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Wang Y, Peng X, Yang Z, Zhao W, Xu W, Hao J, Wu W, Shen XL, Luo Y, Huang K. iTRAQ Mitoproteome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis thaliana Induced by Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050167. [PMID: 28524096 PMCID: PMC5450715 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most common and dangerous mycotoxins in the world. Previous work indicated that OTA could elicit spontaneous HR-like lesions formation Arabidopsis thaliana, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in OTA toxicity, and their major endogenous source is mitochondria. However, there has been no evidence as to whether OTA induces directly PCD in plants until now. In this study, the presence of OTA in Arabidopsisthaliana leaves triggered accelerated respiration, increased production of mitochondrial ROS, the opening of ROS-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition pores and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. There were 42 and 43 significantly differentially expressed proteins identified in response to exposure to OTA for 8 and 24 h, respectively, according to iTRAQ analysis. These proteins were mainly involved in perturbation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, interfering with ATP synthesis and inducing PCD. Digital gene expression data at transcriptional level was consistent with the cell death induced by OTA being PCD. These results indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction was a prerequisite for OTA-induced PCD and the initiation and execution of PCD via a mitochondrial-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.W.)
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhuojun Yang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
| | - Wentao Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.X.); (Y.L.)
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
| | - Junran Hao
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
| | - Weihong Wu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
| | - Xiao Li Shen
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.X.); (Y.L.)
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.X.); (Y.L.)
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.P.); (Z.Y.); (W.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (X.L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-8793
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Djabou ASM, Carvalho LJCB, Li QX, Niemenak N, Chen S. Cassava postharvest physiological deterioration: a complex phenomenon involving calcium signaling, reactive oxygen species and programmed cell death. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2017; 39:91. [PMID: 28316353 PMCID: PMC5336541 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-017-2382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of cassava (Manihot esculenta) storage roots is a complex physiological and biochemical process which involve many regulatory networks linked with specific proteins modulation and signaling transduction pathways. However, it is poorly understood regarding biological regulation, and the interactions among protein groups and signals to determine PPD syndrome in cassava storage roots. This review sheds some light on the possible molecular mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium signaling transduction, and programmed cell death (PCD) in cassava PPD syndrome. A model for predicting crosstalk among calcium signaling, ROS and PCD is suggested to fine-tune PPD syndrome. This would clues to cassava molecular breeding to alleviate the PPD effects on the shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astride S. M. Djabou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization of Cassava, Hainan, China
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Science, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Qing X. Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - Nicolas Niemenak
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Science, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Songbi Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization of Cassava, Hainan, China
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Żabka A, Winnicki K, Polit JT, Maszewski J. Sanguinarine-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis-like programmed cell death(AL-PCD) in root meristem cells of Allium cepa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 112:193-206. [PMID: 28088021 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A vast number of studies on plant cell systems clearly indicate that various biotic and abiotic stresses give rise to the uncontrolled increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess concentrations of ROS result in damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA, which may lead, in consequence, to the apoptotic cell death. The current study investigates the effects of sanguinarine (SAN), a natural alkaloid derived from the roots of Sanguinaria canadensis, on root apical meristem cells of Allium cepa. It is shown that SAN treatment generated large amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2·-). Oxidative stress induced in SAN-treated cells was correlated with DNA fragmentation, formation of micronuclei (MN), altered and 'degenerated' chromatin structures characteristic of apoptosis-like programmed cell death (AL-PCD). The experiments with SAN + MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor engaged in Topo II-mediated formation of cleavable complexes) and SAN + ascorbic acid (AA; H2O2 scavenger) seem to suggest, however, that the high level of H2O2 is not the only factor responsible for changes observed at the chromatin level and for the consequent cell death. Our findings imply that Topo II-DNA covalent complexes and 26S proteasomes are also involved in SAN-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Żabka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Justyna Teresa Polit
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Janusz Maszewski
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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54
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The relationship between vacuolation and initiation of PCD in rice (Oryza sativa) aleurone cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41245. [PMID: 28117452 PMCID: PMC5259747 DOI: 10.1038/srep41245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuole fusion is a necessary process for the establishment of a large central vacuole, which is the central location of various hydrolytic enzymes and other factors involved in death at the beginning of plant programmed cell death (PCD). In our report, the fusion of vacuoles has been presented in two ways: i) small vacuoles coalesce to form larger vacuoles through membrane fusion, and ii) larger vacuoles combine with small vacuoles when small vacuoles embed into larger vacuoles. Regardless of how fusion occurs, a large central vacuole is formed in rice (Oryza sativa) aleurone cells. Along with the development of vacuolation, the rupture of the large central vacuole leads to the loss of the intact plasma membrane and the degradation of the nucleus, resulting in cell death. Stabilizing or disrupting the structure of actin filaments (AFs) inhibits or promotes the fusion of vacuoles, which delays or induces PCD. In addition, the inhibitors of the vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) and cathepsin B (CathB) block the occurrence of the large central vacuole and delay the progression of PCD in rice aleurone layers. Overall, our findings provide further evidence for the rupture of the large central vacuole triggering the PCD in aleruone layers.
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Kobylińska A, Reiter RJ, Posmyk MM. Melatonin Protects Cultured Tobacco Cells against Lead-Induced Cell Death via Inhibition of Cytochrome c Translocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1560. [PMID: 28959267 PMCID: PMC5603737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin was discovered in plants more than two decades ago and, especially in the last decade, it has captured the interests of plant biologists. Beyond its possible participation in photoperiod processes and its role as a direct free radical scavenger as well as an indirect antioxidant, melatonin is also involved in plant defense strategies/reactions. However, the mechanisms that this indoleamine activates to improve plant stress tolerance still require identification and clarification. In the present report, the ability of exogenous melatonin to protect Nicotiana tabacum L. line Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) suspension cells against the toxic exposure to lead was examined. Studies related to cell proliferation and viability, DNA fragmentation, possible translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, cell morphology after fluorescence staining and also the in situ accumulation of superoxide radicals measured via the nitro blue tetrazolium reducing test, were conducted. This work establishes a novel finding by correcting the inhibition of release of mitochondrial ctytocrome c in to the cytoplasm with the high accumulation of superoxide radicals. The results show that pretreatment with 200 nm of melatonin protected tobacco cells from DNA damage caused by lead. Melatonin, as an efficacious antioxidant, limited superoxide radical accumulation as well as cytochrome c release thereby, it likely prevents the activation of the cascade of processes leading to cell death. Fluorescence staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide documented that lead-stressed cells additionally treated with melatonin displayed intact nuclei. The results revealed that melatonin at proper dosage could significantly increase BY-2 cell proliferation and protected them against death. It was proved that melatonin could function as an effective priming agent to promote survival of tobacco cells under harmful lead-induced stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kobylińska
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San AntonioTX, United States
| | - Malgorzata M. Posmyk
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzLodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Malgorzata M. Posmyk,
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56
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Inhibition of cathepsin B by caspase-3 inhibitors blocks programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1493-501. [PMID: 27058316 PMCID: PMC5072426 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is used by plants for development and survival to biotic and abiotic stresses. The role of caspases in PCD is well established in animal cells. Over the past 15 years, the importance of caspase-3-like enzymatic activity for plant PCD completion has been widely documented despite the absence of caspase orthologues. In particular, caspase-3 inhibitors blocked nearly all plant PCD tested. Here, we affinity-purified a plant caspase-3-like activity using a biotin-labelled caspase-3 inhibitor and identified Arabidopsis thaliana cathepsin B3 (AtCathB3) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Consistent with this, recombinant AtCathB3 was found to have caspase-3-like activity and to be inhibited by caspase-3 inhibitors. AtCathepsin B triple-mutant lines showed reduced caspase-3-like enzymatic activity and reduced labelling with activity-based caspase-3 probes. Importantly, AtCathepsin B triple mutants showed a strong reduction in the PCD induced by ultraviolet (UV), oxidative stress (H2O2, methyl viologen) or endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our observations contribute to explain why caspase-3 inhibitors inhibit plant PCD and provide new tools to further plant PCD research. The fact that cathepsin B does regulate PCD in both animal and plant cells suggests that this protease may be part of an ancestral PCD pathway pre-existing the plant/animal divergence that needs further characterisation.
