51
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Zhao H, Storey BD, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ. Learning the Physics of Pattern Formation from Images. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:060201. [PMID: 32109085 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.060201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Using a framework of partial differential equation-constrained optimization, we demonstrate that multiple constitutive relations can be extracted simultaneously from a small set of images of pattern formation. Examples include state-dependent properties in phase-field models, such as the diffusivity, kinetic prefactor, free energy, and direct correlation function, given only the general form of the Cahn-Hilliard equation, Allen-Cahn equation, or dynamical density functional theory (phase-field crystal model). Constraints can be added based on physical arguments to accelerate convergence and avoid spurious results. Reconstruction of the free energy functional, which contains nonlinear dependence on the state variable and differential or convolutional operators, opens the possibility of learning nonequilibrium thermodynamics from only a few snapshots of the dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Brian D Storey
- Toyota Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Olin College, Needham, Massachusetts 02492, USA
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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52
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Peppou-Chapman S, Hong JK, Waterhouse A, Neto C. Life and death of liquid-infused surfaces: a review on the choice, analysis and fate of the infused liquid layer. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3688-3715. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We review the rational choice, the analysis, the depletion and the properties imparted by the liquid layer in liquid-infused surfaces – a new class of low-adhesion surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Peppou-Chapman
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
| | - Jun Ki Hong
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- Central Clinical School
- Faculty of Medicine and Health
| | - Chiara Neto
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
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53
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Lee S, Lee W, Yamada NL, Tanaka K, Kim JH, Lee H, Ryu DY. Instability of Polystyrene Film and Thermal Behaviors Mediated by Unfavorable Silicon Oxide Interlayer. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seungjae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Wooseop Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Norifumi L. Yamada
- Neutron Science Division, Institute for Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jong Hak Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hoyeon Lee
- Neutron Science Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 989 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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54
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Wang H, Evans D, Voelcker NH, Griesser HJ, Meagher L. Interfacial Forces at Layered Surfaces: Substrate Electrical Double-Layer Forces Acting through Ultrathin Polymer Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11679-11689. [PMID: 31407904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating the surface properties of materials via the application of coatings is a widely used strategy to achieve desired interfacial interactions, implicitly assuming that the interfacial forces of coated samples are determined exclusively by the surface properties of the coatings. However, interfacial interactions between materials and their environments operate over finite length scales. Thus, the question addressed in this study is whether interactions associated with bulk substrate materials could act through thin coatings or, conversely, how thick a coating needs to be to completely screen subsurface forces contributed by underlying substrates. Plasma polymer layers were deposited on silicon wafer substrates from ethanol vapor, with identical chemical composition, ultrasmooth surfaces, and varying thicknesses. Using colloid-probe atomic force microscopy, electrical double-layer forces were determined in solutions of various ionic strengths and fitted using the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. For the thicker ethanol plasma polymers, the fitted surface potentials reflected the presence of surface carboxylate groups and were invariant with thickness. In contrast, for coatings <18 nm thick, the surface potentials increased steadily with decreasing film thickness; the measured electrical double-layer forces contained contributions from both the coating and the substrate. Theoretical calculations were in agreement with this model. Thus, our observations indicate that the higher surface potential of the underlying SiO2 surface can influence the interactions between a colloid particle and the multilayer structure if coatings are sufficiently thin. Such superposition needs to be factored into the design of coatings aimed at the control of material interactions via surface forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Wang
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Drew Evans
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Hans J Griesser
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Laurence Meagher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
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55
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Ruffino F, Grimaldi MG. Nanostructuration of Thin Metal Films by Pulsed Laser Irradiations: A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9081133. [PMID: 31390842 PMCID: PMC6723593 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanostructures are, nowadays, extensively used in applications such as catalysis, electronics, sensing, optoelectronics and others. These applications require the possibility to design and fabricate metal nanostructures directly on functional substrates, with specifically controlled shapes, sizes, structures and reduced costs. A promising route towards the controlled fabrication of surface-supported metal nanostructures is the processing of substrate-deposited thin metal films by fast and ultrafast pulsed lasers. In fact, the processes occurring for laser-irradiated metal films (melting, ablation, deformation) can be exploited and controlled on the nanoscale to produce metal nanostructures with the desired shape, size, and surface order. The present paper aims to overview the results concerning the use of fast and ultrafast laser-based fabrication methodologies to obtain metal nanostructures on surfaces from the processing of deposited metal films. The paper aims to focus on the correlation between the process parameter, physical parameters and the morphological/structural properties of the obtained nanostructures. We begin with a review of the basic concepts on the laser-metal films interaction to clarify the main laser, metal film, and substrate parameters governing the metal film evolution under the laser irradiation. The review then aims to provide a comprehensive schematization of some notable classes of metal nanostructures which can be fabricated and establishes general frameworks connecting the processes parameters to the characteristics of the nanostructures. To simplify the discussion, the laser types under considerations are classified into three classes on the basis of the range of the pulse duration: nanosecond-, picosecond-, femtosecond-pulsed lasers. These lasers induce different structuring mechanisms for an irradiated metal film. By discussing these mechanisms, the basic formation processes of micro- and nano-structures is illustrated and justified. A short discussion on the notable applications for the produced metal nanostructures is carried out so as to outline the strengths of the laser-based fabrication processes. Finally, the review shows the innovative contributions that can be proposed in this research field by illustrating the challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ruffino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana"-Università di Catania and MATIS CNR-IMM, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Grimaldi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana"-Università di Catania and MATIS CNR-IMM, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
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56
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Xia S, Song L, Chen W, Körstgens V, Opel M, Schwartzkopf M, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Printed Thin Diblock Copolymer Films with Dense Magnetic Nanostructure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21935-21945. [PMID: 31136716 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thin hybrid films with dense magnetic structures for sensor applications are printed using diblock copolymer (DBC) templating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). To achieve a high-density magnetic structure, the printing ink is prepared by mixing polystyrene- block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS- b-PMMA) with a large PS volume fraction and PS selective MNPs. Solvent vapor annealing is applied to generate a parallel cylindrical film morphology (with respect to the substrate), in which the MNP-residing PS domains are well separated by the PMMA matrix, and thus, the formation of large MNP agglomerates is avoided. Moreover, the morphologies of the printed thin films are determined as a function of the MNP concentration with real and reciprocal space characterization techniques. The PS domains are found to be saturated with MNPs at 1 wt %, at which the structural order of the hybrid films reaches a maximum within the studied range of MNP concentration. As a beneficial aspect, the MNP loading improves the morphological order of the thin DBC films. The dense magnetic structure endows the thin films with a faster superparamagnetic responsive behavior, as compared to thick films where identical MNPs are used, but dispersed inside the minority domains of the DBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Xia
- Technische Universität München , Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Lin Song
- Technische Universität München , Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Institute of Flexible Electronics , Northwestern Polytechnical University , West Youyi Road 127 , 710072 , Xi'an , Shanxi China
| | - Wei Chen
