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Vergara AE, Díaz K, Carvajal R, Espinoza L, Alcalde JA, Pérez-Donoso AG. Exogenous Applications of Brassinosteroids Improve Color of Red Table Grape ( Vitis vinifera L. Cv. "Redglobe") Berries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:363. [PMID: 29681907 PMCID: PMC5897653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Color and other quality parameters of "Redglobe" grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries were evaluated after treatment with brassinosteroid (BR) analogs. Three BRs analogs (24-epibrassinolide, Triol, or Lactone) were applied at three concentrations (0.0, 0.4, or 0.8 mg⋅L-1), at the onset of veraison. A commercial formulation (B-2000®) was also applied, at a recommended rate of 0.06 mg⋅L-1. The tested BR analogs were effective improving berry color (evaluated as color index for red grapes, CIRG), increasing the levels of soluble solids and anthocyanins, and changing the types of anthocyanins present without altering other quality and yield parameters. The effects of BR analogs on color enhancement could be explained by an increase in soluble solids content and/or anthocyanin content. Treatment with 24-epibrassinolide (at 0.4 mg⋅L-1) or the commercial formulation tended to favor the production of dihydroxylated anthocyanins, which are responsible for the red and pink colors of grape berries. Results indicate that the use of BRs constitutes a potential tool in the production of table grapes. This is the first report of this enhancement effect in a productive context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis E. Vergara
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katy Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Carvajal
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Espinoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José A. Alcalde
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alonso G. Pérez-Donoso
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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52
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He Y, Li J, Ban Q, Han S, Rao J. Role of Brassinosteroids in Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki L.) Fruit Ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2637-2644. [PMID: 29509414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytohormones that regulate numerous processes including fruit ripening. In this study, persimmon ( Diospyros kaki L.) fruits were treated with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) or brassinazole (Brz, a BR biosynthesis inhibitor) and then stored at ambient temperature. The results show that endogenous BR contents gradually increased during persimmon fruit ripening. EBR treatment significantly increased both the content of water-soluble pectin and the activities of polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, and endo-1,4-beta-glucanase but significantly reduced the content of acid-soluble pectin and cellulose, resulting in rapid fruit softening. The EBR treatment also promoted ethylene production and respiration rate. In contrast, Brz treatment delayed persimmon fruit ripening. qRT-PCR analysis showed that DkPG1, DkPL1, DkPE2, DkEGase1, DkACO2, DkACS1, and DkACS2 were up-regulated (especially a 38-fold increase in DkEGase1) in the fruit of the EBR-treated group. These results suggest that BRs are involved in persimmon fruit ripening by influencing cell-wall-degrading enzymes and ethylene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng He
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Jiaying Li
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
| | - Qiuyan Ban
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
| | - Shoukun Han
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
| | - Jingping Rao
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
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53
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Griesser M, Martinez SC, Eitle MW, Warth B, Andre CM, Schuhmacher R, Forneck A. The ripening disorder berry shrivel affects anthocyanin biosynthesis and sugar metabolism in Zweigelt grape berries. PLANTA 2018; 247:471-481. [PMID: 29075874 PMCID: PMC5778156 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Timescale analyses suggest the berry shrivel (BS) disorder is induced before veraison with strong effects on anthocyanin biosynthesis, and minor effects on sugar transport and metabolism. Berry shrivel (BS)-affected grapes have low sugar contents, high acidity, less anthocyanins and flaccid berries. To date no pathogenic causes are known, and studies to elucidate the molecular basis leading to symptom induction and development are limited. Here we present a study on pre-symptomatic as well as symptomatic BS berries to characterize early metabolic changes, with focus on anthocyanin biosynthesis and sugars metabolism. Healthy and BS berries from six sampling time points were used (BBCH79-BBCH89). Our objectives are (1) to search for the beginning of BS-related physiological processes; (2) to search for key enzymes and sugar transporters involved in BS induction and development and (3) to understand the consequences on polyphenol biosynthesis. We employed high performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology for sugar and polyphenol analyses, respectively. Additionally we conducted expression analyses (qPCR) of key genes and enzymatic activity assays. Our results show that BS-related processes start before veraison, as determined by slightly reduced hexose contents and reduced expression levels of a vacuolar invertase (VviGIN1), two monosaccharide transporters (VviTMT2, VviTMT3) and the anthocyanin biosynthesis (VviUFGT, VviMYBA1/2) genes. Lower amounts of delphinidin and cyanidin glycosidic forms were determined, while caftaric acid, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and (+)-catechin were increased in BS berries. Although not all results were conclusive, especially for the sugar metabolism, our data provide important knowledge to improve the understanding of the highly complex berry shrivel ripening disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Griesser
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sara Crespo Martinez
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus W Eitle
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, Tulln, 3430, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christelle M Andre
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, Tulln, 3430, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Forneck
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Vienna, Austria
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Jin Y, Tang R, Wang H, Jiang C, Bao Y, Yang Y, Liang M, Sun Z, Kong F, Li B, Zhang H. Overexpression of Populus trichocarpa CYP85A3 promotes growth and biomass production in transgenic trees. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1309-1321. [PMID: 28258966 PMCID: PMC5595715 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential hormones that play crucial roles in plant growth, reproduction and response to abiotic and biotic stress. In Arabidopsis, AtCYP85A2 works as a bifunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase to catalyse the conversion of castasterone to brassinolide, a final rate-limiting step in the BR-biosynthetic pathway. Here, we report the functional characterizations of PtCYP85A3, one of the three AtCYP85A2 homologous genes from Populus trichocarpa. PtCYP85A3 shares the highest similarity with AtCYP85A2 and can rescue the retarded-growth phenotype of the Arabidopsis cyp85a2-2 and tomato dx mutants. Constitutive expression of PtCYP85A3, driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, increased the endogenous BR levels and significantly promoted the growth and biomass production in both transgenic tomato and poplar. Compared to the wild type, plant height, shoot fresh weight and fruit yield increased 50%, 56% and 43%, respectively, in transgenic tomato plants. Similarly, plant height and stem diameter increased 15% and 25%, respectively, in transgenic poplar plants. Further study revealed that overexpression of PtCYP85A3 enhanced xylem formation without affecting the composition of cellulose and lignin, as well as the cell wall thickness in transgenic poplar. Our finding suggests that PtCYP85A3 could be used as a potential candidate gene for engineering fast-growing trees with improved wood production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Li Jin
- College of AgricultureLudong UniversityYantaiChina
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of sciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ren‐Jie Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hai‐Hai Wang
- College of AgricultureLudong UniversityYantaiChina
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Chun‐Mei Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yan Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | | | - Zhen‐Cang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Fan‐Jing Kong
- MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and EnvironmentsInstitute of Mineral ResourcesCAGSBeijingChina
| | - Bei Li
- College of AgricultureLudong UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Hong‐Xia Zhang
- College of AgricultureLudong UniversityYantaiChina
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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55
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Álvarez-Flórez F, López-Cristoffanini C, Jáuregui O, Melgarejo LM, López-Carbonell M. Changes in ABA, IAA and JA levels during calyx, fruit and leaves development in cape gooseberry plants (Physalis peruviana L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:174-182. [PMID: 28371691 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Changes in abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA) content in developing calyx, fruits and leaves of Physalis peruviana L. plants were analysed. Plant hormones have been widely studied for their roles in the regulation of various aspects related to plant development and, in particular, into their action during development and ripening of fleshly fruits. The obtained evidences suggest that the functions of these hormones are no restricted to a particular development stage, and more than one hormone is involved in controlling various aspects of plant development. Our results will contribute to understand the role of these hormones during growth and development of calyx, fruits and leaves in cape gooseberry plants. This work offers a good, quickly and efficiently protocol to extract and quantify simultaneously ABA, IAA and JA in different tissues of cape gooseberry plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Álvarez-Flórez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C López-Cristoffanini
- Department of Evolutive Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology Section, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Jáuregui
- Unitat de Tècniques Separatives, Centre Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L M Melgarejo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M López-Carbonell
- Department of Evolutive Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Plant Physiology Section, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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56
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Pilati S, Bagagli G, Sonego P, Moretto M, Brazzale D, Castorina G, Simoni L, Tonelli C, Guella G, Engelen K, Galbiati M, Moser C. Abscisic Acid Is a Major Regulator of Grape Berry Ripening Onset: New Insights into ABA Signaling Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1093. [PMID: 28680438 PMCID: PMC5479058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is a world-wide cultivated economically relevant crop. The process of berry ripening is non-climacteric and does not rely on the sole ethylene signal. Abscisic acid (ABA) is recognized as an important hormone of ripening inception and color development in ripening berries. In order to elucidate the effect of this signal at the molecular level, pre-véraison berries were treated ex vivo for 20 h with 0.2 mM ABA and berry skin transcriptional modulation was studied by RNA-seq after the treatment and 24 h later, in the absence of exogenous ABA. This study highlighted that a small amount of ABA triggered its own biosynthesis and had a transcriptome-wide effect (1893 modulated genes) characterized by the amplification of the transcriptional response over time. By comparing this dataset with the many studies on ripening collected within the grapevine transcriptomic compendium Vespucci, an extended overlap between ABA- and ripening modulated gene sets was observed (71% of the genes), underpinning the role of this hormone in the regulation of berry ripening. The signaling network of ABA, encompassing ABA metabolism, transport and signaling cascade, has been analyzed in detail and expanded based on knowledge from other species in order to provide an integrated molecular description of this pathway at berry ripening onset. Expression data analysis was combined with in silico promoter analysis to identify candidate target genes of ABA responsive element binding protein 2 (VvABF2), a key upstream transcription factor of the ABA signaling cascade which is up-regulated at véraison and also by ABA treatments. Two transcription factors, VvMYB143 and VvNAC17, and two genes involved in protein degradation, Armadillo-like and Xerico-like genes, were selected for in vivo validation by VvABF2-mediated promoter trans-activation in tobacco. VvNAC17 and Armadillo-like promoters were induced by ABA via VvABF2, while VvMYB143 responded to ABA in a VvABF2-independent manner. This knowledge of the ABA cascade in berry skin contributes not only to the understanding of berry ripening regulation but might be useful to other areas of viticultural interest, such as bud dormancy regulation and drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefania Pilati,
