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Alexandrova AS, Pencheva DR, Setchanova LP, Gergova RT. Association of pili with widespread multidrug-resistant genetic lineages of non-invasive pediatric Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2022; 69:177-184. [PMID: 36094859 DOI: 10.1556/030.2022.01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the presence of pili in non-invasive pediatric pneumococcal isolates and to elucidate possible links with genetic lineages, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance. We examined 147 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children with respiratory tract infections and acute otitis media. Serotyping was performed by latex agglutination and capsule swelling reaction. Serogroup 6 was subjected to PCR-serotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined according to EUCAST breakpoints. PCRs for rlrA and pitB genes were performed to detect a presence of type 1 and type 2 pili. MLST was conducted to define the clonal structure of the piliated strains. Almost all children (96.5%) were vaccinated with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV10. We detected 76.8% non-PCV10 - serotypes (NVTs) and 14.3% PCV10 serotypes. The predominant serotypes were NVTs: 19A (14.3%), 6C (12.2%), 3 (9.5%), 15A (7.5%) and 6A (6.8%). PI-1 was detected among 10.9% non-PCV10 serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A and 6.1% PCV10 serotypes 19F and 23F. Type 2 pili were not found in the studied population. High levels of antimicrobial nonsusceptibility to erythromycin (58.5%), oral penicillin (55.8%), clindamycin (46.9%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (45.6%), tetracycline (39.5%) and ceftriaxone (16.3%) were revealed. The multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) were 55.1%. MLST represented 18 STs and three CCs among the piliated pneumococci: CC386, CC320, and CC81. More than half of the piliated strains (56.0%) belonged to successfully circulating international clones. PI-1 was associated mainly with MDR 6A, 6C, 19A, 19F, and 23F isolates from the widespread CC386, CC320, and CC81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sashova Alexandrova
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 1, G.Sofiiski Boul., 1431-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Rosenova Pencheva
- 2 Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Center, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 2, Zdrave str., 1431-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lena Petrova Setchanova
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 1, G.Sofiiski Boul., 1431-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Raina Tsvetanova Gergova
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 1, G.Sofiiski Boul., 1431-Sofia, Bulgaria
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Zhang C, Deng Y, Wang X, Shi L, Zhan B, Hou N, Liu S, Bao M, Chi G, Fang T. Alnustone inhibits Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence by targeting pneumolysin and sortase A. Fitoterapia 2022; 162:105261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and AMXT 1501 inhibit capsule biosynthesis in pneumococci. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11804. [PMID: 35821246 PMCID: PMC9276676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are small cationic molecules that have been linked to various cellular processes including replication, translation, stress response and recently, capsule regulation in Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn, pneumococcus). Pneumococcal-associated diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis are some of the leading causes of death worldwide and capsule remains the principal virulence factor of this versatile pathogen. α-Difluoromethyl-ornithine (DFMO) is an irreversible inhibitor of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway catalyzed by ornithine decarboxylase and has a long history in modulating cell growth, polyamine levels, and disease outcomes in eukaryotic systems. Recent evidence shows that DFMO can also target arginine decarboxylation. Interestingly, DFMO-treated cells often escape polyamine depletion via increased polyamine uptake from extracellular sources. Here, we examined the potential capsule-crippling ability of DFMO and the possible synergistic effects of the polyamine transport inhibitor, AMXT 1501, on pneumococci. We characterized the changes in pneumococcal metabolites in response to DFMO and AMXT 1501, and also measured the impact of DFMO on amino acid decarboxylase activities. Our findings show that DFMO inhibited pneumococcal polyamine and capsule biosynthesis as well as decarboxylase activities, albeit, at a high concentration. AMXT 1501 at physiologically relevant concentration could inhibit both polyamine and capsule biosynthesis, however, in a serotype-dependent manner. In summary, this study demonstrates the utility of targeting polyamine biosynthesis and transport for pneumococcal capsule inhibition. Since targeting capsule biosynthesis is a promising way for the eradication of the diverse and pathogenic pneumococcal strains, future work will identify small molecules similar to DFMO/AMXT 1501, which act in a serotype-independent manner.
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Keskinidou C, Vassiliou AG, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A, Orfanos SE. Mechanistic Understanding of Lung Inflammation: Recent Advances and Emerging Techniques. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3501-3546. [PMID: 35734098 PMCID: PMC9207257 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s282695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung injury characterized by an acute inflammatory response in the lung parenchyma. Hence, it is considered as the most appropriate clinical syndrome to study pathogenic mechanisms of lung inflammation. ARDS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU), while no effective pharmacological treatment exists. It is very important therefore to fully characterize the underlying pathobiology and the related mechanisms, in order to develop novel therapeutic approaches. In vivo and in vitro models are important pre-clinical tools in biological and medical research in the mechanistic and pathological understanding of the majority of diseases. In this review, we will present data from selected experimental models of lung injury/acute lung inflammation, which have been based on clinical disorders that can lead to the development of ARDS and related inflammatory lung processes in humans, including ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI), sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion, smoke, acid aspiration, radiation, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), influenza, Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae and coronaviruses infection. Data from the corresponding clinical conditions will also be presented. The mechanisms related to lung inflammation that will be covered are oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, surfactant, and water and ion channels. Finally, we will present a brief overview of emerging techniques in the field of omics research that have been applied to ARDS research, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which may recognize factors to help stratify ICU patients at risk, predict their prognosis, and possibly, serve as more specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysi Keskinidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alice G Vassiliou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Dimopoulou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos E Orfanos
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Phagosomal Acidification Is Required to Kill Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Zebrafish Model. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9429516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major human pathogen causing invasive disease, including community-acquired bacteraemia, and remains a leading cause of global mortality. Understanding the role of phagocytes in killing bacteria is still limited, especially in vivo. In this study, we established a zebrafish model to study the interaction between intravenously administered pneumococci and professional phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils, to unravel bacterial killing mechanisms employed by these immune cells. Our model confirmed the key role of polysaccharide capsule in promoting pneumococcal virulence through inhibition of phagocytosis. Conversely, we show pneumococci lacking a capsule are rapidly internalised by macrophages. Low doses of encapsulated S. pneumoniae cause near 100% mortality within 48 hours postinfection (hpi), while 50 times higher doses of unencapsulated pneumococci are easily cleared. Time course analysis of in vivo bacterial numbers reveals that while encapsulated pneumococcus proliferates to levels exceeding 105 CFU at the time of host death, unencapsulated bacteria are unable to grow and are cleared within 20 hpi. Using genetically induced macrophage depletion, we confirmed an essential role for macrophages in bacterial clearance. Additionally, we show that upon phagocytosis by macrophages, phagosomes undergo rapid acidification. Genetic and chemical inhibition of vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) prevents intracellular bacterial killing and induces host death indicating a key role of phagosomal acidification in immunity to invading pneumococci. We also show that our model can be used to study the efficacy of antimicrobials against pneumococci in vivo. Collectively, our data confirm that larval zebrafish can be used to dissect killing mechanisms during pneumococcal infection in vivo and highlight key roles for phagosomal acidification in macrophages for pathogen clearance.
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Membrane particles evoke a serotype-independent cross-protection against pneumococcal infection that is dependent on the conserved lipoproteins MalX and PrsA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122386119. [PMID: 35648835 PMCID: PMC9191655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122386119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificancePneumococcal infections are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Introduction of pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs) into the childhood vaccination program has led to a decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in vaccinated children but concurrently to an increase of nonvaccine-type IPD, also in nonvaccinated age groups such as the elderly. Thus, novel vaccine approaches are urgently needed, especially for the elderly, targeting all pneumococci causing IPD. Here, we show that pneumococcal membrane particles (MPs) evoke a serotype-independent cross-protection against IPD. This protection is dependent on the presence of the two conserved lipoproteins MalX and PrsA. We suggest that MPs can be used for pneumococcal vaccine development.
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Javaid N, Olwagen C, Nzenze S, Hawkins P, Gladstone R, McGee L, Breiman RF, Bentley SD, Madhi SA, Lo S. Population genomics of pneumococcal carriage in South Africa following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) immunization. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35737523 PMCID: PMC9455715 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen responsible for over 317000 deaths in children <5 years of age with the burden of the disease being highest in low- and middle-income countries including South Africa. Following the introduction of the 7-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in South Africa in 2009 and 2011, respectively, a decrease in both invasive pneumococcal infections and asymptomatic carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci were reported. In this study, we described the changing epidemiology of the pneumococcal carriage population in South Africa, by sequencing the genomes of 1825 isolates collected between 2009 and 2013. Using these genomic data, we reported the changes in serotypes, Global Pneumococcal Sequence Clusters (GPSCs), and antibiotic resistance before and after the introduction of PCV13. The pneumococcal carriage population in South Africa has a high level of diversity, comprising of 126 GPSCs and 49 serotypes. Of the ten most prevalent GPSCs detected, six were predominantly found in Africa (GPSC22, GPSC21, GPSC17, GPSC33, GPSC34 and GPSC52). We found a significant decrease in PCV7 serotypes (19F, 6B, 23F and 14) and an increase in non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) (16F, 34, 35B and 11A) among children <2 years of age. The increase in NVTs was driven by pneumococcal lineages GPSC33, GPSC34, GPSC5 and GPSC22. Overall, a decrease in antibiotic resistance for 11 antimicrobials was detected in the PCV13 era. Further, we reported a higher resistance prevalence among vaccine types (VTs), as compared to NVTs; however, an increase in penicillin resistance among NVT was observed between the PCV7 and PCV13 eras. The carriage isolates from South Africa predominantly belonged to pneumococcal lineages, which are endemic to Africa. While the introduction of PCV resulted in an overall reduction of resistance in pneumococcal carriage isolates, an increase in penicillin resistance among NVTs was detected in children aged between 3 and 5 years, driven by the expansion of penicillin-resistant clones associated with NVTs in the PCV13 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Javaid
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- *Correspondence: Nida Javaid, ;
| | - Courtney Olwagen
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan Nzenze
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paulina Hawkins
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Lesley McGee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Shabir A. Madhi,
| | - Stephanie Lo
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- *Correspondence: Stephanie Lo,
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58
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The Contribution of Viral Proteins to the Synergy of Influenza and Bacterial Co-Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051064. [PMID: 35632805 PMCID: PMC9143653 DOI: 10.3390/v14051064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe course of acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus (IAV) infection is often linked with subsequent bacterial superinfection, which is difficult to cure. Thus, synergistic influenza-bacterial co-infection represents a serious medical problem. The pathogenic changes in the infected host are accelerated as a consequence of IAV infection, reflecting its impact on the host immune response. IAV infection triggers a complex process linked with the blocking of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms required for effective antiviral defense. Such disbalance of the immune system allows for easier initiation of bacterial superinfection. Therefore, many new studies have emerged that aim to explain why viral-bacterial co-infection can lead to severe respiratory disease with possible fatal outcomes. In this review, we discuss the key role of several IAV proteins-namely, PB1-F2, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and NS1-known to play a role in modulating the immune defense of the host, which consequently escalates the development of secondary bacterial infection, most often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Understanding the mechanisms leading to pathological disorders caused by bacterial superinfection after the previous viral infection is important for the development of more effective means of prevention; for example, by vaccination or through therapy using antiviral drugs targeted at critical viral proteins.