- Technische Universität München , Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- Technische Universität München , Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Matthias Opel
- Walther-Meissner-Institut , Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften , Walther-Meissner-Str. 8 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | | | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestr. 85 , 22603 Hamburg , Germany
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , Teknikringen 56-58 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Technische Universität München , Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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57
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Schune C, Yonger M, Bresson B, Fretigny C, Guy L, Chaussée T, Lequeux F, Montes H, Verneuil E. Combining Ellipsometry and AFM To Probe Subnanometric Precursor Film Dynamics of Polystyrene Melts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7727-7734. [PMID: 31117730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the evolution over time of the space profiles of precursor films spreading away from a droplet of polymer in the poorly explored pseudo-partial wetting case. We use polystyrene melt droplets on oxidized silicon wafers. Interestingly, the film thicknesses measured by ellispometric microscopy are found in the 0.01 to 1 nm range. These thicknesses were validated by atomic force microscopy measurements performed on the textured film obtained after quenching at room temperature. From this, an effective thickness is obtained and compares well to the thicknesses measured by ellipsometry, validating the use of an optical method in this range of thickness. Ellipsometric microscopy provides a height resolution below the ångström with lateral resolution, image size, and framerate well adapted to spreading precursor films. From this, we demonstrate that precursor films of polystyrene consist of polymer chains with a surface density decreasing to zero away from the droplet. We further find that the polymer chains follow a simple diffusive law with the diffusion coefficient independent of density. This demonstrates that polystyrene chains spread independently in precursor films in pseudo-partial wetting condition. This behavior differs significantly from the case of chains spreading in total wetting for which the diffusion coefficient was found in the literature to depend on surface density or thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Schune
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering (SIMM) , ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Marc Yonger
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering (SIMM) , ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Bruno Bresson
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering (SIMM) , ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Christian Fretigny
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering (SIMM) , ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Laurent Guy
- Solvay Silica , 15 rue Pierre Paÿs , BP 52, F-69660 Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or , France
| | - Thomas Chaussée
- Solvay Silica , 15 rue Pierre Paÿs , BP 52, F-69660 Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or , France
| | - François Lequeux
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering (SIMM) , ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Hélène Montes
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering (SIMM) , ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Emilie Verneuil
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering (SIMM) , ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , F-75005 Paris , France
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58
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Qi Y, Nguyen H, Lim KSE, Wang W, Chen W. Adsorptive Spin Coating To Study Thin-Film Stability in Both Wetting and Nonwetting Regimes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6922-6928. [PMID: 31082251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new thin-film fabrication method, adsorptive spin coating, was evaluated in the preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) thin films on silicon-wafer-supported poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates. This method takes advantage of the rapid spontaneous adsorption of PVOH at the substrate-solution interface during the brief contact period and the directionality of drying during spinning. Similar to the results obtained using dip coating, the PVOH thin films wet the 2 kDa PDMS substrate and exhibit dewetted fractal morphologies on thicker PDMS substrates. This method generated PVOH films with thicknesses that were comparable to those prepared by dip coating except that thicker PVOH films were obtained at lower spin rates, following the Meyerhofer relationship in the wetting regime. Stepwise dewetting dynamics of confined PVOH drops were captured using high-speed photography. Drying and polymer aggregation initiate at the periphery of the drop and propagate toward the center of the drop. Each dewetted thin film adopts the footprint of the original drop and shows globally ordered patterns, which depend on both initial drop size and spin rate. The PVOH thin films have excellent stability toward water rinse if they are continuous and are given sufficient time to dry. This new adsorptive spin-coating method is not only straightforward but also unique in its ability to generate globally ordered morphologies that are the outcome of fast spontaneous adsorption, spin symmetry, and temporally and spatially adjustable drying rates. It is a valuable tool for fabricating a wide range of thin-film systems where surface adsorption/reaction is rapid, in both wetting and nonwetting regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Qi
- Chemistry Department , Mount Holyoke College , South Hadley , Massachusetts 01075 , United States
| | - Haimi Nguyen
- Chemistry Department , Mount Holyoke College , South Hadley , Massachusetts 01075 , United States
| | - Kelly Sin Ee Lim
- Chemistry Department , Mount Holyoke College , South Hadley , Massachusetts 01075 , United States
| | - Wenyun Wang
- Chemistry Department , Mount Holyoke College , South Hadley , Massachusetts 01075 , United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Chemistry Department , Mount Holyoke College , South Hadley , Massachusetts 01075 , United States
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59
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Peschka D, Haefner S, Marquant L, Jacobs K, Münch A, Wagner B. Signatures of slip in dewetting polymer films. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9275-9284. [PMID: 31004049 PMCID: PMC6510987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820487116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin polymer films on hydrophobic substrates are susceptible to rupture and hole formation. This, in turn, initiates a complex dewetting process, which ultimately leads to characteristic droplet patterns. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the type of droplet pattern depends on the specific interfacial condition between the polymer and the substrate. Predicting the morphological evolution over long timescales and on the different length scales involved is a major computational challenge. In this study, a highly adaptive numerical scheme is presented, which allows for following the dewetting process deep into the nonlinear regime of the model equations and captures the complex dynamics, including the shedding of droplets. In addition, our numerical results predict the previously unknown shedding of satellite droplets during the destabilization of liquid ridges that form during the late stages of the dewetting process. While the formation of satellite droplets is well known in the context of elongating fluid filaments and jets, we show here that, for dewetting liquid ridges, this property can be dramatically altered by the interfacial condition between polymer and substrate, namely slip. This work shows how dissipative processes can be used to systematically tune the formation of patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Peschka
- Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Sabrina Haefner
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ludovic Marquant
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Münch
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Wagner
- Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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60
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Ma T, Zhou L, Du X, Yang Y. Simultaneous measurements of thin film thickness using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and disjoining pressure using Scheludko cell. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:045118. [PMID: 31042991 DOI: 10.1063/1.5058218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a method for measuring the thin film thickness using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, with the use of evanescent wave illumination. The thin liquid film was formed in a hole drilled at the center of a porous plate, which is used for measurement of the disjoining pressure by using the Scheludko cell method. The aim of simultaneous and in situ measurements of thin film thickness and disjoining pressure is to obtain the relationship between them, which is critical for explicitly depicting the thin film profile that determines the interfacial mass and heat fluxes in the thin film region near the triple line. This method can overcome the drawbacks of the optical methods that are insufficient for measuring the thickness of a thin film with curvature. The influence of structural forces formed by tracer nanoparticles seeded in the thin liquid film on the relationship was analyzed. The obtained expression for disjoining pressure vs thin film thickness provides a basis for analyzing the formation, evolution, and stability of the thin liquid film, which is the dominant mechanism of controlling the mesoscopic structure in many transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengxiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Condition Monitoring and Control for Power Plant Equipment of Ministry of Education, School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Leping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Condition Monitoring and Control for Power Plant Equipment of Ministry of Education, School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoze Du
- Key Laboratory of Condition Monitoring and Control for Power Plant Equipment of Ministry of Education, School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yongping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Condition Monitoring and Control for Power Plant Equipment of Ministry of Education, School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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61