| | - Giorgia Bagagli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Daniele Brazzale
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Giulia Castorina
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Laura Simoni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTrento, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all′Adige, Italy
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Serrano A, Espinoza C, Armijo G, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Poblete E, Meyer-Regueiro C, Arce A, Parada F, Santibáñez C, Arce-Johnson P. Omics Approaches for Understanding Grapevine Berry Development: Regulatory Networks Associated with Endogenous Processes and Environmental Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1486. [PMID: 28936215 PMCID: PMC5594091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine fruit development is a dynamic process that can be divided into three stages: formation (I), lag (II), and ripening (III), in which physiological and biochemical changes occur, leading to cell differentiation and accumulation of different solutes. These stages can be positively or negatively affected by multiple environmental factors. During the last decade, efforts have been made to understand berry development from a global perspective. Special attention has been paid to transcriptional and metabolic networks associated with the control of grape berry development, and how external factors affect the ripening process. In this review, we focus on the integration of global approaches, including proteomics, metabolomics, and especially transcriptomics, to understand grape berry development. Several aspects will be considered, including seed development and the production of seedless fruits; veraison, at which anthocyanin accumulation begins in the berry skin of colored varieties; and hormonal regulation of berry development and signaling throughout ripening, focusing on the transcriptional regulation of hormone receptors, protein kinases, and genes related to secondary messenger sensing. Finally, berry responses to different environmental factors, including abiotic (temperature, water-related stress and UV-B radiation) and biotic (fungi and viruses) stresses, and how they can significantly modify both, development and composition of vine fruit, will be discussed. Until now, advances have been made due to the application of Omics tools at different molecular levels. However, the potential of these technologies should not be limited to the study of single-level questions; instead, data obtained by these platforms should be integrated to unravel the molecular aspects of grapevine development. Therefore, the current challenge is the generation of new tools that integrate large-scale data to assess new questions in this field, and to support agronomical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Serrano
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Grace Armijo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaría, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad Católica de TemucoTemuco, Chile
| | - Evelyn Poblete
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Meyer-Regueiro
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Anibal Arce
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Parada
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Santibáñez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Ecophysiology and Functional Genomic of Grapevine, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Patricio Arce-Johnson,
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Wang J, Wang S, Liu G, Edwards EJ, Duan W, Li S, Wang L. The Synthesis and Accumulation of Resveratrol Are Associated with Veraison and Abscisic Acid Concentration in Beihong ( Vitis vinifera × Vitis amurensis) Berry Skin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1605. [PMID: 27857716 PMCID: PMC5094005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrols are polyphenolic secondary metabolites that can benefit human health, and only occur in a few plant families including Vitaceae. It has been reported that abscisic acid (ABA) can induce veraison (the onset of grape berry ripening) and may induce the accumulation of resveratrol in berry skin. However, the relationships between ABA, veraison, the accumulation of anthocyanins and the accumulation of resveratrol in the berry are poorly understood. This study attempted to answer this question through an investigation of the effect of applied ABA and fluridone (a synthetic inhibitor of ABA) on the biosynthesis and accumulation of ABA, anthocyanin, and resveratrol in Beihong (Vitis vinifera × Vitis amurensis) berry skin. Under natural conditions, resveratrol concentration was very low before 91 DAA (days after anthesis), i.e., 2 weeks after veraison, however, it increased sharply from this point to 126 DAA (maturity). Exogenous ABA applications all resulted in an increase in berry skin ABA and anthocyanin concentration, irrespective of the developmental stage at which the treatment occurred (20 and 10 days pre-veraison, veraison or 7 days post-veraison), thereby advancing veraison. In contrast, resveratrol concentration increased only when ABA was applied at 10 days pre-veraison or at veraison. As a result, the accumulation of resveratrol was associated with veraison in grape berry skin and this accumulation, together with that of anthocyanins, was associated with ABA concentration. The response of resveratrol biosynthesis in the berry skin to manipulation of ABA varied during berry development and was less sensitive to ABA than the response of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Viticulture and Enology Research Center, Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guotian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Everard J. Edwards
- Group of Grapes and Horticulture, CSIRO Agriculture, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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59
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Kühn N, Serrano A, Abello C, Arce A, Espinoza C, Gouthu S, Deluc L, Arce-Johnson P. Regulation of polar auxin transport in grapevine fruitlets (Vitis vinifera L.) and the proposed role of auxin homeostasis during fruit abscission. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:234. [PMID: 27793088 PMCID: PMC5084367 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most abundant auxin, is a growth promoter hormone involved in several developmental processes. Auxin homeostasis is very important to its function and this is achieved through the regulation of IAA biosynthesis, conjugation, degradation and transport. In grapevine, IAA plays an essential role during initial stages of berry development, since it delays fruitlet abscission by reducing the ethylene sensitivity in the abscission zone. For this reason, Continuous polar IAA transport to the pedicel is required. This kind of transport is controlled by IAA, which regulates its own movement by modifying the expression and localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux facilitators that localize asymmetrically within the cell. On the other hand, the hormone gibberellin (GA) also activates the polar auxin transport by increasing PIN stability. In Vitis vinifera, fruitlet abscission occurs during the first two to three weeks after flowering. During this time, IAA and GA are present, however the role of these hormones in the control of polar auxin transport is unknown. RESULTS In this work, the use of radiolabeled IAA showed that auxin is basipetally transported during grapevine fruitlet abscission. This observation was further supported by immunolocalization of putative VvPIN proteins that display a basipetal distribution in pericarp cells. Polar auxin transport and transcripts of four putative VvPIN genes decreased in conjunction with increased abscission, and the inhibition of polar auxin transport resulted in fruit drop. GA3 and IAA treatments reduced polar auxin transport, but only GA3 treatment decreased VvPIN transcript abundance. When GA biosynthesis was blocked, IAA was capable to increase polar auxin transport, suggesting that its effect depends on GA content. Finally, we observed significant changes in the content of several IAA-related compounds during the abscission period. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that auxin homeostasis plays a central role during grapevine initial fruit development and that GA and IAA controls auxin homeostasis by reducing polar auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kühn
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Serrano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Abello
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Arce
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Laurent Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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Zhu T, Deng X, Zhou X, Zhu L, Zou L, Li P, Zhang D, Lin H. Ethylene and hydrogen peroxide are involved in brassinosteroid-induced salt tolerance in tomato. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35392. [PMID: 27739520 PMCID: PMC5064326 DOI: 10.1038/srep35392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between phytohormone pathways is essential in plant growth, development and stress responses. Brassinosteroids (BRs) and ethylene are both pivotal plant growth regulators, and the interaction between these two phytohormones in the tomato response to salt stress is still unclear. Here, we explored the mechanism by which BRs affect ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in tomato seedlings under salt stress. The activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), an ethylene synthesis enzyme, and the ethylene signaling pathway were activated in plants pretreated with BRs. Scavenging of ethylene production or silencing of ethylene signaling components inhibited BR-induced salt tolerance and blocked BR-induced activities of several antioxidant enzymes. Previous studies have reported that BRs can induce plant tolerance to a variety of environmental stimuli by triggering the generation of H2O2 as a signaling molecule. We also found that H2O2 might be involved in the crosstalk between BRs and ethylene in the tomato response to salt stress. Simultaneously, BR-induced ethylene production was partially blocked by pretreated with a reactive oxygen species scavenger or synthesis inhibitor. These results strongly demonstrated that ethylene and H2O2 play important roles in BR-dependent induction of plant salt stress tolerance. Furthermore, we also investigated the relationship between BR signaling and ethylene signaling pathways in plant processes responding to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingguang Deng
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengxu Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Effect of Exogenous Abscisic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate on Anthocyanin Composition, Fatty Acids, and Volatile Compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Berries. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101354. [PMID: 27754331 PMCID: PMC6273220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthocyanin composition, fatty acids, and volatile aromas are important for Cabernet Sauvignon grape quality. This study evaluated the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the anthocyanin composition, fatty acids, lipoxygenase activity, and the volatile compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries. Exogenous ABA and MeJA improved the content of total anthocyanins (TAC) and individual anthocyanins. Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity also increased after treatment. Furthermore, 16 fatty acids were detected. The linoleic acid concentration gradually increased with ABA concentration. The fatty acid content decreased with increasing MeJA concentration and then increased again, with the exception of linoleic acid. After exogenous ABA and MeJA treatment, the C6 aroma content increased significantly. Interestingly, the exogenous ABA and MeJA treatments improved mainly the content of 1-hexanol, hexanal, and 2-heptanol. These results provide insight into the effect of plant hormones on wine grapes, which is useful for grape quality improvement.