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59
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Ong CC, Teo LL. Endemic Thoracic Infections in Southeast Asia. Radiol Clin North Am 2022; 60:445-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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60
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Gaultier GN, Nix EB, Thorgrimson J, Boreham D, McCready W, Ulanova M. Naturally acquired antibodies against 7 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Indigenous and non-Indigenous adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267051. [PMID: 35421173 PMCID: PMC9009640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for pediatric immunization, North American Indigenous populations continue to experience high burden of pneumococcal infections. Naturally acquired antibodies, which can protect unvaccinated adults against pneumococcal infections, have not previously been studied in Canadian Indigenous people. We analysed concentrations of natural serum IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies specific to 7 serotype-specific capsular polysaccharides (3, 6B, 9V, 14, 19A, 19F and 23F) in 141 healthy individuals (age between 18 and 80 years), including Indigenous adults living in 2 geographical different areas of Ontario, Canada, and non-Indigenous residing in northwestern Ontario. Regardless of the geographical area, concentrations of IgG specific to serotypes 6B, 9V, and 14, IgM specific to 9V, and all serotype-specific IgA were significantly higher in Indigenous study participants as compared to non-Indigenous. The differences are likely attributed to an increased exposure of Indigenous individuals to Streptococcus pneumoniae and/or cross-reactive antigens of other microorganisms or plants present in the environment. Although in non-Indigenous adults concentrations of IgM specific to 9V, 19A, 19F, and 23F significantly decreased with age, this was not observed in Indigenous individuals suggesting that Indigenous people may experience continuous exposure to pneumococci and cross-reactive antigens over the life span. Women had generally higher concentrations of natural IgG and IgM concentrations than men, with more striking differences found in Indigenous adults, potentially associated with larger exposure of women to young children, the major reservoir of pneumococci in communities. Our data suggest that increased rates of pneumococcal infections among Indigenous people are unlikely related to deficiency of naturally acquired antibodies, at least those specific to 7 common serotypes. Determining serological correlates of protection for adults will be essential to identify the groups in need of adult pneumococcal immunizations that may prevent excessive burden of the disease among North American Indigenous people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli B. Nix
- NOSM University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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61
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Kopenhagen A, Ramming I, Camp B, Hammerschmidt S, Fulde M, Müsken M, Steinert M, Bergmann S. Streptococcus pneumoniae Affects Endothelial Cell Migration in Microfluidic Circulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:852036. [PMID: 35401456 PMCID: PMC8990767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.852036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae induce strong inflammatory and procoagulant cellular responses and affect the endothelial barrier of the vascular system. Bacterial virulence determinants, such as the cytotoxic pore-forming pneumolysin, increase the endothelial barrier permeability by inducing cell apoptosis and cell damage. As life-threatening consequences, disseminated intravascular coagulation followed by consumption coagulopathy and low blood pressure is described. With the aim to decipher the role of pneumolysin in endothelial damage and leakage of the vascular barrier in more detail, we established a chamber-separation cell migration assay (CSMA) used to illustrate endothelial wound healing upon bacterial infections. We used chambered inlets for cell cultivation, which, after removal, provide a cell-free area of 500 μm in diameter as a defined gap in primary endothelial cell layers. During the process of wound healing, the size of the cell-free area is decreasing due to cell migration and proliferation, which we quantitatively determined by microscopic live cell monitoring. In addition, differential immunofluorescence staining combined with confocal microscopy was used to morphologically characterize the effect of bacterial attachment on cell migration and the velocity of gap closure. In all assays, the presence of wild-type pneumococci significantly inhibited endothelial gap closure. Remarkably, even in the presence of pneumolysin-deficient pneumococci, cell migration was significantly retarded. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of pneumococci on the proportion of cell proliferation versus cell migration within the process of endothelial gap closure was assessed by implementation of a fluorescence-conjugated nucleoside analogon. We further combined the endothelial CSMA with a microfluidic pump system, which for the first time enabled the microscopic visualization and monitoring of endothelial gap closure in the presence of circulating bacteria at defined vascular shear stress values for up to 48 h. In accordance with our CSMA results under static conditions, the gap remained cell free in the presence of circulating pneumococci in flow. Hence, our combined endothelial cultivation technique represents a complex in vitro system, which mimics the vascular physiology as close as possible by providing essential parameters of the blood flow to gain new insights into the effect of pneumococcal infection on endothelial barrier integrity in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopenhagen
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Isabell Ramming
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Belinda Camp
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Bergmann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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62
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Chaguza C, Ebruke C, Senghore M, Lo SW, Tientcheu PE, Gladstone RA, Tonkin-Hill G, Cornick JE, Yang M, Worwui A, McGee L, Breiman RF, Klugman KP, Kadioglu A, Everett DB, Mackenzie G, Croucher NJ, Roca A, Kwambana-Adams BA, Antonio M, Bentley SD. Comparative Genomics of Disease and Carriage Serotype 1 Pneumococci. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:evac052. [PMID: 35439297 PMCID: PMC9048925 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in systemic tissues of patients with invasive disease versus the nasopharynx of healthy individuals with asymptomatic carriage varies widely. Some serotypes are hyper-invasive, particularly serotype 1, but the underlying genetics remain poorly understood due to the rarity of carriage isolates, reducing the power of comparison with invasive isolates. Here, we use a well-controlled genome-wide association study to search for genetic variation associated with invasiveness of serotype 1 pneumococci from a serotype 1 endemic setting in Africa. We found no consensus evidence that certain genomic variation is overrepresented among isolates from patients with invasive disease than asymptomatic carriage. Overall, the genomic variation explained negligible phenotypic variability, suggesting a minimal effect on the disease status. Furthermore, changes in lineage distribution were seen with lineages replacing each other over time, highlighting the importance of continued pathogen surveillance. Our findings suggest that the hyper-invasiveness is an intrinsic property of the serotype 1 strains, not specific for a "disease-associated" subpopulation disproportionately harboring unique genomic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrispin Chaguza
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Silver Street, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chinelo Ebruke
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Madikay Senghore
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie W. Lo
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peggy-Estelle Tientcheu
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Rebecca A. Gladstone
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerry Tonkin-Hill
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer E. Cornick
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Marie Yang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Archibald Worwui
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Lesley McGee
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Keith P. Klugman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aras Kadioglu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dean B. Everett
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Grant Mackenzie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Roca
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Wróbel-Pawelczyk I, Ronkiewicz P, Wanke-Rytt M, Rykowska D, Górska-Kot A, Włodkowska K, Topczewska-Cabanek A, Jackowska T, Chruszcz J, Marchut W, Mastalerz-Migas A, Korzeniewski K, Skoczyńska A, Trzciński K. Pneumococcal carriage in unvaccinated children at the time of vaccine implementation into the national immunization program in Poland. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5858. [PMID: 35393439 PMCID: PMC8991213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated pneumococcal carriage among unvaccinated children under five years of age at a time when the conjugate polysaccharide vaccine (PCV) was introduced in Poland into the national immunization program (NIP). Paired nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and saliva samples collected between 2016 and 2020 from n = 394 children were tested with conventional culture and using qPCR. The carriage rate detected by culture was 25.4% (97 of 394), by qPCR 39.1% (155 of 394), and 40.1% (158 of 394) overall. The risk of carriage was significantly elevated among day care center attendees, and during autumn/winter months. Among isolates cultured, the most common serotypes were: 23A, 6B, 15BC, 10A, 11A. The coverage of PCV10 and PCV13 was 23.2% (23 of 99) and 26.3% (26 of 99), respectively. Application of qPCR lead to detection of 168 serotype carriage events, with serogroups 15, 6, 9 and serotype 23A most commonly detected. Although the highest number of carriers was identified by testing NPS with qPCR, saliva significantly contributed to the overall number of detected carriers. Co-carriage of multiple serotypes was detected in 25.3% (40 of 158) of carriers. The results of this study represent a baseline for the future surveillance of effects of pneumococcal vaccines in NIP in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Wróbel-Pawelczyk
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Ronkiewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Wanke-Rytt
- Department of Pediatrics with Clinical Assessment Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Rykowska
- Department of Pediatrics with Clinical Assessment Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Jackowska
- Department of Pediatrics, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Chruszcz
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Korzeniewski
- Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Institute Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Skoczyńska
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Trzciński
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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64
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Sharan D, Carlson EE. Expanded profiling of β-lactam selectivity for penicillin-binding proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39. Biol Chem 2022; 403:433-443. [PMID: 35218689 PMCID: PMC9115913 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are integral to bacterial cell division as they mediate the final steps of cell wall maturation. Selective fluorescent probes are useful for understanding the role of individual PBPs, including their localization and activity during growth and division of bacteria. For the development of new selective probes for PBP imaging, several β-lactam antibiotics were screened, as they are known to covalently bind PBP in vivo. The PBP inhibition profiles of 16 commercially available β-lactam antibiotics were evaluated in an unencapsulated derivative of the D39 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, IU1945. These β-lactams have not previously been characterized for their PBP inhibition profiles in S. pneumoniae and these data augment those obtained from a library of 20 compounds that we previously reported. We investigated seven penicillins, three carbapenems, and six cephalosporins. Most of these β-lactams were found to be co-selective for PBP2x and PBP3, as was noted in our previous studies. Six out of 16 antibiotics were selective for PBP3 and one molecule was co-selective for PBP1a and PBP3. Overall, this work expands the chemical space available for development of future β-lactam-based probes for specific pneumococcal PBP labeling and these methods can be used for the development of probes for PBP labelling in other bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Erin E. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 208 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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65