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57
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Sun AZ, Guo FQ. Chloroplast Retrograde Regulation of Heat Stress Responses in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:398. [PMID: 27066042 PMCID: PMC4814484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that intracellular signaling from chloroplast to nucleus plays a vital role in stress responses to survive environmental perturbations. The chloroplasts were proposed as sensors to heat stress since components of the photosynthetic apparatus housed in the chloroplast are the major targets of thermal damage in plants. Thus, communicating subcellular perturbations to the nucleus is critical during exposure to extreme environmental conditions such as heat stress. By coordinating expression of stress specific nuclear genes essential for adaptive responses to hostile environment, plants optimize different cell functions and activate acclimation responses through retrograde signaling pathways. The efficient communication between plastids and the nucleus is highly required for such diverse metabolic and biosynthetic functions during adaptation processes to environmental stresses. In recent years, several putative retrograde signals released from plastids that regulate nuclear genes have been identified and signaling pathways have been proposed. In this review, we provide an update on retrograde signals derived from tetrapyrroles, carotenoids, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and organellar gene expression (OGE) in the context of heat stress responses and address their roles in retrograde regulation of heat-responsive gene expression, systemic acquired acclimation, and cellular coordination in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang-Qing Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai) and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
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58
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Sun AZ, Guo FQ. Chloroplast Retrograde Regulation of Heat Stress Responses in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:398. [PMID: 27066042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00398/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that intracellular signaling from chloroplast to nucleus plays a vital role in stress responses to survive environmental perturbations. The chloroplasts were proposed as sensors to heat stress since components of the photosynthetic apparatus housed in the chloroplast are the major targets of thermal damage in plants. Thus, communicating subcellular perturbations to the nucleus is critical during exposure to extreme environmental conditions such as heat stress. By coordinating expression of stress specific nuclear genes essential for adaptive responses to hostile environment, plants optimize different cell functions and activate acclimation responses through retrograde signaling pathways. The efficient communication between plastids and the nucleus is highly required for such diverse metabolic and biosynthetic functions during adaptation processes to environmental stresses. In recent years, several putative retrograde signals released from plastids that regulate nuclear genes have been identified and signaling pathways have been proposed. In this review, we provide an update on retrograde signals derived from tetrapyrroles, carotenoids, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and organellar gene expression (OGE) in the context of heat stress responses and address their roles in retrograde regulation of heat-responsive gene expression, systemic acquired acclimation, and cellular coordination in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Zhen Sun
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai) and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Qing Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai) and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
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Moreira MA, Irigoyen MC, Saad KR, Saad PF, Koike MK, Montero EFDS, Martins JL. N-acetylcysteine reduces the renal oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Res 2016; 203:113-20. [PMID: 27338542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury induced by hemorrhagic shock (HS) and subsequent fluid resuscitation is a common cause of acute renal failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of combining N-acetylcysteine (NAC) with fluid resuscitation on renal injury in rats that underwent HS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups of male Wistar rats were induced to controlled HS at 35 mm Hg mean arterial pressure for 60 min. After this period, the HS and fluid resuscitation (HS/R) group was resuscitated with lactate containing 50% of the blood that was withdrawn. The HS/R + NAC group was resuscitated with Ringer's lactate combined with 150 mg/kg of NAC and blood. The sham group animals were catheterized but were not subjected to shock. All animals were kept under anesthesia and euthanized after 120 min of fluid resuscitation or observation. RESULTS Animals treated with NAC presented attenuation of histologic lesions, reduced oxidative stress, and apoptosis markers when compared with animals from the HS/R group. The serum creatinine was similar in all the groups. CONCLUSIONS NAC is a promising drug for combining with fluid resuscitation to attenuate the kidney injury associated with HS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Ruggeri Saad
- Medical School, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fernandes Saad
- Medical School, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcia Kiyomi Koike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Medicine Laboratory (LIM-51), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna Frasson de Souza Montero
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Surgical Physiopathology (LIM-62), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz Martins
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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60
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Cheng XX, Yu M, Zhang N, Zhou ZQ, Xu QT, Mei FZ, Qu LH. Reactive oxygen species regulate programmed cell death progress of endosperm in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under waterlogging. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:311-27. [PMID: 25854793 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have proved that waterlogging stress accelerates the programmed cell death (PCD) progress of wheat endosperm cells. A highly waterlogging-tolerant wheat cultivar Hua 8 and a waterlogging susceptible wheat cultivar Hua 9 were treated with different waterlogging durations, and then, dynamic changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS), gene expressions, and activities of antioxidant enzymes in endosperm cells were detected. The accumulation of ROS increased considerably after 7 days of waterlogging treatment (7 DWT) and 12 DWT in both cultivars compared with control group (under non-waterlogged conditions), culminated at 12 DAF (days after flowering) and reduced hereafter. Waterlogging resulted in a great increase of H2O2 and O2 (-) in plasma membranes, cell walls, mitochondrias, and intercellular spaces with ultracytochemical localization. Moreover, the deformation and rupture of cytomembranes as well as the swelling and distortion of mitochondria were obvious. Under waterlogging treatment conditions, catalase (CAT) gene expression increased in endosperm of Hua 8 but activity decreased. In addition, Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene expression and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased. Compared with Hua 8, both CAT, MnSOD gene expressions and CAT, SOD activities decreased in Hua 9. Moreover, ascorbic acid and mannitol relieve the intensifying of PCD processes in Hua 8 endosperm cells induced by waterlogging. These results indicate that ROS have important roles in the PCD of endosperm cells, the changes both CAT, MnSOD gene expressions and CAT, SOD activities directly affected the accumulation of ROS in two different wheat cultivars under waterlogging, ultimately led to the PCD acceleration of endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xu Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Min Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Qiu-Tao Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Fang-Zhu Mei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Liang-Huan Qu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Van Aken O, Van Breusegem F. Licensed to Kill: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Cell Death. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:754-766. [PMID: 26442680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is crucial in plant organogenesis and survival. In this review the involvement of mitochondria and chloroplasts in PCD execution is critically assessed. Recent findings support a central role for mitochondria in PCD, with newly identified components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC), FOF1 ATP synthase, cardiolipins, and ATPase AtOM66. While chloroplasts received less attention, their contribution to PCD is well supported, suggesting that they possibly contribute by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of light or even contribute through cytochrome f release. Finally we discuss two working models where mitochondria and chloroplasts could cooperatively execute PCD: mitochondria initiate the commitment steps and recruit chloroplasts for swift execution or, alternatively, mitochondria and chloroplasts could operate in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van Aken
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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Kumar V, Hart AJ, Keerthiraju ER, Waldron PR, Tucker GA, Greetham D. Expression of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Chaperone Gene (COX20) Improves Tolerance to Weak Acid and Oxidative Stress during Yeast Fermentation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139129. [PMID: 26427054 PMCID: PMC4591339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the micro-organism of choice for the conversion of fermentable sugars released by the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material into bioethanol. Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material releases acetic acid and previous work identified a cytochrome oxidase chaperone gene (COX20) which was significantly up-regulated in yeast cells in the presence of acetic acid. RESULTS A Δcox20 strain was sensitive to the presence of acetic acid compared with the background strain. Overexpressing COX20 using a tetracycline-regulatable expression vector system in a Δcox20 strain, resulted in tolerance to the presence of acetic acid and tolerance could be ablated with addition of tetracycline. Assays also revealed that overexpression improved tolerance to the presence of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. CONCLUSION This is a study which has utilised tetracycline-regulated protein expression in a fermentation system, which was characterised by improved (or enhanced) tolerance to acetic acid and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Hart
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ethiraju R. Keerthiraju
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Waldron
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory A. Tucker
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Greetham
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Zhang D, Ren L, Chen GQ, Zhang J, Reed BM, Shen XH. ROS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis-like event directly affect the cell viability of cryopreserved embryogenic callus in Agapanthus praecox. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1499-513. [PMID: 26104871 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis-like programmed cell death, induced in part by H 2 O 2 , are two key factors that damage cells during plant cryopreservation. Their inhibition can improve cell viability. We hypothesized that oxidative stress and apoptosis-like event induced by ROS seriously impact plant cell viability during cryopreservation. This study documented changes in cell morphology and ultrastructure, and detected dynamic changes in ROS components (O 2 (·-) , H2O2 and OH·), antioxidant systems, and programmed cell death (PCD) events during embryonic callus cryopreservation of Agapanthus praecox. Plasmolysis, organelle ultrastructure changes, and increases in malondialdehyde (a membrane lipid peroxidation product) suggested that oxidative damage and PCD events occurred at several early cryopreservation steps. PCD events including autophagy, apoptosis-like, and necrosis also occurred at later stages of cryopreservation, and most were apoptosis. H2O2 is the most important ROS molecule mediating oxidative damage and affecting cell viability, and catalase and AsA-GSH cycle are involved in scavenging the intracellular H2O2 and protecting the cells against stress damage in the whole process. Gene expression studies verified changes of antioxidant system and PCD-related genes at the main steps of the cryopreservation process that correlated with improved cell viability. Reducing oxidative stress or inhibition of apoptosis-like event by deactivating proteases improved cryopreserved cell viability from 49.14 to 86.85 % and 89.91 %, respectively. These results verify our model of ROS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis-like event in plant cryopreservation. This study provided a novel insight into cell stress response mechanisms in cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800, Rd. Dong Chuan, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Ortiz-Espín A, Locato V, Camejo D, Schiermeyer A, De Gara L, Sevilla F, Jiménez A. Over-expression of Trxo1 increases the viability of tobacco BY-2 cells under H2O2 treatment. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:571-82. [PMID: 26041732 PMCID: PMC4577997 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially hydrogen peroxide, play a critical role in the regulation of plant development and in the induction of plant defence responses during stress adaptation, as well as in plant cell death. The antioxidant system is responsible for controlling ROS levels in these processes but redox homeostasis is also a key factor in plant cell metabolism under normal and stress situations. Thioredoxins (Trxs) are ubiquitous small proteins found in different cell compartments, including mitochondria and nuclei (Trxo1), and are involved in the regulation of target proteins through reduction of disulphide bonds, although their role under oxidative stress has been less well studied. This study describes over-expression of a Trxo1 for the first time, using a cell-culture model subjected to an oxidative treatment provoked by H2O2. METHODS Control and over-expressing PsTrxo1 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cells were treated with 35 mm H2O2 and the effects were analysed by studying the growth dynamics of the cultures together with oxidative stress parameters, as well as several components of the antioxidant systems involved in the metabolism of H2O2. Analysis of different hallmarks of programmed cell death was also carried out. KEY RESULTS Over-expression of PsTrxo1 caused significant differences in the response of TBY-2 cells to high concentrations of H2O2, namely higher and maintained viability in over-expressing cells, whilst the control line presented a severe decrease in viability and marked indications of oxidative stress, with generalized cell death after 3 d of treatment. In over-expressing cells, an increase in catalase activity, decreases in H2O2 and nitric oxide contents and maintenance of the glutathione redox state were observed. CONCLUSIONS A decreased content of endogenous H2O2 may be responsible in part for the delayed cell death found in over-expressing cells, in which changes in oxidative parameters and antioxidants were less extended after the oxidative treatment. It is concluded that PsTrxo1 transformation protects TBY-2 cells from exogenous H2O2, thus increasing their viability via a process in which not only antioxidants but also Trxo1 seem to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortiz-Espín