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Feng J, Guo Z. Wettability of graphene: from influencing factors and reversible conversions to potential applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2019; 4:339-364. [PMID: 32254088 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00348c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the carbon material family, graphene has long been the focus of research on account of its abundant excellent properties. Nevertheless, many previous research works have attached much importance to its mechanical capacity and electrical properties, and not to its surface wetting properties with respect to water. In this review, a series of methods are put forward for characterization of the water contact angle of graphene, such as experimental measurements, classic molecular dynamics simulations, and formula calculations. A series of factors that affect the wettability of graphene, including defects, controllable atmosphere, doping, and electric field, are also discussed in detail, and have rarely have been covered in other review articles before. Finally, with the developments of smart surfaces, a reversible wettability variation of graphene from hydrophobic to hydrophilic is important in the presence of external stimulation and is discussed in detail herein. It is anticipated that graphene could serve as a tunable wettability coating for further developments in electronic devices and brings a new perspective to the construction of smart material surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
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62
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Stankevičius E, Garliauskas M, Laurinavičius L, Trusovas R, Tarasenko N, Pauliukaitė R. Engineering electrochemical sensors using nanosecond laser treatment of thin gold film on ITO glass. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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63
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Dhara P, Mukherjee R. Phase transition and dewetting of a 5CB liquid crystal thin film on a topographically patterned substrate. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21685-21694. [PMID: 35518868 PMCID: PMC9066433 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02552a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermally induced nematic to isotropic (N–I) phase transition and dewetting of 5CB liquid crystal thin films on flat and topographically patterned substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palash Dhara
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - Rabibrata Mukherjee
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur
- India
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64
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Ag-coated submicron particles of polystyrene formed by dewetting process and their application in multi-functional biosensor-chips. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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65
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Rupture of ultrathin solution films on planar solid substrates induced by solute crystallization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 528:63-69. [PMID: 29843063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On-line optical imaging of continuously thinning planar films in a spin cast configuration reveals the rupture behavior of ultra-thin films of binary mixtures of a volatile solvent and a nonvolatile solute. The pure solvents completely wet the silica substrates whereas the solution films rupture at certain film thicknesses, hrupture, which depend on, c0, the initial weighing in solute concentrations. With small c0, hrupture increases proportional to c0. With high c0, all films rupture at hrupture≈50nm, independent of c0. The findings can be explained by the solute enrichment during the evaporative thinning. Solute crystallization at the liquid/substrate interface upon reaching solute supersaturation leads to locally different wetting properties. This induces locally the rupture of the film as soon as it is sufficiently thin. A proper data rescaling based on this scenario yields a universal rupture behavior of various different solvent/solute mixtures.
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66
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Peppou-Chapman S, Neto C. Mapping Depletion of Lubricant Films on Antibiofouling Wrinkled Slippery Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33669-33677. [PMID: 30168715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) have recently gained a lot of attention because of their wide range of applications. We recently showed that SLIPS with most of their surface depleted of lubricant, as little lubricant as 0.02 ± 0.01 μL cm-1, were effective against marine biofouling. Characterization of the depletion and configuration of the immobilized liquid layer on SLIPS is crucial to optimizing their performance. Previous attempts at mapping lubricant thickness have been diffraction limited or indirectly measured thickness. Here, we use atomic force microscopy meniscus force measurements to directly map lubricant thickness with nanoscale resolution on wrinkled surfaces made from Teflon and poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP). Using this method, we show that SLIPS are easily depleted and are effectively heterogeneous surfaces, where the majority of the surface is a thick lubricating layer stabilized by capillary forces and part nanothin layer stabilized long-range intermolecular forces. We found that the depleted silicone oil thickness on the tops of nonwettable (Teflon) wrinkles is approx. 5 nm, close to but greater than the minimum measurable thickness of approx. 3 nm. The silicone oil thickness on the tops of wettable (P4VP) wrinkles is approx. 15 nm. Surfaces in this state still show antibiofouling properties and thus show that a thick lubricating layer is not necessary for all favorable properties of SLIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Peppou-Chapman
- School of Chemistry and The University of Sydney Nano Institute , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Chiara Neto
- School of Chemistry and The University of Sydney Nano Institute , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
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67
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Li X, Lu X. Evolution of Irreversibly Adsorbed Layer Promotes Dewetting of Polystyrene Film on Sapphire. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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68
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Owais A, Smith-Palmer T, Gentle A, Neto C. Influence of long-range forces and capillarity on the function of underwater superoleophobic wrinkled surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6627-6634. [PMID: 29943781 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00709h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Underwater superoleophobic surfaces can be considered a particular type of lubricant-infused surface, that have anti-fouling properties by virtue of a trapped water layer that repels oils. However, as their function relies on a water layer being trapped in the surface roughness, it is crucial to understand the factors that determine the layer stability. In this work, the forces that are responsible for the stability of thin liquid films within structured surfaces were quantified, and the conclusions were tested against the performance of wrinkled surfaces as underwater superoleophobic coatings. Here, the system studied was a family of wrinkled surfaces made of hydrophilic poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP), whereby the wrinkle width could be controllably tuned in the range 90 nm to 8000 nm. The van der Waals free energy was quantified and the capillary forces trapping water in the surface micro- and nano-wrinkle structure were estimated. P4VP surfaces with micro-scale wrinkles had underwater superoleophobic properties, and low adhesion to different oils with droplet roll-off angle below 6° ± 1°. Despite the van der Waals free energy of the system pointing to the dewetting of a water film under oil on top of a smooth P4VP film, the wrinkled structure is sufficient to induce a Cassie state with a trapped water layer. The micro-scale wrinkles (average width 4-12 μm) were found to be particularly effective in the trapping of the water in a Cassie non-adhesive state. The P4VP wrinkled surfaces are superamphiphobic, as when they were first infused with oil, and then exposed to a droplet of water under oil, they exhibited superhydrophobic behavior. The P4VP wrinkles have the additional useful feature of being transparent underwater, which makes them useful candidates for the protection of underwater cameras and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Owais
- School of Chemistry and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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69
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Khalesi Moghaddam R, Goharpey F, Khademzadeh Yeganeh J. Interplay between phase separation and dewetting in PS/PVME thin films: effect of temperature. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6684-6695. [PMID: 30062346 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of temperature on the interplay between dewetting and phase separation at shallow and deep depths at two-phase temperatures in PS/PVME polymer blend thin films. Optical microscopy, AFM measurements, and ellipsometry analysis were performed to investigate the dewetting behavior of the films. At the deep quench depth (phase separation temperature of 115 °C), a two-layer film formed, consisting of a thin PVME layer directly on the surface of a silicon wafer (as the wetting layer) and a bulk layer which was the upper layer. In the bulk layer, the phase separation mechanism was controlled by an apparent nucleation and growth mechanism, which was driven by entropic and anisotropic limitations rather than thermodynamic preferences. After about 106 min of annealing, liquid-liquid dewetting occurred in the interface of the formed layers, triggered by Laplace pressure differences. However, at the shallow quench depth (phase separation temperature of 95 °C), a tri-layered structure formed in the thin films and concentration fluctuations at the interfaces of the formed layers triggered surface fluctuations and instabilities (dewetting phenomenon).