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Zhou M, Wang L, Wang Z, Kudinha T, Wang Y, Xu Y, Liu Z. Molecular Characterization of Penicillin-Binding Protein2x, 2b and 1a of Streptococcus pneumoniae Causing Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases in China: A Multicenter Study. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:838790. [PMID: 35300486 PMCID: PMC8921733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.838790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common human pathogen that can cause severe invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs). Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are the targets for β-lactam antibiotics (BLAs), which are the common empirical drugs for treatment of pneumococcal infection. This study investigated the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of S. pneumoniae strains causing IPD in China, including exploring the association between penicillin (PEN) susceptibility and PBPs variations. A total of 300 invasive S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 27 teaching hospitals in China (2010-2015). Serotypes were determined by Quellung reaction. Serotypes 23F and 19F were the commonest serotypes in isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), whilst serotypes 19A and 23F were most commonly seen in non-CSF specimens. Among the 300 invasive S. pneumoniae strains, only one strain (serotype 6A, MIC = 0.25 μg/ml) with PEN MIC value ≤ 0.25 μg/ml did not have any substitutions in the PBPs active sites. All the strains with PEN MIC value ≥ 0.5 μg/ml had different substitutions within PBPs active sites. Substitutions in PBP2b and PBP2x active sites were common in low-level penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) strains (MIC = 0.5 μg/ml), with or without PBP1a substitution, while all strains with PEN MIC ≥ 1 μg/ml had substitutions in PBP1a active sites, accompanied by PBP2b and PBP2x active site substitutions. Based on the three PBPs substitution combinations, a high degree of diversity was observed amongst the isolates. This study provides some new insights for understanding the serology and antibiotic resistance dynamics of S. pneumoniae causing IPD in China. However, further genomic studies are needed to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of antibiotic resistance mechanisms of S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziran Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy Kudinha
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.,NSW Health Pathology, Regional and Rural, Orange Hospital, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyin Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Winthrop K, Vargas JI, Drescher E, Garcia C, Friedman A, Hendrickson B, Li Y, Klaff J, Kivitz A. Evaluation of response to 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving upadacitinib: results from a phase 2 open-label extension study. RMD Open 2022; 8:rmdopen-2021-002110. [PMID: 35246470 PMCID: PMC8900062 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-002110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the immunogenicity of pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccination (PCV-13) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving upadacitinib and background methotrexate (MTX). Methods Eligible patients from the phase 2 open-label extension trial BALANCE-EXTEND (NCT02049138) receiving stable dosing of upadacitinib 15 mg or 30 mg once daily plus background MTX were given PCV-13. Antibody titres were collected prevaccination and 4 and 12 weeks postvaccination. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with satisfactory humoral response to PCV-13, defined as a ≥2-fold increase in ≥6 of 12 pneumococcal antigens at 4 weeks postvaccination. Results Of 111 patients (upadacitinib 15 mg, N=87; 30 mg, N=24), 85.6% were women, 97.3% used concomitant MTX and 44.1% used oral corticosteroids. At 4 weeks, 67.5% (95% CI 57.4 to 77.5) of patients receiving upadacitinib 15 mg and 56.5% (36.3 to 76.8) receiving 30 mg had a satisfactory PCV-13 response. Responses were similar in patients who used or did not use concomitant corticosteroids. No deaths or serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions Approximately two-thirds of patients receiving upadacitinib 15 mg once daily achieved a satisfactory humoral response to PCV-13 despite receiving concomitant MTX. Concomitant corticosteroid use did not negatively affect PCV-13 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Winthrop
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Edit Drescher
- Rheumatology, Veszprém Csolnoky Ferenc County Hospital, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Conrado Garcia
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital General de México Dr Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alan Friedman
- Immunology, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Yihan Li
- Immunology, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Justin Klaff
- Immunology, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alan Kivitz
- Altoona Center for Clinical Research, Duncansville, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lee IPA, Andam CP. Frequencies and characteristics of genome-wide recombination in Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus suis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1515. [PMID: 35087075 PMCID: PMC8795270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus consists of ecologically diverse species, some of which are important pathogens of humans and animals. We sought to quantify and compare the frequencies and characteristics of within-species recombination in the pan-genomes of Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus suis. We used 1081, 1813 and 1204 publicly available genome sequences of each species, respectively. Based on their core genomes, S. agalactiae had the highest relative rate of recombination to mutation (11.5743) compared to S. pyogenes (1.03) and S. suis (0.57). The proportion of the species pan-genome that have had a history of recombination was 12.85%, 24.18% and 20.50% of the pan-genomes of each species, respectively. The composition of recombining genes varied among the three species, and some of the most frequently recombining genes are implicated in adhesion, colonization, oxidative stress response and biofilm formation. For each species, a total of 22.75%, 29.28% and 18.75% of the recombining genes were associated with prophages. The cargo genes of integrative conjugative elements and integrative and mobilizable elements contained genes associated with antimicrobial resistance and virulence. Homologous recombination and mobilizable pan-genomes enable the creation of novel combinations of genes and sequence variants, and the potential for high-risk clones to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, 12222, USA.
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Jalali S, Harpur CM, Piers AT, Auladell M, Perriman L, Li S, An K, Anderson J, Berzins SP, Licciardi PV, Ashhurst TM, Konstantinov IE, Pellicci DG. A high-dimensional cytometry atlas of peripheral blood over the human life span. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:805-821. [PMID: 36218032 PMCID: PMC9828744 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Age can profoundly affect susceptibility to a broad range of human diseases. Children are more susceptible to some infectious diseases such as diphtheria and pertussis, while in others, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and hepatitis A, they are more protected compared with adults. One explanation is that the composition of the immune system is a major contributing factor to disease susceptibility and severity. While most studies of the human immune system have focused on adults, how the immune system changes after birth remains poorly understood. Here, using high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry and computational methods for data integration, we analyzed more than 50 populations of immune cells in the peripheral blood, generating an immune cell atlas that defines the healthy human immune system from birth up to 75 years of age. We focused our efforts on children under 18 years old, revealing major changes in immune cell populations after birth and in children of schooling age. Specifically, CD4+ T effector memory cells, Vδ2+ gamma delta (γδ)T cells, memory B cells, plasmablasts, CD11c+ B cells and CD16+ CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells peaked in children aged 5-9 years old, whereas frequencies of T helper 1, T helper 17, dendritic cells and CD16+ CD57+ CD56dim NK cells were highest in older children (10-18 years old). The frequency of mucosal-associated invariant T cells was low in the first several years of life and highest in adults between 19 and 30 years old. Late adulthood was associated with fewer mucosal-associated invariant T cells and Vδ2+ γδ T cells but with increased frequencies of memory subsets of B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD57+ NK cells. This human immune cell atlas provides a critical resource to understand changes to the immune system during life and provides a reference for investigating the immune system in the context of human disease. This work may also help guide future therapies that target specific populations of immune cells to protect at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Jalali
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | | | - Adam T Piers
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative MedicineMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Maria Auladell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Global Product Development Consulting for Infectious DiseasesPharmaceutical Product Development (PPD), Part of Thermo Fisher ScientificBennekomThe Netherlands
| | - Louis Perriman
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,The Fiona Elsey Cancer Research InstituteBallaratVICAustralia,Federation UniversityBallaratVICAustralia
| | - Shuo Li
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Kim An
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative MedicineMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Jeremy Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Stuart P Berzins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,The Fiona Elsey Cancer Research InstituteBallaratVICAustralia,Federation UniversityBallaratVICAustralia
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research FacilityThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNSWAustralia,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Igor E Konstantinov
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative MedicineMelbourneVICAustralia,Cardiothoracic SurgeryRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative MedicineMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
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Arguni E, Wijaya CS, Indrawanti R, Safitri Laksono I, Ishiwada N. Pediatric Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Case Series. Glob Pediatr Health 2022; 9:2333794X221108963. [PMID: 35784808 PMCID: PMC9244929 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x221108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the fact that invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has a high clinical burden, particularly among children in developing countries, data on its occurrence and clinical profile in Indonesia is still insufficient. We presented 3 cases of IPD in children who were admitted to Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia between 2016 and 2019. While our first 2 patients had milder course of disease, our third patient who presented with meningoencephalitis had poor outcome. Risk factors shown in our cases were young age and malignancy history. Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in our isolates. The fact that none of our patients have received pneumococcal vaccination marks the necessity of this vaccine especially for at-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eggi Arguni
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Conroy Surya Wijaya
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratni Indrawanti
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ida Safitri Laksono
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Naruhiko Ishiwada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Ganaie F, Branche AR, Peasley M, Rosch JW, Nahm MH. Oral streptococci expressing pneumococci-like cross-reactive capsule types can affect WHO recommended pneumococcal carriage procedure. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:647-656. [PMID: 34891152 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriage studies are fundamental to assess the effects of pneumococcal vaccines. Since a large proportion of oral streptococci carry homologs of pneumococcal genes, nonculture-based detection and serotyping of upper respiratory tract (URT) samples can be problematic. Herein, we investigated if culture-free molecular methods could differentiate pneumococci from oral streptococci carried by adults in URT. METHODS Paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) samples were collected from 100 older adults twice a month for one year. Extracts from the combined NP+OP samples (n=2400) were subjected to lytA real-time PCR. Positive samples were subjected to pure culture isolation followed by species confirmation using multiple approaches. Multibead assay and whole-genome sequencing were used for serotyping. RESULTS lytA-PCR was positive in 301 combined NP+OP extracts, 20 of which grew probable pneumococcal-like colonies based on colony morphology and biochemical tests. Multiple approaches confirmed that four isolates were S. pneumoniae, three were S. psuedopneumoniae, and thirteen were S. mitis. Eight nonpneumococcal strains carried pneumococcus-like cps loci (size: ~18 to 25 kb) that showed >70% of nucleotide identity with their pneumococcal counterparts. While investigating the antigenic profile, we found some S. mitis strains (P066 and P107) reacted with both serotype-specific polyclonal (Type 39 and FS17b) and monoclonal (Hyp10AG1 and Hyp17FM1) antisera, whereas some strains (P063 and P074) reacted only with polyclonal antisera (Type 5 and FS35a). CONCLUSION The extensive capsular overlap suggests that pneumococcal vaccines could reduce carriage of oral streptococci expressing cross-reactive capsules. Further, direct use of culture-free PCR-based methods in URT samples has limited usefulness for carriage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroze Ganaie
