse events were recorded. Ab responses to MAGE-A3 were measured by ELISA. T cell responses to overlapping MAGE-A3 peptides were assessed in PBMC and a sentinel immunized node (SIN) after 1 in vitro stimulation with recMAGE-A3, by IFN-γ ELISPOT assay and by flow cytometry for multifunctional (TNF-α/IFN-γ) responses. RESULTS Both routes of immunization were well tolerated without treatment-related grade 3 adverse events. All patients had durable Ab responses. For all 25 patients, the T cell response rate by ELISPOT assay was 30 % in SIN (7/23) but only 4 % (1/25) in PBMC. By flow cytometry, multifunctional CD8(+) T cell responses were identified in one patient in each group; multifunctional CD4(+) T cell response rates for groups A and B, respectively, were 31 and 64 % in SIN and 31 and 50 % in PBMC. CONCLUSION The MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic was well tolerated after i.d./s.c. administration, with trends to higher CD4(+) T cell response rates than with i.m. administration. This study supports further study of AS15 by i.d./s.c. administration.
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61
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Hu JC, Greene CJ, King-Lyons ND, Connell TD. The Divergent CD8+ T Cell Adjuvant Properties of LT-IIb and LT-IIc, Two Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxins, Are Conferred by Their Ganglioside-Binding B Subunits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142942. [PMID: 26565800 PMCID: PMC4643920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor immune responses elicited by vaccine antigens can be enhanced by the use of appropriate adjuvants. Type II heat-labile enterotoxins (HLT) produced by Escherichia coli are extremely potent adjuvants that augment both humoral and cellular immunity to co-administered antigens. Recent findings demonstrate that LT-IIb and LT-IIc, two type II HLT adjuvants, exhibit potent, yet distinguishable CD8+ T cell adjuvant properties. While LT-IIc elicits a robust and rapid response at one week after administration, LT-IIb engenders a more gradual and slower expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that correlates with improved immunity. The variations in immune effects elicited by the HLT adjuvants have been generally attributed to their highly divergent B subunits that mediate binding to various gangliosides on cell surfaces. Yet, HLT adjuvants with point mutations in the B subunit that significantly alter ganglioside binding retain similar adjuvant functions. Therefore, the contribution of the B subunits to adjuvanticity remains unclear. To investigate the influence of the B subunits on the enhancement of immune responses by LT-IIb and LT-IIc, chimeric HLT were engineered in which the B subunits of the two adjuvants were exchanged. Comparing the immune potentiating characteristics of both native and chimeric HLT adjuvants, it was found that not all the adjuvant characteristics of the HLT adjuvants were modulated by the respective B subunits. Specifically, the differences in the CD8+ T cell kinetics and protective responses elicited by LT-IIb and LT-IIc did indeed followed their respective B subunits. However, induction of IL-1 from macrophages and the capacity to intoxicate cells in a mouse Y1 adrenal cell bioassay did not correlate with the B subunits. Therefore, it is likely that additional factors other than the B subunits contribute to the effects elicited by the HLT adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Hu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Greene
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Natalie D. King-Lyons
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Terry D. Connell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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62
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Adair P, Kim YC, Pratt KP, Scott DW. Avidity of human T cell receptor engineered CD4(+) T cells drives T-helper differentiation fate. Cell Immunol 2015; 299:30-41. [PMID: 26653006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of the T cell receptor (TCR) in antigen recognition and activation of T lymphocytes is well established. However, how the TCR affects T-helper differentiation/skewing is less well understood, particularly for human CD4(+) (CD4) T cell subsets. Here we investigate the role of TCR specific antigen avidity in differentiation and maintenance of human Th1, Th2 and Th17 subsets. Two human TCRs, both specific for the same peptide antigen but with different avidities, were cloned and expressed in human CD4 T cells. These TCR engineered cells were then stimulated with specific antigen in unskewed and T-helper skewed conditions. We show that TCR avidity can control the percentage of IL-4 and IFN-γ co-expression in unskewed TCR engineered cells, that effector function can be maintained in a TCR avidity-dependent manner in skewed TCR engineered cells, and that increased TCR avidity can accelerate Th1 skewing of TCR engineered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Adair
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 21201, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20814, USA
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kathleen P Pratt
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 21201, USA
| | - David W Scott
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 21201, USA
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63
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Lazzaro S, Giovani C, Mangiavacchi S, Magini D, Maione D, Baudner B, Geall AJ, De Gregorio E, D'Oro U, Buonsanti C. CD8 T-cell priming upon mRNA vaccination is restricted to bone-marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells and may involve antigen transfer from myocytes. Immunology 2015; 146:312-26. [PMID: 26173587 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-amplifying mRNAs (SAM(®) ) are a novel class of nucleic acid vaccines, delivered by a non-viral delivery system. They are effective at eliciting potent and protective immune responses and are being developed as a platform technology with potential to be used for a broad range of targets. However, their mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. To date, no evidence of in vivo transduction of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by SAM vector has been reported, while the antigen expression has been shown to occur mostly in the muscle fibres. Here we show that bone-marrow-derived APCs rather than muscle cells are responsible for induction of MHC class-I restricted CD8 T cells in vivo, but direct transfection of APCs by SAM vectors is not required. Based on all our in vivo and in vitro data we propose that upon SAM vaccination the antigen is expressed within muscle cells and then transferred to APCs, suggesting cross-priming as the prevalent mechanism for priming the CD8 T-cell response by SAM vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lazzaro
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l (a GSK Company), Siena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giovani
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l (a GSK Company), Siena, Italy
| | | | - Diletta Magini
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l (a GSK Company), Siena, Italy
| | - Domenico Maione
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l (a GSK Company), Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Baudner
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l (a GSK Company), Siena, Italy
| | | | - Ennio De Gregorio
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l (a GSK Company), Siena, Italy
| | - Ugo D'Oro
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l (a GSK Company), Siena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Buonsanti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics s.r.l (a GSK Company), Siena, Italy
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64