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70
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Weng YH, Tsao HK, Sheng YJ. Self-healing and dewetting dynamics of a polymer nanofilm on a smooth substrate: strategies for dewetting suppression. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20459-20467. [PMID: 30043813 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03215g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The self-healing and dewetting dynamics of a polymer nanofilm on a smooth, partial wetting surface are explored by many-body dissipative particle dynamics. Three types of dewetting phenomena are identified, (i) spinodal decomposition, (ii) nucleation and growth, and (iii) metastable self-healing. The outcome depends on the surface wettability (θY), the polymer film thickness (h0), and the radius of the dry hole (R0). The phase diagram of the dewetting mechanism as a function of θY and h0 is obtained for a specified R0. As the surface wettability decreases (increasing θY), the critical film thickness associated with the nucleation/self-healing crossover (hc) grows so that the metastability of the film can be retained by the self-healing process. In addition to θY and R0, hc depends on the polymer length (N) as well. It is found that a longer polymer requires a thicker nanofilm to avoid dewetting by nucleation. Two strategies for dewetting suppression are proposed. The metastability of a film of polymers with a large molecular weight can be promoted either by the addition of short polymers or by employing compact polymers such as star polymers. In the latter approach, the increment of the arm number enhances the nanofilm stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Weng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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71
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Chebil MS, McGraw JD, Salez T, Sollogoub C, Miquelard-Garnier G. Influence of outer-layer finite-size effects on the dewetting dynamics of a thin polymer film embedded in an immiscible matrix. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6256-6263. [PMID: 29989127 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00592c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In capillary-driven fluid dynamics, simple departures from equilibrium offer the chance to quantitatively model the resulting relaxations. These dynamics in turn provide insight on both practical and fundamental aspects of thin-film hydrodynamics. In this work, we describe a model trilayer dewetting experiment elucidating the effect of solid, no-slip confining boundaries on the bursting of a liquid film in a viscous environment. This experiment was inspired by an industrial polymer processing technique, multilayer coextrusion, in which thousands of alternating layers are stacked atop one another. When pushed to the nanoscale limit, the individual layers are found to break up on time scales shorter than the processing time. To gain insight on this dynamic problem, we here directly observe the growth rate of holes in the middle layer of the trilayer films described above, wherein the distance between the inner film and solid boundary can be orders of magnitude larger than its thickness. Under otherwise identical experimental conditions, thinner films break up faster than thicker ones. This observation is found to agree with a scaling model that balances capillary driving power and viscous dissipation with a no-slip boundary condition at the solid substrate/viscous environment boundary. In particular, even for the thinnest middle-layers, no finite-size effect related to the middle film is needed to explain the data. The dynamics of hole growth is captured by a single master curve over four orders of magnitude in the dimensionless hole radius and time, and is found to agree well with predictions including analytical expressions for the dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Chebil
- Laboratoire PIMM, UMR 8006, ENSAM, CNRS, CNAM, HESAM, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Ferrarese Lupi F, Giammaria TJ, Miti A, Zuccheri G, Carignano S, Sparnacci K, Seguini G, De Leo N, Boarino L, Perego M, Laus M. Hierarchical Order in Dewetted Block Copolymer Thin Films on Chemically Patterned Surfaces. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7076-7085. [PMID: 29952543 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the dewetting process on flat and chemically patterned surfaces of ultrathin films (thickness between 2 and 15 nm) of a cylinder forming polystyrene- block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS- b-PMMA) spin coated on poly(styrene- r-methyl methacrylate) random copolymers (RCPs). When the PS- b-PMMA film dewets on a 2 nm-thick RCP layer, the ordering of the hexagonally packed PMMA cylinders in the dewetted structures extends over distances far exceeding the correlation length obtained in continuous block copolymer (BCP) films. As a result, micrometer-sized circular droplets featuring defectless single grains of self-assembled PS- b-PMMA with PMMA cylinders perpendicularly oriented with respect to the substrate are generated and randomly distributed on the substrate. Additionally, alignment of the droplets along micrometric lines was achieved by performing the dewetting process on large-scale chemically patterned stripes of 2 nm thick RCP films by laser lithography. By properly adjusting the periodicity of the chemical pattern, it was possible to tune and select the geometrical characteristics of the dewetted droplets in terms of maximum thickness, contact angle and diameter while maintaining the defectless single grain perpendicular cylinder morphology of the circular droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferrarese Lupi
- Nanoscience and Materials Division , Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce 91 , 10135 Torino , Italy
| | - Tommaso Jacopo Giammaria
- CNR-IMM , Unit of Agrate Brianza , Via C. Olivetti 2 , 20864 Agrate Brianza , Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) , Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" , Viale T. Michel 11 , 1512 Alessandria , Italy
| | - Andrea Miti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie e Istituto di Nanoscienze del CNR (S3-Modena) , Via Irnerio, 48 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Giampaolo Zuccheri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie e Istituto di Nanoscienze del CNR (S3-Modena) , Via Irnerio, 48 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Katia Sparnacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) , Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" , Viale T. Michel 11 , 1512 Alessandria , Italy
| | - Gabriele Seguini
- CNR-IMM , Unit of Agrate Brianza , Via C. Olivetti 2 , 20864 Agrate Brianza , Italy
| | - Natascia De Leo
- Nanoscience and Materials Division , Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce 91 , 10135 Torino , Italy
| | - Luca Boarino
- Nanoscience and Materials Division , Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce 91 , 10135 Torino , Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR-IMM , Unit of Agrate Brianza , Via C. Olivetti 2 , 20864 Agrate Brianza , Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) , Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" , Viale T. Michel 11 , 1512 Alessandria , Italy
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73
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Mechanics of spontaneously formed nanoblisters trapped by transferred 2D crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7884-7889. [PMID: 30006468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801551115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Layered systems of 2D crystals and heterostructures are widely explored for new physics and devices. In many cases, monolayer or few-layer 2D crystals are transferred to a target substrate including other 2D crystals, and nanometer-scale blisters form spontaneously between the 2D crystal and its substrate. Such nanoblisters are often recognized as an indicator of good adhesion, but there is no consensus on the contents inside the blisters. While gas-filled blisters have been modeled and measured by bulge tests, applying such models to spontaneously formed nanoblisters yielded unrealistically low adhesion energy values between the 2D crystal and its substrate. Typically, gas-filled blisters are fully deflated within hours or days. In contrast, we found that the height of the spontaneously formed nanoblisters dropped only by 20-30% after 3 mo, indicating that probably liquid instead of gas is trapped in them. We therefore developed a simple scaling law and a rigorous theoretical model for liquid-filled nanoblisters, which predicts that the interfacial work of adhesion is related to the fourth power of the aspect ratio of the nanoblister and depends on the surface tension of the liquid. Our model was verified by molecular dynamics simulations, and the adhesion energy values obtained for the measured nanoblisters are in good agreement with those reported in the literature. This model can be applied to estimate the pressure inside the nanoblisters and the work of adhesion for a variety of 2D interfaces, which provides important implications for the fabrication and deformability of 2D heterostructures and devices.