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Angela R Branche
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael Peasley
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Gazioglu O, Kareem BO, Afzal M, Shafeeq S, Kuipers OP, Ulijasz AT, Andrew PW, Yesilkaya H. Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GdhA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae Is Required for High Temperature Adaptation. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0040021. [PMID: 34491792 PMCID: PMC8594611 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00400-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During its progression from the nasopharynx to other sterile and nonsterile niches of its human host, Streptococcus pneumoniae must cope with changes in temperature. We hypothesized that the temperature adaptation is an important facet of pneumococcal survival in the host. Here, we evaluated the effect of temperature on pneumococcus and studied the role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GdhA) in thermal adaptation associated with virulence and survival. Microarray analysis revealed a significant transcriptional response to changes in temperature, affecting the expression of 252 genes in total at 34°C and 40°C relative to at 37°C. One of the differentially regulated genes was gdhA, which is upregulated at 40°C and downregulated at 34°C relative to 37°C. Deletion of gdhA attenuated the growth, cell size, biofilm formation, pH survival, and biosynthesis of proteins associated with virulence in a temperature-dependent manner. Moreover, deletion of gdhA stimulated formate production irrespective of temperature fluctuation. Finally, ΔgdhA grown at 40°C was less virulent than other temperatures or the wild type at the same temperature in a Galleria mellonella infection model, suggesting that GdhA is required for pneumococcal virulence at elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Gazioglu
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Banaz O. Kareem
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicals and Applied Sciences, University of Charmo, Chamchamal, Iraq
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sulman Shafeeq
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew T. Ulijasz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter W. Andrew
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Yesilkaya
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Nakamya MF, Ayoola MB, Shack LA, Swiatlo E, Nanduri B. The Effect of Impaired Polyamine Transport on Pneumococcal Transcriptome. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101322. [PMID: 34684271 PMCID: PMC8540371 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, a commensal in the nasopharynx, still claim a significant number of lives worldwide. Genome plasticity, antibiotic resistance, and limited serotype coverage of the available polysaccharide-based conjugate vaccines confounds therapeutic interventions to limit the spread of this pathogen. Pathogenic mechanisms that allow successful adaption and persistence in the host could be potential innovative therapeutic targets. Polyamines are ubiquitous polycationic molecules that regulate many cellular processes. We previously reported that deletion of polyamine transport operon potABCD, which encodes a putrescine/spermidine transporter (ΔpotABCD), resulted in an unencapsulated attenuated phenotype. Here, we characterize the transcriptome, metabolome, and stress responses of polyamine transport-deficient S. pneumoniae. Compared with the wild-type strain, the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress responses and the nucleotide sugar metabolism was reduced, while expression of genes involved in the Leloir, tagatose, and pentose phosphate pathways was higher in ΔpotABCD. A metabolic shift towards the pentose phosphate pathway will limit the synthesis of precursors of capsule polysaccharides. Metabolomics results show reduced levels of glutathione and pyruvate in the mutant. Our results also show that the potABCD operon protects pneumococci against hydrogen peroxide and nitrosative stress. Our findings demonstrate the importance of polyamine transport in pneumococcal physiology that could impact in vivo fitness. Thus, polyamine transport in pneumococci represents a novel target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F. Nakamya
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (M.F.N.); (M.B.A.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Moses B. Ayoola
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (M.F.N.); (M.B.A.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Leslie A. Shack
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (M.F.N.); (M.B.A.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Edwin Swiatlo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (M.F.N.); (M.B.A.); (L.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-662-325-5859; Fax: +1-662-325-1031
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Wasserman MD, Perdrizet J, Grant L, Hayford K, Singh S, Saharia P, Horn EK, Farkouh RA. Clinical and Economic Burden of Pneumococcal Disease Due to Serotypes Contained in Current and Investigational Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Children Under Five Years of Age. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:2701-2720. [PMID: 34633639 PMCID: PMC8503717 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The widespread implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has significantly reduced the burden of pneumococcal disease around the world. Although licensed 10-valent (PCV10) and 13-valent (PCV13) vaccines have considerably reduced mortality and morbidity, a sizeable disease burden attributable to serotypes not contained in these PCVs remains. This study aimed to estimate the annual clinical and economic burden of pneumococcal disease attributable to licensed (PCV10 and PCV13) and investigational PCVs, notably 15-valent (PCV15) and 20-valent (PCV20) vaccines, in 13 countries in children under 5 years of age. METHODS A decision-analytic model was created to aggregate total cases [inclusive of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), pneumonia, and otitis media (OM)], deaths, and direct costs in each country of interest [stratified by PCV10/PCV13 countries, depending on national immunization programs (NIPs)] over 1 year, using up to the three most recent years of available serotype coverage data. Data inputs were sourced from local databases, surveillance reports, and published literature. RESULTS In 5 PCV10 NIPs (Austria, Finland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden), most remaining PCV20-type disease was due to PCV13-unique serotypes (30-85%), followed by PCV20-unique (9-50%), PCV15-unique (4-15%), and PCV10-unique (2-14%) serotypes. In 8 PCV13 NIPs (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom), most remaining PCV20-type disease was caused by PCV20-unique serotypes (16-69%), followed by PCV13-unique (11-54%), PCV15-unique (2-33%), and PCV10-unique serotypes (3-19%). Across all countries, PCV20 serotypes caused 3000 to 345,000 cases of disease and cost between $1.3 and $44.9 million USD annually with variability driven by population size, NIP status, and epidemiologic inputs. In aggregate, PCV20 serotypes caused 1,234,000 cases and $213.5 million in annual direct medical costs in children under 5 years of age. CONCLUSION Despite the success of PCV10 and PCV13 in reducing pneumococcal disease, a substantial clinical and economic burden remains due to serotypes contained in investigational vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Wasserman
- Pfizer Inc., Health Economics and Outcomes Research, New York, USA. .,Patient and Health Impact, Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Pfizer Inc., 235 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
| | - Johnna Perdrizet
- Pfizer Inc., Health Economics and Outcomes Research, New York, USA
| | - Lindsay Grant
- Pfizer Inc., Medical and Scientific Affairs, New York, USA
| | - Kyla Hayford
- Pfizer Inc., Medical and Scientific Affairs, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Emily K Horn
- Pfizer Inc., Health Economics and Outcomes Research, New York, USA
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74
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Avarvand AY, Halaji M, Zare D, Hasannejad-Bibalan M, Ebrahim-Saraie HS. Prevalence of Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections among Iranian Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:1135-1142. [PMID: 34540734 PMCID: PMC8410964 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i6.6412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen of children, mostly in developing countries. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of invasive S. pneumoniae among Iranian children using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic search was carried out to identify papers published by Iranian authors in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar electronic databases from January of 2010 to December of 2017. Then, seven publications that met our inclusion criteria were selected for data extraction and analysis. Results: Totally, one study was multicenter, and six were single-center based studies. Meanwhile, all of the included studied performed among hospitalized patients. Seven studies reported the prevalence of invasive S. pneumoniae isolated from children, of these the pooled prevalence of S. pneumoniae was 2.5% (95% CI: 0.7%–9.1%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of invasive S. pneumoniae infections among Iranian children is low (2.5%). However, further clinical studies are required to elucidate the burden of infections among Iranian children, especially in eastern regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshid Yousefi Avarvand
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Halaji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Donya Zare
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Sedigh Ebrahim-Saraie
- Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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75
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Patel S, Tucker HR, Gogoi H, Mansouri S, Jin L. cGAS-STING and MyD88 Pathways Synergize in Ly6C hi Monocyte to Promote Streptococcus pneumoniae-Induced Late-Stage Lung IFNγ Production. Front Immunol 2021; 12:699702. [PMID: 34512626 PMCID: PMC8427188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP–AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS–STING) pathway senses DNA and induces type I interferon (IFN) production. Whether and how the STING pathway crosstalk to other innate immune pathways during pathogen infection, however, remains unclear. Here, we showed that STING was needed for Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced late, not early, stage of lung IFNγ production. Using knockout mice, IFNγ reporter mice, intracellular cytokine staining, and adoptive cell transfer, we showed that cGAS–STING-dependent lung IFNγ production was independent of type I IFNs. Furthermore, STING expression in monocyte/monocyte-derived cells governed IFNγ production in the lung via the production of IL-12p70. Surprisingly, DNA stimulation alone could not induce IL-12p70 or IFNγ in Ly6Chi monocyte. The production of IFNγ required the activation by both DNA and heat-killed S. pneumococcus. Accordingly, MyD88−/− monocyte did not generate IL-12p70 or IFNγ. In summary, the cGAS–STING pathway synergizes with the MyD88 pathway in monocyte to promote late-stage lung IFNγ production during pulmonary pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Heidi R Tucker
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Samira Mansouri
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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76
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Biochemical reconstitution defines new functions for membrane-bound glycosidases in assembly of the bacterial cell wall. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103740118. [PMID: 34475211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103740118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidoglycan cell wall is a macromolecular structure that encases bacteria and is essential for their survival. Proper assembly of the cell wall requires peptidoglycan synthases as well as membrane-bound cleavage enzymes that control where new peptidoglycan is made and inserted. Previous studies have shown that two membrane-bound proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae, here named MpgA and MpgB, are important in maintaining cell wall integrity. MpgA was predicted to be a lytic transglycosylase based on its homology to Escherichia coli MltG, while the enzymatic activity of MpgB was unclear. Using nascent peptidoglycan substrates synthesized in vitro from the peptidoglycan precursor Lipid II, we report that both MpgA and MpgB are muramidases. We show that replacing a single amino acid in E. coli MltG with the corresponding amino acid from MpgA results in muramidase activity, allowing us to predict from the presence of this amino acid that other putative lytic transglycosylases actually function as muramidases. Strikingly, we report that MpgA and MpgB cut nascent peptidoglycan at different positions along the sugar backbone relative to the reducing end, with MpgA producing much longer peptidoglycan oligomers. We show that the cleavage site selectivity of MpgA is controlled by the LysM-like subdomain, which is required for its full functionality in cells. We propose that MltG's ability to complement the loss of MpgA in S. pneumoniae despite performing different cleavage chemistry is because it can cleave nascent peptidoglycan at the same distance from the lipid anchor.