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Theileria-transformed bovine leukocytes have cancer hallmarks. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:306-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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A Multiantigenic DNA Vaccine That Induces Broad Hepatitis C Virus-Specific T-Cell Responses in Mice. J Virol 2015; 89:7991-8002. [PMID: 26018154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00803-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There are 3 to 4 million new hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections annually around the world, but no vaccine is available. Robust T-cell mediated responses are necessary for effective clearance of the virus, and DNA vaccines result in a cell-mediated bias. Adjuvants are often required for effective vaccination, but during natural lytic viral infections damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released, which act as natural adjuvants. Hence, a vaccine that induces cell necrosis and releases DAMPs will result in cell-mediated immunity (CMI), similar to that resulting from natural lytic viral infection. We have generated a DNA vaccine with the ability to elicit strong CMI against the HCV nonstructural (NS) proteins (3, 4A, 4B, and 5B) by encoding a cytolytic protein, perforin (PRF), and the antigens on a single plasmid. We examined the efficacy of the vaccines in C57BL/6 mice, as determined by gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay, cell proliferation studies, and intracellular cytokine production. Initially, we showed that encoding the NS4A protein in a vaccine which encoded only NS3 reduced the immunogenicity of NS3, whereas including PRF increased NS3 immunogenicity. In contrast, the inclusion of NS4A increased the immunogenicity of the NS3, NS4B, andNS5B proteins, when encoded in a DNA vaccine that also encoded PRF. Finally, vaccines that also encoded PRF elicited similar levels of CMI against each protein after vaccination with DNA encoding NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5B compared to mice vaccinated with DNA encoding only NS3 or NS4B/5B. Thus, we have developed a promising "multiantigen" vaccine that elicits robust CMI. IMPORTANCE Since their development, vaccines have reduced the global burden of disease. One strategy for vaccine development is to use commercially viable DNA technology, which has the potential to generate robust immune responses. Hepatitis C virus causes chronic liver infection and is a leading cause of liver cancer. To date, no vaccine is currently available, and treatment is costly and often results in side effects, limiting the number of patients who are treated. Despite recent advances in treatment, prevention remains the key to efficient control and elimination of this virus. Here, we describe a novel DNA vaccine against hepatitis C virus that is capable of inducing robust cell-mediated immune responses in mice and is a promising vaccine candidate for humans.
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66
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Reguzova A, Antonets D, Karpenko L, Ilyichev A, Maksyutov R, Bazhan S. Design and evaluation of optimized artificial HIV-1 poly-T cell-epitope immunogens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116412. [PMID: 25786238 PMCID: PMC4364888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful HIV vaccine in addition to induction of antibody responses should elicit effective T cell responses. Here we described possible strategies for rational design of T-cell vaccine capable to induce high levels of both CD4+ and CD8+ T- cell responses. We developed artificial HIV-1 polyepitope T-cell immunogens based on the conserved natural CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes from different HIV-1 strains and restricted by the most frequent major human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Designed immunogens contain optimized core polyepitope sequence and additional "signal" sequences which increase epitope processing and presentation to CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes: N-terminal ubiquitin, N-terminal signal peptide and C-terminal tyrosine motif of LAMP-1 protein. As a result we engineered three T cell immunogens - TCI-N, TCI-N2, and TCI-N3, with different combinations of signal sequences. All designed immunogens were able to elicit HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses following immunization. Attachment of either ubiquitin or ER-signal/LAMP-1 sequences increased both CD4+ and CD8+ mediated HIV-specific T cell responses in comparison with polyepitope immunogen without any additional signal sequences. Moreover, TCI-N3 polyepitope immunogen with ubiquitin generated highest magnitude of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in our study. Obtained data suggests that attachment of signal sequences targeting polyepitope immunogens to either MHC class I or MHC class II presentation pathways may improve immunogenicity of T-cell vaccines. These results support the strategy of the rational T cell immunogen design and contribute to the development of effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Reguzova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - Denis Antonets
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - Larisa Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - Alexander Ilyichev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - Rinat Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - Sergei Bazhan
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
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Verstrepen BE, Boonstra A, Koopman G. Immune mechanisms of vaccine induced protection against chronic hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:53-69. [PMID: 25624997 PMCID: PMC4295194 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by a high propensity for development of life-long viral persistence. An estimated 170 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis caused by HCV. Currently, there is no approved prophylactic HCV vaccine available. With the near disappearance of the most relevant animal model for HCV, the chimpanzee, we review the progression that has been made regarding prophylactic vaccine development against HCV. We describe the results of the individual vaccine evaluation experiments in chimpanzees, in relation to what has been observed in humans. The results of the different studies indicate that partial protection against infection can be achieved, but a clear correlate of protection has thus far not yet been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babs E Verstrepen
- Babs E Verstrepen, Gerrit Koopman, Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - André Boonstra
- Babs E Verstrepen, Gerrit Koopman, Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Babs E Verstrepen, Gerrit Koopman, Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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68
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Intradermal administration of the Type II heat-labile enterotoxins LT-IIb and LT-IIc of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli enhances humoral and CD8+ T cell immunity to a co-administered antigen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113978. [PMID: 25536061 PMCID: PMC4275187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are extremely effective at combating infectious diseases. Many conserved antigen (Ag) targets, however, are poorly immunogenic. Protein subunit vaccines frequently elicit only humoral immune responses and fail to confer protection against serious intracellular pathogens. These barriers to vaccine development are often overcome by the use of appropriate adjuvants. Heat-labile enterotoxins (HLT) produced by enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli are potent adjuvants when administered by mucosal or systemic routes. The efficacy of the type II HLT, however, has not been well-defined when administered by the intradermal (ID) route. Using a murine ID immunization model, the adjuvant properties of LT-IIb and LT-IIc, two type II HLTs, were compared with those of LT-I, a prototypical type I HLT. While all three HLT adjuvants enhanced Ag-specific humoral responses to similar levels, LT-IIb and LT-IIc, in contrast to LT-I, induced a more vigorous Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response and proffered faster clearance of Listeria monocytogenes in a challenge model. Additionally, LT-IIb and LT-IIc induced distinct differences in the profiles of the Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses. While LT-IIc stimulated a robust and rapid primary CD8+ T cell response, LT-IIb exhibited slower CD8+ T cell expansion and contraction kinetics with the formation of higher percentages of effector memory cells. In comparison to LT-I and LT-IIc, LT-IIb evoked better long-term protection after immunization. Furthermore, LT-IIb and LT-IIc enhanced the total number of dendritic cells (DC) in the draining lymph node (DLN) and expression of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40 on DCs. In contrast to LT-I, LT-IIb and LT-IIc induced less edema, cellular infiltrates, and general inflammation at the site of ID injection. Thus, LT-IIb and LT-IIc are attractive comprehensive ID adjuvants with unique characteristic that enhance humoral and cellular immunity to a co-administered protein Ag.