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Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms exposed constantly to potential virulent microbes seeking for full pathogenesis in hosts. Different from animals employing both adaptive and innate immune systems, plants only rely on innate immunity to detect and fight against pathogen invasions. Plant innate immunity is proposed to be a two-tiered immune system including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity. In PTI, PAMPs, the elicitors derived from microbial pathogens, are perceived by cell surface-localized proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). As single-pass transmembrane proteins, RLKs and RLPs contain an extracellular domain (ECD) responsible for ligand binding. Recognitions of signal molecules by PRR-ECDs induce homo- or heterooligomerization of RLKs and RLPs to trigger corresponding intracellular immune responses. RLKs possess a cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinase domain that is absent in RLPs, implying that protein phosphorylations underlie key mechanism in transducing immunity signalings and that RLPs unlikely mediate signal transduction independently, and recruitment of other patterns, such as RLKs, is required for the function of RLPs in plant immunity. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, resembling RLK structures but lacking the ECD, act as immediate substrates of PRRs, modulating PRR activities and linking PRRs with downstream signaling mediators. In this chapter, we summarize recent discoveries illustrating the molecular machines of major components of PRR complexes in mediating pathogen perception and immunity activation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Y Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Medina-Puche L, Blanco-Portales R, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Cumplido-Laso G, García-Caparrós N, Moyano-Cañete E, Caballero-Repullo JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Rodríguez-Franco A. Extensive transcriptomic studies on the roles played by abscisic acid and auxins in the development and ripening of strawberry fruits. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:671-692. [PMID: 27614432 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strawberry is an ideal model for studying the molecular biology of the development and ripening of non-climacteric fruits. Hormonal regulation of gene expression along all these processes in strawberries is still to be fully elucidated. Although auxins and ABA have been pointed out as the major regulatory hormones, few high-throughput analyses have been carried out to date. The role for ethylene and gibberellins as regulatory hormones during the development and ripening of the strawberry fruit remain still elusive. By using a custom-made and high-quality oligo microarray platform done with over 32,000 probes including all of the genes actually described in the strawberry genome, we have analysed the expression of genes during the development and ripening in the receptacles of these fruits. We classify these genes into two major groups depending upon their temporal and developmental expression. First group are genes induced during the initial development stages. The second group encompasses genes induced during the final maturation and ripening processes. Each of these two groups has been also divided into four sub-groups according their pattern of hormonal regulation. By analyzing gene expression, we clearly show that auxins and ABA are the main and key hormones that combined or independently are responsible of the development and ripening process. Auxins are responsible for the receptacle fruit development and, at the same time¸ prevent ripening by repressing crucial genes. ABA regulates the expression of the vast majority of genes involved in the ripening. The main genes expressed under the control of these hormones are presented and their physiological rule discussed. We also conclude that ethylene and gibberellins do not seem to play a prominent role during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Puche
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Molina-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Cumplido-Laso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nicolás García-Caparrós
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Moyano-Cañete
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Luis Caballero-Repullo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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Kühn C. Review: Post-translational cross-talk between brassinosteroid and sucrose signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 248:75-81. [PMID: 27181949 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A direct link has been elucidated between brassinosteroid function and perception, and sucrose partitioning and transport. Sucrose regulation and brassinosteroid signaling cross-talk at various levels, including the well-described regulation of transcriptional gene expression: BZR-like transcription factors link the signaling pathways. Since brassinosteroid responses depend on light quality and quantity, a light-dependent alternative pathway was postulated. Here, the focus is on post-translational events. Recent identification of sucrose transporter-interacting partners raises the question whether brassinosteroid and sugars jointly affect plant innate immunity and plant symbiotic interactions. Membrane permeability and sensitivity depends on the number of cell surface receptors and transporters. More than one endocytic route has been assigned to specific components, including brassinosteroid-receptors. The number of such proteins at the plasma membrane relies on endocytic recycling, internalization and/or degradation. Therefore, vesicular membrane trafficking is gaining considerable attention with regard to plant immunity. The organization of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), other receptors or transporters in membrane microdomains participate in endocytosis and the formation of specific intracellular compartments, potentially impacting biotic interactions. This minireview focuses on post-translational events affecting the subcellular compartmentation of membrane proteins involved in signaling, transport, and defense, and on the cross-talk between brassinosteroid signals and sugar availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kühn
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Espinoza A, Contreras R, Zúñiga GE, Herrera R, Moya-León MA, Norambuena L, Handford M. FcLDP1, a Gene Encoding a Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Domain Protein, Responds to Brassinosteroids and Abscisic Acid during the Development of Fruits in Fragaria chiloensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:788. [PMID: 27379111 PMCID: PMC4905986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
White Chilean strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis) are non-climacteric fruits, with an exotic color and aroma. In order to discover genes involved in the development of these fruits, we identified a fragment of a gene encoding a late embryogenesis abundant domain protein, FcLDP1, that was expressed in early stages of fruit development, particularly in receptacles. Hormones play key roles in regulating the development of non-climacteric fruits. We show that the brassinosteroid content of the white strawberry varies during development. Additionally, FcLDP1 as well as the closest ortholog in the woodland strawberry, F. vesca (FvLDP1) possess multiple brassinosteroid, as well as abscisic acid (ABA) response motifs in the promoter region, consistent with the response of transiently expressed FcLDP1 promoter-GFP fusions to these hormones, and the rise in FcLDP1 transcript levels in white strawberry fruits treated with brassinosteroids or ABA. These findings suggest that both hormones regulate FcLDP1 expression during the development of white strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Espinoza
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Contreras
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo E. Zúñiga
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Herrera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Moya-León
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Michael Handford
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
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Ciani M, Morales P, Comitini F, Tronchoni J, Canonico L, Curiel JA, Oro L, Rodrigues AJ, Gonzalez R. Non-conventional Yeast Species for Lowering Ethanol Content of Wines. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:642. [PMID: 27199967 PMCID: PMC4854890 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising sugar content in grape must, and the concomitant increase in alcohol levels in wine, are some of the main challenges affecting the winemaking industry nowadays. Among the several alternative solutions currently under study, the use of non-conventional yeasts during fermentation holds good promise for contributing to relieve this problem. Non-Saccharomyces wine yeast species comprise a high number or species, so encompassing a wider physiological diversity than Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Indeed, the current oenological interest of these microorganisms was initially triggered by their potential positive contribution to the sensorial complexity of quality wines, through the production of aroma and other sensory-active compounds. This diversity also involves ethanol yield on sugar, one of the most invariant metabolic traits of S. cerevisiae. This review gathers recent research on non-Saccharomyces yeasts, aiming to produce wines with lower alcohol content than those from pure Saccharomyces starters. Critical aspects discussed include the selection of suitable yeast strains (considering there is a noticeable intra-species diversity for ethanol yield, as shown for other fermentation traits), identification of key environmental parameters influencing ethanol yields (including the use of controlled oxygenation conditions), and managing mixed fermentations, by either the sequential or simultaneous inoculation of S. cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces starter cultures. The feasibility, at the industrial level, of using non-Saccharomyces yeasts for reducing alcohol levels in wine will require an improved understanding of the metabolism of these alternative yeast species, as well as of the interactions between different yeast starters during the fermentation of grape must.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ciani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Pilar Morales
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja Logroño, Spain
| | - Francesca Comitini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Jordi Tronchoni
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja Logroño, Spain
| | - Laura Canonico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - José A Curiel
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja Logroño, Spain
| | - Lucia Oro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy
| | - Alda J Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja Logroño, Spain
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja Logroño, Spain
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Xu Y, Gao Z, Tao J, Jiang W, Zhang S, Wang Q, Qu S. Genome-Wide Detection of SNP and SV Variations to Reveal Early Ripening-Related Genes in Grape. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147749. [PMID: 26840449 PMCID: PMC4740429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early ripening in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is a crucial agronomic trait. The fruits of the grape line 'Summer Black' (SBBM), which contains a bud mutation, can be harvested approximately one week earlier than the 'Summer Black' (SBC)control. To investigate the molecular mechanism of the bud mutation related to early ripening, we detected genome-wide genetic variations based on re-sequencing. In total, 3,692,777 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 81,223 structure variations (SVs) in the SBC genome and 3,823,464 SNPs and 85,801 SVs in the SBBM genome were detected compared with the reference grape sequence. Of these, 635 SBC-specific genes and 665 SBBM-specific genes were screened. Ripening and colour-associated unigenes with non-synonymous mutations (NS), SVs or frame-shift mutations (F) were analysed. The results showed that 90 unigenes in SBC, 76 unigenes in SBBM and 13 genes that mapped to large fragment indels were filtered. The expression patterns of eight genes were confirmed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).The re-sequencing data showed that 635 SBC-specific genes and 665 SBBM-specific genes associated with early ripening were screened. Among these, NCED6 expression appears to be related to NCED1 and is involved in ABA biosynthesis in grape, which might play a role in the onset of anthocyanin accumulation. The SEP and ERF genes probably play roles in ethylene response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Agricultural Bureau & Forestry Workstation, Wujin District, Changzhou, 213000, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Qiunan Wang
- Agricultural Bureau & Forestry Workstation, Wujin District, Changzhou, 213000, P. R. China