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Campus Universitario de Espinardo Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Vittoria Locato
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Science, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, I-00128, Rome, Italy and
| | - Daymi Camejo
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Campus Universitario de Espinardo Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura De Gara
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Food Science, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, I-00128, Rome, Italy and
| | - Francisca Sevilla
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Campus Universitario de Espinardo Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Ana Jiménez
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Campus Universitario de Espinardo Murcia, E-30100, Spain,
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Feng H, Guan D, Bai J, Sun K, Jia L. Extracellular ATP: a potential regulator of plant cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:633-9. [PMID: 25395168 PMCID: PMC6638322 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has been regarded as an intracellular energy currency molecule for many years. In recent decades, it has been determined that ATP is released into the extracellular milieu by animal, plant and microbial cells. In animal cells, this extracellular ATP (eATP) functions as a signalling compound to mediate many cellular processes through its interaction with membrane-associated receptor proteins. It has also been reported that eATP is a signalling molecule required for the regulation of plant growth, development and responses to environmental stimuli. Recently, the first plant receptor for eATP was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Interestingly, some studies have shown that eATP is of particular importance in the control of plant cell death. In this review article, we summarize and discuss the theoretical and experimental advances that have been made with regard to the roles and mechanisms of eATP in plant cell death. We also make an attempt to address some speculative aspects to help develop and expand future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Feng
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Dongdong Guan
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jingyue Bai
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Kun Sun
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Liu J, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Wei J. Hydrogen peroxide promotes programmed cell death and salicylic acid accumulation during the induced production of sesquiterpenes in cultured cell suspensions of Aquilaria sinensis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:337-346. [PMID: 32480678 DOI: 10.1071/fp14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg produces a highly valuable agarwood characterised by a diverse array of sesquiterpenes and chromone derivatives that can protect wounded trees against potential herbivores and pathogens. A defensive reaction on the part of the plant has been proposed as the key reason for agarwood formation, but the issue of whether programmed cell death (PCD), an important process of plant immune responding, is involved in agarwood formation, still needs to be clarified. In this study, treatment of cultured cell suspensions with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced the production of sesquiterpenes due to endogenous accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and elevations in the expression of sesquiterpene biosynthetic genes. Moreover, PCD was stimulated by H2O2 in cultured cell suspensions of A. sinensis due to the induction of caspase activity, upregulated expression of metacaspases and cytochrome c, and SA accumulation. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that H2O2 stimulates PCD, SA accumulation and sesquiterpene production in cultured cell suspensions of A. sinensis. Furthermore, results from this study provide a valuable insight into investigations of the potential interactions between sesquiterpene synthesis and PCD during agarwood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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67
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Nie S, Yue H, Zhou J, Xing D. Mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species play a vital role in the salicylic acid signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119853. [PMID: 25811367 PMCID: PMC4374720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant mitochondria constitute a major source of ROS and are proposed to act as signaling organelles in the orchestration of defense response. At present, the signals generated and then integrated by mitochondria are still limited. Here, fluorescence techniques were used to monitor the events of mitochondria in vivo, as well as the induction of mitochondrial signaling by a natural defensive signal chemical salicylic acid (SA). An inhibition of respiration was observed in isolated mitochondria subjected to SA. The cytochrome reductase activity analysis in isolated mitochondria demonstrated that SA might act directly on the complex III in the respiration chain by inhibiting the activity. With this alteration, a quick burst of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) was stimulated. SA-induced mtROS caused mitochondrial morphology transition in leaf tissue or protoplasts expressing mitochondria-GFP (43C5) and depolarization of membrane potential. However, the application of AsA, an H2O2 scavenger, significantly prevented both events, indicating that both of them are attributable to ROS accumulation. In parallel, SA-induced mtROS up-regulated AOX1a transcript abundance and this induction was correlated with the disease resistance, whereas AsA-pretreatment interdicted this effect. It is concluded that mitochondria play an essential role in the signaling pathway of SA-induced ROS generation, which possibly provided new insight into the SA-mediated biological processes, including plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Nie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyun Yue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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68
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Petrov V, Hille J, Mueller-Roeber B, Gechev TS. ROS-mediated abiotic stress-induced programmed cell death in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:69. [PMID: 25741354 PMCID: PMC4332301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During the course of their ontogenesis plants are continuously exposed to a large variety of abiotic stress factors which can damage tissues and jeopardize the survival of the organism unless properly countered. While animals can simply escape and thus evade stressors, plants as sessile organisms have developed complex strategies to withstand them. When the intensity of a detrimental factor is high, one of the defense programs employed by plants is the induction of programmed cell death (PCD). This is an active, genetically controlled process which is initiated to isolate and remove damaged tissues thereby ensuring the survival of the organism. The mechanism of PCD induction usually includes an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are utilized as mediators of the stress signal. Abiotic stress-induced PCD is not only a process of fundamental biological importance, but also of considerable interest to agricultural practice as it has the potential to significantly influence crop yield. Therefore, numerous scientific enterprises have focused on elucidating the mechanisms leading to and controlling PCD in response to adverse conditions in plants. This knowledge may help develop novel strategies to obtain more resilient crop varieties with improved tolerance and enhanced productivity. The aim of the present review is to summarize the recent advances in research on ROS-induced PCD related to abiotic stress and the role of the organelles in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselin Petrov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, PlovdivBulgaria
| | - Jacques Hille
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, GroningenNetherlands
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Tsanko S. Gechev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, PlovdivBulgaria
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-GolmGermany
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69
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Wang Y, Li Y, Xue H, Pritchard HW, Wang X. Reactive oxygen species-provoked mitochondria-dependent cell death during ageing of elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:438-52. [PMID: 25439659 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that controlled deterioration treatment (CDT) induces programmed cell death in elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds, which undergo certain fundamental processes that are comparable to apoptosis in animals. In this study, the essential characteristics of mitochondrial physiology in elm seeds during CDT were identified by cellular ultrastructural analysis, whole-body optical imaging, Western blotting and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The alteration in mitochondrial morphology was an early event during CDT, as indicated by progressive dynamic mitochondrial changes and rupture of the mitochondrial outer membrane; loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψ(m)) ensued, and mitochondrial ATP levels decreased. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor cyclosporine A effectively suppressed these changes during ageing. The in situ localization of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and evaluation of the expression of voltage-dependent anion-selective channel and cyclophilin D indicated that the levels of mitochondrial permeability transition pore components were positively correlated with ROS production, leading to an imbalance of the cellular redox potential and ultimately to programmed cell death. Pre-incubation with ascorbic acid slowed loss of mitochondrial Δψ(m), and decreased the effect of CDT on seed viability. However, there were no significant changes in multiple antioxidant elements or chaperones in the mitochondria during early stages of ageing. Our results indicate that CDT induces dynamic changes in mitochondrial physiology via increased ROS production, ultimately resulting in an irreversible loss of seed viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, China
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70
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Hatsugai N, Yamada K, Goto-Yamada S, Hara-Nishimura I. Vacuolar processing enzyme in plant programmed cell death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:234. [PMID: 25914711 PMCID: PMC4390986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a cysteine proteinase originally identified as the proteinase responsible for the maturation and activation of vacuolar proteins in plants, and it is known to be an ortholog of animal asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP/VPE/legumain). VPE has been shown to exhibit enzymatic properties similar to that of caspase 1, which is a cysteine protease that mediates the programmed cell death (PCD) pathway in animals. Although there is limited sequence identity between VPE and caspase 1, their predicted three-dimensional structures revealed that the essential amino-acid residues for these enzymes form similar pockets for the substrate peptide YVAD. In contrast to the cytosolic localization of caspases, VPE is localized in vacuoles. VPE provokes vacuolar rupture, initiating the proteolytic cascade leading to PCD in the plant immune response. It has become apparent that the VPE-dependent PCD pathway is involved not only in the immune response, but also in the responses to a variety of stress inducers and in the development of various tissues. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of VPE to plant PCD and its role in vacuole-mediated cell death, and it also compares VPE with the animal cell death executor caspase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Shino Goto-Yamada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ikuko Hara-Nishimura, Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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71
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Stamenković M, Woelken E, Hanelt D. Ultrastructure of Cosmarium strains (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) collected from various geographic locations shows species-specific differences both at optimal and stress temperatures. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:1491-509. [PMID: 24802109 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant species collected from various climatic zones and stressed in vitro at various temperatures reveal changes in cellular ultrastructure which are in accordance with the climate at their sampling sites. This observation initiated the investigation to establish if stress at different temperatures may cause diverse extents of changes in the ultrastructure of microalgal strains originating from different geographic zones. The study revealed that the six Cosmarium strains demonstrated ultrastructural characteristics that were consistent with their source location under optimal, low and high temperature conditions, pointing to their preference to specific climatic niches. Interestingly, chloroplasts of all of the Cosmarium strains correspond to a sun-adapted type, which is concomitant with earlier statements that these strains are rendered as high-light adapted algae. The Cosmarium strains developed multiple ultrastructural responses which enabled them to cope with excessive temperatures, occasionally occurring in desmid natural habitats. The appearance of cubic membranes and increased number of plastoglobules may represent the first line in protection against high-temperature stress, which is accompanied by the alteration of protein synthesis and the appearance of stress granules in order to preserve cell homeostasis. However, the prolonged warm- or cold-temperature stress obviously initiated the programmed cell death, as concluded from the appearance of several ultrastructural features observed in all of the Cosmarium strains. The fair acclimation possibilities and the ability to undergo programmed cell death in order to save the population, certainly favor the cosmopolitan distribution of the genus Cosmarium.