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69
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de Goede AL, Vulto AG, Osterhaus ADME, Gruters RA. Understanding HIV infection for the design of a therapeutic vaccine. Part II: Vaccination strategies for HIV. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2014; 73:169-79. [PMID: 25528627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection leads to a gradual loss CD4(+) T lymphocytes comprising immune competence and progression to AIDS. Effective treatment with combined antiretroviral drugs (cART) decreases viral load below detectable levels but is not able to eliminate the virus from the body. The success of cART is frustrated by the requirement of expensive lifelong adherence, accumulating drug toxicities and chronic immune activation resulting in increased risk of several non-AIDS disorders, even when viral replication is suppressed. Therefore, there is a strong need for therapeutic strategies as an alternative to cART. Immunotherapy, or therapeutic vaccination, aims to increase existing immune responses against HIV or induce de novo immune responses. These immune responses should provide a functional cure by controlling viral replication and preventing disease progression in the absence of cART. The key difficulty in the development of an HIV vaccine is our ignorance of the immune responses that control of viral replication, and thus how these responses can be elicited and how they can be monitored. Part one of this review provides an extensive overview of the (patho-) physiology of HIV infection. It describes the structure and replication cycle of HIV, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV infection and the innate and adaptive immune responses against HIV. Part two of this review discusses therapeutic options for HIV. Prevention modalities and antiretroviral therapy are briefly touched upon, after which an extensive overview on vaccination strategies for HIV is provided, including the choice of immunogens and delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L de Goede
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A G Vulto
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Gruters
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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70
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Hassapis KA, Stylianou DC, Kostrikis LG. Architectural insight into inovirus-associated vectors (IAVs) and development of IAV-based vaccines inducing humoral and cellular responses: implications in HIV-1 vaccines. Viruses 2014; 6:5047-76. [PMID: 25525909 PMCID: PMC4276942 DOI: 10.3390/v6125047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inovirus-associated vectors (IAVs) are engineered, non-lytic, filamentous bacteriophages that are assembled primarily from thousands of copies of the major coat protein gp8 and just five copies of each of the four minor coat proteins gp3, gp6, gp7 and gp9. Inovirus display studies have shown that the architecture of inoviruses makes all coat proteins of the inoviral particle accessible to the outside. This particular feature of IAVs allows foreign antigenic peptides to be displayed on the outer surface of the virion fused to its coat proteins and for more than two decades has been exploited in many applications including antibody or peptide display libraries, drug design, and vaccine development against infectious and non-infectious diseases. As vaccine carriers, IAVs have been shown to elicit both a cellular and humoral response against various pathogens through the display of antibody epitopes on their coat proteins. Despite their high immunogenicity, the goal of developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1 has not yet materialized. One possible limitation of previous efforts was the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies, which exhibited autoreactivity properties. In the past five years, however, new, more potent broadly neutralizing antibodies that do not exhibit autoreactivity properties have been isolated from HIV-1 infected individuals, suggesting that vaccination strategies aimed at producing such broadly neutralizing antibodies may confer protection against infection. The utilization of these new, broadly neutralizing antibodies in combination with the architectural traits of IAVs have driven the current developments in the design of an inovirus-based vaccine against HIV-1. This article reviews the applications of IAVs in vaccine development, with particular emphasis on the design of inoviral-based vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos A Hassapis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Dora C Stylianou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Leondios G Kostrikis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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71
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Vaccine-induced plasmablast responses in rhesus macaques: phenotypic characterization and a source for generating antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:69-83. [PMID: 25445326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 broadly neutralizing antibodies have been isolated from a minority of HIV infected patients, but the steps leading to the selection of plasma cells producing such antibodies remain incompletely understood, hampering the development of vaccines able to elicit them. Rhesus macaques have become a preferred animal model system used to study SIV/HIV, for the characterization and development of novel therapeutics and vaccines as well as to understand pathogenesis. However, most of our knowledge about the dynamics of antibody responses is limited to the analysis of serum antibodies or monoclonal antibodies generated from memory B cells. In a vaccine setting, relatively little is known about the early cellular responses that elicit long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells and the tools to dissect plasmablast responses are not available in macaques. In the current study, we show that the majority (>80%) of the vaccine-induced plasmablast response are antigen-specific by functional ELISPOT assays. While plasmablasts are easily defined and isolated in humans, those same phenotypic markers have not been useful for identifying macaque plasmablasts. Here we describe an approach that allows for the isolation and single cell sorting of vaccine-induced plasmablasts. Finally, we show that isolated plasmablasts can be used to efficiently recover antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies through single cell expression cloning. This will allow detailed studies of the early plasmablast responses in rhesus macaques, enabling the characterization of both their repertoire breadth as well as the epitope specificity and functional qualities of the antibodies they produce, not only in the context of SIV/HIV vaccines but for many other pathogens/vaccines as well.