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77
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Bastos PAD, Wheeler R, Boneca IG. Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:5902851. [PMID: 32897324 PMCID: PMC7794044 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota, and the plethora of signalling molecules that they generate, are a major driving force that underlies a striking range of inter-individual physioanatomic and behavioural consequences for the host organism. Among the bacterial effectors, one finds peptidoglycan, the major constituent of the bacterial cell surface. In the steady-state, fragments of peptidoglycan are constitutively liberated from bacterial members of the gut microbiota, cross the gut epithelial barrier and enter the host system. The fate of these peptidoglycan fragments, and the outcome for the host, depends on the molecular nature of the peptidoglycan, as well the cellular profile of the recipient tissue, mechanism of cell entry, the expression of specific processing and recognition mechanisms by the cell, and the local immune context. At the target level, physiological processes modulated by peptidoglycan are extremely diverse, ranging from immune activation to small molecule metabolism, autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we bring together a fragmented body of literature on the kinetics and dynamics of peptidoglycan interactions with the mammalian host, explaining how peptidoglycan functions as a signalling molecule in the host under physiological conditions, how it disseminates within the host, and the cellular responses to peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A D Bastos
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and genetics of the bacterial cell wall Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 "Microbiologie intégrative et moléculaire", Paris 75015, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and genetics of the bacterial cell wall Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 "Microbiologie intégrative et moléculaire", Paris 75015, France.,Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard-Vaillant, Villejuif 94800, France; INSERM UMR 1015, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and genetics of the bacterial cell wall Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 "Microbiologie intégrative et moléculaire", Paris 75015, France
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78
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Gisch N, Peters K, Thomsen S, Vollmer W, Schwudke D, Denapaite D. Commensal Streptococcus mitis produces two different lipoteichoic acids of type I and type IV. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1655-1669. [PMID: 34314482 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus mitis possesses, like other members of the Mitis group of viridans streptococci, phosphorylcholine (P-Cho)-containing teichoic acids (TAs) in its cell wall. Bioinformatic analyses predicted the presence of TAs that are almost identical with those identified in the pathogen S. pneumoniae, but a detailed analysis of S. mitis lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was not performed to date. Here we determined the structures of LTA from two S. mitis strains, the high-level beta-lactam and multiple antibiotic resistant strain B6 and the penicillin-sensitive strain NCTC10712. In agreement with bioinformatic predictions we found that the structure of one LTA (type IV) was like pneumococcal LTA, except the exchange of a glucose moiety with a galactose within the repeating units. Further genome comparisons suggested that the majority of S. mitis strains should contain the same type IV LTA as S. pneumoniae, providing a more complete understanding of the biosynthesis of these P-Cho-containing TAs in members of the Mitis group of streptococci. Remarkably, we observed besides type IV LTA an additional polymer belonging to LTA type I in both investigated S. mitis strains. This LTA consists of β-galactofuranosyl-(1,3)-diacylglycerol as glycolipid anchor and a poly-glycerol-phosphate chain at the O-6 position of the furanosidic galactose. Hence, these bacteria are capable of synthesizing two different LTA polymers, most likely produced by distinct biosynthesis pathways. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed the prevalence of the LTA synthase LtaS, most probably responsible for the second LTA version (type I), amongst S. mitis and S. pseudopneumoniae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Katharina Peters
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4AX Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simone Thomsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4AX Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site: Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Dalia Denapaite
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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79
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Dynamic Pneumococcal Genetic Adaptations Support Bacterial Growth and Inflammation during Coinfection with Influenza. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0002321. [PMID: 33875471 PMCID: PMC8208518 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00023-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the primary bacterial pathogens that complicates influenza virus infections. These bacterial coinfections increase influenza-associated morbidity and mortality through a number of immunological and viral-mediated mechanisms, but the specific bacterial genes that contribute to postinfluenza pathogenicity are not known. Here, we used genome-wide transposon mutagenesis (Tn-Seq) to reveal bacterial genes that confer improved fitness in influenza virus-infected hosts. The majority of the 32 genes identified are involved in bacterial metabolism, including nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, protein translation, and membrane transport. We generated mutants with single-gene deletions (SGD) of five of the genes identified, SPD1414, SPD2047 (cbiO1), SPD0058 (purD), SPD1098, and SPD0822 (proB), to investigate their effects on in vivo fitness, disease severity, and host immune responses. The growth of the SGD mutants was slightly attenuated in vitro and in vivo, but each still grew to high titers in the lungs of mock- and influenza virus-infected hosts. Despite high bacterial loads, mortality was significantly reduced or delayed with all SGD mutants. Time-dependent reductions in pulmonary neutrophils, inflammatory macrophages, and select proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were also observed. Immunohistochemical staining further revealed altered neutrophil distribution with reduced degeneration in the lungs of influenza virus-SGD mutant-coinfected animals. These studies demonstrate a critical role for specific bacterial genes and for bacterial metabolism in driving virulence and modulating immune function during influenza-associated bacterial pneumonia.
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80
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Burzyńska P, Sobala ŁF, Mikołajczyk K, Jodłowska M, Jaśkiewicz E. Sialic Acids as Receptors for Pathogens. Biomolecules 2021; 11:831. [PMID: 34199560 PMCID: PMC8227644 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates have long been known to mediate intracellular interactions, whether within one organism or between different organisms. Sialic acids (Sias) are carbohydrates that usually occupy the terminal positions in longer carbohydrate chains, which makes them common recognition targets mediating these interactions. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about animal disease-causing agents such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa (including the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum) in which Sias play a role in infection biology. While Sias may promote binding of, e.g., influenza viruses and SV40, they act as decoys for betacoronaviruses. The presence of two common forms of Sias, Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc, is species-specific, and in humans, the enzyme converting Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc (CMAH, CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase) is lost, most likely due to adaptation to pathogen regimes; we discuss the research about the influence of malaria on this trait. In addition, we present data suggesting the CMAH gene was probably present in the ancestor of animals, shedding light on its glycobiology. We predict that a better understanding of the role of Sias in disease vectors would lead to more effective clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ewa Jaśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.B.); (Ł.F.S.); (K.M.); (M.J.)