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
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Liu K, Wang J, Li H, Zhong J, Feng S, Pan Y, Yuan C. Identification, Expression and IAA-Amide Synthetase Activity Analysis of Gretchen Hagen 3 in Papaya Fruit ( Carica papaya L.) during Postharvest Process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1555. [PMID: 27812360 PMCID: PMC5071377 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays essential roles in plant development. Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) genes belong to a major auxin response gene family and GH3 proteins conjugate a range of acylsubstrates to alter the levels of hormones. Currently, the role of GH3 genes in postharvest physiological regulation of ripening and softening processes in papaya fruit is unclear. In this study, we identified seven CpGH3 genes in a papaya genome database. The CpGH3.1a, CpGH3.1b, CpGH3.5, CpGH3.6, and CpGH3.9 proteins were identified as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-specific amido synthetases. We analyzed the changes in IAA-amido synthetase activity using aspartate as a substrate for conjugation and found a large increase (over 5-fold) during the postharvest stages. Ascorbic acid (AsA) application can extend the shelf life of papaya fruit. Our data showed that AsA treatment regulates postharvest fruit maturation processes by promoting endogenous IAA levels. Our findings demonstrate the important role of GH3 genes in the regulation of auxin-associated postharvest physiology in papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Kaidong Liu
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture UniversityGuangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Haili Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
| | - Jundi Zhong
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
| | - Shaoxian Feng
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
| | - Yaoliang Pan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
| | - Changchun Yuan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
- Changchun Yuan
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Zarrouk O, Brunetti C, Egipto R, Pinheiro C, Genebra T, Gori A, Lopes CM, Tattini M, Chaves MM. Grape Ripening Is Regulated by Deficit Irrigation/Elevated Temperatures According to Cluster Position in the Canopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1640. [PMID: 27895648 PMCID: PMC5108974 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The impact of water deficit on berry quality has been extensively investigated during the last decades. Nonetheless, there is a scarcity of knowledge on the performance of varieties exposed to a combination of high temperatures/water stress during the growing season and under vineyard conditions. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of two irrigation regimes, sustained deficit irrigation (SDI, 30% ETc) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI, 15% ETc) and of two cluster positions within the canopy (east- and west-exposed sides) on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines. The study was undertaken for two successive years in a commercial vineyard in South Portugal, monitoring the following parameters: pre-dawn leaf water potential, berry temperature, sugars, polyphenols, abscisic acid (ABA) and related metabolites. Additionally, expression patterns for different transcripts encoding for enzymes responsible for anthocyanin and ABA biosynthesis (VviUFGT, VvNCED1, VvβG1, VviHyd1, VviHyd2) were analyzed. In both years anthocyanin concentration was lower in RDI at the west side (RDIW- the hottest one) from véraison onwards, suggesting that the most severe water stress conditions exacerbated the negative impact of high temperature on anthocyanin. The down-regulation of VviUFGT expression revealed a repression of the anthocyanin synthesis in berries of RDIW, at early stages of berry ripening. At full-maturation, anthocyanin degradation products were detected, being highest at RDIW. This suggests that the negative impact of water stress and high temperature on anthocyanins results from the repression of biosynthesis at the onset of ripening and from degradation at later stages. On the other hand, berries grown under SDI displayed a higher content in phenolics than those under RDI, pointing out for the attenuation of the negative temperature effects under SDI. Irrigation regime and berry position had small effect on free-ABA concentration. However, ABA catabolism/conjugation process and ABA biosynthetic pathway were affected by water and heat stresses. This indicates the role of ABA-GE and catabolites in berry ABA homeostasis under abiotic stresses. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the strongest influence in berry ripening is the deficit irrigation regime, while temperature is an important variable determining the improvement or impairment of berry quality by the deficit irrigation regime. In summary, this work shows the interaction between irrigation regime and high temperature on the control of berry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Zarrouk
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade NOVA de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Olfa Zarrouk
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Trees and Timber Institute, The National Research Council of ItalyFlorence, Italy
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Ricardo Egipto
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Pinheiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade NOVA de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
- Carla Pinheiro
| | - Tânia Genebra
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade NOVA de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Antonella Gori
- Trees and Timber Institute, The National Research Council of ItalyFlorence, Italy
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Carlos M. Lopes
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, The National Research Council of ItalyFlorence, Italy
| | - M. Manuela Chaves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade NOVA de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
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Alkan N, Fortes AM. Insights into molecular and metabolic events associated with fruit response to post-harvest fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:889. [PMID: 26539204 PMCID: PMC4612155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to post-harvest losses more than 30% of harvested fruits will not reach the consumers' plate. Fungal pathogens play a key role in those losses, as they cause most of the fruit rots and the customer complaints. Many of the fungal pathogens are already present in the unripe fruit but remain quiescent during fruit growth until a particular phase of fruit ripening and senescence. The pathogens sense the developmental change and switch into the devastating necrotrophic life style that causes fruit rotting. Colonization of unripe fruit by the fungus initiates defensive responses that limit fungal growth and development. However, during fruit ripening several physiological processes occur that correlate with increased fruit susceptibility. In contrast to plant defenses in unripe fruit, the defense posture of ripe fruit entails a different subset of defense responses that will end with fruit rotting and losses. This review will focus on several aspects of molecular and metabolic events associated with fleshy fruit responses induced by post-harvest fungal pathogens during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ana M. Fortes
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
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Xu F, Xi ZM, Zhang H, Zhang CJ, Zhang ZW. Brassinosteroids are involved in controlling sugar unloading in Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' berries during véraison. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 94:197-208. [PMID: 26760954 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sugar unloading in grape berries is a crucial step in the long-distance transport of carbohydrates from grapevine leaves to berries. Brassinosteroids (BRs) mediate many physiological processes in plants including carbohydrate metabolism. Here, 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera L.) grape berries cultivated in clay loam fields were treated with an exogenous BR (24-epibrassinolide; EBR), a BR synthesis inhibitor (brassinazole; Brz), Brz + EBR (sprayed with EBR 24 h after a Brz treatment), and deionized water (control) at the onset of véraison. The EBR treatment sharply increased the soluble sugars content in the berries, but decreased it in the skins. The EBR and Brz + EBR treatments significantly promoted the activities of both invertases (acidic and neutral) and sucrose synthase (sucrolytic) at various stages of ripening. The mRNA levels of genes encoding sucrose metabolic invertase (VvcwINV), and monosaccharide (VvHT3, 4, 5 and 6) and disaccharide (VvSUC12 and 27) transporters were increased by the EBR and/or Brz + EBR treatments. Generally, the effects of the Brz treatment on the measured targets contrasted with the effects of the EBR treatments. The EBR and Brz treatments inhibited the biosynthesis of the endogenous BRs 6-deoxocastastarone and castasterone. Both EBR and Brz + EBR treatments increased the brassinolide contents, down-regulated the expression of genes encoding BRs biosynthetic enzymes BRASSINOSTEROID-6-OXIDASE and DWARF1, (VvBR6OX1 and VvDWF1) and induced BR receptor gene BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (VvBRI1) expression in deseeded berries. Together, these results show that BRs are involved in controlling sugar unloading in grape berries during véraison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhu-Mei Xi
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Cheng-Jun Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhen-Wen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China.
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Oikawa A, Otsuka T, Nakabayashi R, Jikumaru Y, Isuzugawa K, Murayama H, Saito K, Shiratake K. Metabolic Profiling of Developing Pear Fruits Reveals Dynamic Variation in Primary and Secondary Metabolites, Including Plant Hormones. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131408. [PMID: 26168247 PMCID: PMC4500446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites in the fruits of edible plants include sweet sugars, visually appealing pigments, various products with human nutritional value, and biologically active plant hormones. Although quantities of these metabolites vary during fruit development and ripening because of cell division and enlargement, there are few reports describing the actual dynamics of these changes. Therefore, we applied multiple metabolomic techniques to identify the changes in metabolite levels during the development and ripening of pear fruits (Pyrus communis L. ‘La France’). We quantified and classified over 250 metabolites into six groups depending on their specific patterns of variation during development and ripening. Approximately half the total number of metabolites, including histidine and malate, accumulated transiently around the blooming period, during which cells are actively dividing, and then decreased either rapidly or slowly. Furthermore, the amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids also increased in pear fruits around 3–4 months after the blooming period, when fruit cells are enlarging, but virtually disappeared from ripened fruits. Some metabolites, including the plant hormone abscisic acid, accumulated particularly in the receptacle prior to blooming and/or fruit ripening. Our results show several patterns of variation in metabolite levels in developing and ripening pear fruits, and provide fundamental metabolomic data that is useful for understanding pear fruit physiology and enhancing the nutritional traits of new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997–8555, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takao Otsuka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Kanji Isuzugawa
- Yamagata Integrated Agricultural Research Center, Sagae, 999–7601, Japan
| | - Hideki Murayama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997–8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260–8675, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464–8601, Japan
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Fortes AM, Teixeira RT, Agudelo-Romero P. Complex Interplay of Hormonal Signals during Grape Berry Ripening. Molecules 2015; 20:9326-43. [PMID: 26007186 PMCID: PMC6272489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape and wine production and quality is extremely dependent on the fruit ripening process. Sensory and nutritional characteristics are important aspects for consumers and their development during fruit ripening involves complex hormonal control. In this review, we explored data already published on grape ripening and compared it with the hormonal regulation of ripening of other climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. The roles of abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids as promoters of ripening are discussed, as well as the role of auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, jasmonates, and polyamines as inhibitors of ripening. In particular, the recently described role of polyamine catabolism in grape ripening is discussed, together with its putative interaction with other hormones. Furthermore, other recent examples of cross-talk among the different hormones are presented, revealing a complex interplay of signals during grape development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Fortes