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72
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Pierce BG, Weng Z. A flexible docking approach for prediction of T cell receptor-peptide-MHC complexes. Protein Sci 2014; 22:35-46. [PMID: 23109003 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) are immune proteins that specifically bind to antigenic molecules, which are often foreign peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex proteins (pMHCs), playing a key role in the cellular immune response. To advance our understanding and modeling of this dynamic immunological event, we assembled a protein-protein docking benchmark consisting of 20 structures of crystallized TCR/pMHC complexes for which unbound structures exist for both TCR and pMHC. We used our benchmark to compare predictive performance using several flexible and rigid backbone TCR/pMHC docking protocols. Our flexible TCR docking algorithm, TCRFlexDock, improved predictive success over the fixed backbone protocol, leading to near-native predictions for 80% of the TCR/pMHC cases among the top 10 models, and 100% of the cases in the top 30 models. We then applied TCRFlexDock to predict the two distinct docking modes recently described for a single TCR bound to two different antigens, and tested several protein modeling scoring functions for prediction of TCR/pMHC binding affinities. This algorithm and benchmark should enable future efforts to predict, and design of uncharacterized TCR/pMHC complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Pierce
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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73
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Tan Z, Zhou J, Cheung AKL, Yu Z, Cheung KW, Liang J, Wang H, Lee BK, Man K, Liu L, Yuen KY, Chen Z. Vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells cure mesothelioma by overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppressive environment. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6010-21. [PMID: 25125656 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eradicating malignant tumors by vaccine-elicited host immunity remains a major medical challenge. To date, correlates of immune protection remain unknown for malignant mesothelioma. In this study, we demonstrated that antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell immune response correlates with the elimination of malignant mesothelioma by a model PD-1-based DNA vaccine. Unlike the nonprotective tumor antigen WT1-based DNA vaccines, the model vaccine showed complete and long-lasting protection against lethal mesothelioma challenge in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Furthermore, it remained highly immunogenic in tumor-bearing animals and led to therapeutic cure of preexisting mesothelioma. T-cell depletion and adoptive transfer experiments revealed that vaccine-elicited CD8(+) T cells conferred to the protective efficacy in a dose-dependent way. Also, these CD8(+) T cells functioned by releasing inflammatory IFNγ and TNFα in the vicinity of target cells as well as by initiating TRAIL-directed tumor cell apoptosis. Importantly, repeated DNA vaccinations, a major advantage over live-vectored vaccines with issues of preexisting immunity, achieve an active functional state, not only preventing the rise of exhausted PD-1(+) and Tim-3(+) CD8(+) T cells but also suppressing tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressive cells and Treg cells, with the frequency of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells inversely correlating with tumor mass. Our results provide new insights into quantitative and qualitative requirements of vaccine-elicited functional CD8(+) T cells in cancer prevention and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Tan
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jingying Zhou
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Allen K L Cheung
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Yu
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ka-Wai Cheung
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Liang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Wang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Boon Kiat Lee
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Kwan Man
- Department of Surgery and Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China. Research Center for Infection and Immunity, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China. Research Center for Infection and Immunity, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.
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74
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Lema D, Garcia A, De Sanctis JB. HIV vaccines: a brief overview. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:1-11. [PMID: 24813074 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The scope of the article is to review the different approaches that have been used for HIV vaccines. The review is based on articles retrieved by PubMed and clinical trials from 1990 up to date. The article discusses virus complexity, protective and non-protective immune responses against the virus, and the most important approaches for HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lema
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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75
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Abstract
In spite of several attempts over many years at developing a HIV vaccine based on classical strategies, none has convincingly succeeded to date. As HIV is transmitted primarily by the mucosal route, particularly through sexual intercourse, understanding antiviral immunity at mucosal sites is of major importance. An ideal vaccine should elicit HIV-specific antibodies and mucosal CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) as a first line of defense at a very early stage of HIV infection, before the virus can disseminate into the secondary lymphoid organs in mucosal and systemic tissues. A primary focus of HIV preventive vaccine research is therefore the induction of protective immune responses in these crucial early stages of HIV infection. Numerous approaches are being studied in the field, including building upon the recent RV144 clinical trial. In this article, we will review current strategies and briefly discuss the use of adjuvants in designing HIV vaccines that induce mucosal immune responses.
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76
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Abstract
Despite significant effort, the development of effective vaccines inducing strong and durable T-cell responses against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells has remained a challenge. The initiation of effector CD8+ T-cell responses requires the presentation of peptides derived from internalized antigen on class I major histocompatibility complex molecules by dendritic cells (DCs) in a process called cross-presentation. A current strategy to enhance the effectiveness of vaccination is to deliver antigens directly to DCs. This is done via selective targeting of antigen using monoclonal antibodies directed against endocytic receptors on the surface of the DCs. In this review, we will discuss considerations relevant to the design of such vaccines: the existence of DC subsets with specialized functions, the impact of the antigen intracellular trafficking on cross-presentation, and the influence of maturation signals received by DCs on the outcome of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Cohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
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77
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Abstract
Immune memory has traditionally been the domain of the adaptive immune system, present only in antigen-specific T and B cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence for immunological memory in lower organisms (which are not thought to possess adaptive immunity) and within specific cell subsets of the innate immune system. A special focus will be given to recent findings in both mouse and humans for specificity and memory in natural killer (NK) cells, which have resided under the umbrella of innate immunity for decades. The surprising longevity and enhanced responses of previously primed NK cells will be discussed in the context of several immunization settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Ugolini
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France Service d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
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Progress in tuberculosis vaccine development and host-directed therapies--a state of the art review. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:301-20. [PMID: 24717627 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to kill 1·4 million people annually. During the past 5 years, an alarming increase in the number of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis has been noted, particularly in eastern Europe, Asia, and southern Africa. Treatment outcomes with available treatment regimens for drug-resistant tuberculosis are poor. Although substantial progress in drug development for tuberculosis has been made, scientific progress towards development of interventions for prevention and improvement of drug treatment outcomes have lagged behind. Innovative interventions are therefore needed to combat the growing pandemic of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Novel adjunct treatments are needed to accomplish improved cure rates for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. A novel, safe, widely applicable, and more effective vaccine against tuberculosis is also desperately sought to achieve disease control. The quest to develop a universally protective vaccine for tuberculosis continues. So far, research and development of tuberculosis vaccines has resulted in almost 20 candidates at different stages of the clinical trial pipeline. Host-directed therapies are now being developed to refocus the anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis-directed immune responses towards the host; a strategy that could be especially beneficial for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis or extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. As we are running short of canonical tuberculosis drugs, more attention should be given to host-directed preventive and therapeutic intervention measures.