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74
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Zhang Y, Sharma V. Thickness-Dependent Phase Transition Drives Nanoridge-to-Mesa Instability in Micellar Freestanding Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7922-7931. [PMID: 29863880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding fluxes and instabilities within freestanding ultrathin films is necessary for a better understanding of, and control over, the stability and lifetime of foams and emulsions. In micellar foam films, confinement-induced layering of micelles leads to stepwise thinning or stratification that occurs by the expansion of thinner, darker domains. Often, because of a nanoridge-to-mesa instability, one or more brighter white spots or "mesas" appear at the circular moving front between thinner domains and the thicker (less dark) surrounding film. Previous studies assume that the instability and the appearance of white spots are similar to the capillarity-driven Rayleigh instability that leads to the breakup of a coherent liquid jet. Using the IDIOM (interferometry digital imaging optical microscopy) protocols we recently developed, we characterize the nanoridge-to-mesa instability with exquisite spatiotemporal resolution (thickness <1 nm, time <1 ms). The instability could be classified as a Rayleigh instability if a similar sequence of thick and thin undulations is visualized around the expanding domains. However, quantitative analysis reveals that only mesas grow in size after the instability, whereas the rest of the nanoridge preserves its shape. By analogy to the phase separation into compositionally distinct regions, we show that the spontaneous nucleation of thicker mesas in stratifying films is a phase transition driven by the oscillatory nature of the free-energy functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
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75
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Kaptay G. The chemical (not mechanical) paradigm of thermodynamics of colloid and interface science. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 256:163-192. [PMID: 29705027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the most influential monograph on colloid and interfacial science by Adamson three fundamental equations of "physical chemistry of surfaces" are identified: the Laplace equation, the Kelvin equation and the Gibbs adsorption equation, with a mechanical definition of surface tension by Young as a starting point. Three of them (Young, Laplace and Kelvin) are called here the "mechanical paradigm". In contrary it is shown here that there is only one fundamental equation of the thermodynamics of colloid and interface science and all the above (and other) equations of this field follow as its derivatives. This equation is due to chemical thermodynamics of Gibbs, called here the "chemical paradigm", leading to the definition of surface tension and to 5 rows of equations (see Graphical abstract). The first row is the general equation for interfacial forces, leading to the Young equation, to the Bakker equation and to the Laplace equation, etc. Although the principally wrong extension of the Laplace equation formally leads to the Kelvin equation, using the chemical paradigm it becomes clear that the Kelvin equation is generally incorrect, although it provides right results in special cases. The second row of equations provides equilibrium shapes and positions of phases, including sessile drops of Young, crystals of Wulff, liquids in capillaries, etc. The third row of equations leads to the size-dependent equations of molar Gibbs energies of nano-phases and chemical potentials of their components; from here the corrected versions of the Kelvin equation and its derivatives (the Gibbs-Thomson equation and the Freundlich-Ostwald equation) are derived, including equations for more complex problems. The fourth row of equations is the nucleation theory of Gibbs, also contradicting the Kelvin equation. The fifth row of equations is the adsorption equation of Gibbs, and also the definition of the partial surface tension, leading to the Butler equation and to its derivatives, including the Langmuir equation and the Szyszkowski equation. Positioning the single fundamental equation of Gibbs into the thermodynamic origin of colloid and interface science leads to a coherent set of correct equations of this field. The same provides the chemical (not mechanical) foundation of the chemical (not mechanical) discipline of colloid and interface science.