- BioISI, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Química Biológica (ITQB), Biotecnologia de Células Vegetais, Av. da República, 2781-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Rita Teresa Teixeira
- BioISI, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- BioISI, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Belli Kullan J, Lopes Paim Pinto D, Bertolini E, Fasoli M, Zenoni S, Tornielli GB, Pezzotti M, Meyers BC, Farina L, Pè ME, Mica E. miRVine: a microRNA expression atlas of grapevine based on small RNA sequencing. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:393. [PMID: 25981679 PMCID: PMC4434875 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNAs are the most abundant class of small non-coding RNAs, and they are involved in post-transcriptional regulations, playing a crucial role in the refinement of genetic programming during plant development. Here we present a comprehensive picture of miRNA regulation in Vitis vinifera L. plant during its complete life cycle. Furthering our knowledge about the post-transcriptional regulation of plant development is fundamental to understand the biology of such an important crop. Results We analyzed 70 small RNA libraries, prepared from berries, inflorescences, tendrils, buds, carpels, stamens and other samples at different developmental stages. One-hundred and ten known and 175 novel miRNAs have been identified and a wide grapevine expression atlas has been described. The distribution of miRNA abundance reveals that 22 novel miRNAs are specific to stamen, and two of them are, interestingly, involved in ethylene biosynthesis, while only few miRNAs are highly specific to other organs. Thirty-eight miRNAs are present in all our samples, suggesting a role in key regulatory circuit. On the basis of miRNAs abundance and distribution across samples and on the estimated correlation, we suggest that miRNA expression define organ identity. We performed target prediction analysis and focused on miRNA expression analysis in berries and inflorescence during their development, providing an initial functional description of the identified miRNAs. Conclusions Our findings represent a very extensive miRNA expression atlas in grapevine, allowing the definition of how the spatio-temporal distribution of miRNAs defines organ identity. We describe miRNAs abundance in specific tissues not previously described in grapevine and contribute to future targeted functional analyses. Finally, we present a deep characterization of miRNA involvement in berry and inflorescence development, suggesting a role for miRNA-driven hormonal regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1610-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Belli Kullan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lopes Paim Pinto
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Bertolini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marianna Fasoli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Mario Pezzotti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Blake C Meyers
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, 19711, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Farina
- Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Via Ariosto 25, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mario Enrico Pè
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erica Mica
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy. .,Genomics Research Centre, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Via S. Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
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Wang M, Xu X, Zhang X, Sun S, Wu C, Hou W, Wang Q, Han T. Functional analysis of GmCPDs and investigation of their roles in flowering. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118476. [PMID: 25734273 PMCID: PMC4348418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of floral development is a pivotal switch in the life of soybean. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a group of steroidal phytohormones with essential roles in plant growth and development, are associated with flowering induction. Genes involved in BR biosynthesis have been studied to a great extent in Arabidopsis, but the study of these genes has been limited in soybean. In this study, four CPD homologs (GmCPDs) catalyzing BR synthesis were isolated from soybean. Transcripts were mainly confined to cotyledons and leaves and were down-regulated in response to exogenous BR. Bioinformatic analysis showed strong sequence and structure similarity between GmCPDs and AtCPD as well as CPDs of other species. Overexpression of GmCPDs in an Arabidopsis BR-deficient mutant rescued the phenotype by restoring the biosynthesis pathway, revealing the functional roles of each GmCPDs in. Except for the rescue of root development, leaf expansion and plant type architecture, GmCPDs in expression also complemented the late flowering phenotype of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in CPD. Further evidence in soybean plants is that the expression levels of GmCPDs in are under photoperiod control in Zigongdongdou, a photoperiod-sensitive variety, and show a sudden peak upon floral meristem initiation. Together with increased GmCPDs in expression in the leaves and cotyledons of photoperiod-insensitive early-maturity soybean, it is clear that GmCPDs in contribute to flowering development and are essential in the early stages of flowering regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shi Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cunxiang Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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76
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Gouthu S, Deluc LG. Timing of ripening initiation in grape berries and its relationship to seed content and pericarp auxin levels. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:46. [PMID: 25848949 PMCID: PMC4340107 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual berries in a grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cluster enter the ripening phase at different times leading to an asynchronous cluster in terms of ripening. The factors causing this variable ripening initiation among berries are not known. Because the influence via hormonal communication of the seed on fruit set and growth is well known across fruit species, differences in berry seed content and resultant quantitative or qualitative differences in the hormone signals to the pericarp likely influence the relative timing of ripening initiation among berries of the cluster. RESULTS At the time of the initiation of cluster ripening (véraison), underripe green berries have higher seed content compared to the riper berries and there is a negative correlation between the seed weight-to-berry weight ratio (SB) and the sugar level in berries of a cluster. Auxin levels in seeds relative to the pericarp tissues are two to 12 times higher at pre-ripening stages. The pericarp of berries with high-SB had higher auxin and lower abscisic acid (ABA) levels compared to those with low-SB from two weeks before véraison. In the prevéraison cluster, the expression of auxin-response factor genes was significantly higher in the pericarp of high-SB berries and remained higher until véraison compared to low-SB berries. The expression level of auxin-biosynthetic genes in the pericarp was the same between both berry groups based upon similar expression activity of YUC genes that are rate-limiting factors in auxin biosynthesis. On the other hand, in low-SB berries, the expression of ABA-biosynthetic and ABA-inducible NCED and MYB genes was higher even two weeks before véraison. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the relative seed content among berries plays a major role in the timing of ripening initiation. Towards the end of berry maturation phase, low and high levels of auxin are observed in the pericarp of low- and high-SB berries, respectively. This results in higher auxin-signaling activity that lasts longer in the pericarp of high-SB berries. In contrast, in low-SB berries, concomitant with an earlier decrease of auxin level, the features of ripening initiation, such as increases in ABA and sugar accumulation begin earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Gouthu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Laurent G Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
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Wu W, Wu Y, Gao Y, Li M, Yin H, Lv M, Zhao J, Li J, He K. Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase 5 in the ecotype Landsberg erecta of Arabidopsis is a functional RD LRR-RLK in regulating brassinosteroid signaling and cell death control. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:852. [PMID: 26528315 PMCID: PMC4606071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In plants, LRR-RLKs play central roles in regulating perception of extracellular signals and initiation of cellular responses under various environmental challenges. Arabidopsis SERK genes, including SERK1 to SERK5, constitute a LRR-RLK sub-family. SERK1, SERK2, SERK3/BAK1, and SERK4/BKK1 have been well characterized to function as crucial regulators in multiple physiological processes such as brassinosteroid signaling, cell death control, pathogenesis, and pollen development. Despite extremely high sequence identity with BKK1, SERK5 is reported to have no functional overlapping with BKK1, which is previously identified to regulate BR and cell death control pathways, probably due to a natural mutation in a highly conserved RD motif in the kinase domain of SERK5 in Col-0 ecotype. Through a gene sequencing analysis in several Arabidopsis accessions, we are able to identify SERK5 in Landsberg erecta (Ler) genome encoding a LRR-RLK with an intact RD motif. Overexpression of SERK5-Ler partially suppresses the BR defective phenotypes of bri1-5 and bak1-3 bkk1-1, indicating SERK5-Ler functions as a positive regulator in BR signaling. Furthermore, the interaction between SERK5-Ler and BRI1 is confirmed by yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays, and the genetic result showing that elevated expression of a kinase-dead form of SERK5-Ler causes a dominant-negative phenotype in bri1-5. In addition, overexpression of SERK5-Ler is capable of delaying, not completely suppressing, the cell death phenotype of bak1-3 bkk1-1. In this study, we first reveal that SERK5-Ler is a biologically functional component in mediating multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangze Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Meizhen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Hongju Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Minghui Lv
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Kai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kai He
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Chai L, Li Y, Chen S, Perl A, Zhao F, Ma H. RNA sequencing reveals high resolution expression change of major plant hormone pathway genes after young seedless grape berries treated with gibberellin. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:215-224. [PMID: 25443848 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seedless varieties are of particular importance to the table-grape and raisin industries. Gibberellin (GA) application is widely used in the early stages of seedless berry development to increase berry size and economic value. However, the underlying mechanism of GA induction of berry enlargement is not well understood. Here, RNA-sequencing analysis of 'Centennial Seedless' (Vitis vinifera L.) berries treated with GA3 12 days after flowering is reported. Pair-wise comparison of GA3-treated and control samples detected 165, 444, 463 genes with an over two-fold change in expression 1, 3, and 7 days after GA3 treatment, respectively. The number of differentially expressed genes increased with time after GA3 treatment, and the differential expression was dominated by downregulation. Significantly modulated expression included genes encoding synthesis and catabolism to manage plant hormone homeostasis, hormone transporters, receptors and key components in signaling pathways; exogenous GA3 induced multipoint cross talk with auxin, cytokinin, brassinosteroid, ABA and ethylene. The temporal gene-expression patterns of cell-wall-modification enzymes, cytoskeleton and membrane components and transporters revealed a pivotal role for cell-wall-relaxation genes in GA3-induced berry enlargement. Our results provide the first sequential transcriptomic atlas of exogenous GA3-induced berry enlargement and reveal the complexity of GA3's effect on berry sizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yanmei Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Avihai Perl
- Department of Fruit Tree Breeding and Molecular Genetics, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Fengxia Zhao
- Tobacco Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuchang 461000, China.