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79
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Antigen-bearing dendritic cells from the sublingual mucosa recirculate to distant systemic lymphoid organs to prime mucosal CD8 T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:280-91. [PMID: 23801305 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Effector T cells are described to be primed in the lymph nodes draining the site of immunization and to recirculate to effector sites. Sublingual immunization generates effector T cells able to disseminate to the genital tract. Herein, we report an alternative mechanism that involves the recirculation of antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) in remote lymphoid organs to prime T cells. Sublingual immunization with a muco-adhesive model antigen unable to diffuse through lymphatic or blood vessels induced genital CD8 T cells. The sublingual draining lymph nodes were not mandatory to generate these lymphocytes, and antigen-bearing DCs from distant lymph nodes and spleen were able to prime specific CD8 T cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that antigen-bearing DCs originating from the site of immunization recirculate to distant lymphoid organs and provides insights into the mechanism of distant CD8 T-cell generation by sublingual immunization.
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80
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Abstract
A global human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) vaccine will have to elicit immune responses capable of providing protection against a tremendous diversity of HIV-1 variants. In this review, we first describe the current state of the HIV-1 vaccine field, outlining the immune responses that are desired in a global HIV-1 vaccine. In particular, we emphasize the likely importance of Env-specific neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies for protection against HIV-1 acquisition and the likely importance of effector Gag-specific T lymphocytes for virologic control. We then highlight four strategies for developing a global HIV-1 vaccine. The first approach is to design specific vaccines for each geographic region that include antigens tailor-made to match local circulating HIV-1 strains. The second approach is to design a vaccine that will elicit Env-specific antibodies capable of broadly neutralizing all HIV-1 subtypes. The third approach is to design a vaccine that will elicit cellular immune responses that are focused on highly conserved HIV-1 sequences. The fourth approach is to design a vaccine to elicit highly diverse HIV-1-specific responses. Finally, we emphasize the importance of conducting clinical efficacy trials as the only way to determine which strategies will provide optimal protection against HIV-1 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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81
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Kawano M, Matsui M, Handa H. SV40 virus-like particles as an effective delivery system and its application to a vaccine carrier. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:199-210. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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82
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Håkerud M, Waeckerle-Men Y, Selbo PK, Kündig TM, Høgset A, Johansen P. Intradermal photosensitisation facilitates stimulation of MHC class-I restricted CD8 T-cell responses of co-administered antigen. J Control Release 2014; 174:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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83
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Differential impact of magnitude, polyfunctional capacity, and specificity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses on HIV set point. J Virol 2013; 88:1819-24. [PMID: 24227857 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02968-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the characteristics of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses that lead to viral control is crucial for vaccine development. We evaluated the differential impact of magnitude, polyfunctional capacity, and specificity of the CD8(+) response at approximately 6 months postinfection on the viral set point at 12 months in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals. High frequencies of Gag and Nef responses endowed with four functions were the best predictors of a low viral set point.