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Ek-Ramos MJ, Avila J, Nelson Dittrich AC, Su D, Gray JW, Devarenne TP. The tomato cell death suppressor Adi3 is restricted to the endosomal system in response to the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrPto. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110807. [PMID: 25350368 PMCID: PMC4211712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) AGC protein kinase Adi3 functions as a suppressor of cell death and was first identified as an interactor with the tomato resistance protein Pto and the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrPto. Models predict that loss of Adi3 cell death suppression (CDS) activity during Pto/AvrPto interaction leads to the cell death associated with the resistance response initiated from this interaction. Nuclear localization is required for Adi3 CDS. Prevention of nuclear accumulation eliminates Adi3 CDS and induces cell death by localizing Adi3 to intracellular punctate membrane structures. Here we use several markers of the endomembrane system to show that the punctate membrane structures to which non-nuclear Adi3 is localized are endosomal in nature. Wild-type Adi3 also localizes in these punctate endosomal structures. This was confirmed by the use of endosomal trafficking inhibitors, which were capable of trapping wild-type Adi3 in endosomal-like structures similar to the non-nuclear Adi3. This suggests Adi3 may traffic through the cell using the endomembrane system. Additionally, Adi3 was no longer found in the nucleus but was visualized in these punctate endosomal-like membranes during the cell death induced by the Pto/AvrPto interaction. Therefore we propose that inhibiting nuclear import and constraining Adi3 to the endosomal system in response to AvrPto is a mechanism to initiate the cell death associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Ek-Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julian Avila
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anna C. Nelson Dittrich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dongyin Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joel W. Gray
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Yoshimura K, Ogawa T, Tsujimura M, Ishikawa K, Shigeoka S. Ectopic expression of the human MutT-type Nudix hydrolase, hMTH1, confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress in arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1534-1543. [PMID: 24928220 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized nucleotides produced by oxidative stress cause DNA mutations and the production of abnormal proteins. Thus, mammalian cells have developed multiple MutT-type Nudix hydrolases that exhibit pyrophosphohydrolase activity toward oxidized nucleotides in the cytosol, mitochondria and nucleus. On the other hand, AtNUDX1 is the only MutT-type Nudix hydrolase in the cytosol of Arabidopsis plants. To clarify the physiological significance of the defenses against oxidatively induced DNA damage in plant organelles, we analyzed the effects of the ectopic expression of the human MutT-type Nudix hydrolase, hMTH1, which was localized in the cytosol (cyt-hMTH1), chloroplasts (chl-hMTH1) and mitochondria (mit-hMTH1) of Arabidopsis cells, on tolerance to oxidative stress. Tolerance to oxidative stress caused by heating and paraquat (PQ) treatment was higher in the mit-hMTH1 and chl-hMTH1 plants than in the control and cyt-hMTH1 plants. The accumulation of H2O2 and the frequency of dead cells were lower in the mit-hMTH1 and chl-hMTH1 plants under stressful conditions. The poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PAR) reaction, which regulates repair systems for damaged DNA, was activated in the mit-hMTH1 and chl-hMTH1 plants under heat stress and PQ treatment. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation, which caused programmed cell death, was clearly suppressed in the mit-hMTH1 and chl-hMTH1 plants under heat stress. These results demonstrated that the ectopic expression of hMTH1 in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of Arabidopsis enhanced oxidative stress tolerance by activating the PAR reaction and suppressing programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501 Japan
| | - Takahisa Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
| | - Masaki Tsujimura
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505 Japan
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Jiao J, Sun L, Zhou B, Gao Z, Hao Y, Zhu X, Liang Y. Hydrogen peroxide production and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the fusaric acid-induced programmed cell death in tobacco cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1197-203. [PMID: 24973592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA), a non-specific toxin produced mainly by Fusarium spp., can cause programmed cell death (PCD) in tobacco suspension cells. The mechanism underlying the FA-induced PCD was not well understood. In this study, we analyzed the roles of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and mitochondrial function in the FA-induced PCD. Tobacco suspension cells were treated with 100 μM FA and then analyzed for H2O2 accumulation and mitochondrial functions. Here we demonstrate that cells undergoing FA-induced PCD exhibited H2O2 production, lipid peroxidation, and a decrease of the catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities. Pre-treatment of tobacco suspension cells with antioxidant ascorbic acid and NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyl iodonium significantly reduced the rate of FA-induced cell death as well as the caspase-3-like protease activity. Moreover, FA treatment of tobacco cells decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content. Oligomycin and cyclosporine A, inhibitors of the mitochondrial ATP synthase and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, respectively, could also reduce the rate of FA-induced cell death significantly. Taken together, the results presented in this paper demonstrate that H2O2 accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction are the crucial events during the FA-induced PCD in tobacco suspension cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Benguo Zhou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu Hao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuancun Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong Province, China.