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81
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McLeod DV, Gandon S. Understanding the evolution of multiple drug resistance in structured populations. eLife 2021; 10:65645. [PMID: 34061029 PMCID: PMC8208818 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of multidrug resistance (MDR) is a pressing public health concern. Yet many aspects, such as the role played by population structure, remain poorly understood. Here, we argue that studying MDR evolution by focusing upon the dynamical equations for linkage disequilibrium (LD) can greatly simplify the calculations, generate more insight, and provide a unified framework for understanding the role of population structure. We demonstrate how a general epidemiological model of MDR evolution can be recast in terms of the LD equations. These equations reveal how the different forces generating and propagating LD operate in a dynamical setting at both the population and metapopulation levels. We then apply these insights to show how the LD perspective: (i) explains equilibrium patterns of MDR, (ii) provides a simple interpretative framework for transient evolutionary dynamics, and (iii) can be used to assess the consequences of different drug prescription strategies for MDR evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V McLeod
- Centre D'Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Evolutive, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Gandon
- Centre D'Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Evolutive, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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82
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Karimi A, Hoseini-Alfatemi SM, Tabatabaei SR. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Serotype Distribution of Streptococcus Pneumoniae in Iran: Practical Evidence to Optimizing Local Vaccination Protocols. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:304-310. [PMID: 32310053 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666191002142953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding the burden of predominant circulating serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the serotype distribution of pneumococcal diseases in Iran by using a comprehensive systematic review of available articles. ; Methods: A systematic literature search was carried out to identify papers published by Iranian authors in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Google Scholar electronic databases from January 2000 to December 2018. Then, eight publications that met our inclusion criteria were selected for data extraction and analysis by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. ; Results: In total, three studies reported the distribution of S. pneumoniae serotypes among patients, two studies among healthy individuals, and three studies among both groups. Of those studies, serotype 19A/F (17.9%; 95% CI: 13.6-23.0) was the most circulating serotype followed by 23A/F (12.3%; 95% CI: 7.7-19.2), 6A/B (11.0%; 95% CI: 8.0-14.9), and 14 (8.8%; 95% CI: 5.8-13.2). In contrast, the lowest circulating serotype was 60 (0.02%; 95% CI: 0.0-1.2), 29 (0.07%; 95% CI: 0.01-5.0), and 36 (0.09%; 95% CI: 0.04-2.1). Meta-regression results showed that prevalence of serotype 23A/F significantly increased each year about 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3, P <0.001, tau2 <0.001). ; Conclusion: In the present study, it was found that over the last decade, the most prevalent serotypes in Iran were 19, 23, 6, and 14, respectively. These findings provide practical evidence to select effective pneumococcal vaccine candidates for the prevention of invasive diseases in Iranian patients and also to compare our situation with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Karimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children̍s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Mahsan Hoseini-Alfatemi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children̍s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children̍s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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83
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Fairman J, Agarwal P, Barbanel S, Behrens C, Berges A, Burky J, Davey P, Fernsten P, Grainger C, Guo S, Iki S, Iverson M, Kane M, Kapoor N, Marcq O, Migone TS, Sauer P, Wassil J. Non-clinical immunological comparison of a Next-Generation 24-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (VAX-24) using site-specific carrier protein conjugation to the current standard of care (PCV13 and PPV23). Vaccine 2021; 39:3197-3206. [PMID: 33965258 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread utilization of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) and the resultant disease reduction, the development of PCVs containing additional serotypes remains a public health priority due to serotype replacement and the resultant shift to non-vaccine containing serotypes. However, incorporating additional serotypes to existing PCVs using conventional technologies has proven problematic. Immune responses to individual serotypes have consistently decreased as more polysaccharide-conjugates are added due to carrier suppression. Using our proprietary cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform, we have successfully produced eCRM® based on the CRM197 sequence for use as an enhanced carrier protein to develop a 24-valent PCV. The eCRM carrier protein contains multiple non-native amino acids (nnAAs) located outside of the primary T-cell epitope regions, thereby enabling site-specific covalent conjugation of the pneumococcal polysaccharides to the nnAAs to consistently expose the critical T-cell epitopes. eCRM also serves to reduce structural heterogeneity associated with classic reductive-amination conjugation while promoting formation of the conjugate matrix structures, the hallmark of PCVs. This process serves to increase the overall polysaccharide:protein ratio, enabling the inclusion of more serotypes while minimizing carrier-mediated immunological interference. The aim of this non-clinical study was to construct a 24-valent PCV and evaluate its immunogenicity. Using the XPressCF® CFPS platform, the eCRM carrier protein was separately conjugated through nnAAs to each of the 24 pneumococcal polysaccharides through click chemistry and mixed with aluminum phosphate to produce VAX-24, Vaxcyte's proprietary PCV preclinical candidate. VAX-24, Prevnar13® and Pneumovax®23 were administered to New Zealand White rabbits to compare the resulting opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) and anti-capsular IgG antibodies. VAX-24 showed conjugate-like immune responses to all 24 serotypes based on comparable OPA and IgG responses to Prevnar13 and higher responses than Pneumovax 23. This study demonstrates the utility of site-specific conjugation technology in a preclinical setting and the potential for a PCV with improved serotype coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Fairman
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Paresh Agarwal
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Sandrine Barbanel
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | | | - Aym Berges
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - John Burky
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Peter Davey
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Phil Fernsten
- VBT Laboratories, 1424 Gertrude Avenue, Phoenixville, PA 19460, United States
| | - Chris Grainger
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Sherry Guo
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Sam Iki
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Mark Iverson
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Martin Kane
- Exponent, 149 Commonwealth Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Neeraj Kapoor
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Olivier Marcq
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Thi-Sau Migone
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Paul Sauer
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - James Wassil
- Vaxcyte, Inc., 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States.
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84
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Prasasty VD, Hutagalung RA, Gunadi R, Sofia DY, Rosmalena R, Yazid F, Sinaga E. Prediction of human-Streptococcus pneumoniae protein-protein interactions using logistic regression. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 92:107492. [PMID: 33964803 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of mortality in children under five years old. In recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae increases the threat level of this pathogen. For that reason, the exploration of S. pneumoniae protein virulence factors should be considered in developing new drugs or vaccines, for instance by the analysis of host-pathogen protein-protein interactions (HP-PPIs). In this research, prediction of protein-protein interactions was performed with a logistic regression model with the number of protein domain occurrences as features. By utilizing HP-PPIs of three different pathogens as training data, the model achieved 57-77 % precision, 64-75 % recall, and 96-98 % specificity. Prediction of human-S. pneumoniae protein-protein interactions using the model yielded 5823 interactions involving thirty S. pneumoniae proteins and 324 human proteins. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of the pathways involved in the predicted interactions are immune system pathways. Network topology analysis revealed β-galactosidase (BgaA) as the most central among the S. pneumoniae proteins in the predicted HP-PPI networks, with a degree centrality of 1.0 and a betweenness centrality of 0.451853. Further experimental studies are required to validate the predicted interactions and examine their roles in S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivitri Dewi Prasasty
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia.
| | - Rory Anthony Hutagalung
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia
| | - Reinhart Gunadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universitas Surya, Tangerang, Banten, 15143, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Yustika Sofia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universitas Surya, Tangerang, Banten, 15143, Indonesia
| | - Rosmalena Rosmalena
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Fatmawaty Yazid
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Ernawati Sinaga
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, 12520, Indonesia.
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85
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Bedeley E, Gori A, Yeboah-Manu D, Diallo K. Control of Streptococcal Infections: Is a Common Vaccine Target Achievable Against Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658824. [PMID: 33967998 PMCID: PMC8103614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Streptococcus agalactiae [group B streptococcus (GBS)] and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remain significant pathogens as they cause life threatening infections mostly in children and the elderly. The control of diseases caused by these pathogens is dependent on antibiotics use and appropriate vaccination. The introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) against some serotypes has led to reduction in pneumococcal infections, however, the subsequent serotype switching, and replacement has been a serious challenge. On the other hand, no vaccine is yet licensed for use in the control of GBS diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the history and global disease burden, disease pathophysiology and management, vaccines update, and the biology of both pathogens. Furthermore, we address recent findings regarding structural similarities that could be explored for vaccine targets across both mucosal pathogens. Finally, we conclude by proposing future genomic sequence comparison using the wealth of available sequences from both species and the possibility of identifying more related structural components that could be exploited for pan-pathogen vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Bedeley
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrea Gori
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kanny Diallo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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86
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Tada R, Suzuki H, Ogasawara M, Yamanaka D, Adachi Y, Kunisawa J, Negishi Y. Polymeric Caffeic Acid Acts as a Nasal Vaccine Formulation against Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040585. [PMID: 33923897 PMCID: PMC8073337 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide, highlighting the importance of the development of a novel and improved strategy for fighting pathogenic microbes. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a highly pathogenic bacteria that causes pneumonia with high mortality rates, especially in children and elderly individuals. To solve these issues, a mucosal vaccine system would be the best solution for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. We have recently reported that enzymatically polymerized caffeic acid (pCA) acts as a mucosal adjuvant when co-administered with antigenic proteins via the nasal route. Moreover, the sources of caffeic acid and horseradish peroxidase are ingredients found commonly in coffee beans and horseradish, respectively. In this study, we aimed to develop a pneumococcal nasal vaccine comprising pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and pCA as the mucosal adjuvant. Intranasal immunization with PspA and pCA induced the production of PspA-specific antibody responses in the mucosal and systemic compartments. Furthermore, the protective effects were tested in a murine model of S. pneumoniae infection. Intranasal vaccination conferred antigen-dependent protective immunity against a lethal infection of S. pneumoniae. In conclusion, pCA is useful as a serotype-independent universal nasal pneumococcal vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tada
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-676-3219
| | - Hidehiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Miki Ogasawara
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (D.Y.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (D.Y.); (Y.A.)
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.N.)