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84
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Kawano M, Morikawa K, Suda T, Ohno N, Matsushita S, Akatsuka T, Handa H, Matsui M. Chimeric SV40 virus-like particles induce specific cytotoxicity and protective immunity against influenza A virus without the need of adjuvants. Virology 2013; 448:159-67. [PMID: 24314646 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a promising vaccine platform due to the safety and efficiency. However, it is still unclear whether polyomavirus-based VLPs are useful for this purpose. Here, we attempted to evaluate the potential of polyomavirus VLPs for the antiviral vaccine using simian virus 40 (SV40). We constructed chimeric SV40-VLPs carrying an HLA-A*02:01-restricted, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope derived from influenza A virus. HLA-A*02:01-transgenic mice were then immunized with the chimeric SV40-VLPs. The chimeric SV40-VLPs effectively induced influenza-specific CTLs and heterosubtypic protection against influenza A viruses without the need of adjuvants. Because DNase I treatment of the chimeric SV40-VLPs did not disrupt CTL induction, the intrinsic adjuvant property may not result from DNA contaminants in the VLP preparation. In addition, immunization with the chimeric SV40-VLPs generated long-lasting memory CTLs. We here propose that the chimeric SV40-VLPs harboring an epitope may be a promising CTL-based vaccine platform with self-adjuvant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kawano
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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85
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has improved the quality of life for HIV(+) individuals but efficacy requires strict adherence and treatment is not curative. Recently, the use of T cells as therapeutic agents has been in the spotlight in the settings of post-transplant opportunistic infections and cancer. Whether T-cell therapy can be harnessed for treating HIV remains to be determined but there are a few studies that seek to answer that question. Infusion of ex vivo-expanded HIV-specific T cells showed limited efficacy but no adverse events. Genetically modified T cells expressing CD4 chimeric antigen receptors have recently been shown to have persistence that outperforms chimeric antigen receptors used for cancers. Although the results have not yet been published for many clinical studies using T cells for HIV, preclinical studies and the clinical data that are available highlight the potential for T-cell therapy to decrease or eliminate HIV patients' dependency on antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lam
- Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, 1102 Bates Street, Ste 1770.01, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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86
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Lauterbach H, Pätzold J, Kassub R, Bathke B, Brinkmann K, Chaplin P, Suter M, Hochrein H. Genetic Adjuvantation of Recombinant MVA with CD40L Potentiates CD8 T Cell Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:251. [PMID: 23986761 PMCID: PMC3753717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a safe and promising viral vaccine vector that is currently investigated in several clinical and pre-clinical trials. In contrast to inactivated or sub-unit vaccines, MVA is able to induce strong humoral as well as cellular immune responses. In order to further improve its CD8 T cell inducing capacity, we genetically adjuvanted MVA with the coding sequence of murine CD40L, a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Immunization of mice with this new vector led to strongly enhanced primary and memory CD8 T cell responses. Concordant with the enhanced CD8 T cell response, we could detect stronger activation of dendritic cells and higher systemic levels of innate cytokines (including IL-12p70) early after immunization. Interestingly, acquisition of memory characteristics (i.e., IL-7R expression) was accelerated after immunization with MVA-CD40L in comparison to non-adjuvanted MVA. Furthermore, the generated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) also showed improved functionality as demonstrated by intracellular cytokine staining and in vivo killing activity. Importantly, the superior CTL response after a single MVA-CD40L immunization was able to protect B cell deficient mice against a fatal infection with ectromelia virus. Taken together, we show that genetic adjuvantation of MVA can change strength, quality, and functionality of innate and adaptive immune responses. These data should facilitate a rational vaccine design with a focus on rapid induction of large numbers of CD8 T cells able to protect against specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Lauterbach
- Department of Research Immunology, Bavarian Nordic GmbH , Martinsried , Germany
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87
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Brenchley JM. Mucosal immunity in human and simian immunodeficiency lentivirus infections. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:657-65. [PMID: 23549448 PMCID: PMC4154146 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence indicates that distinct pathological phenomenon occurs within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of progressively simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Asian macaques and HIV-infected humans compared with other anatomical sites. Massive loss of GI tract lamina propria CD4 T cells, alteration in the profile of lymphocytic cytokine production, changes in the landscape of GI tract antigen-presenting cells, and variations to the structural barrier of the GI tract are hallmarks of progressive HIV/SIV infections. The pathology within the GI tract results in translocation of microbial products from the lumen of the intestine into peripheral circulation. These translocated microbial products directly stimulate the immune system and exacerbate immune activation and, thus, disease progression. Initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) does not restore completely the immunological abnormalities within the GI tract. This incomplete restoration within the GI tract may contribute to the increased mortality observed within HIV-infected individuals treated for decades with cART. Novel therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing GI tract anatomy and physiology may improve the prognosis of HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- JM Brenchley
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair and Lab of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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88
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Zhou J, Cheung AKL, Tan Z, Wang H, Yu W, Du Y, Kang Y, Lu X, Liu L, Yuen KY, Chen Z. PD1-based DNA vaccine amplifies HIV-1 GAG-specific CD8+ T cells in mice. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2629-42. [PMID: 23635778 DOI: 10.1172/jci64704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vector-based vaccines that induce protective CD8+ T cell immunity can prevent or control pathogenic SIV infections, but issues of preexisting immunity and safety have impeded their implementation in HIV-1. Here, we report the development of what we believe to be a novel antigen-targeting DNA vaccine strategy that exploits the binding of programmed death-1 (PD1) to its ligands expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) by fusing soluble PD1 with HIV-1 GAG p24 antigen. As compared with non-DC-targeting vaccines, intramuscular immunization via electroporation (EP) of the fusion DNA in mice elicited consistently high frequencies of GAG-specific, broadly reactive, polyfunctional, long-lived, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and robust anti-GAG antibody titers. Vaccination conferred remarkable protection against mucosal challenge with vaccinia GAG viruses. Soluble PD1-based vaccination potentiated CD8+ T cell responses by enhancing antigen binding and uptake in DCs and activation in the draining lymph node. It also increased IL-12-producing DCs and engaged antigen cross-presentation when compared with anti-DEC205 antibody-mediated DC targeting. The high frequency of durable and protective GAG-specific CD8+ T cell immunity induced by soluble PD1-based vaccination suggests that PD1-based DNA vaccines could potentially be used against HIV-1 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhou
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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89
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Potentiating functional antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell immunity by a novel PD1 isoform-based fusion DNA vaccine. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1445-55. [PMID: 23587922 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and identifying new ways of mounting an effective CD8⁺ T cell immune response is important for eliminating infectious pathogens. Although upregulated programmed death-1 (PD1) in chronic infections (such as HIV-1 and tuberculosis) impedes T cell responses, blocking this PD1/PD-L pathway could functionally rescue the "exhausted" T cells. However, there exists a number of PD1 spliced variants with unknown biological function. Here, we identified a new isoform of human PD1 (Δ42PD1) that contains a 42-nucleotide in-frame deletion located at exon 2 domain found expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Δ42PD1 appears to function distinctly from PD1, as it does not engage PD-L1/PD-L2 but its recombinant form could induce proinflammatory cytokines. We utilized Δ42PD1 as an intramolecular adjuvant to develop a fusion DNA vaccine with HIV-1 Gag p24 antigen to immunize mice, which elicited a significantly enhanced level of anti-p24 IgG1/IgG2a antibody titers, and important p24-specific and tetramer⁺CD8⁺ T cells responses that lasted for ≥7.5 months. Furthermore, p24-specific CD8⁺ T cells remain functionally improved in proliferative and cytolytic capacities. Importantly, the enhanced antigen-specific immunity protected mice against pathogenic viral challenge and tumor growth. Thus, this newly identified PD1 variant (Δ42PD1) amplifies the generation of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell immunity when used in a DNA vaccine.