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Robert G, Muñoz N, Melchiorre M, Sánchez F, Lascano R. Expression of animal anti-apoptotic gene Ced-9 enhances tolerance during Glycine max L.-Bradyrhizobium japonicum interaction under saline stress but reduces nodule formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101747. [PMID: 25050789 PMCID: PMC4106779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the expression of animal cell death suppressors in economically important plants conferred enhanced stress tolerance are not fully understood. In the present work, the effect of expression of animal antiapoptotic gene Ced-9 in soybean hairy roots was evaluated under root hairs and hairy roots death-inducing stress conditions given by i) Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation in presence of 50 mM NaCl, and ii) severe salt stress (150 mM NaCl), for 30 min and 3 h, respectively. We have determined that root hairs death induced by inoculation in presence of 50 mM NaCl showed characteristics of ordered process, with increased ROS generation, MDA and ATP levels, whereas the cell death induced by 150 mM NaCl treatment showed non-ordered or necrotic-like characteristics. The expression of Ced-9 inhibited or at least delayed root hairs death under these treatments. Hairy roots expressing Ced-9 had better homeostasis maintenance, preventing potassium release; increasing the ATP levels and controlling the oxidative damage avoiding the increase of reactive oxygen species production. Even when our results demonstrate a positive effect of animal cell death suppressors in plant cell ionic and redox homeostasis under cell death-inducing conditions, its expression, contrary to expectations, drastically inhibited nodule formation even under control conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Robert
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nacira Muñoz
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Melchiorre
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Federico Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ramiro Lascano
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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76
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Lyubushkina IV, Grabelnych OI, Pobezhimova TP, Stepanov AV, Fedyaeva AV, Fedoseeva IV, Voinikov VK. Winter wheat cells subjected to freezing temperature undergo death process with features of programmed cell death. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:615-623. [PMID: 24126671 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a process defined as genetically regulated self-destruction or cell suicide. It can be activated by different internal and external factors, but few studies have investigated whether this process occurs under cold and freezing temperatures. In this study, a freezing treatment (-8 °C for 6 h) induced cell death with features of programmed cell death in suspension cultures of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This process occurred for 10 days after cold exposure. The death of cells in culture was slow and prolonged, and was accompanied by protoplast shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species. Other changes observed after the freezing treatment included an increase in the respiration rate, changes in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (∆Ψ m ), and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. These findings indicated that mitochondria are involved in the cell death process that occurs after a freezing treatment in cells of winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Lyubushkina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk-33, P.O. Box 317, Irkutsk, Russia, 664033
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77
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Cytoplasmic male sterility and mitochondrial metabolism in plants. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt B:166-71. [PMID: 24769053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a common feature encountered in plant species. It is the result of a genomic conflict between the mitochondrial and the nuclear genomes. CMS is caused by mitochondrial encoded factors which can be counteracted by nuclear encoded factors restoring male fertility. Despite extensive work, the molecular mechanism of male sterility still remains unknown. Several studies have suggested the involvement of respiration on the disruption of pollen production through an energy deficiency. By comparing recent works on CMS and respiratory mutants, we suggest that the "ATP hypothesis" might not be as obvious as previously suggested.
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78
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Solís MT, Chakrabarti N, Corredor E, Cortés-Eslava J, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Biggiogera M, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Epigenetic changes accompany developmental programmed cell death in tapetum cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:16-29. [PMID: 24151205 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tapetum, the nursing tissue inside anthers, undergoes cellular degradation by programmed cell death (PCD) during late stages of microspore-early pollen development. Despite the key function of tapetum, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating this cell death process in which profound nuclear and chromatin changes occur. Epigenetic features (DNA methylation and histone modifications) have been revealed as hallmarks that establish the functional status of chromatin domains, but no evidence on the epigenetic regulation of PCD has been reported. DNA methylation is accomplished by DNA methyltransferases, among which DNA methyl transferase 1 (MET1) constitutes one of the CG maintenance methyltransferase in plants, also showing de novo methyltransferase activity. In this work, the changes in epigenetic marks during the PCD of tapetal cells have been investigated by a multidisciplinary approach to reveal the dynamics of DNA methylation and the pattern of expression of MET1 in relation to the main cellular changes of this PCD process which have also been characterized in two species, Brassica napus and Nicotiana tabacum. The results showed that tapetum PCD progresses with the increase in global DNA methylation and MET1 expression, epigenetic changes that accompanied the reorganization of the nuclear architecture and a high chromatin condensation, activity of caspase 3-like proteases and Cyt c release. The reported data indicate a relationship between the PCD process and the DNA methylation dynamics and MET1 expression in tapetal cells, suggesting a possible new role for the epigenetic marks in the nuclear events occurring during this cell death process and providing new insights into the epigenetic control of plant PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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79
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Overexpression of ferredoxin, PETF, enhances tolerance to heat stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20913-29. [PMID: 24141188 PMCID: PMC3821650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by plants in adverse environments can cause damage to organelles and trigger cell death. Removal of excess ROS can be achieved through the ascorbate scavenger pathway to prevent plant cell death. The amount of this scavenger can be regulated by ferredoxin (FDX). Chloroplastic FDXs are electron transfer proteins that perform in distributing photosynthetic reducing power. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of the endogenous photosynthetic FDX gene, PETF, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii could raise the level of reduced ascorbate and diminish H2O2 levels under normal growth conditions. Furthermore, the overexpressing PETF transgenic Chlamydomonas lines produced low levels of H2O2 and exhibited protective effects that were observed through decreased chlorophyll degradation and increased cell survival under heat-stress conditions. The findings of this study suggest that overexpression of PETF can increase the efficiency of ROS scavenging in chloroplasts to confer heat tolerance. The roles of PETF in the downregulation of the ROS level offer a method for potentially improving the tolerance of crops against heat stress.
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80
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Jiao J, Zhou B, Zhu X, Gao Z, Liang Y. Fusaric acid induction of programmed cell death modulated through nitric oxide signalling in tobacco suspension cells. PLANTA 2013; 238:727-37. [PMID: 23838885 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is a nonhost-selective toxin mainly produced by Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of plant wilt diseases. We demonstrate that FA can induce programmed cell death (PCD) in tobacco suspension cells and the FA-induced PCD is modulated by nitric oxide (NO) signalling. Cells undergoing cell death induced by FA treatment exhibited typical characteristics of PCD including cytoplasmic shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, membrane plasmolysis, and formation of small cytoplasmic vacuoles. In addition, caspase-3-like activity was activated upon the FA treatment. The process of FA-induced PCD was accompanied by a rapid accumulation of NO in a FA dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of cells with NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) or NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-arginine monoacetate (L-NMMA) significantly reduced the rate of FA-induced cell death. Furthermore, the caspase-3-like activity and the expression of PAL and Hsr203J genes were alleviated by application of cPTIO or L-NMMA to FA-treated tobacco cells. This indicates that NO is an important factor involved in the FA-induced PCD. Our results also show that pre-treatment of tobacco cells with a caspase-3-specific inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO, can reduce the rate of FA-induced cell death. These results demonstrate that the FA-induced cell death is a PCD and is modulated by NO signalling through caspase-3-like activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China,
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81
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Pineau B, Bourge M, Marion J, Mauve C, Gilard F, Maneta-Peyret L, Moreau P, Satiat-Jeunemaître B, Brown SC, De Paepe R, Danon A. The importance of cardiolipin synthase for mitochondrial ultrastructure, respiratory function, plant development, and stress responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4195-208. [PMID: 24151294 PMCID: PMC3877823 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.118018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is the signature phospholipid of the mitochondrial inner membrane. In animals and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), CL depletion affects the stability of respiratory supercomplexes and is thus crucial to the energy metabolism of obligate aerobes. In eukaryotes, the last step of CL synthesis is catalyzed by CARDIOLIPIN SYNTHASE (CLS), encoded by a single-copy gene. Here, we characterize a cls mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is devoid of CL. In contrast to yeast cls, where development is little affected, Arabidopsis cls seedlings are slow developing under short-day conditions in vitro and die if they are transferred to long-day (LD) conditions. However, when transferred to soil under LD conditions under low light, cls plants can reach the flowering stage, but they are not fertile. The cls mitochondria display abnormal ultrastructure and reduced content of respiratory complex I/complex III supercomplexes. The marked accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle derivatives and amino acids demonstrates mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial and chloroplastic antioxidant transcripts are overexpressed in cls leaves, and cls protoplasts are more sensitive to programmed cell death effectors, UV light, and heat shock. Our results show that CLS is crucial for correct mitochondrial function and development in Arabidopsis under both optimal and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Pineau
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Saclay Plant Science, Université de Paris-Sud XI, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
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82
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Valenti D, de Bari L, De Filippis B, Ricceri L, Vacca RA. Preservation of mitochondrial functional integrity in mitochondria isolated from small cryopreserved mouse brain areas. Anal Biochem 2013; 444:25-31. [PMID: 24018341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies of mitochondrial bioenergetics in brain pathophysiology are often precluded by the need to isolate mitochondria immediately after tissue dissection from a large number of brain biopsies for comparative studies. Here we present a procedure of cryopreservation of small brain areas from which mitochondrial enriched fractions (crude mitochondria) with high oxidative phosphorylation efficiency can be isolated. Small mouse brain areas were frozen and stored in a solution containing glycerol as cryoprotectant. Crude mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation from both cryopreserved and freshly explanted brain samples and were compared with respect to their ability to generate membrane potential and produce ATP. Intactness of outer and inner mitochondrial membranes was verified by polarographic ascorbate and cytochrome c tests and spectrophotometric assay of citrate synthase activity. Preservation of structural integrity and oxidative phosphorylation efficiency was successfully obtained in crude mitochondria isolated from different areas of cryopreserved mouse brain samples. Long-term cryopreservation of small brain areas from which intact and phosphorylating mitochondria can be isolated for the study of mitochondrial bioenergetics will significantly expand the study of mitochondrial defects in neurological pathologies, allowing large comparative studies and favoring interlaboratory and interdisciplinary analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Council of Research, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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83
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE For a plant to grow and develop, energy and appropriate building blocks are a fundamental requirement. Mitochondrial respiration is a vital source for both. The delicate redox processes that make up respiration are affected by the plant's changing environment. Therefore, mitochondrial regulation is critically important to maintain cellular homeostasis. This involves sensing signals from changes in mitochondrial physiology, transducing this information, and mounting tailored responses, by either adjusting mitochondrial and cellular functions directly or reprogramming gene expression. RECENT ADVANCES Retrograde (RTG) signaling, by which mitochondrial signals control nuclear gene expression, has been a field of very active research in recent years. Nevertheless, no mitochondrial RTG-signaling pathway is yet understood in plants. This review summarizes recent advances toward elucidating redox processes and other bioenergetic factors as a part of RTG signaling of plant mitochondria. CRITICAL ISSUES Novel insights into mitochondrial physiology and redox-regulation provide a framework of upstream signaling. On the other end, downstream responses to modified mitochondrial function have become available, including transcriptomic data and mitochondrial phenotypes, revealing processes in the plant that are under mitochondrial control. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Drawing parallels to chloroplast signaling and mitochondrial signaling in animal systems allows to bridge gaps in the current understanding and to deduce promising directions for future research. It is proposed that targeted usage of new technical approaches, such as quantitative in vivo imaging, will provide novel leverage to the dissection of plant mitochondrial signaling.