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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79
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Cherian S, Figueroa CR, Nair H. 'Movers and shakers' in the regulation of fruit ripening: a cross-dissection of climacteric versus non-climacteric fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4705-22. [PMID: 24994760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex and highly coordinated developmental process involving the expression of many ripening-related genes under the control of a network of signalling pathways. The hormonal control of climacteric fruit ripening, especially ethylene perception and signalling transduction in tomato has been well characterized. Additionally, great strides have been made in understanding some of the major regulatory switches (transcription factors such as RIPENING-INHIBITOR and other transcriptional regulators such as COLOURLESS NON-RIPENING, TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 and ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs), that are involved in tomato fruit ripening. In contrast, the regulatory network related to non-climacteric fruit ripening remains poorly understood. However, some of the most recent breakthrough research data have provided several lines of evidences for abscisic acid- and sucrose-mediated ripening of strawberry, a non-climacteric fruit model. In this review, we discuss the most recent research findings concerning the hormonal regulation of fleshy fruit ripening and their cross-talk and the future challenges taking tomato as a climacteric fruit model and strawberry as a non-climacteric fruit model. We also highlight the possible contribution of epigenetic changes including the role of plant microRNAs, which is opening new avenues and great possibilities in the fields of fruit-ripening research and postharvest biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Faculty of Integrative Sciences and Technology, Quest International University Perak, Jalan Raja Permaisuri Bainun, 30250 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Carlos R Figueroa
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Helen Nair
- Faculty of Integrative Sciences and Technology, Quest International University Perak, Jalan Raja Permaisuri Bainun, 30250 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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80
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Kuhn N, Guan L, Dai ZW, Wu BH, Lauvergeat V, Gomès E, Li SH, Godoy F, Arce-Johnson P, Delrot S. Berry ripening: recently heard through the grapevine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4543-59. [PMID: 24285825 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a non-climacteric fruit species used as table fruit, dried raisins, and for vinification (wines) and distillation (liquors). In recent years, our knowledge of the molecular basis of ripening regulation has improved. Water status, light conditions, and temperature may hasten, delay, or enhance ripening. Hormones seem to play a central role, as their concentrations change prior to and during ripening and in response to several environmental cues. The review summarizes recent data related to the molecular and hormonal control of grape berry development and ripening, with special emphasis on secondary metabolism and its response to the environment, and pinpoints some experimental limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kuhn
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Le Guan
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Zhan Wu Dai
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Ben-Hong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Virginie Lauvergeat
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Shao-Hua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Francisca Godoy
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Serge Delrot
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, INRA, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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81
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Kumar R, Khurana A, Sharma AK. Role of plant hormones and their interplay in development and ripening of fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4561-75. [PMID: 25028558 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones have been extensively studied for their roles in the regulation of various aspects of plant development. However, in the last decade important new insights have been made into their action during development and ripening, in both dry and fleshy fruits. Emerging evidence suggests that relative functions of plant hormones are not restricted to a particular stage, and a complex network of more than one plant hormone is involved in controlling various aspects of fruit development. Though some areas are extensively covered, considerable gaps in our knowledge and understanding still exist in the control of hormonal networks and crosstalk between different hormones during fruit expansion, maturation, and various other aspects of ripening. Here, we evaluate the new knowledge on their relative roles during tomato fruit development with a view to understand their mechanism of action in fleshy fruits. For a better understanding, pertinent evidences available on hormonal crosstalk during fruit development in other species are also discussed. We envisage that such detailed knowledge will help design new strategies for effective manipulation of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India. Current address: Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ashima Khurana
- Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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82
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Karlova R, Chapman N, David K, Angenent GC, Seymour GB, de Maagd RA. Transcriptional control of fleshy fruit development and ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4527-41. [PMID: 25080453 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits have evolved to be attractive to frugivores in order to enhance seed dispersal, and have become an indispensable part of the human diet. Here we review the recent advances in the understanding of transcriptional regulation of fleshy fruit development and ripening with a focus on tomato. While aspects of fruit development are probably conserved throughout the angiosperms, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it is shown that the likely orthologues of Arabidopsis genes have distinct functions in fleshy fruits. The model for the study of fleshy fruit development is tomato, because of the availability of single gene mutants and transgenic knock-down lines. In other species, our knowledge is often incomplete or absent. Tomato fruit size and shape are co-determined by transcription factors acting during formation of the ovary. Other transcription factors play a role in fruit chloroplast formation, and upon ripening impact quality aspects such as secondary metabolite content. In tomato, the transcription factors NON-RIPENING (NOR), COLORLESS NON-RIPENING (CNR), and RIPENING INHIBITOR (MADS-RIN) in concert with ethylene signalling regulate ripening, possibly in response to a developmental switch. Additional components include TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 (TAGL1), APETALA2a (AP2a), and FRUITFULL (FUL1 and FUL2). The links between this highly connected regulatory network and downstream effectors modulating colour, texture, and flavour are still relatively poorly understood. Intertwined with this network is post-transcriptional regulation by fruit-expressed microRNAs targeting several of these transcription factors. This important developmental process is also governed by changes in DNA methylation levels and possibly chromatin remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumyana Karlova
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Chapman
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Karine David
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Graham B Seymour
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ruud A de Maagd
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands Chair group Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
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83
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Monforte AJ, Diaz A, Caño-Delgado A, van der Knaap E. The genetic basis of fruit morphology in horticultural crops: lessons from tomato and melon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4625-37. [PMID: 24520021 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fruits represent an important part of the human diet and show extensive variation in size and shape between and within cultivated species. The genetic basis of such variation has been studied most extensively in tomato, where currently six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involving these traits have been fine-mapped and the genes underlying the QTLs identified. The genes responsible for the cloned QTLs belong to families with a few to many members. FASCIATED is encoded by a member of the YABBY family, CNR/FW2.2 by a member of the Cell Number Regulator family, SlKLUH/FW3.2 by a cytochrome P450 of the 78A class (CYP78A), LOCULE NUMBER by a member of the WOX family including WUSCHEL, OVATE by a member of the Ovate Family Proteins (OFP), and SUN by a member of the IQ domain family. A high portion of the history and current diversity in fruit morphology among tomato cultivars can be explained by modifications at four of these cloned QTLs. In melon, a number of QTLs involved in fruit morphology have been mapped, but the molecular basis for these QTLs is unknown. In the present review, we examine the current knowledge on the molecular basis of fruit morphology in tomato and transfer that information in order to define candidate genes of melon fruit shape and size QTLs. We hypothesize that different members of the gene families identified in tomato may have a role in the regulation of fruit morphology in other species. We anchored the published melon QTL map on the genome sequence and identified the melon family members of the six cloned tomato QTLs in the genome. We investigated the co-localization of melon fruit morphology QTLs and the candidate genes. We found that QTLs for fruit weight co-localized frequently with members of the CNR/FW2.2 and KLUH/FW3.2 families, as well as co-localizations between OFP family members and fruit-shape QTLs, making this family the most suitable to explain fruit shape variation among melon accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Monforte
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP). Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Aurora Diaz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP). Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Caño-Delgado
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Esther van der Knaap
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University/OARDC, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH-44691, USA
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84
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Xu F, Luan LY, Zhang ZW, Huo SS, Gao X, Fang YL, Xi ZM. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of young wines made from Yan73 (Vitis vinifera L.) and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes treated by 24-epibrassinolide. Molecules 2014; 19:10189-207. [PMID: 25025149 PMCID: PMC6271388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The grape berries of two varieties, Yan73 (Vitis vinifera L.) and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) (Vitis vinifera L.) were treated with 0.40 mg/L 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), 1.00 mg/L brassinazole (Brz), and deionized water (control), at the veraison period. The EBR treatment significantly increased total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin content (TTC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) of Yan73 and CS wines, whereas Brz treatment decreased TPC, total flavonoid content (TFC), TAC in the two wines. Moreover, the content of most of the phenolic compounds identified by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS in EBR-treated wines was significantly higher than that in control. The antioxidant capacities, which determined using DPPH, ABTS and HRSA methods, of the wines were increased by EBR treatment as well. There was a good correlation between the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content. The results demonstrated that EBR could enhance the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Yan73 and CS wines, but the effects may vary by different cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Li-Ying Luan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhen-Wen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Huo
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yu-Lin Fang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhu-Mei Xi
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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85
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Rozhon W, Wang W, Berthiller F, Mayerhofer J, Chen T, Petutschnig E, Sieberer T, Poppenberger B, Jonak C. Bikinin-like inhibitors targeting GSK3/Shaggy-like kinases: characterisation of novel compounds and elucidation of their catabolism in planta. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:172. [PMID: 24947596 PMCID: PMC4078015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant GSK-3/Shaggy-like kinases are key players in brassinosteroid (BR) signalling which impact on plant development and participate in response to wounding, pathogens and salt stress. Bikinin was previously identified in a chemical genetics screen as an inhibitor targeting these kinases. To dissect the structural elements crucial for inhibition of GSK-3/Shaggy-like kinases by bikinin and to isolate more potent compounds we synthesised a number of related substances and tested their inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo using Arabidopsis thaliana. RESULTS A pyridine ring with an amido succinic acid residue in position 2 and a halogen in position 5 were crucial for inhibitory activity. The compound with an iodine substituent in position 5, denoted iodobikinin, was most active in inhibiting BIN2 activity in vitro and efficiently induced brassinosteroid-like responses in vivo. Its methyl ester, methyliodobikinin, showed improved cell permeability, making it highly potent in vivo although it had lower activity in vitro. HPLC analysis revealed that the methyl residue was rapidly cleaved off in planta liberating active iodobikinin. In addition, we provide evidence that iodobikinin and bikinin are inactivated in planta by conjugation with glutamic acid or malic acid and that the latter process is catalysed by the malate transferase SNG1. CONCLUSION Brassinosteroids participate in regulation of many aspects of plant development and in responses to environmental cues. Thus compounds modulating their action are valuable tools to study such processes and may be an interesting opportunity to modify plant growth and performance in horticulture and agronomy. Here we report the development of bikinin derivatives with increased potency that can activate BR signalling and mimic BR action. Methyliodobikinin was 3.4 times more active in vivo than bikinin. The main reason for the superior activity of methyliodobikinin, the most potent compound, is its enhanced plant tissue permeability. Inactivation of bikinin and its derivatives in planta involves SNG1, which constitutes a novel pathway for modification of xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Wuyan Wang
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
- Present address: Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstr. 2, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Juliane Mayerhofer
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Tingting Chen
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Elena Petutschnig
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Present address: Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Tobias Sieberer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Department of Plant Sciences, Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Claudia Jonak
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
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86
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Pattison RJ, Csukasi F, Catalá C. Mechanisms regulating auxin action during fruit development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:62-72. [PMID: 24329770 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Auxin controls many aspects of fruit development, including fruit set and growth, ripening and abscission. However, the mechanisms by which auxin regulates these processes are still poorly understood. While it is generally agreed that precise spatial and temporal control of auxin distribution and signaling are required for fruit development, the dynamics of auxin biosynthesis and the mechanisms for its transport to different fruit tissues are mostly unknown. Despite major advances in elucidating many aspects of auxin biology in vegetative tissues, until recently, the nature and importance of auxin metabolism, transport and signaling during fruit ontogeny remained obscure. In this review, we summarize recent research that has started to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which auxin is produced and transported in the fruit and to unravel the complexity of auxin signaling during fruit development. We also discuss recent approaches used to reveal the genes and regulatory networks that mediate cell and tissue-specific control of auxin levels in the developing fruit.