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90
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Xu W, Watts DM, Costanzo MC, Tang X, Venegas LA, Jiao F, Sette A, Sidney J, Sewell AK, Wooldridge L, Makino S, Morrill JC, Peters CJ, Kan-Mitchell J. The nucleocapsid protein of Rift Valley fever virus is a potent human CD8+ T cell antigen and elicits memory responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59210. [PMID: 23527138 PMCID: PMC3601065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no licensed human vaccine currently available for Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV), a Category A high priority pathogen and a serious zoonotic threat. While neutralizing antibodies targeting the viral glycoproteins are protective, they appear late in the course of infection, and may not be induced in time to prevent a natural or bioterrorism-induced outbreak. Here we examined the immunogenicity of RVFV nucleocapsid (N) protein as a CD8(+) T cell antigen with the potential for inducing rapid protection after vaccination. HLA-A*0201 (A2)-restricted epitopic determinants were identified with N-specific CD8(+) T cells from eight healthy donors that were primed with dendritic cells transduced to express N, and subsequently expanded in vitro by weekly re-stimulations with monocytes pulsed with 59 15mer overlapping peptides (OLPs) across N. Two immunodominant epitopes, VT9 (VLSEWLPVT, N(121-129)) and IL9 (ILDAHSLYL, N165-173), were defined. VT9- and IL9-specific CD8(+) T cells identified by tetramer staining were cytotoxic and polyfunctional, characteristics deemed important for viral control in vivo. These peptides induced specific CD8(+) T cell responses in A2-transgenic mice, and more importantly, potent N-specific CD8(+) T cell reactivities, including VT9- and IL9-specific ones, were mounted by mice after a booster vaccination with the live attenuated RVF MP-12. Our data suggest that the RVFV N protein is a potent human T cell immunogen capable of eliciting broad, immunodominant CD8(+) T cell responses that are potentially protective. Understanding the immune responses to the nucleocapsid is central to the design of an effective RVFV vaccine irrespective of whether this viral protein is effective as a stand-alone immunogen or only in combination with other RVFV antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Xu
- Department of Biological Science and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
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91
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Frequent and variable cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte escape-associated fitness costs in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B Gag proteins. J Virol 2013; 87:3952-65. [PMID: 23365420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03233-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations undermine the durability of effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. The rate of CTL escape from a given response is largely governed by the net of all escape-associated viral fitness costs and benefits. The observation that CTL escape mutations can carry an associated fitness cost in terms of reduced virus replication capacity (RC) suggests a fitness cost-benefit trade-off that could delay CTL escape and thereby prolong CD8 response effectiveness. However, our understanding of this potential fitness trade-off is limited by the small number of CTL escape mutations for which a fitness cost has been quantified. Here, we quantified the fitness cost of the 29 most common HIV-1B Gag CTL escape mutations using an in vitro RC assay. The majority (20/29) of mutations reduced RC by more than the benchmark M184V antiretroviral drug resistance mutation, with impacts ranging from 8% to 69%. Notably, the reduction in RC was significantly greater for CTL escape mutations associated with protective HLA class I alleles than for those associated with nonprotective alleles. To speed the future evaluation of CTL escape costs, we also developed an in silico approach for inferring the relative impact of a mutation on RC based on its computed impact on protein thermodynamic stability. These data illustrate that the magnitude of CTL escape-associated fitness costs, and thus the barrier to CTL escape, varies widely even in the conserved Gag proteins and suggest that differential escape costs may contribute to the relative efficacy of CD8 responses.
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92
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Benlahrech A, Meiser A, Herath S, Papagatsias T, Athanasopoulos T, Li F, Self S, Bachy V, Hervouet C, Logan K, Klavinskis L, Dickson G, Patterson S. Fragmentation of SIV-gag vaccine induces broader T cell responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48038. [PMID: 23118924 PMCID: PMC3485275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High mutation rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) allows escape from T cell recognition preventing development of effective T cell vaccines. Vaccines that induce diverse T cell immune responses would help overcome this problem. Using SIV gag as a model vaccine, we investigated two approaches to increase the breadth of the CD8 T cell response. Namely, fusion of vaccine genes to ubiquitin to target the proteasome and increase levels of MHC class I peptide complexes and gene fragmentation to overcome competition between epitopes for presentation and recognition. Methodology/Principal Findings Three vaccines were compared: full-length unmodified SIV-mac239 gag, full-length gag fused at the N-terminus to ubiquitin and 7 gag fragments of equal size spanning the whole of gag with ubiquitin-fused to the N-terminus of each fragment. Genes were cloned into a replication defective adenovirus vector and immunogenicity assessed in an in vitro human priming system. The breadth of the CD8 T cell response, defined by the number of distinct epitopes, was assessed by IFN-γ-ELISPOT and memory phenotype and cytokine production evaluated by flow cytometry. We observed an increase of two- to six-fold in the number of epitopes recognised in the ubiquitin-fused fragments compared to the ubiquitin-fused full-length gag. In contrast, although proteasomal targeting was achieved, there was a marked reduction in the number of epitopes recognised in the ubiquitin-fused full-length gag compared to the full-length unmodified gene, but there were no differences in the number of epitope responses induced by non-ubiquitinated full-length gag and the ubiquitin-fused mini genes. Fragmentation and ubiquitination did not affect T cell memory differentiation and polyfunctionality, though most responses were directed against the Ad5 vector. Conclusion/Significance Fragmentation but not fusion with ubiquitin increases the breadth of the CD8 T vaccine response against SIV-mac239 gag. Thus gene fragmentation of HIV vaccines may maximise responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Benlahrech
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Meiser
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shanthi Herath
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timos Papagatsias
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takis Athanasopoulos
- School of Biological Science, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Fucheng Li
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steve Self
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Veronique Bachy
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Guys Hospital, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hervouet
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Guys Hospital, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Logan
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Klavinskis
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Guys Hospital, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Dickson