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84
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Unveiling interactions among mitochondria, caspase-like proteases, and the actin cytoskeleton during plant programmed cell death (PCD). PLoS One 2013; 8:e57110. [PMID: 23483897 PMCID: PMC3590192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aponogeton madagascariensis produces perforations over its leaf surface via programmed cell death (PCD). PCD begins between longitudinal and transverse veins at the center of spaces regarded as areoles, and continues outward, stopping several cells from these veins. The gradient of PCD that exists within a single areole of leaves in an early stage of development was used as a model to investigate cellular dynamics during PCD. Mitochondria have interactions with a family of proteases known as caspases, and the actin cytoskeleton during metazoan PCD; less is known regarding these interactions during plant PCD. This study employed the actin stain Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin, the actin depolymerizer Latrunculin B (Lat B), a synthetic caspase peptide substrate and corresponding specific inhibitors, as well as the mitochondrial pore inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA) to analyze the role of these cellular constituents during PCD. Results depicted that YVADase (caspase-1) activity is higher during the very early stages of perforation formation, followed by the bundling and subsequent breakdown of actin. Actin depolymerization using Lat B caused no change in YVADase activity. In vivo inhibition of YVADase activity prevented PCD and actin breakdown, therefore substantiating actin as a likely substrate for caspase-like proteases (CLPs). The mitochondrial pore inhibitor CsA significantly decreased YVADase activity, and prevented both PCD and actin breakdown; therefore suggesting the mitochondria as a possible trigger for CLPs during PCD in the lace plant. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study using either caspase-1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-CMK) or CsA, following which the actin cytoskeleton was examined. Overall, our findings suggest the mitochondria as a possible upstream activator of YVADase activity and implicate these proteases as potential initiators of actin breakdown during perforation formation via PCD in the lace plant.
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85
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Nawkar GM, Maibam P, Park JH, Sahi VP, Lee SY, Kang CH. UV-Induced cell death in plants. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1608-28. [PMID: 23344059 PMCID: PMC3565337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are photosynthetic organisms that depend on sunlight for energy. Plants respond to light through different photoreceptors and show photomorphogenic development. Apart from Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR; 400-700 nm), plants are exposed to UV light, which is comprised of UV-C (below 280 nm), UV-B (280-320 nm) and UV-A (320-390 nm). The atmospheric ozone layer protects UV-C radiation from reaching earth while the UVR8 protein acts as a receptor for UV-B radiation. Low levels of UV-B exposure initiate signaling through UVR8 and induce secondary metabolite genes involved in protection against UV while higher dosages are very detrimental to plants. It has also been reported that genes involved in MAPK cascade help the plant in providing tolerance against UV radiation. The important targets of UV radiation in plant cells are DNA, lipids and proteins and also vital processes such as photosynthesis. Recent studies showed that, in response to UV radiation, mitochondria and chloroplasts produce a reactive oxygen species (ROS). Arabidopsis metacaspase-8 (AtMC8) is induced in response to oxidative stress caused by ROS, which acts downstream of the radical induced cell death (AtRCD1) gene making plants vulnerable to cell death. The studies on salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling mutants revealed that SA and JA regulate the ROS level and antagonize ROS mediated cell death. Recently, molecular studies have revealed genes involved in response to UV exposure, with respect to programmed cell death (PCD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jung Hoon Park
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 program) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (G.M.N.); (P.M.); (J.H.P.); (V.P.S.)
| | - Vaidurya Pratap Sahi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 program) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (G.M.N.); (P.M.); (J.H.P.); (V.P.S.)
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 program) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (G.M.N.); (P.M.); (J.H.P.); (V.P.S.)
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 program) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; E-Mails: (G.M.N.); (P.M.); (J.H.P.); (V.P.S.)
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86
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Ye Y, Li Z, Xing D. Nitric oxide promotes MPK6-mediated caspase-3-like activation in cadmium-induced Arabidopsis thaliana programmed cell death. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1-15. [PMID: 22621159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a vital cell-signalling molecule, has been reported to regulate toxic metal responses in plants. This work investigated the effects of NO and the relationship between NO and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) programmed cell death (PCD) induced by cadmium (Cd(2+) ) exposure. With fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis, caspase-3-like protease activation was detected after Cd(2+) treatment. This was further confirmed with a caspase-3 substrate assay. Cd(2+) -induced caspase-3-like activity was inhibited in the presence of the NO-specific scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO), suggesting that NO mediated caspase-3-like protease activation under Cd(2+) stress conditions. Pretreatment with cPTIO effectively inhibited Cd(2+) -induced MAPK activation, indicating that NO also affected the MAPK pathway. Interestingly, Cd(2+) -induced caspase-3-like activity was significantly suppressed in the mpk6 mutant, suggesting that MPK6 was required for caspase-3-like protease activation. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that NO promotes Cd(2+) -induced Arabidopsis PCD by promoting MPK6-mediated caspase-3-like activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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87
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Dickman MB, Fluhr R. Centrality of host cell death in plant-microbe interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:543-70. [PMID: 23915134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for proper growth, development, and cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. The regulation of PCD is of central importance in plant-microbe interactions; notably, PCD and features associated with PCD are observed in many host resistance responses. Conversely, pathogen induction of inappropriate cell death in the host results in a susceptible phenotype and disease. Thus, the party in control of PCD has a distinct advantage in these battles. PCD processes appear to be of ancient origin, as indicated by the fact that many features of cell death strategy are conserved between animals and plants; however, some of the details of death execution differ. Mammalian core PCD genes, such as caspases, are not present in plant genomes. Similarly, pro- and antiapoptotic mammalian regulatory elements are absent in plants, but, remarkably, when expressed in plants, successfully impact plant PCD. Thus, subtle structural similarities independent of sequence homology appear to sustain operational equivalence. The vacuole is emerging as a key organelle in the modulation of plant PCD. Under different signals for cell death, the vacuole either fuses with the plasmalemma membrane or disintegrates. Moreover, the vacuole appears to play a key role in autophagy; evidence suggests a prosurvival function for autophagy, but other studies propose a prodeath phenotype. Here, we describe and discuss what we know and what we do not know about various PCD pathways and how the host integrates signals to activate salicylic acid and reactive oxygen pathways that orchestrate cell death. We suggest that it is not cell death as such but rather the processes leading to cell death that contribute to the outcome of a given plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Cell Death and Differentiation, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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88
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Qin P, Xu L, Cai P, Hu Y, Yu ACH. Subcellular impact of sonoporation on plant cells: issues to be addressed in ultrasound-mediated gene transfer. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2013; 20:247-53. [PMID: 22939002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sonoporation (membrane perforation via ultrasonic cavitation) is known to be realizable in plant cells on a reversible basis. However, cell viability may concomitantly be affected over the process, and limited knowledge is now available on how such cytotoxic impact comes about. This work has investigated how sonoporation may affect plant cells at a subcellular level and in turn activate programmed cell death (PCD). Tobacco BY-2 cells were used as the plant model, and sonoporation was applied through a microbubble-mediated approach with 100:1 cell-to-bubble ratio, free-field peak rarefaction pressure of either 0.4 or 0.9 MPa, and 1 MHz ultrasound frequency (administered in pulsed standing-wave mode at 10% duty cycle, 1 kHz pulse repetition frequency, and 1 min duration). Fluoroscopy results showed that sonoporated tobacco cells may undergo plasma membrane depolarization and reactive oxygen species elevation (two cellular disruption events closely connected to PCD). It was also found that the mitochondria of sonoporated tobacco cells may lose their outer membrane potential over time (observed using confocal microscopy) and consequently release stores of cytochrome-c proteins (determined by Western Blotting) into the cytoplasm to activate PCD. These findings provide insight into the underlying mechanisms responsible for sonoporation-induced cytotoxicity in plant cells. They should be taken into account when using this membrane perforation approach for gene transfection applications in plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qin
- Medical Engineering Program, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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89
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Sarkar P, Gladish DK. Hypoxic stress triggers a programmed cell death pathway to induce vascular cavity formation in Pisum sativum roots. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 146:413-26. [PMID: 22486732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flooding at warm temperatures induces hypoxic stress in Pisum sativum seedling roots. In response, some undifferentiated cells in the primary root vascular cylinder start degenerating and form a longitudinal vascular cavity. Changes in cellular morphology and cell wall ultrastructure detected previously in the late stages of cavity formation suggest possible involvement of programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, cytological events occurring in the early stages of cavity formation were investigated. Systematic DNA fragmentation, a feature of many PCD pathways, was detected in the cavity-forming roots after 3 h of flooding in situ by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay and in isolated total DNA by gel electrophoresis. High molecular weight DNA fragments of about 20-30 kb were detected by pulse-field gel electrophoresis, but no low-molecular weight internucleosomal DNA fragments were detected by conventional gel electrophoresis. Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c protein into the cytosol, an integral part of mitochondria-dependent PCD pathways, was detected in the cavity-forming roots within 2 h of flooding by fluorescence microscopy of immunolabeled cytochrome c in situ and in isolated mitochondrial and cytosolic protein fractions by western blotting. DNA fragmentation and cytochrome c release remained confined to the undifferentiated cells in center of the root vascular cylinders, even after 24 h of flooding, while outer vascular cylinder cells and cortical cells maintained cellular integrity and normal activity. These findings confirm that hypoxia-induced vascular cavity formation in P. sativum roots involves PCD, and provides a chronological model of cytological events involved in this rare and understudied PCD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purbasha Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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90