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87
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Zhang C, Bai MY, Chong K. Brassinosteroid-mediated regulation of agronomic traits in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:683-96. [PMID: 24667992 PMCID: PMC3988522 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid phytohormones with wide-ranging biological activity. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies have greatly advanced our understanding of BR signaling in Arabidopsis and revealed a connected signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) and BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1) to the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1) family of transcription factors and their targets mediating physiological functions. However, compared with the dicot model plant Arabidopsis, much less is known about BR signaling in rice, which is a monocot. In this review, we provide an update on the progress made by BR studies in rice and discuss how BR regulates various important agronomic traits to determine rice grain yield. Specifically, we discuss the function of novel components including LEAF AND TILLER ANGLE INCREASED CONTROLLER (LIC), DWARF and LOW-TILLERING (DLT), DWARF1 (D1) and TAIHU DWARF1 (TUD1) in rice BR signaling, and provide a rice BR-signaling pathway model that involves a BRI1-dependent pathway as well as a G-protein α subunit-mediated signaling pathway. The recent significant advances in our understanding of BR-mediated molecular mechanisms underlying agronomic traits will be of great help for rice molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ming-yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Kang Chong
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
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88
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Hategan L, Godza B, Kozma-Bognar L, Bishop GJ, Szekeres M. Differential expression of the brassinosteroid receptor-encoding BRI1 gene in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2014; 239:989-1001. [PMID: 24488524 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth and development in Arabidopsis depends on BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), the BR receptor that is responsible for initiating the events of BR signalling. We analysed the temporal and spatial regulation of BRI1 expression using stable transgenic lines that carried BRI1 promoter:reporter fusions. In both seedlings and mature plants the tissues undergoing elongation or differentiation showed elevated BRI1 gene activity, and it could be demonstrated that in the hypocotyl this was accompanied by accumulation of the BRI1 transcript and its receptor protein product. In seedlings the BRI1 promoter was also found to be under diurnal regulation, determined primarily by light repression and a superimposed circadian control. To determine the functional importance of transcriptional regulation we complemented the severely BR insensitive bri1-101 mutant with a BRI1-luciferase fusion construct that was driven by promoters with contrasting specificities. Whereas the BRI1 promoter-driven transgene fully restored the wild phenotype, expression from the photosynthesis-associated CAB3 and the vasculature-specific SUC2 and ATHB8 promoters resulted in plants with varying morphogenic defects. Our results reveal complex differential regulation of BRI1 expression, and suggest that by influencing the distribution and abundance of the receptor this regulation can enhance or attenuate BR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Hategan
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
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89
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Pilati S, Brazzale D, Guella G, Milli A, Ruberti C, Biasioli F, Zottini M, Moser C. The onset of grapevine berry ripening is characterized by ROS accumulation and lipoxygenase-mediated membrane peroxidation in the skin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:87. [PMID: 24693871 PMCID: PMC4021102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ripening of fleshy fruits is a complex developmental program characterized by extensive transcriptomic and metabolic remodeling in the pericarp tissues (pulp and skin) making unripe green fruits soft, tasteful and colored. The onset of ripening is regulated by a plethora of endogenous signals tuned to external stimuli. In grapevine and tomato, which are classified as non-climacteric and climacteric species respectively, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and extensive modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes at the onset of ripening has been reported, suggesting that ROS could participate to the regulatory network of fruit development. In order to investigate this hypothesis, a comprehensive biochemical study of the oxidative events occurring at the beginning of ripening in Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir has been undertaken. RESULTS ROS-specific staining allowed to visualize not only H2O2 but also singlet oxygen (1O2) in berry skin cells just before color change in distinct subcellular locations, i.e. cytosol and plastids. H2O2 peak in sample skins at véraison was confirmed by in vitro quantification and was supported by the concomitant increase of catalase activity. Membrane peroxidation was also observed by HPLC-MS on galactolipid species at véraison. Mono- and digalactosyl diacylglycerols were found peroxidized on one or both α-linolenic fatty acid chains, with a 13(S) absolute configuration implying the action of a specific enzyme. A lipoxygenase (PnLOXA), expressed at véraison and localizing inside the chloroplasts, was indeed able to catalyze membrane galactolipid peroxidation when overexpressed in tobacco leaves. CONCLUSIONS The present work demonstrates the controlled, harmless accumulation of specific ROS in distinct cellular compartments, i.e. cytosol and chloroplasts, at a definite developmental stage, the onset of grape berry ripening. These features strongly candidate ROS as cellular signals in fruit ripening and encourage further studies to identify downstream elements of this cascade. This paper also reports the transient galactolipid peroxidation carried out by a véraison-specific chloroplastic lipoxygenase. The function of peroxidized membranes, likely distinct from that of free fatty acids due to their structural role and tight interaction with photosynthesis protein complexes, has to be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Daniele Brazzale
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Povo, Italy
- CNR, Istituto di Biofisica Trento, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Alberto Milli
- Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige, TN, Italy
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90
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Agudelo-Romero P, Ali K, Choi YH, Sousa L, Verpoorte R, Tiburcio AF, Fortes AM. Perturbation of polyamine catabolism affects grape ripening of Vitis vinifera cv. Trincadeira. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 74:141-55. [PMID: 24296250 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Grapes are economically the most important fruit worldwide. However, the complexity of biological events that lead to ripening of nonclimacteric fruits is not fully understood, particularly the role of polyamines' catabolism. The transcriptional and metabolic profilings complemented with biochemical data were studied during ripening of Trincadeira grapes submitted to guazatine treatment, a potent inhibitor of polyamine oxidase activity. The mRNA expression profiles of one time point (EL 38) corresponding to harvest stage was compared between mock and guazatine treatments using Affymetrix GrapeGen(®) genome array. A total of 2113 probesets (1880 unigenes) were differentially expressed between these samples. Quantitative RT-PCR validated microarrays results being carried out for EL 35 (véraison berries), EL 36 (ripe berries) and EL 38 (harvest stage berries). Metabolic profiling using HPLC and (1)H NMR spectroscopy showed increase of putrescine, proline, threonine and 1-O-ethyl-β-glucoside in guazatine treated samples. Genes involved in amino acid, carbohydrate and water transport were down-regulated in guazatine treated samples suggesting that the strong dehydrated phenotype obtained in guazatine treated samples may be due to impaired transport mechanisms. Genes involved in terpenes' metabolism were differentially expressed between guazatine and mock treated samples. Altogether, results support an important role of polyamine catabolism in grape ripening namely in cell expansion and aroma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioFIG, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Kashif Ali
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Young H Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lisete Sousa
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, CEAUL, FCUL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Rob Verpoorte
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonio F Tiburcio
- University of Barcelona, Pharmacy Faculty, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana M Fortes
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioFIG, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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91
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Naithani S, Raja R, Waddell EN, Elser J, Gouthu S, Deluc LG, Jaiswal P. VitisCyc: a metabolic pathway knowledgebase for grapevine (Vitis vinifera). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:644. [PMID: 25538713 PMCID: PMC4260676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have developed VitisCyc, a grapevine-specific metabolic pathway database that allows researchers to (i) search and browse the database for its various components such as metabolic pathways, reactions, compounds, genes and proteins, (ii) compare grapevine metabolic networks with other publicly available plant metabolic networks, and (iii) upload, visualize and analyze high-throughput data such as transcriptomes, proteomes, metabolomes etc. using OMICs-Viewer tool. VitisCyc is based on the genome sequence of the nearly homozygous genotype PN40024 of Vitis vinifera "Pinot Noir" cultivar with 12X v1 annotations and was built on BioCyc platform using Pathway Tools software and MetaCyc reference database. Furthermore, VitisCyc was enriched for plant-specific pathways and grape-specific metabolites, reactions and pathways. Currently VitisCyc harbors 68 super pathways, 362 biosynthesis pathways, 118 catabolic pathways, 5 detoxification pathways, 36 energy related pathways and 6 transport pathways, 10,908 enzymes, 2912 enzymatic reactions, 31 transport reactions and 2024 compounds. VitisCyc, as a community resource, can aid in the discovery of candidate genes and pathways that are regulated during plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stress signals generated from a plant's immediate environment. VitisCyc version 3.18 is available online at http://pathways.cgrb.oregonstate.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Naithani
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- *Correspondence: Sushma Naithani, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR-97331, USA e-mail:
| | - Rajani Raja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Elijah N. Waddell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Justin Elser
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Laurent G. Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Pankaj Jaiswal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
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92
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Nicolas P, Lecourieux D, Kappel C, Cluzet S, Cramer G, Delrot S, Lecourieux F. The basic leucine zipper transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR2 is an important transcriptional regulator of abscisic acid-dependent grape berry ripening processes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:365-83. [PMID: 24276949 PMCID: PMC3875815 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.231977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In grape (Vitis vinifera), abscisic acid (ABA) accumulates during fruit ripening and is thought to play a pivotal role in this process, but the molecular basis of this control is poorly understood. This work characterizes ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR2 (VvABF2), a grape basic leucine zipper transcription factor belonging to a phylogenetic subgroup previously shown to be involved in ABA and abiotic stress signaling in other plant species. VvABF2 transcripts mainly accumulated in the berry, from the onset of ripening to the harvesting stage, and were up-regulated by ABA. Microarray analysis of transgenic grape cells overexpressing VvABF2 showed that this transcription factor up-regulates and/or modifies existing networks related to ABA responses. In addition, grape cells overexpressing VvABF2 exhibited enhanced responses to ABA treatment compared with control cells. Among the VvABF2-mediated responses highlighted in this study, the synthesis of phenolic compounds and cell wall softening were the most strongly affected. VvABF2 overexpression strongly increased the accumulation of stilbenes that play a role in plant defense and human health (resveratrol and piceid). In addition, the firmness of fruits from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants overexpressing VvABF2 was strongly reduced. These data indicate that VvABF2 is an important transcriptional regulator of ABA-dependent grape berry ripening.
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93
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On the origin and evolution of plant brassinosteroid receptor kinases. J Mol Evol 2013; 78:118-29. [PMID: 24370731 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-013-9609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway is so far the best-understood receptor-kinase signaling pathway in plants. In Arabidopsis, the activation of this pathway requires binding of BRs to the receptor kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE I (AtBRI1). Although the function of AtBRI1 has been extensively studied, it is not known when the binding function emerged and how this important component of BR signaling pathway and related genes (the BRI1-BRL gene family) have evolved in plants. We define BRI1-BRL genes in sequenced plant genomes, construct profiles for critical protein domains, scan them against all accessible plant gene/EST resources, and reveal the evolution of domain configuration of this family. We also investigate its evolutionary pattern through phylogenetic analysis. The complete BR receptor domain configuration originates through two domain gain events in the ancestral receptor-like kinase: first juxtamembrane domain gained during the early diversification of land plants, and then island domain (ID) acquired in the common ancestor of angiosperms and gymnosperms after its divergence from spike moss. The 70 amino acid ID has characteristic sequences of BRI1-BRL family and this family keeps relative stable copy numbers during the history of angiosperms and the majority of duplications and losses have occurred in terminal taxa in current taxon sampling. This study reveals important events shaping structural and functional characteristics of plant BR receptors. It answers the question of how and when BR receptors originates, which provide insights into the origin and evolution of the BR signaling pathway.