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76
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Warneke J, McBriarty ME, Riechers SL, China S, Engelhard MH, Aprà E, Young RP, Washton NM, Jenne C, Johnson GE, Laskin J. Self-organizing layers from complex molecular anions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1889. [PMID: 29760476 PMCID: PMC5951818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of traditional ionic materials occurs principally via joint accumulation of both anions and cations. Herein, we describe a previously unreported phenomenon by which macroscopic liquid-like thin layers with tunable self-organization properties form through accumulation of stable complex ions of one polarity on surfaces. Using a series of highly stable molecular anions we demonstrate a strong influence of the internal charge distribution of the molecular ions, which is usually shielded by counterions, on the properties of the layers. Detailed characterization reveals that the intrinsically unstable layers of anions on surfaces are stabilized by simultaneous accumulation of neutral molecules from the background environment. Different phases, self-organization mechanisms and optical properties are observed depending on the molecular properties of the deposited anions, the underlying surface and the coadsorbed neutral molecules. This demonstrates rational control of the macroscopic properties (morphology and size of the formed structures) of the newly discovered anion-based layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Warneke
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
| | - Martin E McBriarty
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Shawn L Riechers
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Edoardo Aprà
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Robert P Young
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Nancy M Washton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, Wuppertal, 42119, Germany
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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77
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Schulman RD, Niven JF, Hack MA, DiMaria C, Dalnoki-Veress K. Liquid dewetting under a thin elastic film. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3557-3562. [PMID: 29682670 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00255j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the dewetting of liquid films capped by a thin elastomeric layer. When the tension in the elastomer is isotropic, circular holes grow at a rate which decreases with increasing tension. The morphology of holes and rim stability can be controlled by changing the boundary conditions and tension in the capping film. When the capping film is prepared with a biaxial tension, holes form with a non-circular shape elongated along the high tension axis. With suitable choice of elastic boundary conditions, samples can even be designed such that square holes appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D Schulman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
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78
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Phase Separation, Wetting and Dewetting in PS/PVME Blend Thin Films: Dependence on Film Thickness and Composition Ratio. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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79
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Su C, Ma SM, Liu GX, Yang SG. Dewetting Behavior of Hydrogen Bonded Polymer Complex Film under Hydrothermal Condition. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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80
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Lundy R, Flynn SP, Cummins C, Kelleher SM, Collins MN, Dalton E, Daniels S, Morris MA, Enright R. Controlled solvent vapor annealing of a high χ block copolymer thin film. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:2805-2815. [PMID: 28067366 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembling block copolymers (BCPs) have shown promise as a next generation bottom-up lithography technology. However, a critical step in advancing this approach is the elimination of polymer dewetting due to bulk solvent nucleation and thermodynamically driven film rupture that can occur during the solvent vapor annealing process. We report on the pattern formation via phase segregation of spin coated diblock copolymer films through the investigation of annealing parameters in the limit of high solvent vapor saturation conditions that results in wafer-scale patterning without observing polymer dewetting defects. Specifically, the work addresses polymer dewetting in diblock copolymer nanodot templates through the use of a "neutral" functionalization layer and the development of a custom-built solvent vapor annealing chamber to precisely control saturation conditions. Furthermore, the long anneal times (4 h) using a standard static solvent vapor annealing procedure were reduced to ∼15-30 minutes with our dynamic solvent vapor annealing system for the high χ, cylindrical forming poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinyl-pyridine) [PS-b-P4VP] diblock copolymer system. We discuss the kinetic mechanism governing the phase segregation process that highlights the small processing window bounded by long phase segregation timescales (≳1 min) on one side and the initiation of polymer film dewetting on the other. These results demonstrate a key step towards realizing a high fidelity, low cost BCP patterning technique for large-scale "bottom-up" feature definition at nanometer length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Lundy
- Thermal Management Research Group, Efficient Energy Transfer (ηET) Dept., Bell Labs Ireland, Nokia, Blanchardstown Business & Technology Park, Snugborough Rd., Dublin 15, Ireland. and Stokes Laboratories, University of Limerick, Co., Limerick, Ireland
| | - Shauna P Flynn
- National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Cian Cummins
- AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan M Kelleher
- National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Eric Dalton
- Stokes Laboratories, University of Limerick, Co., Limerick, Ireland
| | - Stephen Daniels
- National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Ryan Enright
- Thermal Management Research Group, Efficient Energy Transfer (ηET) Dept., Bell Labs Ireland, Nokia, Blanchardstown Business & Technology Park, Snugborough Rd., Dublin 15, Ireland.
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81
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Zhang Y, Sharma V. Nanoridge Formation and Dynamics of Stratification in Micellar Freestanding Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1208-1217. [PMID: 28753314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and predicting the stability and lifetime of freestanding films, including foam and emulsion films, is crucial for many industrial and biological applications. Freestanding films (thickness <100 nm), stabilized by surfactants above the critical micelle concentration, exhibit stratification or stepwise thinning. Stratification proceeds by formation of thinner domains that grow at the expense of surrounding films. In this Article, we address several longstanding challenges related to the experimental characterization and theoretical description of thickness variations, forces, fluxes and flows underlying stratification. We show that nanoridges form and grow at the moving front around expanding domains, and we visualize their shape evolution using Interferometry Digital Imaging Optical Microscopy (IDIOM) protocols with an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution (thickness <10 nm, time <1 ms). We develop a theoretical model for drainage via stratification under the influence of supramolecular oscillatory surface forces arising from the confinement-induced layering of micelles, and we show that the nanoridge growth and domain expansion dynamics can be modeled quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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82
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Xi X, Chen Y, Wang J, Li Y, Shao X, He L, Huang Q, Pei X. A multiscale hydrothermal carbon layer modified carbon fiber for composite fabrication. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23339-23347. [PMID: 35540132 PMCID: PMC9081589 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multiscale hydrothermal carbon layer (MHTCL) for carbon fiber (CF) surface modification was developed. The MHTCL is a multiscale high-disorder amorphous carbon coating with a colored appearance, abundant functional groups, multiscale roughness, a large specific surface area, a high surface energy, and good wetting ability. The O/C atom ratios of the MHTCL-modified CF were in the range of 0.17–0.23, and the functional groups were mainly C–O and C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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O groups. During the low-concentration glucose hydrothermal treatment with the carbon fibers (CFs), the glucose generates furan derivative intermediates, which adsorb on the surface of the CFs and carbonize continuously, finally forming the MHTCL on the CFs. The fracture and rupture of the MHTCL during the forming process produce new nucleation centers on the CF surface, which result in abundant multiscale irregular particles. The MHTCL is a facile method for the modification of CFs. The fabrication of the CF composites demonstrated that the MHTCL obviously increases the interlaminar shear strength of the CF/polyimide composite and the interfacial interaction of the CF and polyetheretherketone. A novel multiscale hydrothermal carbon layer (MHTCL) for carbon fiber (CF) surface modification was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Xi
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo Zhejiang 315201
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yousi Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo Zhejiang 315201
- China
| | - Jie Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo Zhejiang 315201
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo Zhejiang 315201
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiangdong Shao
- Zhejiang Zhongtian Fluorine Silicone Material Co., Ltd
- Quzhou 324004
- China
| | - Liu He
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo Zhejiang 315201
- China
| | - Qing Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo Zhejiang 315201
- China
| | - Xueliang Pei
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo Zhejiang 315201
- China
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83
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Geldmeier J, Rile L, Yoon YJ, Jung J, Lin Z, Tsukruk VV. Dewetting-Induced Photoluminescent Enhancement of Poly(lauryl methacrylate)/Quantum Dot Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14325-14331. [PMID: 29172535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new method for enhancing photoluminescence from quantum dot (QD)/polymer nanocomposite films is proposed. Poly(lauryl methacrylate) (PLMA) thin films containing embedded QDs are intentionally allowed to undergo dewetting on substrates by exposure to a nonsolvent vapor. After controlled dewetting, films exhibited typical dewetting morphologies with increased amounts of scattering that served to outcouple photoluminescence from the film and reduce internal light propagation within the film. Up to a 5-fold enhancement of the film emission was achieved depending on material factors such as the initial film thickness and QD concentration within the film. An increase in initial film thickness was shown to increase the dewetted maximum feature size and its characteristic length until a critical thickness was reached where dewetting became inhibited. A unique light exposure-based photopatterning method is also presented for the creation of high contrast emissive patterns as guided by spatially controlled dewetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Geldmeier