- School of Biological Science, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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93
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Vanham G, Van Gulck E. Can immunotherapy be useful as a "functional cure" for infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1? Retrovirology 2012; 9:72. [PMID: 22958464 PMCID: PMC3472319 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy aims to assist the natural immune system in achieving control over viral infection. Various immunotherapy formats have been evaluated in either therapy-naive or therapy-experienced HIV-infected patients over the last 20 years. These formats included non-antigen specific strategies such as cytokines that stimulate immunity or suppress the viral replication, as well as antibodies that block negative regulatory pathways. A number of HIV-specific therapeutic vaccinations have also been proposed, using in vivo injection of inactivated virus, plasmid DNA encoding HIV antigens, or recombinant viral vectors containing HIV genes. A specific format of therapeutic vaccines consists of ex vivo loading of autologous dendritic cells with one of the above mentioned antigenic formats or mRNA encoding HIV antigens.This review provides an extensive overview of the background and rationale of these different therapeutic attempts and discusses the results of trials in the SIV macaque model and in patients. To date success has been limited, which could be explained by insufficient quality or strength of the induced immune responses, incomplete coverage of HIV variability and/or inappropriate immune activation, with ensuing increased susceptibility of target cells.Future attempts at therapeutic vaccination should ideally be performed under the protection of highly active antiretroviral drugs in patients with a recovered immune system. Risks for immune escape should be limited by a better coverage of the HIV variability, using either conserved or mosaic sequences. Appropriate molecular adjuvants should be included to enhance the quality and strength of the responses, without inducing inappropriate immune activation. Finally, to achieve a long-lasting effect on viral control (i.e. a "functional cure") it is likely that these immune interventions should be combined with anti-latency drugs and/or gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Vanham
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ellen Van Gulck
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Present address: Community of Research Excellence and Advanced Technology (C.R.E.A.Te), Division of Janssen, Beerse, Belgium
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94
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Anjuère F, Bekri S, Bihl F, Braud VM, Cuburu N, Czerkinsky C, Hervouet C, Luci C. B cell and T cell immunity in the female genital tract: potential of distinct mucosal routes of vaccination and role of tissue-associated dendritic cells and natural killer cells. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 Suppl 5:117-22. [PMID: 22882377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The female genital mucosa constitutes the major port of entry of sexually transmitted infections. Most genital microbial pathogens represent an enormous challenge for developing vaccines that can induce genital immunity that will prevent their transmission. It is now established that long-lasting protective immunity at mucosal surfaces has to involve local B-cell and T-cell effectors as well as local memory cells. Mucosal immunization constitutes an attractive way to generate systemic and genital B-cell and T-cell immune responses that can control early infection by sexually transmitted pathogens. Nevertheless, no mucosal vaccines against sexually transmitted infections are approved for human use. The mucosa-associated immune system is highly compartmentalized and the selection of any particular route or combinations of routes of immunization is critical when defining vaccine strategies against genital infections. Furthermore, mucosal surfaces are complex immunocompetent tissues that comprise antigen-presenting cells and also innate immune effectors and non-immune cells that can act as 'natural adjuvants' or negative immune modulators. The functions of these cells have to be taken into account when designing tissue-specific antigen-delivery systems and adjuvants. Here, we will discuss data that compare different mucosal routes of immunization to generate B-cell and T-cell responses in the genital tract, with a special emphasis on the newly described sublingual route of immunization. We will also summarize data on the understanding of the effector and induction mechanisms of genital immunity that may influence the development of vaccine strategies against genital infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anjuère
- CNRS, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.
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95
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Abstract
There is renewed optimism that the goal of developing a highly effective AIDS vaccine is attainable. The HIV-1 vaccine field has seen its first trial of a vaccine candidate that prevents infection. Although modest in efficacy, this finding, along with the recent discovery that the human immune system can produce broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of inhibiting greater than 90% of circulating viruses, provides a guide for the rational design of vaccines and protection by passive immunization. Together, these findings will help shape the next generation of HIV vaccines.
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96
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Kong L, Sattentau QJ. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity in HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. JOURNAL OF AIDS & CLINICAL RESEARCH 2012; S8:3. [PMID: 23227445 PMCID: PMC3515071 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies can protect from infection by immunodeficiency viruses. However, the induction by active vaccination of antibodies that can potently neutralize a broad range of circulating virus strains is a goal not yet achieved, despite more than 2 decades of research. Here we review progress made in the field, from early empirical studies to today's rational structure-based vaccine antigen design. We discuss the existence of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their implications for epitope discovery and recent progress made in antigen design. Finally, we consider the relationship between antigenicity and immunogenicity for B cell recognition and antibody production, a major hurdle for rational vaccine design to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Abstract
Low- to middle-income countries bear the overwhelming burden of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic in terms of the numbers of their citizens living with HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), the high degrees of viral diversity often involving multiple HIV-1 clades circulating within their populations, and the social and economic factors that compromise current control measures. Distinct epidemics have emerged in different geographical areas. These epidemics differ in their severity, the population groups they affect, their associated risk behaviors, and the viral strains that drive them. In addition to inflicting great human cost, the high burden of HIV infection has a major impact on the social and economic development of many low- to middle-income countries. Furthermore, the high degrees of viral diversity associated with multiclade HIV epidemics impacts viral diagnosis and pathogenicity and treatment and poses daunting challenges for effective vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
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