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87
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Njuma Libwea J, A. Fletcher M, Koki Ndombo P, Boula A, Ashukem NT, Ngo Baleba M, Kingue Bebey RS, Nkolo Mviena EG, Tageube J, Kobela Mbollo M, Koulla-Shiro S, Madhi S, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Mohammad A, Begier E, Southern J, Beavon R, Gessner B. Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on laboratory-confirmed pneumococcal meningitis and purulent meningitis among children ˂5 years in Cameroon, 2011-2018. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250010. [PMID: 33857235 PMCID: PMC8049353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) entered Cameroon's childhood national immunization programme (NIP) in July 2011 under a 3-dose schedule (6, 10, 14 weeks of age) without any catch-up. We described the impact of PCV13 onserotype distribution among pneumococcal meningitis cases over time. METHODS We used laboratory-based sentinel surveillance data to identify meningitis cases among 2- to 59-month-old children with clinically-suspected bacterial meningitis (CSBM) admitted to hospitals in Yaoundé (August 2011-December 2018). Purulent meningitis cases had a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell (WBC) count ≥20 per mm3. Pneumococcal meningitis cases had S. pneumoniae identified from CSF, with serotyping by polymerase chain reaction. Years 2011-2014 were described as early PCV13 era (EPE) and years 2015-2018 as late PCV13 era (LPE) impact periods. RESULTS Among children hospitalized with CSBM who had a lumbar puncture obtained, there was no significant change from the EPE versus the LPE in the percentage identified with purulent meningitis: 7.5% (112/1486) versus 9.4% (154/1645), p = 0.0846. The percentage of pneumococcal meningitis cases due to PCV13 vaccine-serotype (VST) decreased from 62.0% (31/50) during the EPE to 35.8% (19/53) in the LPE, p = 0.0081. The most frequent pneumococcal meningitis VSTs during the EPE were 6A/6B (30%) and 5 (6%), and during the LPE were 14 (13.2%), 3 (7.6%), 4 (5.6%) and 18C (5.6%). CONCLUSION Four to seven years after PCV13 introduction, the proportion of pneumococcal meningitis due to vaccine serotypes has declined, mainly due to reductions of serotypes 6A/6B, 1, 19A, and 23F; nevertheless, PCV13 VSTs remain common. Because the analyzed surveillance system was not consistent or population based, we could not estimate incidence or overall impact; this emphasizes the need for improved surveillance to document further the utility of PCV13 immunization in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Njuma Libwea
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Cameroon
| | - Mark A. Fletcher
- Emerging Markets Medical Affairs, Vaccines, Pfizer, Inc, Paris, France
| | - Paul Koki Ndombo
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Cameroon
- Mother & Child Hospital (MCH), Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Angeline Boula
- Mother & Child Hospital (MCH), Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nadesh Taku Ashukem
- Mother & Child Hospital (MCH), Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Jean Tageube
- Mother & Child Hospital (MCH), Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marie Kobela Mbollo
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sinata Koulla-Shiro
- Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Shabir Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytical Research Unit, Faculty of HealthSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Ali Mohammad
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical Development & Medical/Scientific Affairs, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Begier
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical Development & Medical/Scientific Affairs, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joanna Southern
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical Development & Medical/Scientific Affairs, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rohini Beavon
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical Development & Medical/Scientific Affairs, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bradford Gessner
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical Development & Medical/Scientific Affairs, New York, New York, United States of America
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88
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Kang S, Jin C, Kim D, Park SJ, Han S, Lee B. Structure-based design of peptides that trigger Streptococcus pneumoniae cell death. FEBS J 2021; 288:1546-1564. [PMID: 32770723 PMCID: PMC7984235 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems regulate key cellular functions in bacteria. Here, we report a unique structure of the Streptococcus pneumoniae HigBA system and a novel antimicrobial agent that activates HigB toxin, which results in mRNA degradation as an antibacterial strategy. In this study, protein structure-based peptides were designed and successfully penetrated the S. pneumoniae cell membrane and exerted bactericidal activity. This result represents the time during which inhibitors triggered S. pneumoniae cell death via the TA system. This discovery is a remarkable milestone in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae, and the mechanism of bactericidal activity is completely different from those of current antibiotics. Furthermore, we found that the HigBA complex shows a crossed-scissor interface with two intermolecular β-sheets at both the N and C termini of the HigA antitoxin. Our biochemical and structural studies provided valuable information regarding the transcriptional regulation mechanisms associated with the structural variability of HigAs. Our in vivo study also revealed the potential catalytic residues of HigB and their functional relationships. An inhibition study with peptides additionally proved that peptide binding may allosterically inhibit HigB activity. Overall, our results provide insights into the molecular basis of HigBA TA systems in S. pneumoniae, which can be applied for the development of new antibacterial strategies. DATABASES: Structural data are available in the PDB database under the accession number 6AF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung‐Min Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulKorea
| | - Chenglong Jin
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulKorea
| | - Do‐Hee Kim
- College of PharmacyJeju National UniversityJejuKorea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuKorea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyGachon UniversityIncheonKorea
| | - Sang‐Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulKorea
| | - Bong‐Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulKorea
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89
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Pneumococcal Choline-Binding Proteins Involved in Virulence as Vaccine Candidates. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020181. [PMID: 33672701 PMCID: PMC7924319 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a pathogen responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Currently, the available vaccines for the prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV-23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes (up to 100 different serotypes have been identified) and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and non-encapsulated pneumococci. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes after these vaccines is an increasing threat. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new pneumococcal vaccines which could cover a wide range of serotypes. One of the vaccines most characterized as a prophylactic alternative to current PPV-23 or PCVs is a vaccine based on pneumococcal protein antigens. The choline-binding proteins (CBP) are found in all pneumococcal strains, giving them the characteristic to be potential vaccine candidates as they may protect against different serotypes. In this review, we have focused the attention on different CBPs as vaccine candidates because they are involved in the pathogenesis process, confirming their immunogenicity and protection against pneumococcal infection. The review summarizes the major contribution of these proteins to virulence and reinforces the fact that antibodies elicited against many of them may block or interfere with their role in the infection process.
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90
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Stavropoulou E, Kantartzi K, Tsigalou C, Konstantinidis T, Voidarou C, Konstantinidis T, Bezirtzoglou E. Unraveling the Interconnection Patterns Across Lung Microbiome, Respiratory Diseases, and COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:619075. [PMID: 33585285 PMCID: PMC7876344 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.619075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Albeit the lungs were thought to be sterile, recent scientific data reported a microbial microbiota in the lungs of healthy individuals. Apparently, new developments in technological approachesincluding genome sequencing methodologies contributed in the identification of the microbiota and shed light on the role of the gut and lung microbiomes in the development of respiratory diseases. Moreover, knowledge of the human microbiome in health may act as a tool for evaluating characteristic shifts in the case of disease. This review paper discusses the development of respiratory disease linked to the intestinal dysbiosis which influences the lung immunity and microbiome. The gastrointestinal-lung dialogue provides interesting aspects in the pathogenesis of the respiratory diseases. Lastly, we were further interested on the role of this interconnection in the progression and physiopathology of newly emergedCOVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Stavropoulou
- CHUV (Centre HospitalierUniversitaire Vaudois), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Institute, Valais Hospital, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Konstantia Kantartzi
- Nephrology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theocharis Konstantinidis
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Theodoros Konstantinidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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91
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Alves-Barroco C, Paquete-Ferreira J, Santos-Silva T, Fernandes AR. Singularities of Pyogenic Streptococcal Biofilms - From Formation to Health Implication. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:584947. [PMID: 33424785 PMCID: PMC7785724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are generally defined as communities of cells involved in a self-produced extracellular matrix adhered to a surface. In biofilms, the bacteria are less sensitive to host defense mechanisms and antimicrobial agents, due to multiple strategies, that involve modulation of gene expression, controlled metabolic rate, intercellular communication, composition, and 3D architecture of the extracellular matrix. These factors play a key role in streptococci pathogenesis, contributing to therapy failure and promoting persistent infections. The species of the pyogenic group together with Streptococcus pneumoniae are the major pathogens belonging the genus Streptococcus, and its biofilm growth has been investigated, but insights in the genetic origin of biofilm formation are limited. This review summarizes pyogenic streptococci biofilms with details on constitution, formation, and virulence factors associated with formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Alves-Barroco
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Paquete-Ferreira
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Teresa Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
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92
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AK K, ARABACI Ç. Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated from Clinical Samples to Various Antibiotics. DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.850218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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93
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Connor MG, Camarasa TMN, Patey E, Rasid O, Barrio L, Weight CM, Miller DP, Heyderman RS, Lamont RJ, Enninga J, Hamon MA. The histone demethylase KDM6B fine-tunes the host response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nat Microbiol 2020; 6:257-269. [PMID: 33349663 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00805-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a natural colonizer of the human respiratory tract and an opportunistic pathogen. Although epithelial cells are among the first to encounter pneumococci, the cellular processes and contribution of epithelial cells to the host response are poorly understood. Here, we show that a S. pneumoniae serotype 6B ST90 strain, which does not cause disease in a murine infection model, induces a unique NF-κB signature response distinct from an invasive-disease-causing isolate of serotype 4 (TIGR4). This signature is characterized by activation of p65 and requires a histone demethylase KDM6B. We show, molecularly, that the interaction of the 6B strain with epithelial cells leads to chromatin remodelling within the IL-11 promoter in a KDM6B-dependent manner, where KDM6B specifically demethylates histone H3 lysine 27 dimethyl. Remodelling of the IL-11 locus facilitates p65 access to three NF-κB sites that are otherwise inaccessible when stimulated by IL-1β or TIGR4. Finally, we demonstrate through chemical inhibition of KDM6B with GSK-J4 inhibitor and through exogenous addition of IL-11 that the host responses to the 6B ST90 and TIGR4 strains can be interchanged both in vitro and in a murine model of infection in vivo. Our studies therefore reveal how a chromatin modifier governs cellular responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiphaine M N Camarasa
- G5 Chromatin and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emma Patey
- G5 Chromatin and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Orhan Rasid
- G5 Chromatin and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laura Barrio
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline M Weight
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jost Enninga
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Melanie A Hamon
- G5 Chromatin and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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94
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Jamalkandi SA, Kouhsar M, Salimian J, Ahmadi A. The identification of co-expressed gene modules in Streptococcus pneumonia from colonization to infection to predict novel potential virulence genes. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:376. [PMID: 33334315 PMCID: PMC7745498 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus) is a human bacterial pathogen causing a range of mild to severe infections. The complicated transcriptome patterns of pneumococci during the colonization to infection process in the human body are usually determined by measuring the expression of essential virulence genes and the comparison of pathogenic with non-pathogenic bacteria through microarray analyses. As systems biology studies have demonstrated, critical co-expressing modules and genes may serve as key players in biological processes. Generally, Sample Progression Discovery (SPD) is a computational approach traditionally used to decipher biological progression trends and their corresponding gene modules (clusters) in different clinical samples underlying a microarray dataset. The present study aimed to investigate the bacterial gene expression pattern from colonization to severe infection periods (specimens isolated from the nasopharynx, lung, blood, and brain) to find new genes/gene modules associated with the infection progression. This strategy may lead to finding novel gene candidates for vaccines or drug design. Results The results included essential genes whose expression patterns varied in different bacterial conditions and have not been investigated in similar studies. Conclusions In conclusion, the SPD algorithm, along with differentially expressed genes detection, can offer new ways of discovering new therapeutic or vaccine targeted gene products. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-020-02059-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Azimzadeh Jamalkandi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Kouhsar
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Salimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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95
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Hussen S, Asnake S, Wachamo D, Tadesse BT. Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility profile in children under five in southern Ethiopia. F1000Res 2020; 9:1466. [PMID: 34316364 PMCID: PMC8278251 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27583.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Streptococcus pneumonia causes high morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under five. Nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage predisposes individuals to pneumococcal infection and horizontal spread within the community. Overuse of antibiotics has been linked to increased risk of antimicrobial resistance to
S. pneumonia. We investigated NP carriage rate and resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in under-five children visiting a public referral center in southern Ethiopia. Methods: In total, 413 under 5 children who visited the outpatient department for a health check-up, immunization or acute mild illnesses underwent NP sampling. Parent/caregiver surveys were administered at the clinic. Sterile plastic applicator rayon tipped swabs were used for NP sampling. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using modified the disk diffusion method. Results:
S. pneumonia NP carriage was observed in 39% [95% confidence interval (CI): 34.4–43.8]. Living with one or more sibling (AOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.95: 95% CI: 1.01, 3.76), age group of 3-23 months (AOR 2.31: 95% CI: 1.07, 4.98), co-sleeping with family (AOR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.79), attendance at kindergarten/day-care (AOR 1.84: 95% CI: 1.09, 3.11) and malnutrition independently increased