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Lexy Rile
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Jaehan Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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84
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Telford AM, Thickett SC, Neto C. Functional patterned coatings by thin polymer film dewetting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 507:453-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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85
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Gao N, Chiu M, Neto C. Receding Contact Line Motion on Nanopatterned and Micropatterned Polymer Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12602-12608. [PMID: 29016148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface properties such as topography and chemistry affect the motion of the three-phase contact line (solid/liquid/air), which in turn affects the contact angle of a liquid moving on a solid surface. In this work, the motion of the receding water contact line was studied on chemically and topographically patterned surfaces obtained from the dewetting of thin polymer films. The patterned surfaces consisted of hydrophilic poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) bumps, which were either microsized and sparse or nanosized and dense, on top of a hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) background layer. These patterns are designed for atmospheric water capture, for which the easy roll off of water droplets is crucial to their efficient performance. The dynamic receding water contact angle and contact line height of the patterned surfaces were measured by vertically withdrawing the surfaces from a water bath and compared to those of a flat P4VP substrate. For both the micropatterned and nanopatterned surfaces, the height of the dynamic contact lines normalized by the capillary length was characterized by the equilibrium limit that was predicted from static states. The nanopatterned surface had a faster increase in the normalized height as the capillary number increased. The dynamic receding contact angles on all surfaces studied decreased with increasing withdrawing velocity. Surprisingly, even for these patterned surfaces with high hysteresis, the dynamic receding contact angle followed the Cox-Voinov relation at capillary numbers of between 1 × 10-5 and 5 × 10-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ming Chiu
- School of Chemistry and Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Chiara Neto
- School of Chemistry and Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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86
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Jiang N, Cheung J, Guo Y, Endoh MK, Koga T, Yuan G, Satija SK. Stability of Adsorbed Polystyrene Nanolayers on Silicon Substrates. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naisheng Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794‐2275 USA
| | - JustinM. Cheung
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794‐2275 USA
| | - Yichen Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794‐2275 USA
| | - Maya K. Endoh
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794‐2275 USA
| | - Tadanori Koga
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794‐2275 USA
- Department of Chemistry Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794‐3400 USA
| | - Guangcui Yuan
- Center for Neutron Research National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
| | - Sushil K. Satija
- Center for Neutron Research National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
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87
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Stocco A, Nobili M. A comparison between liquid drops and solid particles in partial wetting. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 247:223-233. [PMID: 28728667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this critical review we compare two geometries in partial wetting: a liquid drop on a planar substrate and a spherical particle at a planar liquid interface. We show that this comparison is far from being trivial even if the same physical interactions are at play in both geometries. Similarities and differences in terms of free energies and frictions will be discussed. Contact angle hysteresis, the impact of surface roughness and line pinning on wetting will be described and compared to selected experimental findings.
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88
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Cao P, Bai P, Omrani AA, Xiao Y, Meaker KL, Tsai HZ, Yan A, Jung HS, Khajeh R, Rodgers GF, Kim Y, Aikawa AS, Kolaczkowski MA, Liu Y, Zettl A, Xu K, Crommie MF, Xu T. Preventing Thin Film Dewetting via Graphene Capping. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701536. [PMID: 28722188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A monolayer 2D capping layer with high Young's modulus is shown to be able to effectively suppress the dewetting of underlying thin films of small organic semiconductor molecule, polymer, and polycrystalline metal, respectively. To verify the universality of this capping layer approach, the dewetting experiments are performed for single-layer graphene transferred onto polystyrene (PS), semiconducting thienoazacoronene (EH-TAC), gold, and also MoS2 on PS. Thermodynamic modeling indicates that the exceptionally high Young's modulus and surface conformity of 2D capping layers such as graphene and MoS2 substantially suppress surface fluctuations and thus dewetting. As long as the uncovered area is smaller than the fluctuation wavelength of the thin film in a dewetting process via spinodal decomposition, the dewetting should be suppressed. The 2D monolayer-capping approach opens up exciting new possibilities to enhance the thermal stability and expands the processing parameters for thin film materials without significantly altering their physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peigen Cao
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Bai
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arash A Omrani
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yihan Xiao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kacey L Meaker
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hsin-Zon Tsai
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Aiming Yan
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Han Sae Jung
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ramin Khajeh
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Griffin F Rodgers
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Youngkyou Kim
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew S Aikawa
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mattew A Kolaczkowski
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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89
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Liu Q, Chen L, Deng Y, Wang H. Residual nano films and patterns formed by non-volatile liquid dewetting on smooth surfaces. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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90
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Grolman D, Bandyopadhyay D, Al-Enizi A, Elzatahry A, Karim A. Dual Imprinted Polymer Thin Films via Pattern Directed Self-Organization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20928-20937. [PMID: 28562002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic topographically patterned films and coatings are typically contoured on one side, yet many of nature's surfaces have distinct textures on different surfaces of the same object. Common examples are the top and bottom sides of the butterfly wing or lotus leaf, onion shells, and the inside versus outside of the stem of a flower. Inspired by nature, we create dual (top and bottom) channel patterned polymer films. To this end, we first develop a novel fabrication method to create ceramic line channel relief structures by converting the oligomeric residue of stamped poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) nanopatterns on silicon substrates to glass (SiOx, silica) by ultraviolet-ozone (UVO) exposure. These silica patterned substrates are flow coated with polystyrene (PS) films and confined within an identically patterned top confining soft PDMS elastomer film. Annealing of the sandwich structures drives the PS to rapidly mold fill the top PDMS pattern in conjunction with a dewetting tendency of the PS on the silica pattern. Varying the film thickness h, from less than to greater than the pattern height, and varying the relative angle between the top-down and bottom-up patterned confinement surfaces create interesting uniform and nonuniform digitized defects in PS channel patterns, as also a defect-free channel regime. Our dual patterned polymer channels provide a novel fabrication route to topographically imprinted Moiré patterns (whose applications range from security encrypting holograms to sensitive strain gauges), and their basic laser light diffractions properties are illustrated and compared to graphical simulations and 2D-FFT of real-space AFM channel patterns. While traditional "geometrical" and "fringe" Moiré patterns function by superposition of two misaligned optical patterned transmittance gratings, our topographic pattern gratings are quite distinct and may allow for more unique holographic optical characteristics with further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Grolman
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Diya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Abdullah Al-Enizi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University , PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elzatahry
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University , PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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91
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McGraw JD, Klos M, Bridet A, Hähl H, Paulus M, Castillo JM, Horsch M, Jacobs K. Influence of bidisperse self-assembled monolayer structure on the slip boundary condition of thin polymer films. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:203326. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4978676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. McGraw
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Département de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure/PSL Research University, CNRS, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mischa Klos
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Antoine Bridet
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hähl
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Paulus
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Castillo
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 44, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin Horsch