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Hu D, Ma G, Wang Q, Yao J, Wang Y, Pritchard HW, Wang X. Spatial and temporal nature of reactive oxygen species production and programmed cell death in elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds during controlled deterioration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:2045-59. [PMID: 22582978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seed deterioration is poorly understood and remains an active area for research. Seeds of elm (Ulmus pumila L.) were aged at 37 °C above water [controlled deterioration treatment (CDT)] for various lengths of time to assess programmed cell death (PCD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) product in embryonic tissues during a 5 d period. The hallmarks of PCD were identified in the elm seeds during CDT including TUNEL experiments, DNA laddering, cytochrome c (cyt c) leakage and enzymatic activities. These analyses indicated that PCD occurred systematically and progressively in deteriorated elm seeds. Cyt c release and increase in caspase-3-like/DEVDase activity occurred during CDT, which could be suppressed by ascorbic acid (AsA) and caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO, respectively. In situ localization of ROS production indicated that the distinct spatial-temporal signature of ROS during CDT coincided with the changes in PCD hallmark features. Multiple antioxidant elements were activated during the first few days of CDT, but were subsequently depleted as PCD progressed. Taken together, our findings identify PCD as a key mechanism that occurs asymmetrically during elm seeds CDT and suggest an important role for PCD in seeds deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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91
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Han JJ, Lin W, Oda Y, Cui KM, Fukuda H, He XQ. The proteasome is responsible for caspase-3-like activity during xylem development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:129-41. [PMID: 22680239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylem development is a process of xylem cell terminal differentiation that includes initial cell division, cell expansion, secondary cell wall formation and programmed cell death (PCD). PCD in plants and apoptosis in animals share many common characteristics. Caspase-3, which displays Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD) specificity, is a crucial executioner during animal cells apoptosis. Although a gene orthologous to caspase-3 is absent in plants, caspase-3-like activity is involved in many cases of PCD and developmental processes. However, there is no direct evidence that caspase-3-like activity exists in xylem cell death. In this study, we showed that caspase-3-like activity is present and is associated with secondary xylem development in Populus tomentosa. The protease responsible for the caspase-3-like activity was purified from poplar secondary xylem using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), Q anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. After identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), it was revealed that the 20S proteasome (20SP) was responsible for the caspase-3-like activity in secondary xylem development. In poplar 20SP, there are seven α subunits encoded by 12 genes and seven β subunits encoded by 12 genes. Pharmacological assays showed that Ac-DEVD-CHO, a caspase-3 inhibitor, suppressed xylem differentiation in the veins of Arabidopsis cotyledons. Furthermore, clasto-lactacystin β-lactone, a proteasome inhibitor, inhibited PCD of tracheary element in a VND6-induced Arabidopsis xylogenic culture. In conclusion, the 20S proteasome is responsible for caspase-3-like activity and is involved in xylem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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92
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Kim C, Meskauskiene R, Zhang S, Lee KP, Lakshmanan Ashok M, Blajecka K, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Apel K. Chloroplasts of Arabidopsis are the source and a primary target of a plant-specific programmed cell death signaling pathway. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3026-39. [PMID: 22797473 PMCID: PMC3426130 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced levels of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) in chloroplasts trigger programmed cell death. The impact of (1)O(2) production in chloroplasts was monitored first in the conditional fluorescent (flu) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that accumulates (1)O(2) upon a dark/light shift. The onset of (1)O(2) production is rapidly followed by a loss of chloroplast integrity that precedes the rupture of the central vacuole and the final collapse of the cell. Inactivation of the two plastid proteins EXECUTER (EX1) and EX2 in the flu mutant abrogates these responses, indicating that disintegration of chloroplasts is due to EX-dependent signaling rather than (1)O(2) directly. In flu seedlings, (1)O(2)-mediated cell death signaling operates as a default pathway that results in seedlings committing suicide. By contrast, EX-dependent signaling in the wild type induces the formation of microlesions without decreasing the viability of seedlings. (1)O(2)-mediated and EX-dependent loss of plastid integrity and cell death in these plants occurs only in cells containing fully developed chloroplasts. Our findings support an as yet unreported signaling role of (1)O(2) in the wild type exposed to mild light stress that invokes photoinhibition of photosystem II without causing photooxidative damage of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhong Kim
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853-1801
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Institute of Plant Sciences, CH8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rasa Meskauskiene
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Institute of Plant Sciences, CH8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853-1801
| | - Keun Pyo Lee
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Institute of Plant Sciences, CH8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Munusamy Lakshmanan Ashok
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Institute of Plant Sciences, CH8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Blajecka
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Institute of Plant Sciences, CH8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Apel
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853-1801
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Institute of Plant Sciences, CH8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Address correspondence to
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93
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Li Z, Yue H, Xing D. MAP Kinase 6-mediated activation of vacuolar processing enzyme modulates heat shock-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:85-96. [PMID: 22497243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
• Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), a cysteine protease, has been intensively studied in plant hypersensitive cell death, but the role and molecular mechanism of VPEs in response to abiotic stresses remain unclear. This work investigated the involvement of VPEs in Arabidopsis response to heat stress. • Under heat shock (HS), Arabidopsis VPE activity and the transcript level of γVPE were both upregulated, and γVPE deficiency suppressed vacuolar disruption and delayed caspase-3-like activation in HS-induced programmed cell death (PCD). Moreover, the change of VPE activity generally paralleled the alteration of caspase-1-like activity under HS treatment, indicating that HS-induced VPE activity might exhibit the caspase-1-like activity. • Further studies showed that MAP Kinase 6 (MPK6) activity was increased after HS treatment, and experiments with inhibitors and mutants suggested that MPK6 was responsible for the γVPE activation after HS treatment. In response to HS stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increase of cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+) ](cyt)) and the upregulation of calmodulin 3 (CaM3) transcript level occurred upstream of MPK6 activation. • Our results suggested that activation of Arabidopsis γVPE was mediated by MPK6 and played an important role in HS-induced Arabidopsis PCD, providing new insight into the mechanistic study of plant VPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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94
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Sun J, Zhang CL, Deng SR, Lu CF, Shen X, Zhou XY, Zheng XJ, Hu ZM, Chen SL. An ATP signalling pathway in plant cells: extracellular ATP triggers programmed cell death in Populus euphratica. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:893-916. [PMID: 22070751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We elucidated the extracellular ATP (eATP) signalling cascade active in programmed cell death (PCD) using cell cultures of Populus euphratica. Millimolar amounts of eATP induced a dose- and time-dependent reduction in viability, and the agonist-treated cells displayed hallmark features of PCD. eATP caused an elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, resulting in Ca(2+) uptake by the mitochondria and subsequent H(2) O(2) accumulation. P. euphratica exhibited an increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cytochrome c was released without opening of the permeability transition pore over the period of ATP stimulation. Moreover, the eATP-induced increase of intracellular ATP, essential for the activation of caspase-like proteases and subsequent PCD, was found to be related to increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. NO is implicated as a downstream component of the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration but plays a negligible role in eATP-stimulated cell death. We speculate that ATP binds purinoceptors in the plasma membrane, leading to the induction of downstream intermediate signals, as the proposed sequence of events in PCD signalling was terminated by the animal P2 receptor antagonist suramin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University (Box 162), Beijing 100083 College of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
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95
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Lord CEN, Gunawardena AHLAN. Programmed cell death in C. elegans, mammals and plants. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:603-13. [PMID: 22512890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is the regulated removal of cells within an organism and plays a fundamental role in growth and development in nearly all eukaryotes. In animals, the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has aided in elucidating many of the pathways involved in the cell death process. Various analogous PCD processes can also be found within mammalian PCD systems, including vertebrate limb development. Plants and animals also appear to share hallmarks of PCD, both on the cellular and molecular level. Cellular events visualized during plant PCD resemble those seen in animals including: nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, cytoplasmic condensation, and plasma membrane shrinkage. Recently the molecular mechanisms involved in plant PCD have begun to be elucidated. Although few regulatory proteins have been identified as conserved across all eukaryotes, molecular features such as the participation of caspase-like proteases, Bcl-2-like family members and mitochondrial proteins appear to be conserved between plant and animal systems. Transgenic expression of mammalian and C. elegans pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in plants has been observed to dramatically influence the regulatory pathways of plant PCD. Although these genes often show little to no sequence similarity they can frequently act as functional substitutes for one another, thus suggesting that action may be more important than sequence resemblance. Here we present a summary of these findings, focusing on the similarities, between mammals, C. elegans, and plants. An emphasis will be placed on the mitochondria and its role in the cell death pathway within each organism. Through the comparison of these systems on both a cellular and molecular level we can begin to better understand PCD in plant systems, and perhaps shed light on the pathways, which are controlling the process. This manuscript adds to the field of PCD in plant systems by profiling apoptotic factors, to scale on a protein level, and also by filling in gaps detailing plant apoptotic factors not yet amalgamated within the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E N Lord
- Dalhousie University, Department of Biology, 1355 Oxford Street Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2 Canada.