S. pneumonia carriage at the individual level.
S. pneumonia was highly resistant to Oxacillin (38.5%), Tetracycline (37.3%), and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (34.2%). Multi-drug resistance was observed in 42.2% of isolates. Conclusions: A high streptococcal NP carriage rate was observed in under-five children. The high level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics calls for enhancing national surveillance of resistance patterns and enforce antibiotic stewardship efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraj Hussen
- School of medical laboratory, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama National Regional State, 1560, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Asnake
- School of medical laboratory, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama National Regional State, 1560, Ethiopia
| | - Demelash Wachamo
- Department of Public Health, Hawassa College of Health Sciences, Hawassa, Sidama National Regional State, 84, Ethiopia
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- School of Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama National Regional State, 1560, Ethiopia
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96
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Hussen S, Asnake S, Wachamo D, Tadesse BT. Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility profile in children under five in southern Ethiopia. F1000Res 2020; 9:1466. [PMID: 34316364 PMCID: PMC8278251 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27583.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Streptococcus pneumonia causes high morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under five. Nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage predisposes individuals to pneumococcal infection and horizontal spread within the community. Overuse of antibiotics has been linked to increased risk of antimicrobial resistance to S. pneumonia. We investigated NP carriage rate and resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in under-five children visiting a public referral center in southern Ethiopia. Methods: In total, 413 under 5 children who visited the outpatient department for a health check-up, immunization or acute mild illnesses underwent NP sampling. Parent/caregiver surveys were administered at the clinic. Sterile plastic applicator rayon tipped swabs were used for NP sampling. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using modified the disk diffusion method. Results: S. pneumonia NP carriage was observed in 39% [95% confidence interval (CI): 34.4-43.8]. Living with one or more sibling (AOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.95: 95% CI: 1.01, 3.76), age group of 3-23 months (AOR 2.31: 95% CI: 1.07, 4.98), co-sleeping with family (AOR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.79), attendance at kindergarten/day-care (AOR 1.84: 95% CI: 1.09, 3.11) and malnutrition independently increased S. pneumonia carriage at the individual level. S. pneumonia was highly resistant to Oxacillin (38.5%), Tetracycline (37.3%), and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (34.2%). Multi-drug resistance was observed in 42.2% of isolates. Conclusions: A high streptococcal NP carriage rate was observed in under-five children. The high level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics calls for enhancing national surveillance of resistance patterns and enforce antibiotic stewardship efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraj Hussen
- School of medical laboratory, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama National Regional State, 1560, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Asnake
- School of medical laboratory, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama National Regional State, 1560, Ethiopia
| | - Demelash Wachamo
- Department of Public Health, Hawassa College of Health Sciences, Hawassa, Sidama National Regional State, 84, Ethiopia
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- School of Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama National Regional State, 1560, Ethiopia
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97
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Safari D, Valentiya F, Salsabila K, Paramaiswari WT, Tafroji W, Hammerschmidt S, Hadinegoro SR. The prevalence of pilus islets in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from healthy children in Indonesia. Access Microbiol 2020; 3:acmi000184. [PMID: 33997615 PMCID: PMC8115978 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae produces pili that function as adherence factors to bind to epithelial cells in the human upper respiratory tract. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of pilus islets (PIs) in S. pneumoniae strains carried by healthy children below 5 years of age prior to pneumococcal vaccination in 2012 in Lombok Island, Indonesia. In all, 347 archived S. pneumoniae isolates were screened using polymerase chain reactions for the presence of rrgC and pitB genes representing pilus islet 1 (PI-1) and pilus islet 2 (PI-2), respectively. We found that 40 isolates (11.5 %) contained the PI genes: 5.2% carried both PI-1 and PI-2, and 3.5 and 2.9% carried PI-1 and PI-2, respectively. Furthermore, we found that most of the strains carrying either of the PIs belonged to the vaccine serotypes 19F and 19A and were less susceptible to chloramphenicol and tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Feby Valentiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Wisnu Tafroji
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomcis of Microbes, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sri Rezeki Hadinegoro
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia/Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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98
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Kosecka-Strojek M, Wolska M, Żabicka D, Sadowy E, Międzobrodzki J. Identification of Clinically Relevant Streptococcus and Enterococcus Species Based on Biochemical Methods and 16S rRNA, sodA, tuf, rpoB, and recA Gene Sequencing. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110939. [PMID: 33187333 PMCID: PMC7696602 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci and enterococci are significant opportunistic pathogens in epidemiology and infectious medicine. High genetic and taxonomic similarities and several reclassifications within genera are the most challenging in species identification. The aim of this study was to identify Streptococcus and Enterococcus species using genetic and phenotypic methods and to determine the most discriminatory identification method. Thirty strains recovered from clinical samples representing 15 streptococcal species, five enterococcal species, and four nonstreptococcal species were subjected to bacterial identification by the Vitek® 2 system and Sanger-based sequencing methods targeting the 16S rRNA, sodA, tuf, rpoB, and recA genes. Phenotypic methods allowed the identification of 10 streptococcal strains, five enterococcal strains, and four nonstreptococcal strains (Leuconostoc, Granulicatella, and Globicatella genera). The combination of sequencing methods allowed the identification of 21 streptococcal strains, five enterococcal strains, and four nonstreptococcal strains. The 16S rRNA and rpoB genes had the highest identification potential. Only a combination of several molecular methods was sufficient for unambiguous confirmation of species identity. This study will be useful for comparison of several identification methods, both those used as a first choice in routine microbiology and those used for final confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-6365
| | - Mariola Wolska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Dorota Żabicka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.M.)
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Pneumococcal colonization among healthy and hospitalized vaccine-naive Sri Lankan children. Vaccine 2020; 38:7308-7315. [PMID: 32981783 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to cause mortality and morbidity despite availability of effective vaccines. Pneumococcal colonization is considered a pre-requisite for disease. Identifying the serotypes circulating in a given locale is important for surveillance purposes as well as for assessing the need for vaccination. Aim of the present study was to identify nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization rates in healthy children and children with respiratory tract infections in central Sri Lanka. METHOD A total of 450 nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) of children aged between 2 months and 2 years were collected from two groups; healthy children and children hospitalized with respiratory symptoms. NPS samples were processed using conventional laboratory techniques to isolate S. pneumoniae. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pneumococcal isolates were identified using CLSI disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by micro-broth dilution method. RESULTS Pneumococcal colonization rate among healthy children was 31.8% (143/450) it was 39.8% (179/450) in children hospitalized with respiratory symptoms. MIC for penicillin and cefotaxime ranged between 0.015 to 4 µg/ml and <0.015 to 16 µg/ml respectively. All isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, vancomycin, linezolid and rifampicin. Erythromycin and tetracycline non-susceptibility rates were >50% in both groups. The predominant serotypes identified were 19F (n = 66, 20.5%), 6B (n = 43, 13.4%), 6A (n = 30, 9.3%), 23F (n = 28, 8.7%) and 14 (n = 20, 6.2%). Among healthy children, presence of school going children at home and the number of household members were significantly associated with pneumococcal colonization while in hospitalized children, pneumococcal colonization was significantly associated with presence of school going children at home. CONCLUSION Pneumococcal colonization rates were considerably higher in both study cohorts and the commonest serotypes were 19F, 6B, 6A, 23F and 14. Antibiotic resistance rates were also relatively higher among the pneumococcal isolates.
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Crystal Structure of Mannose Specific IIA Subunit of Phosphotransferase System from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204633. [PMID: 33053673 PMCID: PMC7587183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent bacterial pathogen of the human respiratory tract causing pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis, a serious healthcare burden in all age groups. S. pneumoniae lacks complete respiratory chain and relies on carbohydrate fermentation for energy generation. One of the essential components for this includes the mannose phosphotransferase system (Man-PTS), which plays a central role in glucose transport and exhibits a broad specificity for a range of hexoses. Importantly, Man-PTS is involved in the global regulation of gene expression for virulence determinants. We herein report the three-dimensional structure of the EIIA domain of S. pneumoniae mannose phosphotransferase system (SpEIIA-Man). Our structure shows a dimeric arrangement of EIIA and reveals a detailed molecular description of the active site. Since PTS transporters are exclusively present in microbes and sugar transporters have already been suggested as valid targets for antistreptococcal antibiotics, our work sets foundation for the future development of antimicrobial strategies against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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