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94
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Böttcher C, Burbidge CA, Boss PK, Davies C. Interactions between ethylene and auxin are crucial to the control of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry ripening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:222. [PMID: 24364881 PMCID: PMC3878033 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit development is controlled by plant hormones, but the role of hormone interactions during fruit ripening is poorly understood. Interactions between ethylene and the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are likely to be crucial during the ripening process, since both hormones have been shown to be implicated in the control of ripening in a range of different fruit species. RESULTS Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) homologues of the TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE RELATED (TAR) and YUCCA families, functioning in the only characterized pathway of auxin biosynthesis, were identified and the expression of several TAR genes was shown to be induced by the pre-ripening application of the ethylene-releasing compound Ethrel. The induction of TAR expression was accompanied by increased IAA and IAA-Asp concentrations, indicative of an upregulation of auxin biosynthesis and conjugation. Exposure of ex planta, pre-ripening berries to the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine resulted in decreased IAA and IAA-Asp concentrations. The delayed initiation of ripening observed in Ethrel-treated berries might therefore represent an indirect ethylene effect mediated by increased auxin concentrations. During berry development, the expression of three TAR genes and one YUCCA gene was upregulated at the time of ripening initiation and/or during ripening. This increase in auxin biosynthesis gene expression was preceded by high expression levels of the ethylene biosynthesis genes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase. CONCLUSIONS In grape berries, members of both gene families involved in the two-step pathway of auxin biosynthesis are expressed, suggesting that IAA is produced through the combined action of TAR and YUCCA proteins in developing berries. The induction of TAR expression by Ethrel applications and the developmental expression patterns of auxin and ethylene biosynthesis genes indicate that elevated concentrations of ethylene prior to the initiation of ripening might lead to an increased production of IAA, suggesting a complex involvement of this auxin and its conjugates in grape berry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul K Boss
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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95
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Xi ZM, Zhang ZW, Huo SS, Luan LY, Gao X, Ma LN, Fang YL. Regulating the secondary metabolism in grape berry using exogenous 24-epibrassinolide for enhanced phenolics content and antioxidant capacity. Food Chem 2013; 141:3056-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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96
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Aizat WM, Able JA, Stangoulis JCR, Able AJ. Proteomic analysis during capsicum ripening reveals differential expression of ACC oxidase isoform 4 and other candidates. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1115-1128. [PMID: 32481179 DOI: 10.1071/fp12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) is categorised as a non-climacteric fruit that exhibits limited ethylene production during ripening and the molecular mechanisms associated with this process are poorly understood. A proteomic approach was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins during various ripening stages (Green (G), Breaker Red 1 (BR1) and Light Red (LR)) and the genes associated with their synthesis. From 2D gel electrophoresis (2DGE), seven protein spots were identified as selectively present either in G or BR1 and are involved in carbon metabolism, colour and fruit development, protein synthesis and chaperones or biosynthesis of amino acids and polyamines. One candidate of interest, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACO) is known to be involved in ethylene biosynthesis and was only present in BR1 and is related to the tomato ACO isoform 4 (LeACO4) and hence named CaACO4. CaACO4 RNA expression as well as total ACO protein expression in multiple stages of ripening (G, Breaker (B), BR1, Breaker Red 2 (BR2), LR and Deep Red (DR)) corresponded to the 2DGE protein spot abundance in breaker stages. Our findings highlight the involvement of the ethylene pathway in non-climacteric fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan M Aizat
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jason A Able
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - James C R Stangoulis
- School of Biological Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Amanda J Able
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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97
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Li Q, Ji K, Sun Y, Luo H, Wang H, Leng P. The role of FaBG3 in fruit ripening and B. cinerea fungal infection of strawberry. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:24-35. [PMID: 23802911 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, β-glucosidases (BG) have been implicated in developmental and pathogen defense, and are thought to take part in abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis via hydrolysis of ABA glucose ester to release active ABA; however, there is no genetic evidence for the role of BG genes in ripening and biotic/abiotic stress in fruits. To clarify the role of BG genes in fruit, eight Fa/FvBG genes encoding β-glucosidase were isolated using information from the GenBank strawberry nucleotide database. Of the Fa/FvBG genes examined, expression of FaBG3 was the highest, showing peaks at the mature stage, coincident with the changes observed in ABA content. To verify the role of this gene, we suppressed the expression of FaBG3 via inoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing tobacco rattle virus carrying a FaBG3 fragment (RNAi). The expression of FaBG3 in FaBG3-RNAi-treated fruit was markedly reduced, and the ABA content was lower than that of the control. FaBG3-RNAi-treated fruit did not exhibit full ripening, and were firmer, had lower sugar content, and were pale compared with the control due to down-regulation of ripening-related genes. FaBG3-RNAi-treated fruit with reduced ABA levels were much more resistant to Botrytis cinerea fungus but were more sensitive to dehydration stress than control fruit. These results indicate that FaBG3 may play key roles in fruit ripening, dehydration stress and B. cinerea fungal infection in strawberries via modulation of ABA homeostasis and transcriptional regulation of ripening-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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98
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B Ttcher C, Harvey KE, Boss PK, Davies C. Ripening of grape berries can be advanced or delayed by reagents that either reduce or increase ethylene levels. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:566-581. [PMID: 32481131 DOI: 10.1071/fp12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries are considered to be nonclimacteric fruit as they do not exhibit a large rise in ethylene production or respiration rate at the onset of ripening (veraison). However, ethylene may still play a role in berry development and in ripening in particular. (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (CEPA), an ethylene-releasing reagent, delayed ripening when applied early in berry development. In agreement with a role for ethylene in controlling the timing of ripening, the application of an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), advanced ripening, as did abscisic acid, when applied during the preveraison period. Applications of CEPA nearer to the time of veraison enhanced berry colouration. Changes in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis and receptor genes were observed throughout berry development. Transcript levels of some of these genes were increased by CEPA and decreased by AVG, suggesting changes in ethylene synthesis and perception during the preveraison period that might contribute to the biphasic response to CEPA (ethylene). The significant delay of ripening in field-grown grapes through the application of CEPA also indicates that this may be useful in controlling the timing of veraison, and therefore harvest date, in warmer climates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie E Harvey
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Paul K Boss
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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99
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Agudelo-Romero P, Bortolloti C, Pais MS, Tiburcio AF, Fortes AM. Study of polyamines during grape ripening indicate an important role of polyamine catabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 67:105-19. [PMID: 23562795 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis species) is the most economically important fruit crop worldwide. Ripening of non-climacteric fruits such as grapes has been the subject of intense research. Despite this interest, little is known on the role played by polyamines in the onset of ripening of non-climacteric fruits. These growth regulators have been involved in plant development and stress responses. Molecular and biochemical studies were developed in three important Portuguese cultivars (Trincadeira, Touriga Nacional and Aragonês) during the year 2008 and in Trincadeira during 2007 in order to gather insights on the role of polyamines in grape ripening. Microarray and real-time qPCR studies revealed up-regulation of a gene coding for arginine decarboxylase (ADC) during grape ripening in all the varieties. This increase was not accompanied by an increase in free and conjugated polyamines that presented a strong decrease. Putrescine and Spermidine levels were higher at earlier stages of development, while Spermine level remained constant. Berries of Trincadeira cultivar presented the highest content in total free and conjugated polyamines at earlier stages of fruit development in particular in the year 2007. The decrease in polyamines content during grape ripening was accompanied by up-regulation of genes coding for diamine oxidase (CuAO) and polyamine oxidase (PAO), together with a significant increase in their enzymatic activity and in the hydrogen peroxide content. These results provide, for the first time, strong evidence of a role of polyamine catabolism in grape ripening possibly through interaction with other growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioFIG, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Bortolloti
- University of Barcelona, Pharmacy Faculty, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Salomé Pais
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioFIG, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioFIG, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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100
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Sreeramulu S, Mostizky Y, Sunitha S, Shani E, Nahum H, Salomon D, Hayun LB, Gruetter C, Rauh D, Ori N, Sessa G. BSKs are partially redundant positive regulators of brassinosteroid signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:905-19. [PMID: 23496207 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana brassinosteroid signaling kinases (BSKs) constitute a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase sub-family (RLCK-XII) with 12 members. Previous analysis demonstrated a positive role for BSK1 and BSK3 in the initial steps of brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. To investigate the function of BSKs in plant growth and BR signaling, we characterized T-DNA insertion lines for eight BSK genes (BSK1-BSK8) and multiple mutant combinations. Simultaneous elimination of three BSK genes caused alterations in growth and the BR response, and the most severe phenotypes were observed in the bsk3,4,7,8 quadruple and bsk3,4,6,7,8 pentuple mutants, which displayed reduced rosette size, leaf curling and enhanced leaf inclination. In addition, upon treatment with 24-epibrassinolide, these mutants showed reduced hypocotyl elongation, enhanced root growth and alteration in the expression of BR-responsive genes. Some mutant combinations also showed antagonistic interactions. In support of a redundant function in BR signaling, multiple BSKs interacted in vivo with the BR receptor BRI1, and served as its phosphorylation substrates in vitro. The BIN2 and BIL2 GSK3-like kinases, which are negative regulators of BR signaling, interacted in vivo with BSKs and phosphorylated them in vitro, probably at different sites to BRI1. This study demonstrates redundant biological functions for BSKs, and suggests the existence of a regulatory link between BSKs and GSK3-like kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar Sreeramulu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
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