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96
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Rodríguez-Serrano M, Bárány I, Prem D, Coronado MJ, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. NO, ROS, and cell death associated with caspase-like activity increase in stress-induced microspore embryogenesis of barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2007-24. [PMID: 22197894 PMCID: PMC3295391 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Under specific stress treatments (cold, starvation), in vitro microspores can be induced to deviate from their gametophytic development and switch to embryogenesis, forming haploid embryos and homozygous breeding lines in a short period of time. The inductive stress produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), signalling molecules mediating cellular responses, and cell death, modifying the embryogenic microspore response and therefore, the efficiency of the process. This work analysed cell death, caspase 3-like activity, and ROS and NO production (using fluorescence probes and confocal analysis) after inductive stress in barley microspore cultures and embryogenic suspension cultures, as an in vitro system which permitted easy handling for comparison. There was an increase in caspase 3-like activity and cell death after stress treatment in microspore and suspension cultures, while ROS increased in non-induced microspores and suspension cultures. Treatments of the cultures with a caspase 3 inhibitor, DEVD-CHO, significantly reduced the cell death percentages. Stress-treated embryogenic suspension cultures exhibited high NO signals and cell death, while treatment with S-nitrosoglutathione (NO donor) in control suspension cultures resulted in even higher cell death. In contrast, in microspore cultures, NO production was detected after stress, and, in the case of 4-day microspore cultures, in embryogenic microspores accompanying the initiation of cell divisions. Subsequent treatments of stress-treated microspore cultures with ROS and NO scavengers resulted in a decreasing cell death during the early stages, but later they produced a delay in embryo development as well as a decrease in the percentage of embryogenesis in microspores. Results showed that the ROS increase was involved in the stress-induced programmed cell death occurring at early stages in both non-induced microspores and embryogenic suspension cultures; whereas NO played a dual role after stress in the two in vitro systems, one involved in programmed cell death in embryogenic suspension cultures and the other in the initiation of cell division leading to embryogenesis in reprogrammed microspores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Plant Development and Nuclear Architecture, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC. Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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97
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De Pinto MC, Locato V, De Gara L. Redox regulation in plant programmed cell death. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:234-44. [PMID: 21711357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled process described both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Even if it is clear that PCD occurs in plants, in response to various developmental and environmental stimuli, the signalling pathways involved in the triggering of this cell suicide remain to be characterized. In this review, the main similarities and differences in the players involved in plant and animal PCD are outlined. Particular attention is paid to the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as key inducers of PCD in plants. The involvement of different kinds of ROS, different sites of ROS production, as well as their interaction with other molecules, is crucial in activating PCD in response to specific stimuli. Moreover, the importance is stressed on the balance between ROS production and scavenging, in various cell compartments, for the activation of specific steps in the signalling pathways triggering this cell suicide process. The review focuses on the complexity of the interplay between ROS and antioxidant molecules and enzymes in determining the most suitable redox environment required for the occurrence of different forms of PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C De Pinto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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98
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Zhang H, Wang W, Yin H, Zhao X, Du Y. Oligochitosan induces programmed cell death in tobacco suspension cells. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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99
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Tewari RK, Watanabe D, Watanabe M. Chloroplastic NADPH oxidase-like activity-mediated perpetual hydrogen peroxide generation in the chloroplast induces apoptotic-like death of Brassica napus leaf protoplasts. PLANTA 2012; 235:99-110. [PMID: 21853253 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research over the past years, regeneration from protoplasts has been observed in only a limited number of plant species. Protoplasts undergo complex metabolic modification during their isolation. The isolation of protoplasts induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in Brassica napus leaf protoplasts. The present study was conducted to provide new insight into the mechanism of ROS generation in B. napus leaf protoplasts. In vivo localization of H(2)O(2) and enzymes involved in H(2)O(2) generation and detoxification, molecular antioxidant-ascorbate and its redox state and lipid peroxidation were investigated in the leaf and isolated protoplasts. Incubating leaf strips in the macerating enzyme (ME) for different duration (3, 6, and 12 h) induced accumulation of H(2)O(2) and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation, an index of membrane damage) in protoplasts. The level of H(2)O(2) was highest just after protoplast isolation and subsequently decreased during culture. Superoxide generating NADPH oxidase (NOX)-like activity was enhanced, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) decreased in the protoplasts compared to leaves. Diaminobenzidine peroxidase (DAB-POD) activity was also lower in the protoplasts compared to leaves. Total ascorbate content, ascorbate to dehydroascorbate ratio (redox state), were enhanced in the protoplasts compared to leaves. Higher activity of NOX-like enzyme and weakening in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, and DAB-POD) in protoplasts resulted in excessive accumulation of H(2)O(2) in chloroplasts of protoplasts. Chloroplastic NADPH oxidase-like activity mediated perpetual H(2)O(2) generation probably induced apoptotic-like cell death of B. napus leaf protoplasts as indicated by parallel DNA laddering and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Tewari
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan,
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100
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Lord CEN, Wertman JN, Lane S, Gunawardena AHLAN. Do mitochondria play a role in remodelling lace plant leaves during programmed cell death? BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:102. [PMID: 21645374 PMCID: PMC3118178 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death (PCD) is the regulated death of cells within an organism. The lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis) produces perforations in its leaves through PCD. The leaves of the plant consist of a latticework of longitudinal and transverse veins enclosing areoles. PCD occurs in the cells at the center of these areoles and progresses outwards, stopping approximately five cells from the vasculature. The role of mitochondria during PCD has been recognized in animals; however, it has been less studied during PCD in plants. RESULTS The following paper elucidates the role of mitochondrial dynamics during developmentally regulated PCD in vivo in A. madagascariensis. A single areole within a window stage leaf (PCD is occurring) was divided into three areas based on the progression of PCD; cells that will not undergo PCD (NPCD), cells in early stages of PCD (EPCD), and cells in late stages of PCD (LPCD). Window stage leaves were stained with the mitochondrial dye MitoTracker Red CMXRos and examined. Mitochondrial dynamics were delineated into four categories (M1-M4) based on characteristics including distribution, motility, and membrane potential (ΔΨm). A TUNEL assay showed fragmented nDNA in a gradient over these mitochondrial stages. Chloroplasts and transvacuolar strands were also examined using live cell imaging. The possible importance of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) formation during PCD was indirectly examined via in vivo cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment. This treatment resulted in lace plant leaves with a significantly lower number of perforations compared to controls, and that displayed mitochondrial dynamics similar to that of non-PCD cells. CONCLUSIONS Results depicted mitochondrial dynamics in vivo as PCD progresses within the lace plant, and highlight the correlation of this organelle with other organelles during developmental PCD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of mitochondria and chloroplasts moving on transvacuolar strands to form a ring structure surrounding the nucleus during developmental PCD. Also, for the first time, we have shown the feasibility for the use of CsA in a whole plant system. Overall, our findings implicate the mitochondria as playing a critical and early role in developmentally regulated PCD in the lace plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina EN Lord
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jaime N Wertman
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lane
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
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