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 44, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Soft Matter Physics Group, Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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92
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Russell TP, Chai Y. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Putting the Squeeze on Polymers: A Perspective on Polymer Thin Films and Interfaces. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Chai
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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93
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Al-Khayat O, Hong JK, Beck DM, Minett AI, Neto C. Patterned Polymer Coatings Increase the Efficiency of Dew Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13676-13684. [PMID: 28224792 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterned polymer surfaces, possessing both topographical and chemical characteristics, were prepared on three-dimensional copper tubes and used to capture atmospheric water. The micropatterns mimic the structure on the back of a desert beetle that condenses water from the air in a very dry environment. The patterned coatings were prepared by the dewetting of thin films of poly-4-vinylpyridine (P4VP) on top of polystyrene films (PS) films, upon solvent annealing, and consist of raised hydrophilic bumps on a hydrophobic background. The size and density distribution of the hydrophilic bumps could be tuned widely by adjusting the initial thickness of the P4VP films: the diameter of the produced bumps and their height could be varied by almost 2 orders of magnitude (1-80 μm and 40-9000 nm, respectively), and their distribution density could be varied by 5 orders of magnitude. Under low subcooling conditions (3 °C), the highest rate of water condensation was measured on the largest (80 μm diameter) hydrophilic bumps and was found to be 57% higher than that on flat hydrophobic films. These subcooling conditions are achieved spontaneously in dew formation, by passive radiative cooling of a surface exposed to the night sky. In effect, the pattern would result in a larger number of dewy nights than a flat hydrophobic surface and therefore increases water capture efficiency. Our approach is suited to fabrication on a large scale, to enable the use of the patterned coatings for water collection with no external input of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Khayat
- School of Chemistry and ‡School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jun Ki Hong
- School of Chemistry and ‡School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David M Beck
- School of Chemistry and ‡School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew I Minett
- School of Chemistry and ‡School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Chiara Neto
- School of Chemistry and ‡School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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94
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Chacko B, Evans R, Archer AJ. Solvent fluctuations around solvophobic, solvophilic, and patchy nanostructures and the accompanying solvent mediated interactions. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:124703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4978352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Blesson Chacko
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Evans
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Archer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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95
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Unni AB, Vignaud G, Chapel JP, Giermanska J, Bal JK, Delorme N, Beuvier T, Thomas S, Grohens Y, Gibaud A. Probing the Density Variation of Confined Polymer Thin Films via Simple Model-Independent Nanoparticle Adsorption. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Beena Unni
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
- International
and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
| | - G. Vignaud
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - J. P. Chapel
- Centre
de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Centre de
Recherche Paul Pascal, Université de Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - J. Giermanska
- Centre
de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Centre de
Recherche Paul Pascal, Université de Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - J. K. Bal
- Centre
for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Technology Campus, Block JD2, Sector III, Saltlake
City, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - N. Delorme
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, 72000 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - T. Beuvier
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, 72000 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - S. Thomas
- International
and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
| | - Y. Grohens
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - A. Gibaud
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, 72000 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
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96
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Xia T, Qin Y, Huang Y, Huang T, Xu J, Li Y. Sequence control of phase separation and dewetting in PS/PVME blend thin films by changing molecular weight of PS. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:204903. [PMID: 27908140 DOI: 10.1063/1.4968556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology evolution mechanism of polystyrene (PS)/poly (vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blend thin films with different PS molecular weights (Mw) was studied. It was found that the morphology evolution was closely related to the molecular weight asymmetry between PS and PVME. In the film where Mw(PS) ≈ Mw(PVME), dewetting happened at the interface between the bottom layer and substrate after SD phase separation. While in the film where Mw(PS) >> Mw(PVME), dewetting happened at the interface between the middle PS/PVME blend layer and bottom PVME layer near the substrate prior to phase separation. The different sequences of phase separation and dewetting and different interface for dewetting occurrence were studied by regarding the competitive effects of viscoelasticity contrast between polymer components and preferential wetting between PVME and the substrate. The viscoelastic nature of the PS component played a crucial role in the sequence of phase separation and dewetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400050, China
| | - Yaping Qin
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400050, China
| | - Yajiang Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ting Huang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400050, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Youbing Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400050, China
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97
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Vo TQ, Kim B. Transport Phenomena of Water in Molecular Fluidic Channels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33881. [PMID: 27650138 PMCID: PMC5030652 DOI: 10.1038/srep33881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In molecular-level fluidic transport, where the discrete characteristics of a molecular system are not negligible (in contrast to a continuum description), the response of the molecular water system might still be similar to the continuum description if the time and ensemble averages satisfy the ergodic hypothesis and the scale of the average is enough to recover the classical thermodynamic properties. However, even in such cases, the continuum description breaks down on the material interfaces. In short, molecular-level liquid flows exhibit substantially different physics from classical fluid transport theories because of (i) the interface/surface force field, (ii) thermal/velocity slip, (iii) the discreteness of fluid molecules at the interface and (iv) local viscosity. Therefore, in this study, we present the result of our investigations using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with continuum-based energy equations and check the validity and limitations of the continuum hypothesis. Our study shows that when the continuum description is subjected to the proper treatment of the interface effects via modified boundary conditions, the so-called continuum-based modified-analytical solutions, they can adequately predict nanoscale fluid transport phenomena. The findings in this work have broad effects in overcoming current limitations in modeling/predicting the fluid behaviors of molecular fluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Quoc Vo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehak-ro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | - BoHung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehak-ro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
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98
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Al-Khayat O, Hong JK, Geraghty K, Neto C. “The Good, the Bad, and the Slippery”: A Tale of Three Solvents in Polymer Film Dewetting. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Khayat
- Schools
of Chemistry and ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jun Ki Hong
- Schools
of Chemistry and ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Kieran Geraghty
- Schools
of Chemistry and ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Chiara Neto
- Schools
of Chemistry and ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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99
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Yoo JH, Menor MG, Adams JJ, Raman RN, Lee JRI, Olson TY, Shen N, Suh J, Demos SG, Bude J, Elhadj S. Laser damage mechanisms in conductive widegap semiconductor films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:17616-17634. [PMID: 27505731 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.017616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Laser damage mechanisms of two conductive wide-bandgap semiconductor films - indium tin oxide (ITO) and silicon doped GaN (Si:GaN) were studied via microscopy, spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and elemental analysis. Nanosecond laser pulse exposures with a laser photon energy (1.03 eV, 1064 nm) smaller than the conductive films bandgaps were applied and radically different film damage morphologies were produced. The laser damaged ITO film exhibited deterministic features of thermal degradation. In contrast, laser damage in the Si:GaN film resulted in highly localized eruptions originating at interfaces. For ITO, thermally driven damage was related to free carrier absorption and, for GaN, carbon complexes were proposed as potential damage precursors or markers.
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100
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Becker S, Merz R, Hasse H, Kopnarski M. Solvent cleaning and wettability of technical steel and titanium surfaces. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0263617416645110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Becker
- University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rolf Merz
- University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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